zurab kiknaZefSavisxevis sazogadoebriv-religiuri struqtura (polisi da saymo) Tavis narkvevSi: `fSavlebi" vaJa-fSavela, sxvaTa Soris, wers: `darbazi warmoadgens ierusalimis wmida-wmidaTas, sadac xevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis, rogorc mRvdelmTavari wmidaTawmidaSi" [2, 27]. am SedarebiT poeti cdilobs gansazRvros xatis darbazis siwmide. marTlac, darbazi dRemde ara mxolod fSavis saymoebSi, aramed, SesaZloa, ufro metadac xevsureTSi, yvelaze wmida adgilia jvar-xatTa arcTu mravalricxovan nagebobaTa Soris. magram ramdenad damajerebelia poetis gancxadeba, rom darbazSi xevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis? rac dRemde darbazis Sesaxeb viciT, ar adasturebs am cnobas _ darbazSi xevisberTan erTad vxedavT xatis sxva msaxurebsac, visac ki mopovebuli aqvs masSi Sesvlis ufleba mowmidarobiT, da es asea araTu weliwadSi erTxel, aramed yovel dResaswaulze. saymos yoveli wevri SobiTganve (an `jvarSi gayvanis" dRidan) potenciurad atarebs am uflebas. magram vaJas narkvevSi ierusalimis xseneba ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, Tumca mis mier moyvanili Sedareba sizustes moklebulia. is unda ganvixiloT im sakvirveli damTxvevis fonze, romelic israelianTa tomebisa da fSavisxevis saymoTa raodenobaSi mdgomareobs. vaJa amave narkvevSi CamoTvlis fSavelTa Tormet Tems [2, 28], Tumca am CamoTvlaSic ar iCens is sizustes. saqme is aris, rom Tavad fSavisxevSi, ase vTqvaT, `bude-fSavSi", realurad da istoriulad TerTmeti Temi anu saymo iricxeba, meTormete ki mis farglebs gareT, xevsureTis teritoriaze mdebareobs. TemTa CamonaTvalSi vaJa ar axsenebs xaxaboelebs, romlebic meTormete saymod arian Sexiznulni laSaris jvars. arc erT avtors, vinc ki cdila fSav-xevsureTis saymoTa zogierTi wesCveuleba Zveli aRTqmis religiasTan daekavSirebina, yuradReba ar miuqcevia am saerTo niSnisTvis. fSavisxevi, iseve rogorc israeli, TormetStoiani erTianobaa: rogorc israelis Tormeti Sto erTiandeba ierusalimis taZris (ufro sworad, rjulis kidobnis) garSemo, aseve fSavisxevis Tormeti saymo erTiandeba laSaris jvarSi, romlis darbazis siwmideze laparakobs vaJa Tavis narkvevSi. laSaris jvars daqvemdebarebul saymoTa raodenoba miiswrafvis `Tormetisaken", maTi ricxvi usaTuod `Tormeti" unda iyos da, ramdenadac sakuTriv fSavisxevis farglebSi anu fSavis aragvis xeobaSi (fSav-xevsureTis orwylidan boTaniswylis SesarTavamde) mxolod TerTmeti saymoa gansaxlebuli, TerTmeti ki, aTsa da Tormets Soris moqceuli ricxvi (arc aTi, arc Tormeti), naklulia, ufro metic, is cdomilebis, codvis, xifaTis gamoxatulebaa [5, 226], sakraluri aucilebloba moiTxovda TemTa ricxvis Sevsebas Tormetamde. magram romeli Temia meTormete? meTormete Temi jer kidev ar Cans (an raRac mizeziT gamotovebulia) 1789 wlis dokumentSi, sadac Semdegi rigiT (aragvis dinebis mimarTulebiT) aris CamoTvlili Temebi: ukana fSavi, axadi, wiTelaurTa, xoSara, wiCo, muqu, maTura, gogolaurTa, cabaurTa, uZilaurTa, Suafxo [3, 69]. s.makalaTia meTormete Temad fSavisxevidan gasul Carglelebs miiCnevs ]3, 68]. magram cnobilia, rom Cargalelni cabaurTis anu gogoWurT Tems ekuTvnian. Tavad vaJac am Temis yma iyo da mis CamonaTvalSi meTormete Temad miCneulia ara Cargali, aramed `turani". a.zisermanis yvelaze Zveli (XIX s-is 40-iani wl.), Tumca saeWvo cnobiT, meTormete kawalxevia [9, 229], al.oCiaurisa [4, 190] da v.bardaveliZis ufro sando informaciiT _ xaxabo [1, 11-12]. rogorc vxedavT, sami Temi acxadebs pretenzias meTormetis adgilze. TavisTavad es faqti mxolod imas mowmobs, Tu raoden aucilebelia es `meTormete". is gvimxels `TerTmetis" ukmarobas, arasrulyofilebas, roca saqme saymoTa ricxvs exeba, radgan saymo ara mxolod socialuri, aramed religiuri erTobaa, romelic Tavisze ufro did erTobaSi erTiandeba. israelis Tormeti Sto erTi winapridan _ iakobidan aris warmoSobili. aq aris sisxlxorceuli erToba, TiToeuli tomi erTmaneTisTvis `Zvali da xorcia", magram es ar aris arsebiTi. ufro mniSvnelovania is sulieri erTianoba, romelic Seiqmna sinais mTis Ziras anu kavSiri (ebr. beriT `aRTqma") RmerTTan. 12 toms aerTianebs sinai da ierusalimis wmidaTa wmida, rogorc aRTqmis kidobnis samyofeli (ucxo warmoSobis xizans SeeZlo integracia romelime tomTan, Tuki winadaicveTda da moses rjuls aRiarebda). fSavisxevis Tormeti Temi, gansxvavebiT israelis Tormeti tomisa, ar warmoadgens Tavis genezisSi erT `Zvalsa da xorcs" (amas ar adastureben saymoTa warmoSobis andrezebi). is imTaviTve religiur-sazogadoebrivi erTobaa. TiToeuli saymo, andrezis Tanaxmad, Seiqmna religiur niadagze, rogorc religiuri Temi, da Tormetive saymo, ufro maRal safexurze, rogorc laSaris jvaris saymo, Seadgens religiur erTobas. gadamwyveti yvela safexurze jvaria _ iqneba es saymos Sida urTierTobani, Tu saymoTa urTierTdamokidebulebani an TiToeulis mimarTeba laSaris jvarTan, romelic maTi religiuri (sakraluri) Suagulia. ricxv 12-is sakraluroba universaluria, rasac adasturebs gansxvavebul kulturaTa werilobiTi wyaroebi. zogadad rom vTqvaT, 12 aris samyaros wesrigis gamoxatuleba, zecier (3) da miwier (4) sawyisTa, sxvanairad, ezoTerulisa da egzoTerulis, erTianobis simbolo (3+4=12) [5, 226]. es aris mniSvnelovani miznisa Tu amocanis matarebeli erTobis(graalis maZiebeli Tormeti raindi Tu miTras Tormeti mowafe) zRvruli ricxvi, ramac Tavisi dagvirgvineba qristes Tormet mociqulSi hpova, romlis saTave Zveli aRTqmis tradiciaSia. israelis tomTa ricxvi 12 iakobis Tormetma naSierma gansazRvra. Tormeti Zis fizikuri arseboba sakralurobas xels ar uSlis, radgan saqme exeba rCeuli eris providenciul warmoSobas, romlis winaparTa erT-erTi, ukanaskneli Taobis warmomadgeneli iakobi Tavad iyo sakraluri pirovneba. aq simboluri da realuri erTmaneTs daemTxva. ra SeiZleba iTqvas fSavisxevis Sesaxeb? visma nebam gadawyvita, rom mis teritoriaze arsebul TerTmet saymos meTormete wevrad mis farglebs gareT arsebuli Temi damateboda? Tundac ar yofiliyo gacnobierebuli am dros, rac saeWvoa, `Tormetis" sisrule da sakraluroba, am aqts ver CavTvliT SemTxveviTobad, rogorc ar aris SemTxveviTi garejis udabnoSi tradiciulad Tormeti monastris arseboba. `Tormetis", rogorc dasaxlebis optimaluri, amdenad sakraluri ricxvis mniSvneloba pirvelad platonis nawerebSi gvxvdeba. is wers, rom idealuri saxelmwifo da misi mTavari qalaqic Tormet nawilad unda iyos dayofili (`kanonebi", 745b-c). platoni, rogorc Cans, eyrdnoboda im uZveles tradicias, romlis mixedviTac berZnuli samyaro 12 tomad iyo danawilebuli da isini delfos taZris garSemo hpovebdnen Tavis erTianobas. `mTavari movaleoba am kavSirisa iyo, ar daeSva agresia romelime tomis mxridan da SeenarCunebina delfos taZris uflebebi da Rirseba" [7, 50]. ufro metic, ricxvi 12 danawilebis Semdgom donezec iCens Tavs: zogierTi tomi (ionielebi, aqavelebi, eolielebi) Tormet-Tormet polisad iyvnen gaerTianebulni. herodote `istoriis" pirvel wignSi wers: `me vfiqrob, ionielebma, Tormeti qalaqis (polisis) kavSiri Seqmnes da arc undodaT am kavSirSi metis miReba imis gamo, rom rodesac peloponesSi cxovrobdnen, 12 nawilad iyofodnen, iseve rogorc axla 12 nawilad iyofian aqa~elebi, romelTac gaaZeves ionielebi... esaa axlandel aqa~elTa 12 nawili (CamoTvlilia Tormeti polisi, z.k.)... rac odesRac ionielebisa iyo. amitomaa, rom ionielebmac 12 qalaqi (polisi) Seqmnes" (I, 145-146). gasagebia, ratom ar isurves ionielebma, maT mier daarsebul Tormetpolisian gaerTianebaSi SeeyvanaT mecamete polisi. maT ar daarRvies tradicia, Seinaxes is da, sadac ar unda dasaxlebuliyvnen, yvelgan Tormet polisad icxovrebdnen, da asec moxda. aseTi tradicia yofila peloponesSi, am tradicias daemorCilnen maTi ganmdevneli aqavelebic. es TiTqos peloponesis miwis tradicia, misi Tviseba iyo. maT ar SeeZloT gaezardaT an SeemcirebinaT polisebis ricxvi. rogorc iyo Tormeti peloponesSi, aseve unda darCeniliyo axal sacxovrisSi. pirveli didi kolonizaciis (XI-X ss) Sedegad mcire aziaSi ionielebma Seqmnes panionionis (`sruliad ioniis") anu dodekapolisis (Tormetqalaqis) samxedro da religiuri kavSiri, anu amfiktionia. meore, aseve didi kolonizaciisas berZnebma VII-VI ss-Si CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT Savi zRvTispireTSi Seqmnes aseve Tormeti polisi, Seadgines ra msgavsad panioniisa bosforuli simaqia da amfiktionia [11, 5]. Tormetpolisiani sistemis religiuri warmoSoba cxadi xdeba delfos, saberZneTis religiuri centris magaliTze, romelic aerTianebda Tormet poliss. am uZvelesi tradiciis ZaliT berZnuli tomebi 12-12 polisad erTiandebodnen religiuri centris garSemo. TiToeul poliss hyavda Tavisi polisuri RvTaeba, taZari, dResaswaulebi, Tavisi gmirebi; aseve amfiktionias hyavda saerTo RvTaeba, taZari, dResaswaulebi, romlebic aRiniSneboda saRvTo lxiniT da sakraluri TamaSobebiT. magaliTad, sruliad ionielTa amfiktioniis RvTaeba iyo poseidoni, romelsac ionielebi peloponesSive scemdnen Tayvans. panioniaSi yovel weliwads ikribebodnen mcireazieli ionielebi, swiravdnen msxverpls poseidons da msxverplis wilobebs inawilebdnen [7, 249]. vubrundebiT ra fSavisxevis Temobriv struqturas, Zneli ar aris davinaxoT misi kavSiri elinur amfiktioniur sistemasTan, rac SeiZleba mxolod tipologiuri iyo, magram am tipologias TiTqmis universaluri xasiaTi aqvs da, albaT, ar Semoifargleba elinuri kulturiT. cnobilia, rom sparseTis imperia Tormet satrapiad (saganmgeblod) iyo dayofili. Tormeti gvevlineba rogorc optimaluri ricxvi tomTa, polisTa Tu saganmgebloTa kavSirisaTvis. amis Semdeg gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom Seivso laSaris `amfiktioniis" 11 saymo meTormete wevriT, romelic mis teritoriaze ar mdebareobs. amasTan kavSirSi unda movixmoT kvlav herodotes `istoriis" pirveli wigni, sadac igi CamoTvlis TerTmet eoliur kavSirs da dasZens, rom meTormete polisi, saxeldobr, smirna, eoliur amfiktions ionielebma waarTves. aziaSi Tavdapirvelad eolielebsac, ionielTa msgavsad, Tormeti polisi hqondaTo (1, 149). eoliuri amfiktionia kargavs sisrules, erRveva tradicia. laSaris jvari srulyofs nakluls, radgan ricxvi 11 naklulia, mTlianis darRvevaa. laSaris jvari aRidgens wesrigs, romlis gamoxatulebaa sruli ricxvi, eolielebi ki misi dakargviT safrTxis winaSe dgebian. Tormetis rRvevis safrTxe Seeqmna israelsac, roca arnaxuli danaSaulisTvis TerTmetma tomma ganizraxa meTormete umrwemesi tomis _ beniaminis ganadgureba, magram swored mTlianobis, Tormettomovani wyobis SesanarCuneblad daindes igi da apaties danaSauli (ix. msajulTa w.). aristoteles naTqvami, rom polisis sidides aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli zoma (zRvruli zoma), romlis dakargviT (Semcireba-gazrdiT) is kargavs Tavis bunebriv sasikeTo Tvisebebs (`politika", 1326a), SeiZleba mivuyenoT amfiktioniebad gaerTianebuli polisebis klasikur ricxvs (Tumca aristoteles polisTa kavSiri ara aqvs mxedvelobaSi _ igi ricxv `Tormetsac" ar axsenebs). aristotele ganixilavs poliss, rogorc mTlianobas, rogorc TviTkmar erTeuls. rogoria idealuri (raki berZnuli azri yovelTvis idealurs eZebs: platonis SexedulebiT yoveli arsebuli polisi polisis transcendenturi ideis anareklia) polisi? imisaTvis, rom polisi idealuri samarTavi iyos, misi mkvidrni piradad unda icnobdnen erTmaneTs, raTa yvelam icodes, vin ra unariT da siqveliT aris dajildoebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, misi sivrcis Tvalsawieri `advilad mosaxilveli" unda iyos, mosaxleobasac im raodenobiT unda Seicavdes, ramdenic aucilebelia misi TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis (`politika", 1326b). kidev erTi fundamenturi piroba polisis arsebobisaTvis: polisis wevri _ πολίτης Tavisufali unda iyos. aristotele pirdapir wers: `polisi TavisufalTa sazogadoebaa" (`politika", 1279a). mTavari gansxvaveba berZenisa barbarosisagan swored es aris: berZens ar SeuZlia ar iyos Tavisufali. qrestomaTiuli ganmarteba berZnuli polisisa, rom is aris teritoriulad da demografiulad SemosazRvruli dasaxleba, Tavisufal adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelic warmoiSva moqalaqeTa materialuri da sulieri cxovrebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT, savsebiT miesadageba fSav-xevsureTis saymoebs, romlebic TavianT farglebSi calkeul soflebs aerTianeben. aristotele wers, rom polisi ramdenime dabisa Tu soflis (κώµη) gaerTianebis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili (`politika", 1252b). magram polisic da saymoc amaze metia. isini ara mxolod sazogadoebriv-politikuri, aramed religiuri erTobebia, romelnic warsulSi maTi damaarseblis da awmyoSi mfarveli RvTaebis garSemo arian Semokrebilni. teritoria (reliefi, landSafti), sadac polisi da saymoa gansaxlebuli, zecieri patroni, romelmac safuZveli daudo maT erTianobas, gmirebi, romelTa Rvawli maT xsovnaSia aRbeWdili, da kidev bevri sxva niSani Tu faqtori qmnis maT ganumeorebel individualobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirovnul saxes, risi arqetipic polisebSi romelime berZnuli RvTaebaa, saymoebSi _ qristianuli wmidani Tu mTavarangelozi. rogorc polisis suli aris πολιτεία _ polisuri wyoba, polisuri cxovrebis wesi da rigi, moqalaqoba [10, 203], aseve saymos suli aris misi rjuli, romelic andrezebSia daunjebuli. saymoSi gaerTianebuli yma, romelic misdevs rjuls da morCilebs mxolod Tavis uzenaes patrons, Tavisufalia, Tumca mas yma ewodeba, magram es yma saymoSi sargeblobs gacilebiT meti TavisuflebiT, vidre amis warmodgena SeuZlia sxva nebismieri civilizebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenels. patronisadmi ymoba, jvar-xatis samsaxuri, saymos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Tu marTva-gamgeobaSi monawileoba misi Tavisuflebis gamoxatulebaa. da es ymoba siamayiT avsebs mas, rogorc πολίτης-s (`mopolises", Tavisi polisis wevroba. upoliso (α̕΄πολις) kaci, aristoteles TqmiT, an adamianze aRmatebulia (κρείττων), an zneobrivad ganuviTarebeli (`politika", 1253a). sakuTari polisis damkargveli adamianis bedi savalaloa: is ganwirulia saxetialod Tavis mSoblebTan Tu colSvilTan erTad ucxo, xSirad mtrul xalxSi, ganicdis Seuracxyofas da damcirebas [8, 161]. xolo rac Seexeba saymodan mokveTil adamians, viciT, Tu raoden savalaloa da tragikuli misi bedi. mas dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba, romlis xelaxla mosapoveblad TiTqmis Tavidan unda daiwyos cxovreba. mxolod Tavisufal adamianTa erTobas _ poliss, saymos Seswevs Zala gaerTiandes Tavisufal kavSirSi sxva polis-saymoebTan: elinuri tomebi delfos garSemo, polisebi _ amfiktionebad saerTo sawmidaris garSemo, fSavisxevis saymoebi _ laSaris jvris irgvliv, romelic maTi religiur-sivrculi Suagulia da simyaris, mdgradobis, idealuri wonasworobis garantiad orivegan ricxvi `Tormetia" _ kosmiuri wesrigis universaluri ricxvi. damowmebuli literatura 1. bardaveliZe, 1964 _ v.bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, tomi I. fSavi, `mecniereba", 1974. 2. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, IX, 1964. 3. makalaTia, 1934 _ s.makalaTia, fSavi, tfilisi, 1934. 4. oCiauri, 1991 _ al.oCiauri, qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tb., `mecniereba", 1991. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cooper J.C. Lexsikon alter Symbole, VEB E.A. Seemann Verlag, Leipzig, 1986. Fustel de Coulanges. La cité antique, Paris, 1908. Smith W. A History of Creece, London, 1854. Античная Греция, том 1, Становление и развитие полиса, "Наука", М., 1983. 9. zisermani, 1879 _ Зисерман А.Л. Двадцать лет на Кавказе, Часть первая, 1842-1851, С.Петербург, 1879. 10. koSelenko, 1979 _ Кошеленко Г.А. Греческий полис на эллинистическом Востоке, "Наука", 1979. 11. fiCikiani, 1984 _ Пичикян И.Р. Малая Азия – Северное Причерноморье, "Наука", 1984. Zurab Kiknadze Saqmo and polis Summary Pshavis-khevi (the mountain district of East Georgia) - like Israel - is the unity of twelve saqmos (communities). And as the twelve tribes of Israel were united around the Jerusalem Temple, so communities of Pshavi unite around Lasharis-jvari, their religious centre. In contrast to the tribes of Israel who represented " one flesh and bone" (they were derived from one scion Jacob) the saqmos of Pshavis-khevi are from the start a religious-social unity. According to its oral traditions, each of the twelve was created on religious grounds as a religious union and later at a higher stage all they constituted a religious ligue under the patronage of Lasharis-jvari. The sacred character of number "twelve" is universal which is confirmed by written sources of different cultures (J.C.Cooper, Lexicon Alter Symbole, Leipzig, 1986, 222). This is the full number of a unity bearing important goal as task (as the twelve knights in quest of the Grail), being consummated in the twelve Apostles of Christ, whose concrete source lies in the tradition of the Old Testament. But the symbolism of "12" in the referred sense is not alien to the Classical world. The optimum meaning of "12" as a sacred number for a community occurrs first in Plato's writings. The ideal state envisioned by him and its main city must be divided into twelve parts (Laws, 745b-c). The Plato's opinion undoubtedely leans upon the ancient tradition according to which the Grecian world were represented by the twelve tribes who had their religious centre in the temple of Delphi. It was Amphictionic Counsel where the twelve tribes had an equal voice. "The main duties of the Council were to restrain acts of aggression against its members, and to preserve the rights and dignity of the temple of Delphi" (W.Smith. A History of Greece, London, 1854, p.50). Further, each of the twelve tribes consisted of 12 poleis (state-cities). Herodotus in book I of his "History" writes: "As for the Ionians, the reason why they made twelve cities and would admit no more was in my judgment this, that there were twelve divisions of them when they dwelt in Peloponnesus, just as there are twelve divisions of the Achaeans who drove the Ionians out [follows the names of poleis, Z.K.). It is clear why the Ionians did not want to admit a 13th polis into the union of twelve poleis founded by them. They did not break the sacred tradition, preserved it and wherever they settled they would live in twelve poleis. The Achaeans too, who had expelled them submitted to this tradition. They could not increase nor decrease the sanctioned number of poleis. The Ionians emigrating to Asia Minor in the 11th-10th cc B.C. formed united Panionia of twelve cities (dodekapolis), a military-religious union, the so called Amphictyony. Later, during the second Great colonization the Greeks founded twelve poleis, on the pattern of the Panionia, a Bosphorian Symmachy including twelve poleison the northern and the eastern Black Sea littoral. . The religious origin of the twelve poleis system becomes clear on the example of Delphi, the religious centre of Greece, which united twelve poleis. By virtue of this ancient tradition Greek tribes were united in twelve poleis each around religious centre. Each polis had its polis deity, temple, religious festivals, its heroes. Likewise an amphictyony had common deity, temple, festivals which were celebrated by divine feast and sacred games. Aristotle considers the polis as a unity - a self-sufficient unit whose territory with its population should be "easy to be viewed", all polites should personally know each other in order to know the capacity and virtue each is endowed with (Politeia, 1326b). Further, what is more essential, "Polis is a partnership of free men". That is a fundamental condition for the existence of polis as such. A classic definition of the Greek polis that it is a territorially and demographically circumscribed settlement, society of free men that originated with the purpose of getting the best conditions for material and spiritual life can be wholly applied to the Pshav-Khevsureti saqmos. But both polis and saqmo are not only social-political, but religious unities, united by their founder in the past and protected by him in the present. The high patron (otherwise Saint), who laid the foundation for their unity, heroes whose deeds are imprinted upon their memory, and many other features and factors of their existence create their unique individuality. A person - qma united in a saqmo (sa-qmo) who follows the faith and obeys only his supreme patron is free, although he is called qma "vassal" , but this vassal enjoys much more freedom within the saqmo than anybody who is "free" from it, or does not belong any one. His freedom lies in his right of service to the patron and participation in the social life of the community. A man without a polis, according to Aristotle, "is either low in the scale of humanity or above it" (Politeia 1253a). As to the fate of a qma, cut off from his saqmo, is known to be tragic. Only a free polis-saqmo may unite in a free union with other poleis-saqmos. Greek tribes were united into Delphi, poleis - into amphictyionies with a common religious centre. The saqmos of Pshavis-khevi united around Lasharis-jvari - the focus of their common religious life. And in both cases the "12" - universal number of cosmic order - serves as a guarantee of stability and ideal equilibrium.
Report "Kartveluri Memkvidreoba II Kiknadze Zurab"