1.0:Introduction This apparatus is designed to allow the detailed study of the fluid friction head losses which occur when incompressible fluid flows through pipes, bends, valves and pipe flow metering devices. Friction head losses in straight pipe of different sizes can be investigated over a range of Reynolds numbers from to nearly , thereby covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in smooth pipes. In addition, an artificially roughened pipe is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds numbers, show a clear departure from the typical smooth bore pipe characteristics. Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics. The results and underlying principles are of the greatest importance to engineers in the aeronautical, civil, mechanical, marine, agricultural and hydraulic fields. Osborne Reynolds distinguished between laminar and turbulent flow in pipes in his publication in 1883. Ludwig Prandtl, Thomas Stanton and Paul Blasius later analyzed pipe flow data in the early part of this century and produced the plot known as the Stanton diagram. John Nikuradse extended to work to cover the case of tough pipes and one such pipe supplied with this equipment has been roughened for flow comparison purposes. In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide range of accessories is available including pipe fittings and control valves, a venture tube and orifice plate assembly. 2.0:Objective To determine the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction and velocity for flow of water through smooth bore pipes. 1 1 6mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.3 Various Pipe Fittings 2.0.1 Water 2 .2 10mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.0.0.0 Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus 1.3 17mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.0Material and Apparatus Figure 1: Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model : FM100) 1.3.0. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank together with flow control. g) Connect the main power supply and then switch on the pump. Start-up the apparatus by following the general start-up procedures below: a) Ensure that the equipment is set up properly and the Hydraulic Bench is placed close to the apparatus. f) Fully close the bench flow control valve. For small flow rates using measuring cylinder in conjunction with flow control. 6. 4. 3.0 :Procedure: 1. By using the Vernier Caliper. h) Gradually open the Flow Control Valve for inlet flow and allow the piping to fill with water until all air has been expelled from the system. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the required test pipe.4. e) Fully open the outlet flow control valve at the apparatus and direct the water flow through the test section by switching the valves. d) Connect flexible hose to the outlet and make sure that it is directed into the volumetric tank. b) Fill the water into the sump tank of the Hydraulic Bench until approximately 90% full. c) Connect the water supply from Hydraulics Bench to Fluid Friction Measurement using flexible hose. 5. measures the internal diameter of each test pipe section. The readings recorded in the table. Repeat the experiment for 3 times for every test section. Measure head loss between the tapings using the portable pressure meter or pressurized water manometer as appropriate. 2. in order to obtain the accurate readings. 3 . b) Clean and wipe the apparatus with the dry cloth. fully close the inlet water supply valve on the hydraulics bench. below are a few safety precaution need to be consider: a) To avoid the apparatus damage.7. c) Finally. d) It is important to prime the pump each time after draining or filling up the sump tank. 8. b) To remove all the water inside from the piping. it is necessary to remove all the water in the pipe when it is not in operation. To prime the pump. fully open all the valves. Shut down the Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model FM100) in appropriates way as shown below: a) Turn off the water supply. Figure 2 : measurement of volumetric flow rate 4 . loosen the air bleed screw on the pump housing to release air trap. c) Protect the apparatus from any shock and stresses. then tighten the screw. While conducting this Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model FM100). switch off the main power supply. After that. Figure 3: The measurement of volume of water. 5 . 01 334 0.0086 0.879 0.0 :Result Table 1: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 17mm Volume. d (m) Velocity.672 0.213 2.02 -.017 0. Q ( ) Pipe diameter. V( ) Average time. h (mm ) Log u Log h 0.512 15. t (s) Flow rate.1945 6 .5.4099 0. u (m/s) Head loss.0.65 -0.132 1.01 86 0.291 1.01 207 0.57 -0. u (m/s) 0. u (m/s) for 17mm diameter pipe Graph of H versus u 18 16 14 12 log h 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.512 laminar h∞u transition turbulent h∞u^n Figure 1.132 0.132 0. h (mm ) against velocity.213 velocity. h (mmH2O) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.1: Graph of head loss.213 log u 0.512 laminar h∞u transition turbulent h∞u^n Figure 1.2: A plot of log h versus log u 7 .Graph of h versus u 18 16 head loss. h (m ) Log u Log h 0. t (s) Flow rate.218 2. Q ( ) Pipe diameter.3820 8 . u=0. V( ) Average time.41 -0.1928 m/s 2847 At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow).01 584 0.661 0. d (m) Velocity. u (m/s) Head loss. u=0.2878 m/s 4250 Table 2: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 10mm Volume.At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow). 01 332 0.816 40.1: Graph of head loss.72 -0.816 laminar h∞u transition turbulent h∞u^n Figure 2. u (m/s) 0.383 8. h (mmH2O) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.218 0.9479 0.87 -0.417 0.010 0.383 velocity. h (mm ) against velocity.088 1. u (m/s) for 10mm diameter pipe 9 .6098 Graph of h vs u 45 40 head loss.0.01 156 0. 5 1. u=0.9 0.5 0.1 0.7 1.3 -0. u=0.4913 m/s 4268 10 .2: A plot of log h versus log u At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow).661 -0.7 0.3418 2969 At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow).088 laminar h∞u transition turbulent h∞u^n Figure 2.417 log u -0.Graph of log h vs log u 1.3 log h 1. 0299 11 .01 266 1. h (mm ) Log u Log h 0.81 -0.13 0.9586 0.413 0.006 0.598 20.3183 0.01 591 0. u (m/s) Head loss.09 -0.Table 3: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 6mm Volume. t (s) Flow rate.223 1.01 917 0. Q ( ) Pipe diameter.386 9. V( ) Average time. d (m) Velocity.330 107.124 2. 9 1. h (mm ) against velocity. u (m/s) 1.7 -0.7 log h 1.1 0.3 1.598 velocity.2: A plot of log h versus log u 12 .1 1.33 laminar h∞u turbulent h∞u^n Figure 3. h (mmH2O) 80 60 40 transition 20 0 0.9 0.386 0. u (m/s) for 6mm diameter pipe Graph of log h vs log u 2.413 -0.Graph of h vs u 120 100 head loss.124 laminar h∞u transition turbulent h∞u^n Figure 3.223 log u 0.5 1.1: Graph of head loss. Molecular viscosity. u=0.7810 m/s 4071 Assumption: Density of fluid (water).At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow).5450 m/s At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow). is is at at Lower critical velocity to be at u = Upper critical velocity to be at u = 13 . u=0. transitional flow and turbulent flow 14 .Figure 4: Visualization of laminar flow. the reynokds number is in between 2300 and 4000. The higher the velocity.6. that is 17mm. the Reynolds number is less than 2300. three types of pipes is used with three different diameters. the higher the head lost. the Reynolds number is more than 4000. this experiment is to show that there are two types of flow may exist in pipes. the Reynolds number is obtained by plugging into the 15 . its either laminar flow or turbulent flow. It indicates the relative significance of the viscous effect compared to the inertia effect.10mm and 6mm. In this experiment. To identify whether the flow is laminar or turbulent is by determining the Reynolds number. and when the flow is turbulent. When the flow is laminar. when the flow is transient.0: Discussion In this experiment. Reynolds number is important in analyzing any type of flow in a pipe when there is a substantial velocity gradient. Accessed on 16th Mac 2013. Faculty of Engineering.pdf.7.the group was observed that the small size pipes will produce laminar flow with calculation and that same with theory then turbulent flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes. Available at: http://www.so the head loss of the pipe is high.From experiment. Laboratory manual. Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 (KNC1101).pdf.edu.html Prof Madya Dr Mohammad Omar Abdullah.Besides that. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability.so the result show that when the size of pipes smaller. Accessed on 16th Mac 2013 Availabe at : http://www. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 16 .solution.com.tr/courses/me401/ME401_FluidFriction.0: Conclusion Group 4 Chemical Engineering 1st year 12/13 was doing a experiment to measured the head lost in pipes.my/pdf/FM100(A4).com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flowd_577.yeditepe.engineeringtoolbox.on this experiment our group that calculate head loss with different pipe size.That was what we wanted to investigated.So different pipes with different sizes will affect the head loss in the pipes.0: References Available at: http://me. 8.