MAKALAH LANGUAGE AND SOCIETYDISUSUN OLEH NAME : CLASS : B A A A A : NIM : 1. I KOMANG BAGUS 2. KADIR 3. MEXI DARWIN 4. IRDA 5. HARMAH 100250302074 100250302020 100250302021 100250302005 100250302014 ENGLISH TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY UNIVERSITAS TOMAKAKA OF MAMUJU IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013 17 November 2012 Writers . After making a great effort. However. the writers finally completed this research paper with title Language and Society . we realize that there are still many shortcomings in this paper. Wb. so we can do our duties and responsibilities well. Mamuju. the writers hope that this paper will be useful not only for the writers but also for the readers. Therefore w enthusiastically welcome the objective criticism and constructive suggestion for the improvement of this paper. Wr. Finally.PREFACE Assalamualaikum. All praise be to Allah SWT who has been giving us the mercy and blessing. so we always in Allah guidance. Shalawat with salam we send to our big prophet Muhammad SAW and his relatives. with says Allah humma salliala saiyidina Muhammad wa’ala saiyida Muhammad. B. CONCLUSION SUGGESTION REFERENCES . THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM CHAPTER II EXPLANATION A. HOW IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ? CHAPTER III CLOSING A. WHAT IS CULTURE ? C. BACKGROUND B. WHAT IS LANGUAGE ? B.TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. language can be defined as a socially shared combinations of those symbol and rule governed combinations of those symbols Another case in Stiawan according to Owen (2006:1). 2009. he gives two definitions of the language. perhaps also for generative systems. language is a system of symbols that are meaningful and articulate sound (generated by said tool) which are arbitrary and conventional. According Keraf in Smarapradhipa (2005:1). . The first notion of language as stated means of communication between members of the public in the form of a symbol of the sound produced by means of said human. Another definition. language is a system that systematically. language is a communication system that uses symbols vocal (speech sound) which are arbitrary. providing two language understanding. or also a system of many systems. language is a series of sound produced by said means of a conscious human being. language is a set of symbols as you like it or arbitrary symbols. language is a form and not a state (language may be the form and not matter) or something that sounds arbitrary symbol system. The opinions above are similar to what was expressed by Tarin (1989:4). According to Santoso (1990:1). According to Owen in Syarif Hidayatullah. Second. a system of an order or an order in the systemthe system. The expression proposed by Mackey (1986:12).Language and society Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. describes the language definition language can be defined as a socially shared Those combinations of symbols and rule governed Those combinations of symbols (language can be defined as a socially acceptable code or conventional system for delivering concepts through the use of symbols and combinations of the desired symbols are governed by the provisions). According Wibowo (2001:3). Second. First. and a language is any example of such a system of complex communication. which is used as a means of communicating by a group of human beings to give birth to feelings and thoughts. Second. or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory. words. desires and deeds. an apparatus which is used to convey their real concept into the minds of others 3. While Pengabean (1981:5). 2. Walija (1996:4). and others. And the following languages definition according to Wikipedia. First. a clear sign of the family and the nation. messages. deliver a speech grammar that have been established (eg. feelings and opinions to others. subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. As with the Wikipedia.. 5. language is a clear sign of a good personality or bad. intentions. . a tool used to influence and be influenced. a code that is used by a linguistic expert to distinguish between form and meaning. a system to represent objects.. is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations. a unified system of meaning 4. disclose the definition language of communication is the most complete and effective way to convey ideas. actions.Almost similar to the opinion Wibowo. language is a means of spiritual communication is very important in life together. argues that language is a system of express and report what happens on the nervous system.) 6. ideas and circumstances. a clear sign from the mind of humanity. language is a tool used to shape the mind and feelings. 1. Other opinions about the definition of language expressed by Shamsuddin (1986:2). A society. he gave two language understanding. which is almost the same on the definition of language that has been presented to the experts. or a human society. a speech system that will be understood by the linguistic community. sentences. Recent opinion of this short paper about the language expressed by Soejono (1983:01).. 3 ) Language performance (and competence) is likely to be affected by any or all of these: Aspects of social organization • • • • Gender Peer group Health or disability/body image Occupation (trades. and carry on different occupations ( 1995. David Crystal: CEEL. People belong to different social classes. broadcasting) • • • Social class Age Ethnic group (may be link to regional variation) • Sexuality Social context . The complex effect of these things is itself subject to change. law. politics. Restricted uses may become mainstream or standard (and vice versa). perform different social rôles. religion. leisure. morality) Notions of propriety Political Correctness • Education of speaker/writer and audience Social situation (work vs.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY What features of society affect language? How do they do so? Any important aspect of social structure and function is likely to have a distinctive linguistic counterpart. journalism. degree of [in]formality) Intention or purpose Stereotyping • • • • • Fashions in language use • Note that: • • • Most (or all) of these affect real individuals in complex (multiple) ways. . p. news media.factors which may influence use or response • Beliefs and attitudes (science. gender. Social changes produce changes in language. But. for showing authority and power.g. for establishing peace and order in our society. immediate social situation (workplace.Explanations must refer to evidence (language data) from texts. social environment. it can also destruct the society if it will use inappropriately. attitudes and fashions Situational/contextual: e. they must also Static: e. because each one of us has our own perception or point of view. recreation. and for attaining goals and objectives.g. Language incorporates social values. home. Once society starts changing. ethnicity. when and where to say it and for what purpose. the other one will be affected. The relationship of the two is deeply rooted. If one will not exist. Society however controls our language by giving us preferences as what are acceptable and not. peer group. perceived formality of situation) . it could be kind of offence or insult. A group of people may accept our language. show reason. We must know how. age. Language is the primary tool for communication purposes. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same way. Some models to explain how language interacts with society: Features of society affecting language use and response may be (more or less): • • • We also need theoretical models or explanations of these examples. The connection between language and society is tightly anchored. We need examples from each of these categories (of which most can be further subdivided). However. This affects values in ways that have not been accurately understood. education.• The process is reciprocal: language use is both cause and effect of things in society. social values are only the same as linguistic values when the society is a stable and unchanging one.g. but for others. then language change produces special effects. class background Changing: e. It must follow the conformity governing the society to avoid conflict s and to meet the boundary of individual differences. trials) advertising) .(law.notion of "correct" spoken. written and grammatical forms • Structural features of language necessary for modelling sociolinguistics: Lexis Semantics Etymology (related semantics) Pragmatics to (influence choice of lang) Style politics. liturgy.• Language features which may be affected by social categories or contexts: • • • Variety used Purposes • Meanings (denotation and connotation) Language change Notion of propriety/social acceptability (PC and non-PC forms) • Prescriptivism . (figures of speech) on Phonology (special lexicons (special or register) Morphology (derivational) meanings) Grammar/syntax Discourse structure Rhetoric (in special forms .