[Chemistry 2] Experiment No.2 ACID-BASE TITRATION M.V.L LIM, J. JANEA, L.V. MEDRANO, J.M. OLARITA, AND C. ZOZOBRADO X- Gluon Philippine Science High School – Central Visayas Campus Talaytay, Argao, Cebu Date Performed: January 22, 2016 Date Submitted: February 10, 2016 ABSTRACT Soap is one of the commercial products essential to our health as it promotes cleanliness and preserves our skin from the scorching heat of the sun and from external pollution such as dust, germs, and bacteria. Learning how to make soap and the chemistry behind it is as important as its benefit. In order to make basic soap, an experiment was performed, dealing with the process of saponification, a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. In the experiment, the fats used were common oils, such as olive oil, vegetable oil, and unsalted butter, whereas the lye used was sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The fats, which are the acids and the lye, which is the base underwent saponification to form a glycerin and a salt, which is the soap, the final product of the experiment. INTRODUCTION Straight-chain monocarboxylic acids, called fatty acids, are seldom found as free molecules in nature but are most often a part of a larger molecule called a triglyceride. Soap is produced by the process of saponification, or the hydrolysis of a triglyceride, the fats and oil, to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts from the reaction of the triglyceride with a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. The bond between the fatty acid and the glycerol backbone is referred to as an ester linkage. In the saponification process, as shown in Figure 1, the ester linkage is broken to form glycerol and soap. [1] Figure 1. Saponification of a triglyceride In the experiment, the oils used were olive oil, vegetable oil and butter while the base used was sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time you pour your soap into molds. 13 g of tap water was also used. When the mixture was already thick and viscous. The amount of lye was calculated by totaling the amount of fats in grams and multiplying it by 13 %. as cold process soap take a longer time to harden or cure than hot process soap. the hot process and cold process. as shown previously in Figure 1. the oil mixture was heated in a hot pot to 33-43°C and was constantly stirred. During this stage. Following the hot process procedure. the mold was prepared using empty water bottles and a tray-like container. The mixture was continually stirred until it began to thicken. the first one being a failure. Also.44 12.00 The lye was carefully poured to the water and was mixed using a stirring rod.44 12. Afterwards.preferred over potassium hydroxide (KOH) because the aim was to make a bar soap rather than a liquid soap. There are two methods used to prepare soap.56 Lye (NaOH) 0. The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time the soap is poured into molds.07 2. The first trial of making the soap was a failure because the measurements weren’t exact and the other ingredients weren’t measured properly.004 0. [2] Table 1. the solution of NaOH and water was added while ceaselessly stirring. The amount of oil used exceeded 100% thus the ratio was wrong which resulted to a soap which . At the same time.028 0.53 100. Both require a heat source and careful calculations to ensure that no caustic base is left unreacted in the soap.220 3. Table 1 depicts the ingredients used and its corresponding amounts. When the mixture was viscous enough. Two grams of vanilla was used. the hot process method was preferred over the cold process due to insufficient amount of time. The ratio for the amount of lye to water used was 1:1. yielding an amount of 13 g. it was bathed in cold running water to cool its temperature. 50 g of olive oil and 50 g of unsalted butter were heated and mixed thoroughly. Amounts for ingredients used Poun Ounc Gra ds es ms Water 0.028 0. The group’s experiment consisted of two trials. The cold process uses just enough heat to ensure that all the fat is melted prior to reacting it with the base.0 0 Fragrance 0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soap is formed through the process of saponification where fats and oils are treated with strong bases such as lye (NaOH) or potash (KOH) to form glycerol and the salt of a longchain fatty acid (soap).56 Oils 0. greased with plastic wrap. About 6 hours passed and two soap bars were produced. and the mixture was poured. the vanilla was now added and mixed scrupulously. In this experiment. because olive oil bars also take considerably longer to react. the soap. The soap produced took a longer time to harden. where the principal acids are hydrolyzed. in order to avoid failures.d. Another contributing factor to its basicity was that 5 % excess of the oil was not applied that only little sodium hydroxide is consumed in the saponification process. the triglyceride (oils and fats) is reacted with a strong base (lye) to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts (soap).htm . (n. Olive Oil (Castile) Soap Recipes. thus the soap isn’t advisable to be used and applied to the skin. The aforementioned process is called saponification. it wasn’t able to harden. more insoluble soap. Due to the first soap being a failure. (n. Retrieved September 19.com/od/s oaprecipes/a/castrecipe. 2015. For example. Retrieved September 20. The soap from olive oil. but due to lack of time. Hence. The soap was tested and burned a skin. 2015. REFERENCES [1] Chemistry 122: Synthesis of Soap. was softer and can be a good moisturizer. D. the experiment semi-succeeded in yielding a partiallyhardened soap through the traditional hot process method where oils and fats are mixed with a solution of sodium hydroxide. Kurislim. the salt of a saturated long chain acid make a harder.d.about. from http://soapcalc.). another one was made through the same process but with concise measurements. which was a success since the ratio between the ingredients were calculated and added carefully.). the main process in making soaps. [3].com/thefarmyard/soap-making2/saponification-explained/ [2] Retrieved September 19.is too basic and a soap that is too soft. from https://hoeggerfarmyard. from http://candleandsoap. 2015. The length of the hydrocarbon chain and number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid salt of the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting salt. however. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In its overall. wasn’t good enough to compete with commerciallyprepared soaps. The conducted experiment produced a soft soap with excess oil and vanilla scent.net [3] Fisher. 44 12.004 0.00 Fragrance 0. Amounts for ingredients used Pounds Ounces Grams Water 0.220 3.APPENDIX RAW DATA Table 1.44 12.53 100.028 0.56 Oils 0.56 Lye (NaOH) 0.07 2.028 0.00 . Set-up for basic soap making .Figure 2.