Table of Contents1 Khichi (wikipedia.org)......................................................................................................2 1.1 History and origin......................................................................................................2 1.2 Villages......................................................................................................................4 2 Khilchipur (wikipedia.org)...............................................................................................5 2.1 History........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Geography..................................................................................................................5 2.3 Demographics............................................................................................................6 3 Khichi Rajput (wikipedia.org)..........................................................................................7 3.1 Chhota Udepur State................................................................................................10 4 Rajput..............................................................................................................................12 4.1 History......................................................................................................................13 4.2 Early history (6th to 8th centuries)..........................................................................13 4.3 Rajput kingdoms (8th to 11th centuries)..................................................................14 4.4 Islamic invasions (11th to 12th centuries)...............................................................15 4.5 Medieval Rajput states (12th to 16th centuries)......................................................17 4.6 Conflict with the Sultanate.......................................................................................17 4.7 Mughal era (16th-18th century)...............................................................................18 4.8 Mughal–Rajput alliance...........................................................................................19 4.9 Maratha empire........................................................................................................21 4.10 The British Raj.......................................................................................................23 4.11 Identity and major clans.........................................................................................25 4.12 Suryavanshi lineage: the sun..................................................................................25 4.12.1 [edit] Chandravanshi lineage: the moon.........................................................25 4.13 Agnivanshi lineage: fire.........................................................................................26 4.14 Consciousness of clan and lineage.........................................................................26 4.15 Demographics........................................................................................................27 4.15.1 1931 census.....................................................................................................27 4.15.2 Current population..........................................................................................27 4.16 Culture and ethos...................................................................................................28 4.17 Jauhar and Saka......................................................................................................28 4.18 Rajput lifestyle.......................................................................................................29 5 Rajput clans (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)............................................................30 5.1 The main lineages....................................................................................................30 5.2 Clan organization.....................................................................................................31 5.3 Major clans...............................................................................................................32 5.4 Suryavanshi..............................................................................................................42 5.5 Agnivanshi...............................................................................................................44 5.6 Chandravanshi..........................................................................................................46 5.7 See also....................................................................................................................47 1 Khichi (wikipedia.org) Khichi is a Muslim Tribe of Rajput status found mainly in Mailsi in Vehari District and in Gugera in Punjab Pakistan.[1] The Khichi are also found in Sargodha District. Rajput Clan: Khichi Vansh Descended from: Branches: Ruled in Princely states: Surnames: Agnivanshi Chauhan None Punjab None Khichi, sometime Khan 1.1 History and origin According to their traditions, it claims descent from Khichi Khan, a Chauhan Rajput ruler of Ajmer. Driven out of Delhi by one of the Sultan of Delhi, his descendents Sisan and Vidar migrated to Multan. The Khichis then fought with the Johiyas, then paramount in the region. Due to their bravery and valour they conquered Multan as well as many other places in India. After partition of India, the Khichi's are on both sides in Pakistan and India. It is also said that Khichi is the name of a branch of the Chauhan clan of Agnivanshi rajputs. The Rajputs (from the Sanskrit tatpurushacompound rājaputra, "Means the Son of a king.The Chauhan kingdom became the leading Rajput state and a powerful kingdom in Northern India under King Prithviraj III (1165–1192), also known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora . The Chauhan kingdom collapsed after Prithviraj was defeated by Mohammed of Ghor in 1192 at the Second Battle of Tarain, but the Chauhans remained in Ajmer as feudatories of Mohammed of Ghor and the Sultans of Delhi until 1365, when Ajmer was captured by the rulers of Mewar. Rajput must belong to one of 36 specific clans and Khichi’s is one of them. During the rule of the British, Many Rajputs wer given power to continue their rules in that state, Rajput also made alliance with the mughals. Before Mughals and British, Rajputs were the only threating power in subcontinent. Khilchipur is a town in Rajgarh District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. It is the administrative headquarters. Khilchipur was formerly the capital of a princely state of the same name, under the Bhopal Agency of British India's Central India Agency. It had an area of 273 square miles, and a population of 31,143 in 1901. Its estimated revenue in 1911 was 7000 rupees, and it paid a yearly tribute to Sindhia of Gwalior of 700 rupees. Its rulers were Khichi Rajputs of the Chauhan clan. The rulers acceded to the Government of India after India's independence in 1947, and the Khilchipur became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat. Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 1956. The main (Muslim) Rajput tribes of the Punjab are: Khichi, Bhatti, Punwar, Chauhan,Bersal, Minhas, Tiwana, Noon, Ranghar, Khokhar, Ghakkar, Meo, Chib, Gheba, Jodhra, Janjua, Sial and Wattu. The traditional occupations of the Rajput Khichi’s are war and agriculture. Khichi’s are scattered in India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the most populated area of the Rajput Khichi’s are Mailsi and Vehari. The District derives its name from its headquarters town, which was previously Tehsil headquarters of Multan district. It was created in June 1976. Subsequently, areas to the east of the above mentioned river tract were inhabited by Arain from Lahore and Khichis from Bakaner who founded Mailsi town. Mailsi is still much their preserve. The tribe was said to be converted to Islam by the famous Sufi saint Khawaja Moueen-udin Chisti (ra). Sakhi dalail khan was the head of the khichi family, He was very generous and a pious person. During the last days of his life, he gave most of his property to poorest and needest.He used to go to delhi to attend the meetings and to make/ contribute in making decision. During the period of Sakhi dalail khan, the mean of money was TAKKA. Hassan khan and Hussein fought a war against the Sikhs at Moza Sarghana, Kacha Kot. They were martyred and laid in Sarghana graveyard. Nazar Mohammad khan son of Delawar khan became the zail dar (Head of the state, during the British rule). The Khichi Tribe are known to be the one of the biggest Landlords of Pakistan, and proved to be the leading Agriculturists too. The Tribe owns more than 45000 acres of Land(Irrigated). 1.2 Villages Khichi villages include Khichi Jagir, and Daulutpur Khichi in the Sahiwal Tehsil of Sargodha District, Khichi in the Talagang Tehsil of Chakwal District, Khichi Kalan, Khichi Khurd and Jhok Khichi is Bhakkar District, Chani Khichi in Chiniot District, and Dholi Khichi, Jawaya Khichi and Nota Khichi in Okara District. In Faisalabad District, Burhan Di Jhok, Nehra Khichi , Shambeer wali, Joyan Khichi, Haroo-Wala, Karor in Tehsil TandlianWala.In Tehsil Faisalabad,Balochwala, khichian, and some small villages. Khichiwala in Khanewal District, In Vehari District Shatabgarh, Aliwah, Fadah, Halim Khichi, Umar Khichi, Shergarh, Sargana, Tarki, Kilanj, Dhamakki, Dhodan, Jiwan Khichi, Rahimpur Khichian in Sialkot District and Dera Mian Ali khichi {Hafizabad District} 2 Khilchipur (wikipedia.org) Location of Khilchipur in Madhya Pradesh Coordinates 24°02′N 76°34′E24.03°N 76.57°E Country State District(s) Population Time zone Area • Elevation India Madhya Pradesh Rajgarh 15321 (2001) IST (UTC+5:30) • 394 m (1,293 ft) Khilchipur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Rajgarh district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Rajgarh district. 2.1 History PREDECESSORS AND SHORT HISTORY: Founded in 1544 by Dewan Ugra Sen, a Khichi Rajput, a section of the great Chauhan clan, who was forced by family dissensions to migrate from the Khichi capital of Gagraun. A grant of land was subsequently made to him by the Mughal Emperor, which included the adjoining Zirapur and Machalpur parganas, later a part of Indore state, and Shujalpur, later in Gwalior state. Khilchipur was formerly the capital of a princely state of the same name, under the Bhopal Agency of British India's Central India Agency. It had an area of 273 square miles, and a population of 31,143 in 1901. Its estimated revenue in 1911 was 70000 rupees, and it paid a yearly tribute to Sindhia of Gwalior of 700 rupees. Its rulers were Khichi Rajputs of the Chauhan clan. The rulers acceded to the Government of India after India's independence in 1947, and the Khilchipur became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat. Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956. [1] 2.2 Geography Khilchipur is located at 24°02′N 76°34′E24.03°N 76.57°E[2]. It has an average elevation of 394 metres (1292 feet). coor title dm|24|02|N|76|34|E|region:IN_type:city 2.3 Demographics As of 2001 India census[3], Khilchipur had a population of 15,321. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Khilchipur has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 51%. In Khilchipur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. 3 Khichi Rajput (wikipedia.org) Founded in 1544 by Dewan Ugra Sen, a Khichi Rajput, a section of the great Chauhan clan, who was forced by family dissensions to migrate from the Khichi capital of Gagraun. A grant of land was subsequently made to him by the Mughal Emperor, which included the adjoining Zirapur and Machalpur parganas, later a part of Indore state, and Shujalpur, later in Gwalior state. Rulers were Kheechee is the name of a branch of the Chauhan clan of Agnivanshi rajputs. Prithviraj Chauhan belonged to the Kheechee clan. Khich: Khich is a variation of Khichi, which is one of the Chauhan clans. Ibbetson wrote that "they are said to have come originally from Ajmer, the old seat of Chauhan power, thence to Delhi, and from Delhi to the Sutlej during the Mughal rule" The town of Chota Udepur is located in the far east of the Vadodara District of Gujarat state, very close to the border of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. This picturesque town is nestled among the Vindhyachal range and the Satpura range of hills. The region in and around Chota Udepur has a mixed population of tribals - Bhils and Rathwas, Muslims, Hindus. This region is steeped in a glorious past of valor and chivalry. Chota Udepur has a colorful history of Maharajas and their tales of bravery. The royal family of Chota Udepur belong to the Khichi Chauhan dynasty, who are direct descendants of the brave Rajput king - Prithviraj Chauhan. The Khichi Chauhans moved to Chota Udepur from Delhi via Ranthambore and the Malwa plateau. In 1822 AD after a treaty with the British, peace prevailed and a lot of development work was undertaken to modernize the town. The visit to the sprawling 18 acre palace campus is must for any visitor to Chhota Udepur. The two palaces- Kusum Vilas Palace and Prem Bhavan Palace are the finest examples of early 20th century Indian palace architecture. The Kusum Vilas Palace was designed by a famous architectural firm of Bombay, Bhatkar & Bhatkar, in the early 20's. The design concept was to create a palace in a harmonious fusion of the architectural style of Champaner with modern amenities of an elevator and other functional requirements. A large porch; arcaded facade and balanced architectural treatment of the 5 storeyed central wing with receding volume, capped with a do me lends majesty to the palace. The interiors are a blend of east and west. The carved pilasters, friezes gilded with real gold are replicas of such architectural elements at Champaner. The British-made elevator has a foyer at ground level, enclosed by series of exquisitely carved stone jails bringing in an ethereal light effect. The grand reception room on ground floor has large doors, a carved false ceiling, Grench furniture, Belgian mirrors and superb Italian marble statues. The wall paintings by the famous a Chota Udepur was a small state with 525 villages, an income of Rs 2.5 million, cavalry, infantry, bodyguards and cannon, situated in the hills between Gujarat and Malwa (current day Madhya Pradesh). The state was ruled by the Khichi Chauhan dynasty, which was reputed to be one of the bravest Rajput clans in India. The Chauhans colonized eastern Rajasthan in the 8th century AD, and were a major national power in the northern India, ruling huge tracts of land from Nagaur and Ajmer in Rajasthan to Delhi. Many are the tales of the battles between the Chauhans and the Muslim invaders especially the Turks. Prithviraj Chauhan, the last Hindu king of Delhi, lost to Muhammed Ghori at the battle of Tarai in 1192 AD. The Khichi Chauhans are the direct descendants to Prithviraj Chauhan. They ruled in petty states around the river Narmada. They conquered the historic fort of Champaner. Sultan Ahmed Shah who founded Ahmedabad devastated the Chauhan territories but could not lay siege to the fort inspire of his several attempts. His successor Sultan Muhammed Shah also spent a considerable time getting ready to lay siege on the fort but could not do so. Finally it was Mahmud Bhegada who entered the fort by deceit, and the Rajputs were forced to commit jauhar. The ruler at that time Patai Rawal, chose to die. But his existing sons took refuge at Hamph in the hills and his grandson, Prithviraj Sinh, started a new chiefdom at Mohan, form where his descendents ruled before moving to Chota Udepur. The Chauhans are believed to have originated as products of a Agnikund on Mount Abu, as an outcome of Sage Vasistha's oblations poured into it. Chauhan was created to fight demonic forces. The Chauhans inhabited a major portion of Marwar and Ajmer area of Rajasthan. Bardic accounts speak of the Chauhan king of Ajmer, Dula Rai being slain by his foes, and his younger brother Manik Rai fleeing, and ultimately taking possession of the land near lake Sambhar, through the assistance of Goddess Sakambhari. Bardic accounts, and stone inscriptions of that era (around 600 A.D) agree to the point that Chauhans and Kheechis descended from Manik Rai, the first progenitor of Sambhaira Chauhans. Manik Rai, was assigned by his father a stretch of land which he would cover starting from Sambhar to the west in the direction of Bhadana and Jayal in Nagaur district. The origination of the name "Kheechi" has two theories. One theory suggests that, when Manik Rao was covering the distance from Sambhar to Jayal on camel back, he met a tribe of people crossing the desert. On demanding for food, they brought him "Kheechri" to eat. On narrating the incident, Manik Rao's father exclaimed "So your branch will be called "Kheechi" and the land stands granted to you". Another theory says, that the term "Kheechi" was derived from "Kheech" - a special food eaten by people in the territory of Jayal - Nagaur. The territory of Nagaur - Jayal - Bhadana came to be known as Kheechiwada with Jayal as its headquarters. The Kheechis extended their territory from Kheechiwada, through Ranthambore, Malwa and entered the Champaner Pavagadh territory through Jhabua (present day Madhya Pradesh). The Chauhan states of Trimbak Bhup, Gangadas and Patai Rawal extended from Godhara to Rajpipla. The Kheechi Chauhans under the leadership of Palandeo, came to the eastern parts of Gujarat and won Champaner from the Bhils settled in the foothills of Pavagadh. Ramdeo, son of Hamir occupied the country around Pavagadh, and came to be known as Pavaicha Kheechi. Future kings ruled the land around Champaner - Pavagadh. Around 1400 A.D. Palandev started the construction of the Pavagadh fort. One of the most famous kings of the Kheechi Chauhan dynasty of Champaner was Patai Rawal. It was during his reign that Champaner was a force to reckon with in the central region of Gujarat. The Champaner fort was a formidable bastion under the aegis of Patai Rawal. Sultan Mahmud Begda of Ahmedabad, had his eyes for quite some time on this fortification, and wanted to make this his domain. Sultan Begda invaded Champaner twice - first during 1475 A.D. and then in 1483-84 A.D. when he laid siege of the famous fort. This siege lasted for 20 months. During this period the Sultan built a mosque in this area and name the place as Mahmudabad. The Rajputs of Champaner put up a brave fight against the Muslims. However, with the help of his allies, Begda finally penetrated the fortification of Champaner. The Rajput women prepared for Jauhar and the Rajput warriors put on kesariya clothes and descended on the muslim army. As though the curse of Kalika Mata was coming true, Patai Rawal's clan perished in this bloodbath. The two sons of Patai Rawal, Prithviraj and Dungarsingh sought refuge in Hamph on the banks of the river Narmada. Thereafter they took control of two regions - Mohan and Baria, and divided the territory mutually among themselves. 3.1 Chhota Udepur State Prithviraj, the elder son of Rai Singh, the predeceased crown prince of Patai Rawal was the first ancestor of the Maharawals of Chhota Udepur. Hi s seat of authority was Mohan before it shifted to Chhota Udepur. Rawal Rai Singh III built the fort of Chhota Udepur in 1813. Prithviraj II who was under the obligation to pay tribute to the Gaekwads of Baroda, made an agreement with the British in 1822 for protection after the Third Maratha War. He was followed by Maharawal Jeet Singh who bravely resisted Tantia Tope during the Mutiny of 1857. In lieu of these services, Chhota Udepur state was awarded a permanent 9 gun salute as well as was awarded with the "Memoria Manet". Maharawal Jeetsinghji breathed his last in 1881. He was followed by Maharawal Motisinghji (1881 - 95) who had a peaceful reign. He made the opium settlement with the British in 1890, where by he was allowed succession by adoption. The reign of Maharawal Fateh Singhji (1895 - 1923) is regarded as the "Golden Age" of Chhota Udepur. He attended daily at the State offices when in Chhota Udepur and he personally monitored and supervised work of each department, while the documents passing through the Huzur office were submitted to him for orders. As his son Maharawal Natwar Singhji reported on the occasion of the unveiling ceremony of Fateh Singhji's statue by the political agent, "By simplicity of life and personal labors for the good of his subjects, my father, Maharawal Fateh Singhji set a shining example. By striving for their welfare, he had won the hearts of all his subjects who enjoyed during his rule, continuous peace and prosperity which is manifested from the below mentioned facts: • • The population of the state increased from 64,000 to 1,25,000. The revenue of the state increased from Rs. 2.5 lacs to Rs.10.5 lacs. He was the maker of modern Chhota Udepur. It was during his time that several pucca buildings in the town and on the railway station were built. Many state buildings, Durbar Hall, Old Palace, Princes Villa, Gymkhana, several Guest Houses, Secretariat Building and Bunglow, State Hospital, State Girls' School, Electric Power House were built in his time. It was in his times that the Bodeli - Chhota Udepur railways were constructed and Water Works were constructed. Survey and settlement was introduced in almost all villages of the state. Maharawal Natwar Singhji acceded to the throne in 1923 A.D. His reign is known for the various charitable and philanthropic activities under taken. State grants and gratuitous relief was given to travelers at Chhota Udepur, Hamph, Jambugam, Kanwas. He was succeeded on his death in Lisbon by Maharaja Virendra Singhji Chauhan. It was during his reign that the merger of Chhota Udepur in the Bombay state took place in 1948 A.D. 4 Rajput Classification Religions Language Populated States Kshatriyas (Warriors) Hinduism, Muslim, Sikh Indo-Aryan languages The Indian subcontinent, particularily North India An 1876 engraving of Khokar Rajputs of Punjab, from the Illustrated London News Mayo College was opened by the British Government in 1875 at Ajmer, Rajputana to educate Rajput princes and other nobles. On the left are four Rajput princes, and on their right is a Muslim classmate. A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya (warrior) groups of India. They enjoy a reputation as soldiers; many of them serve in the Indian Armed Forces, while persons of Rajput ancestry also serve in the Pakistani Armed Forces. During the British Raj, the Government accepted them and recruited them heavily into their armies. Current-day Uttar Pradesh is home to most of the Rajputs, although demographically the Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much the subcontinent, particularly in North India and central India. Rajputs rose to prominence during the 9th to 11th centuries and are divided into three major lineages. The four Agnivanshi clans, namely the Pratiharas (Pariharas), Solankis (Chaulukyas), Paramaras (Parmars), and Chauhans (Chahamanas) rose to prominence first. Rajputs ruled more than 400 of the estimated 600 princely states at the time of India's independence in 1947. Rajputs ruled 81 of out the 121 Salute states extant at the time of independence. 4.1 History During their centuries-long rule of northern India, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the Chandramahal in Jaipur, Rajasthan, which was built by Kachwaha Rajputs 4.2 Early history (6th to 8th centuries) The Rai Dynasty, who ruled Sindh in the 6th and 7th centuries and were displaced by an Arab invasion led by Muhammad bin Qasim, is sometimes held to have been Rajput. According to some sources, Bin Qasim] also attacked Chittorgarh, and was defeated by Bappa Rawal. Certain other invasions by marauding Yavvanas (literally: "Ionian/Greek") are recorded in this era. The appellation Yavvana was used to describe any tribe that emerged from the west or northwest of present-day Pakistan. These invasions may therefore have been a continuation of the usual invasions into India by warlike but less civilized tribes from the northwest, and not a reference specifically to Greeks or Indo- Greeks. Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir defeated one such Yavvana invasion in the 8th century and the Gurjara-Pratihara empire rebuffed another in the 9th century. 4.3 Rajput kingdoms (8th to 11th centuries) The first Rajput kingdoms date back to the 7th century, and it was during the 9th to 11th centuries that the Rajputs rose to prominence. The four Agnivanshi clans, namely the Pariharas (of the Pratihara), Solankis (of the Chalukya dynasty), Paramaras, and Chahamanas of the Chauhans rose to prominence first, establishing territories and creating kingdoms. water reservoir inside Chittorgarh Fort as seen in 2006 Bappa Rawal of the Gahlot dynasty established his rule in 734 CE at Chittor. Chittor was until that time ruled by the Mori clan of Rajputs. Maan Mori was their last king at Chittor. It is believed the word Mori is a corruption of Maurya, the dynasty of Ashoka (ruled 269 to 232 BCE). The Kachwahas or Kacchapghata dynasty were originally from Bihar; they founded Gwalior and Narwar in the 8th century. One of their descendants, Dulah Rai (grandson of Raja Isha Singh and son of Prince Sodh Dev of Narwar) established his rule in Dhundhar in the 11th century. The imperial Pratiharas established their rule over Malwa and ruled from the cities of Bhinmal and Ujjaini in the 8th and 9th centuries. One branch of the clan established a state in Mandore in the Marwar region in 6th and 7th centuries where they held sway until they were supplanted by the Rathores in the 14th century. Around 816 CE, the Pratiharas of Ujjain conquered Kannauj, and from this city they ruled much of northern India for a century. They went into decline after Rashtrakuta invasions in the early 10th century. The Chandela clan ruled Bundelkhand after the 10th century, occupying the fortress of Kalinjar; they later built the temples at Khajuraho. The organization of Rajput clans crystallized in this period. Intermarriage among the Rajput clans interlinked the various regions of India and Pakistan, facilitating the flow of trade and scholarship. Archaeological evidence and contemporary texts suggest that Indian society achieved significant prosperity during this era. The literature composed in this period, both in Sanskrit and in the Apabhramshas, constitutes a substantial segment of classical Indian literature. The early 11th century saw the reign of the polymath King Bhoja, Paramara ruler of Malwa. He was not only a patron of literature and the arts but was a distinguished writer. His Samaranganasutradhara deals with architecture and his Raja-Martanda is a commentary on the Yoga– sutras. Many major monuments of northern and central India, including those at Khajuraho, date from this period. 4.4 Islamic invasions (11th to 12th centuries) Mehrangarh Fort, the ancient home of the Rathore rulers of Marwar in Rajasthan The fertile and prosperous plains of northern India had always been a destination of choice for streams of invaders coming from the northwest. The last of these waves of invasions were of tribes who had previously converted to Islam. For geographic reasons, Rajput-ruled states suffered the brunt of aggression from various Mongol–Turkic–Afghan warlords who repeatedly invaded the subcontinent. In his New History of India Stanley Wolpert wrote, "The Rajputs were the vanguard of Hindu India in the face of the Islamic onslaught." Within 15 years of the death of the Muhammad in 632, the caliph Uthman sent a sea expedition to raid Thana and Broach on the Bombay coast. Other unsuccessful raiding expeditions to Sindh took place in 662 and 664 CE. Within a hundred years after Muhammad's death, Muslim armies had overrun much of Asia as far as the Hindu Kush; however, it was not until c. 1000 CE that they established any foothold in India. In the early 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the Hindu Shahi kingdom in the Punjab. His raids into northern India weakened the Pratihara kingdom, which was drastically reduced in size and came under the control of the Chandelas. In 1018 CE, Mahmud sacked the city of Kannauj, seat of the Pratihara kingdom, but withdrew immediately to Ghazni, being interested in booty rather than empire. In the ensuing chaos, the Gahadvala dynasty established a modest state centered around Kannauj, ruling for about a hundred years. They were defeated by Muhammad of Ghor, who sacked the city in 1194 CE. Meanwhile, a nearby state centered around present-day Delhi was ruled successively by the Tomara and Chauhan clans. Prithiviraj III, ruler of Delhi, defeated Muhammad of Ghor at the First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE). Muhammad returned the following year and defeated Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE). In this battle, as in many others of this era, rampant internecine conflict among Rajput kingdoms facilitated the victory of the invaders. In the late 11th century a battle between Parmal and Prithviraj III took place in Mahoba, a small town in Uttar Pradesh. Alha and Udal were the generals of Parmal's army, who fought bravely but lost the battle. The descendants of Alha are Ahirwar Rajputs. 4.5 Medieval Rajput states (12th to 16th centuries) Prithviraj Chauhan proved to be the last Rajput ruler of Delhi. The Chauhans, led by Govinda, grandson of Prithviraj, later established a small state centered around Ranthambore in present-day Rajasthan. The Songara branch of the Chauhan clan later ruled Jalore, while the Hada branch established their rule over the Hadoti region in the mid-13th century. The Rever Maharaja Ranavghansinh ruled Taranga in the 11th century. The Tomaras later established themselves at Gwalior, and the ruler Man Singh built the fortress which still stands there. Muhammad's armies brought down the Gahadvala kingdom in 1194 CE. Some surviving members of the Gahadvala dynasty are said to have refugeed to the western desert, formed the Rathore clan, and later founded the state of Marwar. The Kachwaha clan came to rule Dhundhar (later Jaipur) with their capital at Amber. Other relocations surmised to have occurred in this period include the emigration of Rajput clans to the Himalayas. The Katoch clan, the Chauhans of Chamba and certain clans of Uttarakhand and Nepal are counted among this number. 4.6 Conflict with the Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate was founded by Qutb ud din Aybak, Muhammad of Ghor's successor, in the early 13th century. Sultan Ala ud din Khilji conquered Gujarat (1297), Malwa (1305), Ranthambore (1301), Chittorgarh (1303), Jalore, and Bhinmal (1311). All were conquered after long sieges and fierce resistance from their Rajput defenders. The "First Jauhar" occurred during the siege of Chittor (1303). Jauhar is the mass selfimmolation of the female population to avoid capture in time of war. Concurrently, the male population would perform Saka: a fight to the death against impossible odds. The defence of Chittor by the Guhilas, the sagas of Rani Padmini, and the memory of the Jauhar have had a defining impact upon the Rajput character. Ala ud din Khilji delegated the administration of the newly conquered areas to his principal Rajput collaborator, Maldeo Songara, ruler of Jalore. Maldeo Songara was soon displaced by his son-in-law Hammir, a scion of the lately displaced Guhila clan, who re- established the state of Mewar c. 1326 CE. Mewar was to emerge as a leading Rajput state, after Rana Kumbha expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat. 4.7 Mughal era (16th-18th century) Jaipur is one of several major cities founded by Rajput rulers during the Mughal Era. This photo was taken in 2002. The Jharokha arches, now regarded as typical of Rajput architecture, were actually brought to Rajasthan from Bengal by Rajput rulers who had served there as Mughal officers. The Delhi sultanate was extinguished when Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Rana Sanga, ruler of Mewar, rallied an army to challenge Babur. Rana Sanga used traditional war tactics and weapons and Babur used modern tactics and cannons, the first example of their use in northern India. Overmatched, Sanga was defeated by Babur at the Battle of Khanua on March 16, 1527. However, it was not until the reign of Akbar fifteen years later that the structure of relations between the Mughal imperium and the Rajput states began to take definitive shape. Rana Sanga died soon after the battle of Khanua. Mewar came under the regency of his widow, Rani Karmavati. The kingdom was menaced by Bahadur Shah, ruler of Gujarat. According to one romantic legend of dubious veracity, Karmavati importuned the assistance of Humayun, son of her late husband's foe. The help arrived, but too late; Chittor was overrun by Bahadur Shah. This is the occasion for the second of the three Jauhars performed at Chittor. Karmavati led the ladies of the citadel into death by fire, while the menfolk sallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army in a hopeless fight to the death. 4.8 Mughal–Rajput alliance Babur's son Humayun was a ruler who was forced to spend long periods in exile. His son Akbar, however, consolidated his inheritance and expanded what had been the Delhi sultanate into a wide empire. Part of the reason for his success was his inclusion of native Rajput chiefs into the ruling class of his empire. The Rajput chiefs cemented the alliance with marriages, with numerous Rajput noblewomen being wed to Mughal grandees. The Kachwahas were the first to extend matrimonial alliances with Akbar; they pioneered a trend that soon turned pervasive and played no small role in extending Rajput influence across the Indian sub-continent. Indeed, two successive Mughal emperors, Jehangir and Shah Jehan, were born to Rajput mothers. Rajput chiefs served as Mughal officers and administrators across the Mughal Empire and enjoyed much influence in the government. In this period, the aristocratic image of the Rajputs can be said to have crystallized; consequently, caste divisions became rigid. The trend of political relations between Rajput states and the central power of the Mughal emperors was the precursor for similar relations between them and the British. Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar Pratap Singh of Mewar, a 16th century Rajput ruler and great warrior. The Mughal emperor Akbar sent many missions against him. He survived to ultimately gain control of all of Mewar, excluding Chittorgarh Fort. Udaipur City Palace Udaipur remained the capital of Mewar after the fall of Chittor until its accession in independent India. The region of Mewar held out against the Mughal empire and gave battle to all invaders. Rana Sanga, the grand father of Rana Pratap, fought against Babur. Later, Babur's grandson Akbar attacked Chittor in 1567 CE. After a struggle, Mewar's chief citadel of Chittor finally fell to Akbar in 1568. The third (and last) Jauhar of Chittor transpired on this occasion. When the fall of the citadel became imminent, the ladies of the fort committed collective self-immolation and the men sallied out of the fort to meet the invading Muslim army in a fight to the death. Prior to this event, Mewar's ruler, Rana Udai Singh II, had retired to the nearby hills, where he founded the new town of Udaipur. He was succeeded while in exile by his son Pratap Singh of Mewar as head of the Sisodia clan. Under the able leadership of Pratap Singh, they harassed the Mughals enough to cause them to make accommodatory overtures. Pratap Singh, a present-day Rajput icon, rebuffed these overtures of friendship from Akbar and rallied an army to meet the Mughal forces. He was defeated by the Mughal forces at the battle of Haldighati in June 1576. He escaped, and carried out a relentless guerilla struggle from his hideout in the hills, and by the time of his death, he had reconquered nearly all of his kingdom from the Mughals, except for the fortress of Chittor and Mandal Garh. He died in 1597 CE. After Pratap's death, his son Rana Amar Singh continued the struggle for 18 years, and faced constant attacks from Mughals. He fought eighteen wars during this period. Finally he entered into a peace treaty with the Mughals but with certain exemptions: the Rana of Mewar did not have attend the Mughal court personally but the crown prince would attend the court, and it was not necessary for the Rana and the Sisodias to enter into marriage alliances with the Mughals. The treaty was signed by Rana Amar Singh and Prince Khurram Shihab-ud-din Muhammad (later Shah Jahan) in 1615 CE at Gogunda. Singh thus regained control of his state as a vassal of the Mughals. The Sisodias, rulers of Mewar, were the last Rajput dynasty to enter into an alliance with the Mughals. 4.9 Maratha empire As the central authority of the Mughal empire disintegrated following the death of Aurangzeb, the power of the Marathas was being consolidated under the leadership of Shivaji (his grandfather, Maloji Bhonsle, claimed descent from the Sisodia clan of Rajputs). The only major defeat in Shivaji's rise to power came against the Kachwaha ruler, Mirza Raja Jai Singh I of Amber, who was commanded by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (ruled 1658-1707). When in Agra, on a visit to Aurangzeb, Shivaji was deceitfully kept under house arrest. With the assistance of Mirza Raja Jai Singh I and his son Ram Singh I, Shivaji managed to escape to the Maratha Empire. Having been able to cross the Narmada River by 1728, Peshwa Bajirao and his successor Balaji Bajirao were able to organise military expeditions initially into Malwa and then into other parts of Hindustan. By 1760, with defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 250 million acres (1 million km²) or one-third of the Indian sub-continent. The Maratha expansion was temporarily halted after their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. For the Rajput states of the former empire in the north of the Indian subcontinent it was a period of constantly shifting alliances and military conflicts with the various forces competing for power. The Maratha's constant attempt to extract tribute and conduct raids greatly antagonised the people of the Rajput states and Jat community and was one of the reasons for the emergence of military alliances between the Rajput states and the East India Company by the early 19th century. In a notable incident of this period, Jayappa Scindia, one of the Maratha generals, was murdered at Nagaur while trying to collect taxes. In another incident, Ishwari Singh, ruler of Jaipur, committed suicide. The public of Jaipur was very much infuriated by this incident. On January 20, 1751, when 4,000 Maratha soldiers came on an informal visit to Jaipur, all the gates of the city were closed, and the Rajput army along with the civilian population attacked the Marathas and killed them. Almost 3,000 Marathas died. 1,000 were injured and managed to escape. In May 1787 the Marathas suffered a defeat in the Battle of Lalsot. On June 20, 1790, the Battle of Patan was fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Rajputs of Jaipur and their Mughal allies, in which the Rajputs suffered a severe blow. The Marathas demanded taxes and damages. The Rana of Mewar could not pay these taxes and had to mortgage some of his properties to the Scindia family to raise the funds. The Rajput states remained loyal to the Mughals. But the Mughals changed their liberal policy towards Rajputs and other Hindus, resulting in a major Hindu revolt by the Sikhs, Jats, Marathas, Satnamis and Rajputs. The outrage ultimately weakened the Mughal empire irreparably. At the last the emperor became merely a nominal head. Mughals fought among themselves and Rajputs were unjustifiably held responsible for the fighting. In this uncertainty and chaos the Rajputs chose to begin to withdraw their support from the Mughals. Whether they physically supported the Mughals with troops depended upon their own interests and the status quo of the respective states. This became the main concern of the rulers of Delhi and other Rajput states, rather than the reemergence of a powerful Mughal regime. The English East India Company established control in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, where they defeated the Nawab of Bengal. After a period of chaos and unrest culminating in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India on 1 May 1876, officially supplanting the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II and the rule of the East India Company. This ushered in a new age of British empire in India which would last until Indian Independence in 1947. 4.10 The British Raj The Maratha Confederacy began to be in conflict with the British Raj beginning in 1772. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818), 18 states in the Rajputana region, of which 15 were ruled by Rajputs, entered into subsidiary alliance with the East India Company and became princely states under the British Raj. The British took direct control of Ajmer, which became the province of Ajmer-Merwara. A large number of other Rajput states in central and western India made a similar transition. Most of them were placed under the authority of the Central India Agency and the various states' agencies of Kathiawar. Rajput army officers with British army officers in 1936 The British colonial officials in general were impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs. In his Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan James Tod writes: “What nation on earth could have maintained the semblance of civilization, the spirit or the customs of their forefathers, during so many centuries of overwhelming depression, but one of such singular character as the Rajpoot? ... Rajast'han exhibits the sole example in the history of mankind, of a people withstanding every outrage barbarity could inflict, or human nature sustain, from a foe whose religion commands annihilation; and bent to the earth, yet rising buoyant from the pressure, and making calamity a whetstone to courage .... Not an iota of their religion or customs have they lost”. In reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, Captain A. H. Bigley states: “Rajputs have served in our ranks from Plassey to the present day (1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the Nawab of Oudh. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed the power of the Marathas”. Bingley went on to describe the role of the Rajput infantries in the Gurkha War (1814 to 1816) and the Anglo-Afghan Wars, and stated that the Rajput troops were instrumental in the victory of the Anglo-Sikh wars in Punjab. He detailed the role the Rajput troopers in the Egyptian campaign of 1882 as well as their victorious action in the Third AngloBurmese War of 1885. The Rajputs retained their principal role in Indian society, serving in armies wherever necessary throughout this period, as they do to this day. Rajput soldiers remain an integral part in the armies of India and Pakistan. When India gained its independence in 1947, the Rajput states acceded unto the Dominion of India and Pakistan. 4.11 Identity and major clans The Sanskrit word Rajputra is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE. The word Kshatriya (warrior) was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers. To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used, which literally means "son of a king." Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput; gradually it became a caste. Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages, which are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi. 4.12 Suryavanshi lineage: the sun The Suryavanshi, which means Sun Dynasty, claim descent from Surya, the solar deity. The Sun Dynasty is oldest among Kshatriyas. The first person of this dynasty was Vivasvan, which means the Fire Bird. Ikshvaku was the first important king of this dynasty. Other important kings were Kakutsth Harishchandra, Sagar, Dileepa, Bhagiratha, Raghu Dashratha and Rama. The poet Kalidasa wrote the great epic Raghuvaṃśa about the dynasty of Raghu. Rajput Suryavanshi (Raghuvanshi) clans that claim descent from Rama are the Raghav (Raghuvanshi)s, Sisodias, Rathores, Minhass and the Kachwahas. 4.12.1 [edit] Chandravanshi lineage: the moon Main article: Chandravanshi The Chandravanshi, which means Moon Dynasty, claim descent from Chandra, the lunar deity. This Lunar Dynasty is very ancient, but is younger than the Sun Dynasty. Som was the first king of this dynasty. Other important kings were Pururawa, Nahush, Yayati, Dushyant, Bharata, Kuru, Shantanu and Yudhishthir. Yadu was the eldest son of Yayati and Yadav's claim descended from Yadu. Krishna was of the lineage of Yadu. The Yaduvanshi lineage, claiming descent from the Hindu god Krishna, are a major sect of the Chandravanshi. The ancient text Harivamsa gives details of this dynasty. 4.13 Agnivanshi lineage: fire The Agnivanshi lineage claims descent from Agni, the Vedic God of Fire. The legend which addresses the origin of the Agnivanshi Rajputs is particularly disputed not least because they were the earliest to rise to political prominence. According to Puranic legend, as found in Bhavishya Purana (an ancient religious text), the traditional kshatriyas of the land were exterminated by Parashurama, an avatara of Vishnu. The sage Vasishta performed a great a yagna (ritual of sacrifice) at Mount Abu, at the time of emperor Ashoka's sons (Ashoka died around 232 BCE). From the influence of mantras of the four Vedas, four kshatriyas were born. They were the founders of the four Agnivanshi clans: 1. Parmar (Paramara) 2. Chamahanas (Chauhan) 3. Solanki (Chalukya) 4. Parihara (Pratihara) Only these four clans out of the many Rajput clans are considered to be Agnivanshi. Some scholars also count Nagavanshi and Rishivanshi to be Agnivanshi.[citation needed] 4.14 Consciousness of clan and lineage The aforementioned three patrilineages (vanshas) sub-divide into 36 main clans (kulas), which in turn divide into numerous branches (shakhas), to create the intricate clan system of the Rajputs. The principle of patrilineage is staunchly adhered to in determining one's place in the system and a strong consciousness of clan and lineage is an essential part of the Rajput character. As the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica states, this tradition of common ancestry permits an indigent Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well-born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. Authoritative listings of the 36 Rajput clans are to be found in the Kumārpāla Charita of Jayasimha and the epic poem Prithvirāj Rāso of Chandbardai. 4.15 Demographics 4.15.1 1931 census The 1931 census reported a total of 10.7 million people self-describing as Rajput. Of this population, about 8.6 million people also self-described as being Hindu, about 2.1 million as being Muslim Rajput and about 50,000 as being Sikh Rajput. The United Provinces (being approximately present-day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand combined) reported the largest population of Rajputs, at 3,756,936. The (then united) province of Bihar and Orissa, corresponding to the present-day states of Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand, reported a Rajput population of 1,412,440. Rajputana, which was almost coterminus with the present-day state of Rajasthan, reported a figure of 669,516. The Central Provinces and Berar reported a figure of 506,087, the princely state of Gwalior of 393,076, the Central India Agency of 388,942, the Bombay Presidency of 352,016, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir of 256,020, and the Western India States Agency of 227,137 Rajputs. The undivided province of Bengal (including present-day Bangladesh) reported a figure of 156,978 Rajputs. The princely states of Baroda and Hyderabad reported figures of 94,893 and 88,434 respectively. 4.15.2 Current population As a forward class, Rajputs have not been counted as a caste in the official census in the Republic of India. There are some estimates by private organizations. The Joshua Project as of 2009 estimates 41 million Hindu Rajputs, 18 million Muslim Rajputs and 0.8 million Sikh Rajputs, or some 60 million in total. Rajputs typically speak whatever languages are spoken by the general population of the areas in which they live. Hindi and Rajasthani are the primary languages, as most are situated in Hindi-speaking states, but Gujarati is also spoken among Rajputs residing in Gujarat. 4.16 Culture and ethos A talwar sword, developed under Persian influence in the Mughal period, replaced the khanda sword characteristic of the medieval period. The Rajputs were designated by the British as a "Martial Race." The martial race was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" (ethnic groups) that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle and to possess qualities like courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness, a hard working nature, a fighting tenacity, and military strategy. The British recruited heavily from these "martial races" for service in the colonial army.[1][2] 4.17 Jauhar and Saka All recorded instances of jauhar and saka have featured Rajput defenders of a fort resisting the invasion of an enemy force. When defeat in a siege became certain, the ladies of the fort would commit collective self-immolation (Jauhar). Wearing their wedding dresses, and holding their young children by the hand, the women would commit themselves to the flames of a massive, collective pyre, thereby escaping molestation and dishonour at the hands of the invading army. As the memorial of their act, the women would leave only the imprint of the palm of their right hands on wet clay, which have become objects of veneration. This immolation would occur during the night, to the accompaniment of Vedic chants. Early the next morning, after taking a bath, the men would wear saffron-colored garments, apply the ash from the pyres of their wives and children on their foreheads and put a tulsi leaf in their mouth. Then the gates would be opened and men would ride out for one final, hopeless battle (performing Saka), in which death was certain. The historic fort of Chittor, the seat of the Sisodia kingdom of Mewar, was the site of the three most famous jauhars recorded in history. 4.18 Rajput lifestyle The Rajput lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit, with men even forging a bond with their sword.[3] The double-edged scimitar known as the khanda was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with khanda nariyal, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. The Karga Shapna ritual,[clarification needed] performed during the annual Navaratri festival, was another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword. By the late 19th century, there was a shift of focus among Rajputs from politics to a concern with kinship.[4] Many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasizing a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition.[5] “The tradition of common ancestry permits a poor Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. No race in India can boast of finer feats of arms or brighter deeds of chivalry, and they form one of the main recruiting fields for the Indian army of the day. They consider any occupation other than that of arms or government derogatory to their dignity, and consequently during the long period of peace which has followed the establishment of the British rule in India, they have been content to stay idle at home instead of taking up any of the other professions in which they might have come to the front”. 5 Rajput clans (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Lord Krishna was from chandravanshi lineage The Rajputs are a martial race and are the Hindu Princely Caste belonging to the Kshatriya or warrior varna. Apart from being an important factor in the social life of the Rajputs themselves, their clan system is also of interest for certain other reasons: land tenure studies in the Indian state of Rajasthan and tracing of ancient population shifts are only two fields where this topic would be of interest. 5.1 The main lineages The Rajputs are divided into 36 clans, each clan belonging to one of three basic lineages (vanshas or vamshas): 1. The Suryavanshi lineage, claiming descent from Surya, the Hindu Sun god. In English it is known as Solar Dynasty; 2. The Chandravanshi lineage, or Lunar dynasty lineage claims descent from Chandra (the moon or Budh). The Chandra Dynasty in English is known as Lunar Dynasty; 1. The Yaduvanshi lineage are a major sub-branch of the Chandravanshi lineage. Lord Krishna was born a Yaduvanshi, who in turn were from the Chandravanshi dynasty. 2. The Puruvanshi lineage are a major sub-branch of the Chandravanshi rajputs. The Kauravs and Pandavs of Mahabharat war were Puruvanshis. 3. The Agnivanshi lineage, claiming descent from Agni, the Hindu god of fire. Fout main Rajput clans are considered to be Agnivanshi. They are Chauhans, Paramara, Solanki and Pratiharas. 5.2 Clan organization Maharana Pratap, a Sisodia ruler Each of these Vanshas or lineages is divided into several clans (kula), all of whom claim direct patrilineage from a remote but common male ancestor who supposedly belonged to that Vansha. Some of these thirty-seven main clans are further subdivided into shakhas or "branches", again based on the same principle of patrilineage. Each shakha or basic sub-clan has its individual genealogical creed, describing the essential peculiarities, religious tenets and original domicile of the clan. This creed is a touchstone of traditional affinities and provides all information governing the laws of intermarriage. There are thirty-seven rajput clans. The following ten are further subdivided: Bargujar, Chauhan, Nirwan, Chib, Gahlot, Gora, Kachwaha, Minhas, Pahur, Paramara, Kirar, Rathore, Solanki, and Yadu. The other twenty-four clans are not divided further. These are: Agnipala, Aswariya, Balla, Byce, Chawura, Chhahil, Dabia, Dahima, Dahiya, Dewut, Doda, Gherwal, Hool, Johiya, Kalchoruk, Khurwur, Mallia, Manutwal, Mori, Mokarra, Nikumpa, Saharan, Sengar, Sikarwar, Tomar ]. 5.3 Major clans Sisodia The Sisodias are Suryavanshi Rajputs. They were known as the Ranas of Mewar; old Rana states are to be found in many parts of India, and Nepal. The earliest history of the clan claims that they had moved from Lahore to Shiv Desh or Chitor in V.S 191. In V.S 193 their ancestor Maharaja Kanak sen whose 21 had ruled over Lahore. Later he also defeated the Kushan Satrap Rudradama who ruled over Gujarat had moved to Gujarat on a punitive expedition against Dihraj Dev Parmar the ruler of Idar (Gujarat). There he established his capital Vallabhi. They trace their descent from Bappa Rawal, purported scion of the Guhilot or Guhila or Gehlot or Gahlot clan, who established himself as ruler of Mewar in 734 AD, ruling from the fortress of Chittor (or Chittorgarh). According to legend and clan history, Bappa grew up as a cowherd in the town of Kailashpuri (now Eklingji) but spent much of his time studying the Vedas in the hermitage of the sage Harita Rishi. He learned to respect Lord Eklingji, and later Harita Rishi gave him the title of the Diwan of Eklingji, one that has become a legacy for the succeeding maharanas. When he was 15 Bappa came to know that he was the nephew of the ruler of Chittor who had been ousted by the ruler of Malwa. He left Kailashpuri, went to the fortress city of Chittor and snatched his kingdom back from the prince of Malwa, Man Singh Mori. In the 9th century bad luck fell upon the Gehlots who were driven away by the Pratiharas who in turn made way for the Rashtrakutas and Paramaras Bais The Bais Rajput, (also commonly known as: Bhains Rajput in certain regions), are a very powerful and ancient Rajput clan compromising of the wealthy, warriors, entrepreneurs and Zimindar (land owners). The Bais Rajput are one of the Chattis Rajkul - 36 Royal Rajput lineages and also a clan of the 108 ancient Dhangar clans. Surnames: Bhains, Bais, Baniya, Basade, Baruliya,Badhelia, Beunse, Vense, Basade, Kataha, Rao, Khathabains, Tilokchandi. The Bais Rajput are renowned as warriors and the ability to maintain dominion over many of their empires. Their eminent reputation was earned by many of their kings and leaders that ruled over northern India for centuries under empires, kingdoms and ownership of mass land amongst the clan.The original ancient pronunciation was Bhaiñs or Baiñs with the nasally pronounced 'n'.[11] As with most words, over centuries the name was subject to distortion via pronunciation and accent and so today, in the area of Oudh the pronunciation has found its was to be pronounced with out the nasally pronounced 'n'. Evidence for this can be seen in the ancient texts such as Dhangar texts and texts from the time of Harshavardhana which were written a long time before the Bais Rajputs gradually adopted the pronunciation of Bais. The pronunciation and phonetic spelling Bais was coined around after the takeover of Oudh and is predominantly used in north western India and some parts of the Punjab| Himachal and Haryana in both India & Pakistan. It was accepted as the official pronunciation in Hindi and the official pronunciation and spelling in English by the British observers because it was how it was mainly pronounced in Baiswara were the observers discovered the Bais Rajputs. pahur The Pahur or Pahor or Pahore are a clan of Chandravanshi Rajputs. They are found in Mumbai, Jalgaon District, Pahur village, Rajistan, Kan Pur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Sindh, and Maharashtra Districts. They use Khan or Jam or Malik as title. Bhati Bhati Rajputs are a chandravansh Rajput clan from the Jaiselmer region of western Rajasthan. The Maharajas of Jaisalmer trace their lineage back to Jaitsimha, a ruler of the Bhati Rajput clan. The major opponents of the Bhati Rajputs were the powerful Rathor clans of Jodhpur and Bikaner. They used to fight battles for the possession of forts, waterholes or cattle. Jaisalmer was positioned strategically and was a halting point along a traditional trade route traversed by the camel caravans of Indian and Asian merchants. The route linked India to Central Asia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, Africa and the West. Bhati Rajputs were proficient horse riders, marksman and warriors. Their reign spread to the Punjab, Sindh and beyond, to Afghanistan. The City of Ghazni was named after a brave Bhatti warrior. In Lahore, a monument exists to this day, which is called the Bhati Gate, named so probably because it opens in the direction of the "Sandal Bar", an area ruled by Rai Sandal Khan Bhati Rajput. They earned too much by imposing the taxes levies on the passing Carvans.they were known as a great shooter with Gun. Jadeja Jadeja (Gujarati: જડેજ Hindi: जाडेजा) is the name of a major clan of Yadav[1] Yaduvanshi[citation needed][1] or Chandravanshi Rajputs. The Chandravanshi[2], claiming descent from Chandra, the Hindu Moon-god, in English known as the Lunar Dynasty. They ruled huge parts of Kathiawar peninsula and Kutch as kings and princes for several centuries.jadeja's spread hug dynasty in kutch and saurastra. jamnagar,dhrol, rajkot, gondal,morabi had ruled by jadeja's since 450 years above. Naru The Narus of Hoshiarpur District claim that their ancestor was a Surajbansi Rajput of Muttra, named Nipal Chand, and descended from Raja Ram Chand. He was converted in the time of Mahmud of Ghazni and took the name of Naru Shah. Naru Shah settled at Mau in Jalandhar, Whence his son, Ratan Pal, founded Phillaur hence founded the four Naru parganas of Hariana, Bajwara, Sham Chaurasi and Ghorewaha in Hoshiarpur and that of Bahram in Jullunder. The chief men of these parganas are still called Rai or Rana. Some kept Brahmans of the Baadeo got. Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the country on both sides of the Sutlej, and placed Talochar in charge of it. After leaving Mau he made Bajwara his capital, but the attacks made on him by the hill chiefs compelled him to invoke Mahmud's aid, and Pathan troops were sent him who were cantoned along the foot of the Siwaliks and are still settled there. Rana Sihra, Naru Khan's descendant in the fifth generation, returned to Ajudhia, whence Talochar had come, and re-conquered his ancient kingdom, over which he appointed a viceroy. He died at his way back to Punjab at Sunam. His third descendant Rana Mal, had five sons-Kilcha, Bhoja, Dhuni, Massa and Jassa, who divided the territory. Kilcha got the Hariana ilaqa with 750 villages, including Nandachuar, Bahram, Bulhowal, with the title of Tika. Bhoja got Bajwara, Sham Chaurasi, Ahrana, Ajram, Baroti and their dependent villages. Dhuni got the Dhuniat, i.e., Patti, Khanaura, Muna, Badla, Harta, etc. Naru Khan's grandson Baripal had already seized Bhangala, and Dasuya. Basically naru rajputs are surajbansi rajputs. Historically they are from Rajastan and many of them now living in punjab. They are now mostly Muslims. Some are in Pakistan and few ones are living in India. In Pakistan they mostly found in Sialkot, lahore,shiekhupura, gujranwala,Mianwali and faisalabad. some are satelled in Sindh provence. They use the title Rana or Chaudry. Rathore The Rathore or Rathor or Rathod is a Rajput Clan of India. Rathors are Suryavanshi Rajputs from the Marwar region of western Rajasthan, inhabiting Idar state of Gujarat and also the Chhapra and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar in very small numbers. In India, their native languages are Hindi and its dialects (such as Rajasthani, Marwari and other languages of Rajasthan, Gujarati and Kutchi in Gujarat, as well as Punjabi in the Punjab a dialect of Punjabi called Rathi spoken in Ratia and Tohana in present day Haryana. Rathore are the people from the west Rajasthan. Rathore's have many gotras; most of these gotras are from the name of the great warriors of the past and gotras are being used by their family members. Some of these gotras are: Jodha[2], Bidawat, Banirot, Champawat, Mertiya [3] and so forth. Rathores were said to be the worshipers of the Sun. To understand the huge clan of Rathore's we will have to understand their areas they occupy. Rathores of Jodhpur[4] were supreme in present districts such as - Jodhpur, Pali, Ajmer, Nagaur, Barmer, Sirohi [5]. Rathores of Bikaner[6] were occupant of the area that included districts Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh. Dynasties belonging to this clan ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in Rajasthan and neighbouring states before India's independence in 1947. The largest and oldest among these was Jodhpur, in Marwar and Bikaner. Also the Idar State [7] in Gujarat. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, is regarded as the head of the extended Rathore clan of Hindu Rajputs. Even in the modern times the clout of this clan in the democratic world is such that a large number of MLAs and MPs have been elected from among them. Katoch The Katoch clan is considered to be one of the oldest surviving clan in the world. They first find mention in the mythological Hindu epic The Mahabharta and the second mentions in the recorded history of Alexander the Great's war records. One of the Indian kings who fought Alexander on the river Beas was a Katoch king Parmanand Chandra famously known as Porus. In past centuries, they ruled several princely states in the region. The originator of the clan was Rajanaka Bhumi Chand. Their famous Maharaja Sansar Chand-II was a great ruler. The ruler Rajanaka Bhumi Chand Katoch founded the Jwalaji Temple (now in Himachal Pradesh). Nirwan The Nirwan (also spelled as Chauhan) Their state was initially centered around khetri, khandela, alsisar malsisar, srimadhopur, alwar, jhunjhunu, sikar, churu, According to legend and clan history, the Nirwan are with Maharana Pratap against Akbar in Haldighati Battle. Nirwan's have many gotras, most of these gotras are Baloji, Pithoraji, Kaluji. Kachwaha The Kachwaha (also spelled as Kachavāhā,Kacchavahas, Kachhawa, Kuchhwaha & Kushwah including Kacchapghata, Kakutstha, and Kurma) are a Suryavanshi Rajput clan who ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in India such as Alwar, Maihar, Talcher, while the largest and oldest state was Amber (city) later known as Jaipur. The Pachrang flag of the former Jaipur state. Prior to the adoption of the Pachrang (five coloured) flag by Raja Man Singh I of Amber, the original flag of the Kachwahas was known as the 'Jharshahi' (tree-marked) flagJaipur(Jainagara), an extension of the old kingdom of Amber, was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727.The Maharaja of Jaipur is regarded as the head of the extended Kachwaha clan. Overall, sub-clans of the Kachwaha number around 71. Prominent sub-clans of the Kachhawa clan include: Rajawat, Shekhawat, Sheobramhpota, Naruka, Nathawat, Khangarot and Kumbhani. The Kachhawas belong to the Suryavanshi lineage, which claims descent from the Surya and Sun Dynasty of the ancient Kshatriyas. Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha[1] younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed. Indeed, the name Kachawaha is held by many[2] to be a patronymic derived from the name "Kusha". Prominent Sub-clans are Shekhawat, Naruka, Rajawat, Nathawat, Kalyanot, Jamwal, Minhas, Manhas, Baghel, Jasrotia, Nindar. Minhas Minhas Rajputs are Suryavanshis and claim descent from Rama a legendary king of Ayodhya. In Rajputana, their closest cousins are the Kachwaha and Bargujar Rajputs of Jaipur. They trace their ancestry to the Ikshvaku dynasty of Northern India (The same clan in which Lord Rama was born. He, therefore is the 'kuldevta'(family deity) of the Hindu Minhas Rajputs). Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed Minhas Rajputs are spread throughout Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir Region in India. Hindu Minhas Rajputs reside in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Indian Punjab, Sikh Minhas Rajputs, mainly inhabit Punjab (India). Saharan (gotra) Saharan means (King of the world). Saharan (Gotra) is an ancient Kshatriya Rajput. They use title Shah, Rana, Chaudhary and Malik. Earlier they were in Central Asia than they migrated to northern salt-range Punjab region in India and at the time of Alexander invasion in Punjab in 326 B.C. they fought with Alexander The Great and than Saran along with Sihag,Punia,Godara,Beniwal and Johiya migrated to north Rajasthan region known as Jangladesh and ruled there till 15th century. Megasthenes described them as Syrieni (Saharan), a powerful warrior race in his book Indica. Some of them adopted the profession of agriculture and consider as Jatts. They claim fom Yaduvanshi king Maharaja Gaj of Ghazni. Some Saharans in India and Pakistan still claim from Kshatriya rajputs and their lineage go to Lord Rama (Ram Chandra)included Saharans of Syedwala in Punjab. Some Saharan come from Bhatti Rajput and some connect their linage to Saharan who was the brother of Sindu (Two rulers of Gujrat, India). Some come from Raja Saharan of Thanesar who embraced Islam and this raja also belonged to Gujrat. Some Saharans come from Nagavanshi Rajput linage which also go back to Lord Rama. Solankis Solankis were descended from the Chalukyas of Karnataka who ruled much of peninsular India between the 6th and 12th centuries. In the 10th century, a local branch of the clan established control over Gujarat and ruled a state centered around the town of Patan. They went into decline in the 13th century and were displaced by the Vaghela. Paramaras Paramara were near-neighbours of the Solankis. They originated as feudatories of the Rashtrakutas and rose to power in the 10th century. They ruled Malwa and the area at the border between present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. Bhoja, the celebrated king of Malwa, belonged to this dynasty. In the 12th century, the Paramaras declined in power due to conflict with the Solankis and succumbed to attack from the Delhi sultanate in 1305. Chandelas In the early 10th century, the Chandelas ruled the fortress-city of Kalinjar. A dynastic struggle (c.912-914 CE) among the Pratiharas provided them with the opportunity to extend their domain. They captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior (c.950) under the leadership of Dhanga (ruled 950-1008).Sahaspur AREA: 1,909 km2 REVENUE: 1,300,000Rs (1934) ACCESSION: 1952 STATE: Uttar Pradesh DYNASTY: ChandelKahluria RELIGION: Hindu VILLAGES: 484 (+1 town) Sahaspur-Bilari was the largest Zamindari in Moradabad and Badaun districts of Uttar Pradesh. An ancestor of the current royal family, Prithvi Singh, went along with the Lodi kings when they were at Sambhal, Moradabad district, and after their defeat in 1526 at Panipat, by the Moghul Emperor, Babur, they settled quietly in Punjab. They kept in touch with Badaun and Katehr (old name of Moradabad) and at the insistence of Rao Pahar Singh Gaur, a relative, came back at the end of Aurangzeb's reign to receive the title of 'Rai' and were made 'Chakladars' of Bijnor District in 1713. Raja Pradhuman Singh (1839-1880), married and had issue. He died 1880. Raja Anirudh Singh (1864-1910), married and had issue. He died 1910. Raja Bahadur Krishna Singh 1910/- Raja Raj Singh Raja Jagat Kumar Singh (1912-1934), married Rani Pritam Kunwar, a granddaughter of Raja Sir Baba Khem Singh Bedi of Kallar, K.C.I.E., (now in Pakistan), who was 14th in descent from Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh faith, and had issue. Raja Jagat Kumar died in 1934, leaving a widow Rani Pritam Kunwar and an infant daughter, Rani Indra Mohini(mother of the present Rani). Rajkumari Indra Mohini, married Maj. General Dewan Misri Chand, (son of Raja Tek Chand Bahadur, issue-1 Rajkumari Reena Kumari . Rajkumar Digvijay Singh Jhala Rajkumari Chandrika Kumari Singh Raja Tek Chand Bhadur was the 1st I.C.S. officer and was also awarded the Imperial Star), and had issue. She died 26th September 2005. The Rani father's family is from Bilaspur State (founded about 880AD). About 200 years ago an ancestor (the younger brother of Raja Udai Chand) was exiled from Bilaspur, and whose family ultimately found their way to serve as hereditary Prime Ministers of Bahawalpur (Pakistan), till the grandfather of the present Rajkumari preferred service in the Indian Civil Service (1894 batch) and her father served the army being commissioned from Sandhurst in 1927. Chandravijay Singh was di-owned by this grandmother and mother for ill-treating them again and again ,repeatedly absusing them phisically .He was later said to be in an unstable frame of mind.Bilari had a population of 6000Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bilari has an average literacy rate of 45%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 51% and female literacy of 38%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. K.C.I.O., Chandravanshi Rajputs, and descended from Mahabharat's great hero, Arjun, through his son Abhimanyu, and grandson, Parikshat. Chakravarti Samrat (King) Yudhishtra, founded Indraprastha, present day Delhi. King Anangpal conquered and re-established the Delhi Kingdom in CE 792 and founded the city of 'Dhillika,' (modern Delhi). Besides Delhi, He covered western U.P. and most of Dhanetiya In A.D.685 Chakravarti Manik Rae Chauhan who we consider as the founder of the great chauhan recovered Ajmer and Sambhar in Rajputana. Prithviraj chauhan , the descendant of Manik rae chauhan emperor of Northern India. He has many progeny, he established many dynasties throughout rajwaras father of the various tribes such as Dhanetiya, Bhaduria etc.these all are the descendant of Manik Rae Chauhan. These are all emerged from Agni that's why known as Agnivanshi or Agnikulas. Mostly having the Vatsa gotras. Dhanetiya's settled at shahabhad in kota latterly they came under hada's of koth or kota Chauhans[ ચૌહાણ.] Chauhan [ ચૌહાણ.]s originated as feudatories of the Pratiharas and rose to power in the wake of the decline of that power. Their state was initially centered around Sambhar in present-day Rajasthan. In the 11th century, they founded the city of Ajmer which became their capital. In the 12th century, their the then King Prithviraj Chauhan acquired Delhi from his maternal grand father, the then King Anangpal. Their most famous ruler was Prithviraj Chauhan, who won the First Battle of Tarain against an invading Muslim army but lost the Second Battle of Tarain the following year. This loss heralded a prolonged period of Muslim rule over northern India. Gaur Rajputs(गौड) branch of Bargujar according to Sir Denzil Ibbotson One of the surviving linages of this clan : PAWAYAN (Zamindari): Founded around 1705 by Raja Udai Singh, who was the son of Bhupat Singh, a leader of the ancient Gaur clan of Rajputs settled at Chandra and Katesar in Sitapur, U.P. He established Pawayan, the largest estate in the erstwhile Rohilkhand Area and the present District Shahjahanpur in U.P. Gaur Rajputs originated from Gaur Desh (country), in West Bengal. The Gaur Rajputs had dispersed to various parts of Northern and Central India after the onslaught of the Persian raider, Bhaktiar Khilji, around 1205. Most of the Gaur clan is spread across the central India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan Presently most of Gaur rajputs are spread across the state Rajasthan most of them were settled near Jaipur (Chandlai), Ajmer, Hudeel, Rajgarh, Maroth & Nagaur This clan was known as the greatest Riders, Fighters. they was the supporters of PrithviRaj Chauhan & also supported Rana Sanga in The battle of Khanwa against Mugal King Babar. Mori Mori clan is one of the 36 royal clans of Rajputs & falls in 24 eka clans which are not divided further. Mori Rajputs are sub clan of Parmara Rajputs of Agnivansh. They ruled Chittor & Malwa till early part of eighth century & built the biggest fort in India at Chittor in the reign of Chitrangad Mori (Ref: Archaeological survey of India)). Last king of Mori Dynasty of Chittor was Maan Singh Mori who fought against Arab invasion. Qasim attacked Chittor via Mathura. Bappa, of guhilote (Sisodia) dynasty, was a commander in Mori army. After defeating Bin Qasim, Bappa Rawal obtained Chittor in dowry from Maan Singh Mori in 734 A.D. Then onwards Chittor is ruled by Sisodia Rajputs.Later Mori & Parmar Rajputs continued to rule Malwa until Muslim incursions. Of late they remained as smaller royal states & jagirdars in the central India in present state of Madhya Pradesh, presently settled in Dhar, Ujjain, Indore, bhopal, Narsinghpur & Raisen. Nagvanshi The Nagavanshi (Sanskrit: नाग वंशी) dynasty is one of the ancient Kshatriya dynasties of India. The Vedas do not mention Kshatriyas of either Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, Nagavanshi, Agnivanshi or such Vanshas or lineages. The Puranas, of debatable dating, constructed such genealogies. The Puranas were supposedly written from the Gupta Period onwards (See: Puranas). Bhavishyapuran mentions 12 heavenly serpents like Takshak, Vasuki, Sheshnag, Anantnag etc. and Swastik as the weapon of Takshak. Swastik is a sacred symbol for Hindus,Buddhists and Jains. On Hindu temples and homes, statues of the Buddha and Mahavir swastik symbol is quite common. Divine serpent Sheshnag is considered as the throne of lord Vishnu. While lord Shiva is always shown with a serpent around neck. All those things clearly indicate relationship between Nagavanshi dynasties and present Indian society. The worshipers of Nāga were supposedly known as Nāgā or Nāgil. Some Nair and Bunt clans claims to be of Nagvanshi origin. The trace of nagvanshi can be find out in Chotanagpur i.e. Jharkhand (Rai) community and (Shahdeo) community are also nagvanshi Rajput. 5.4 Suryavanshi • • • • • • • Ahra or Aharya Bacchas (Delhi) Badhyal/ Badhal Baghel Bais Rajput|Bais Baloach Bargujar mainly reside in Rajasthan, Haryana, UP, maharashtra and are also Pakistan.Subclans are Khadad,Madad,Taparia,Lawtamia Bersal or Barsal or Basarwal Bisen :UP,MP,BIHAR,Haryana, Rajasthan,Delhi. Bundela Champawat Chandrawat Chattar Chundawat Dadwal Datia Gaharwar • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Gaur/Gour Gautam Ghorewaha Ghughtial Gohil Guhila/Gehlot/Guhilote/Gahlot Harchand (Punjab) Jagmanpur, Kanar Jaitawat Jamwal (ruling clan of Jammu and kashmir) Jasrotia jaswal Jethwa Jhala Jodha Kachwaha Kalyanot Kandhalot Karnot Khangarot Khatri/Arora Kirar Lakhnesar lawtamia Lohana Medatiya Minhas or Manhas Negi Nagvanshi or Nagbanshi Nagyal Naru • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Naruka Nathawat Patial Pundir Raijada Rajawat Ranawat Rathore Rawal Rawat Rawatot Ruru Sambyal Saharan (gotra) Sengar Shaktawat Shekhawat Sheobramhpota Sikarwar (Sikerwal) Sindhav/Saindhav Sisodia Srinet khadad Haryana (beri Kohaal or Kohal Mahthan‘’ Mehrawat khokhar 5.5 Agnivanshi • • • Bhadoria Bhojawat Bisht • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chauhan{ ચૌહાણ} (Chahman) Deora: Sirohi Dhanetiya Dhudhi: (Mouza Dewan Chawli Mashaikh Pakistan) Dodia: Piploda Dodiya:Khadi,Devlabihar(Shajapur) Dodiya:{Indrabhanot Dodiya Narlai}sardargarh Hada Kheechi Kherada Khurmi Mori:Chittor,Malwa Nathawat Nirwan Paramara (Parmar/Ponwar) Pratihara (Parihar) Mandore, Marwar o o Inda Parihar Mandorva Parihar • • • • • • • Rahaver (Rever) Sial* Solanki Songara (Sonigurra) Survar Veerpura Djinn Waryah [1], Ujjain, Kannauj, Nagod • Maharaja Nahar Rao Parihar 5.6 Chandravanshi Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Yadava Dynasty and its neighbors. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aharwar Ahir Andotra Banaphar Bhati[8] Bundela Chadhar Chandel Chavda Chib Chudasama dabhi ડાભી Dahia Dhangar Hariovansh Jadeja Jarral Jadon Jadon/Karauli. Johiya/Joiya Kanhpuria • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Kalyal Azad Kashmir and Pothohar Region Pakistan Katoch kashyap Khanzada Kinwar-UTTAR PARDESH Kutlahria Mankotia Pahur Pal-Pali (Pal Kshatriya / Dhangar / Pali Rajput / Neekhar) Pathani पथनी Pathania Prashar Rawat Saini Solon Somvanshi Sulehria(salaria) Tak Tomar Yaduvanshi/Ahir 5.7 See also • • • • • • • • • King Shoorsen Rajput Pahur Rawal Jaisal Jaisalmer Bharatpur, India Bhati Yadav Kshatriyas • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Martial Races Chandravanshi Dhanetiya Naru ROR Jamwal Minhas/Manhas Nagyal Rajput Dalvi Rajput-Maratha Deshmukh of nasik. Johiya Rajputs (The Yaudheya dynasty) Himachal pradesh Singh (Lion), the traditional middle name of Rajputs Mair Rajputs of Punjab (khokhar rajput)