Kannada Class NotesPage 1 of 71 Table of Contents 1 KANNADA .......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................3 1.2 Kannada language has got .......................................................................................3 1.2.1 Alphabets...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Syllables........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Parts of Speech............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.4 Genders (Linga) ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana) ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.6 Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2.7 Tenses........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence .................................................................... 4 1.2.9 VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.10 Articles.......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 Pronouns – (I, You, We, He, She & It).................................................. 6 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) ........................... 7 4 Quick Samadhan – English / Kannada / Hindi / Use .......................... 16 4.1 Verbs......................................................................................................................16 4.2 Pronouns ................................................................................................................25 4.3 Relations ................................................................................................................27 4.4 Questions ...............................................................................................................28 4.5 Location - Here, There & Everywhere ..................................................................29 5 Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 34 5.1 Opposites ...............................................................................................................34 5.2 Location.................................................................................................................34 5.3 Courtesy words ......................................................................................................35 5.4 Relations ................................................................................................................35 5.5 Things ....................................................................................................................35 5.6 Questions ...............................................................................................................36 5.7 Persons...................................................................................................................36 5.8 Months...................................................................................................................36 5.9 Seasons ..................................................................................................................37 5.10 Parts of the Day .....................................................................................................37 5.11 Days of the Week ..................................................................................................37 5.12 Time of the Day.....................................................................................................39 5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year.......................................................................................39 5.14 Here, There and Everywhere.................................................................................39 5.15 Relatives ................................................................................................................39 5.16 Colours – Banna ....................................................................................................40 5.17 Vegetables – Tharakaari ........................................................................................40 5.18 Fruits – Hannugalu ................................................................................................40 6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya ................................................................. 42 7 Cases - Historical .............................................................................. 44 8 Cases - Latin 112/113: ...................................................................... 46 Kannada Class Notes Page 2 of 71 8.2 The Nominative Case (Nom.)................................................................................46 8.3 The Accusative Case (Acc.) ..................................................................................47 8.4 The Genitive Case (Gen.) ......................................................................................48 8.5 The Dative Case (Dat.) ..........................................................................................49 8.6 The Ablative Case (Abl.).......................................................................................51 8.7 The Vocative Case (Voc.) .....................................................................................52 9 Note on Prepositions........................................................................ 52 10 Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms, Marathi Varnmala ............................................................................ 53 11 Cardinal Numbers............................................................................. 64 12 Ordinal Numbers.............................................................................. 68 13 Fractions .......................................................................................... 69 Kannada Class Notes Page 3 of 71 1 KANNADA 1.1 Introduction We often talk of using a language in its correct form. In order to use a language in its correct form it’s very much essential that you know the grammar of that language. The grammar of a language can be derived on various theoretical principles and linguistic models that have already been accepted in that language. However we can obtain a proximate reality by historical reconstruction and the resulting comparison with cognate languages. For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com Since Kannada has been heavily under Sanskrit influence Kannada grammar too is more or less similar to Sanskrit grammar. Kavirajamarga of 850 AD can be considered as the first book on Kannada grammar, the name of the book literally means ‘the main road for a poet’. This has laid down many principles to be followed by a poet in creating his works. There is a reference of earlier Sanskrit works of Kalidasa, BanaBhatta and also a call for contemporary writers to emulate the high standards set by those works.Kavyavalokana and Karnatabhashabhushana by Nagavarma (12 th century AD) is also a notable work on Kannada grammar. Kannada grammar is primarily based on Shabdamanidarpana (1260AD) by Keshiraja. 1.2 Kannada language has got 1.2.1 Alphabets 50 letters in its alphabet Varnamale 16 vowels Swara)and 34 consonants Vyanjana 1.2.2 Syllables Syllables (Kaagunita) are formed by combining vowel sounds with the consonants. 1.2.3 Parts of Speech There are 8 parts of speech; (1) Noun Naamapada (2) Pronoun Sarvanaama (3) Adjective Naamavisheshana (4) Verb Kriyapada (5) Adverb Kriyavisheshana (6) Preposition Sambandha suchaka (7) Conjunction Samuchhaya suchaka and (8) Interjection Avadharana suchaka. 1.2.4 Genders (Linga) Shabdamanidarpana describes 9 different forms of genders (Linga) but in modern Kannada there are three genders namely, (1) Masculine gender Pullinga (2) Feminine gender Strilinga and (3) Neuter gender Napumsakalinga 1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana) Numbers (Vachana) are 2, Kannada Class Notes Page 4 of 71 (1) Singular (Ekavachana) and (2) Plural (Bahuvachana). 1.2.6 Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) There are 8 different case endings (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) commonly in use. Cases vibhakti - First Nominative prathama Second Accusative dviteeya Third Instrumental triteeya Fourth Dative chaturthi fifth Ablative panchami Sixth Possesive / Genitive shashti Seventh Locative saptami Eight Vocative Sambodhane 1.2.7 Tenses Tenses are three, namely (1) Present Tense Vartamanakala (2) Past Tense Bhutakala) and (3)Future Tense Bhavishyatkala 1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence The word (Pada) is a set of letters (Akshara) which has a meaning and in turn a sentence (Vakya) is a group of words arranged in a sequence to get a proper meaning or that make sense. 1.2.9 VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani The sentence has in turn Subject Kartru Predicate Kriya & Object Karmani 1.2.10 Articles The articles are of two types (1) Definite and (2) Indefinite articles. 1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence There is a general debate that due to Sanskrit influence and too much adherence to Sanskrit hegemony in its earlier days Kannada has blindly adapted some grammatical features that are not its own. Certain features are derived without any rationality. This intentional emulation from Sanskrit for sometime had led to a belief that Kannada must have been derived from Kannada Class Notes Page 5 of 71 Sanskrit. There is an argument to reconstruct the grammar of Kannada at various levels such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics on its Dravidian lineage. It is opined that reconstruction has to be based on modern models relinquishing the redundant patterns derived from Sanskrit. This is inevitably a question of political as well as social will! For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com Kannada Class Notes – I, You, We, He, She & It Page 6 of 71 2 Pronouns – (I, You, We, He, She & It) MALE / FEMALE 1 st Person (Singular) 1 st Person (Plural) 2 nd Person (Singular) 2 nd Person (Plural) With Respect Naanu I Naavu We Neenu You Neevu You Nanna My Namma Our Ninna Your Nimma Your Nannage For me Nammage For us Ninnage For you Nimmage For you Nannadhu Mine Nammadhu Ours Ninnadhu Yours Nimmadhu Yours MALE FEMALE MALE / FEMALE 3 rd Person (Singular) 3 rd Person (Singular) 3 rd Person (Plural) With Respect Ivanu / Avanu He is Ivalu / Avalu She is Ivaru / Avaru They Ivana / Avana His Ivala / Avala Her Ivara / Avara Their Ivannage Avanage For him Ivalage Avalage For her Ivarge Avarge For them Ivanadhu Avanadhu His (Belonging) Ivaldhu Avaldhu Hers (Belonging) Ivardhu Avardhu Theirs Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 7 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu 1 Maadu To Do Past Maad dhe Maad dha Maad dhlu Maad dhvi Maad dhru Maad thu Present Maad thidini Maad thidane Maad thidhale Maad thidhivi Maad thidhare Maad thidhu Furture Maad thini Maad thane Maad thale Maad thivi Maad thare Maad thhe 2 Thinnu To Eat Past Thin dhe Thin dha Thin dhlu Thin dhvi Thin dhru Thin thu Present Thin thidhini Thin thidhivi Furture Thin thini Thin dhivi 3 Kudi To Drink Past Kudi dhe Kudi dha Kudi dhlu Kudi dhvi Kud dhru Kudi thu Present Kudi thidini Kudi thidane Kudi thidhale Kudi thidivi Kudi thidhare Kudi thidhe Furture Kudi thini Kudi thane Kudi thale Kudi thivi Kudi thare Kudi thhe 4 Helu To Tell Past Heli dhe Heli dha Heli dhlu Heli dhvi Heli dhru Heli thu Present Heli thidhini Heli thidane Heli thidale Heli thidivi Heli thidhare Heli thide Furture Heli thini Heli thane Heli thale Heli thvi Heli thare Heli thhe 5 Kelu To Ask To Listen Past Keli dhe Keli dha Keli dhla Keli dhvi Keli dhru Keli thu Present Keli thidhini Keli thidane Keli thidale Keli thidivi Keli thidare Keli thide Furture Keli thini Keli thane Keli thale Keli thivi Keli thare Keli thhe 6 Nodu To See Past Nod dhe Nod dha Nod dhla Nod dhvi Nod dhru Nod thu Present Nod thidihi Nod thidane Nod thidale Nod thidivi Nod thidare Nod thide Furture Nod thini Nod thane Nod thale Nod thivi Nod thare Nod thhe 7 Baa To Come Past Baar dhe Baar dha Baar dhla Baar dhvi Baar dhru Baar thu Present Baar thidini Baar thidane Baa r thidale Baar thidivi Baar thidare Baar thide Furture Baar thini Baar thane Baar thale Baar thivi Baar thare Baar thhe Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 8 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu 8 Hogu To Go Past Present Furture 9 Kodu To Give Past Present Furture 10 Oodhu To Read Past Present Furture 11 Oodu To Run Past Present Furture 12 Bari To Write Past Present Furture 13 Kali To Learn Past Present Furture 14 Malagu To Lie Down To Relax Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 9 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu 15 Nidhre Maadu To Sleep Past Present Furture 16 Maathadu To Talk Past Present Furture 17 Haaku To Put Past Present Furture 18 Thago To Take Past Present Furture 19 konduko To Buy Past Present Furture 20 Bisaku To Throw Past Present Furture 21 Haadu To Sing Song Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 10 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu 22 Thallu To Push Past Present Furture 23 Hidi To Catch Past Present Furture 24 Eli To Pull Past Present Furture 25 Aadu To Play Past Present Furture 26 Kalisu To Teach Past Present Furture 27 Thodu To Wear Past Present Furture 28 Kalu Hisu To Send Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 11 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu 29 Nadi To Walk Past Present Furture 30 Hodi To Beat Past Present Furture 31 Nillu To Stand Past Present Furture 32 Kari To Call Past Present Furture Past Present Furture Nodhu To See Past Present Furture Odhu To Read Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 12 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu Kudi To Drink Past Present Furture Odu To Run Past Present Furture Kodi To Give Past Present Furture Niddhe To Sleep Past Present Furture Nadi To Walk Past Present Furture Haadu To Sing / Song Past Present Furture Kini To Dance Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 13 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu Ili To Get down Past Present Furture Bari To Write Past Present Furture Kollu To Kill Past Present Furture Kollu To Buy Past Present Furture Hathu To Climb Past Present Furture Nagu To Laugh Past Present Furture Ogi To Wash Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 14 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu Helu To Say Past Present Furture Kelu To Ask / Listen Past Present Furture Muttu To Touch Past Present Furture Odi To Break Past Present Furture Odisu To Drive Past Present Furture Shursu To Start Past Present Furture Alu To Cry Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses Page 15 of 71 3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu Maaru To Sell Past Present Furture Solu To Lose Past Present Furture Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 16 of 71 4 Quick Samadhan – English / Kannada / Hindi / Use http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To come Baralu आना Baa/ Banni (respect) To fly Haralu उडना Haaru/ Haari (respect) To boil Bisi madalu उबालना Bisi maadu/ Bisi maadi (respect) To do Maadalu करना Maadu/ Maadi (respect) To say, to tell Helalu कहना Helu/ Heli (respect) To try Prayathna padalu Prayathna padi (respect) To bite Kacchalu काटना Kacchu To cut Kattarisu काटना Kattarisu/ Kattharisi (respect) To jump Hegaralu कू दना Hegaru/ Hegari (respect) To buy Kondu kollalu Konduko Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 17 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To eat Thinnalu खाना Thinnu/ thinni (respect) To pull, to drag Eleyalu खींचना Eli To play Aadalu खेलना Aata aadu (play game) To lose Kaleduko खोना Kaledu hoyitu (I lost) To seek Thilidukollalu खोजना Thiliduko/ To open Thereyalu खोलना Thegi/thegeyiri (respect) To sing Haadalu गाना Haadu (song/sing) To count Enisalu Duddu Enisu (count money) To climb, To ride Hatthalu, savari चढना Betta hatthu (climb hill), kudure savari (horse ride) To walk, To move Nadeyalu, Chalisalu चलना Nadi (walk), Illinda chalisu (move from here) To like Ishtapadu चाहना Nana ishta(I like) To shout, To cry Kiruchu, alu Kiruchabeda (Don’t shout) Alabeda (don’t cry) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 18 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To steal Kalavu madalu/ Kadiyalu चु राना Kalla kadda (Robber stole) To kiss Mutthu kodalu. चू मना Mutthu kodu (Give kiss) To burn Sudalu जलना Benki suduttade (Fire burns) To reply, To answer Prathyuttara/ Uttharisalu जबाव दे ना Nanage Uttharisu (Answer me) To awake Elisalu जगना Avanannu elisu (wake him) To go Hogalu जाना Neenu hogu (You go) To know Thiliyalu जानना Adannu thiliduko (Know it) To win Gellalu जीतना Naanu gedde (I won) To add, To relate Serisalu, Sambanda जोडना Idannu serisu (Add it), Sambanda irada (Not related) To quarrel Jagala adalu झगडा करना Avanu jagala maadida (He quarreled) To tell a lie Ondu sullu helalu. झूठ बोलना Sullu helabaradu(shouldn’t lie) To walk Nadeyalu टहलना Avanu nadedu mane serida(He reached home by walking) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 19 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To swim Eejadalu तैरना Avanu eejaduttane(He will swim) To break, To pluck Odeyalu/Keelalu तोरना Avanu odedu haakida(He broke ), hoovannu keelu(pluck flower) To tire Susthagu थकना Avarige susthayitu(He became tired) To see, To look Nodalu, Nodu दे खना Nodu/Nodi (respect) To show Thorisalu Avanige Thorisu (show him) To give Kodalu दे ना Avanige kodalu (to give him) To run Odalu दौड़ना Odu (run) To push Thollalu Avanannu thollu (Push him) To wash Tholeyalu धोना Paathre tholi (wash vessels) To dance Nruthya madalu नाचना Nruthya madu (Dance) To take bath Snaana madalu नहाना Snaana madu (take bath) To breakfast Thindige Naanu thindige hogthini (I will go for breakfast) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 20 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To catch Hidiyalu पकड़ना Kallanannu hidi (catch thief) To read Odalu पढना Pusthaka odu (Read book) To take care Aaraike madalu परवाह करना Maguvina araike madu(take care of baby) To reach Seralu पहु ं चना Bega seru(reach fast) To get, To find, To receive Padeyalu, kanduhidiyalu, sveekarisalu पाना Naanu modalane bahumana padede/sveekariside(I got/received first prize) To beat Hodeyalu पीटना Naanu avanige hodede (I bet him) To drink Kudiyalu पीना Neeru kudi (drink water) To call Kareyalu पुकारना Avanannu kari (Call him) To ask Kelalu पूछना Avanannu kelu (Ask him) To worship Poojisalu पूजा करना Devara pooje maadu (Worship God) To love Preethisalu Ellarannu preethisu (Love everyone) To change, Shift, Badalayisalu, बदलना Ninna daari badalayisu (Change your route) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 21 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To Divert Vargayisu, Dikku badalisu To talk Mathadalu बात करना Olle mathadu (Talk good) To believe Nambu Ninnannu neenu nambu (Believe in yourself) To speak Mathadalu बोलना Olle mathadu(speak good) To shut Muchalu बंद करना Baagilu muchu(Shut the door) To sit Kooralu बैठना Kurchimele kulithuko(Sit on the chair) To sell Maaralu बेचना Byke maaru (Sell the bike) To forget Marethu भूलना Nanu marethe (I forgot) To send Kaluhisalu भेजना Naanu kaluhiside (I sent) To die Sayalu मरना Naayi Sathittu (Dog died) To kill Kollalu मारना Avanu konda (He killed) To meet Sandisalu Naanu avanannu Sandiside (I met him) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 22 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To remember Neneyalu याद करना Naanu ninna nenesi konde (I remembered you) To put, keep Haakalu, ittukollalu रखना Naanu dustbin ge haakide (I put it to dustbin) To live, be Jeevisalu, iru रहना Gellalu jeevisi(live to win) To be Iralu Iralu thinni(Eat to live) To weep Alalu रोना Magu alutthide(baby is crying) To bring Tharalu लाना Naanu tharakari tharalu hogidde(I went to bring vegetables) To write Bareyalu Naanu olle kavana barede(I wrote a good poetry) To loot Kadiyalu लूटना Kadiyuvudu kettadu(Looting is bad) To take Tegedukollalu लेना Naanu bread thegedukonde(I took bread) To return Hindirugisalu लौटना Naanu duddu hindirugiside(I returned the money) To behave Nadedukollalu Naavu olle rethi nadedukollabeku(We should behave in a good manner) To promise Pramana madalu वादा करना Naanu olle kelasa maadalu pramana maduttene(I promise to do good deeds) Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 23 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE To decorate Alankaara maadu सजाना Naanu hovinda alankara madide(I decorated with flowers) To understand Artha madikollalu समझना Naanu paatagalannu artha madikonde(I understood the lessons) To clean Svaccha maadalu साफ करना Naanu nanna kotadi svaccha maadide(I cleaned my room) To help Sahaya madalu सहायता करना Naanu sahaya maadide(I helped) To sleep Malagalu सोना Naanu malagikonde(I slept) To become Aagalu होना cricketer aguttene(I will become a cricketer) To laugh Nagalu हँसना Nanage nagu banthu(I got laugh) http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx I Naanu मै He Avanu वह You Neenu तु म Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 24 of 71 4.1 Verbs ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE You(All) Neevu तु मसब You(Regards) Neenu आप They Avaru वे They(many) Avaru वे लोग We Naavu हम You(All, Regards) Neevu आपलोग My(M/F) Nanna मेरा/ Mine Nannadu मेरा Our(M/F) Namma हमारा/ Your(one) (M/F) Ninna ते रा/ Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 25 of 71 4.2 Pronouns ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE Your(many) (M/F) Nimma / His Avana उसका Her Avala Its(M/F) Adara इसका/ Him/her Avanu/Avalu उसको Me Nanage मु झे Them Avarige / Us Namage You Neenu I have Naanu hondiruve मेरे पास You have Neenu hondiruve Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 26 of 71 He has Avanu hondiruva उसके पास Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 27 of 71 4.3 Relations ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE Mother Thaayi माता Father Thande Brother Sahodara भाई Sister Sahodari बहन Grand mother Ajji /नानी Grand father Taatha/Ajja दादा/नाना Uncle Chikkappa/Doddappa चाचा Aunt Chikkamma/Doddam ma चाची Bua Atthe बु आ Fufa Maava फू फा Mausi Chikkamma मौसी Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 28 of 71 Mausa Chikkappa मौसा Maternal uncle Maama मामा Maternal aunt Atthe मामी Brother in law Bhaava/Bhamaida साला/बहनोई Sister in law Naadini/Voragitti /भाभी 4.4 Questions Where Elli कहाँ Who Yaaru कौन Why Yaake What Enu Whose Yaradu How Hege कै से /कै सा When Yavaga कब How much Eshtu / कै से Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 29 of 71 4.5 Location - Here, There & Everywhere There Alli वहाँ Here Illi यहाँ Where(that place) Elli जहाँ This much Ishtu इतना That much Ashtu उतना Here(This way) Heege इधर There(That way) Haage उधर Which way Hege From Inda से In Lift Liftnalli In Bharat Bharathadalli Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 30 of 71 In Kolkata Kolkatadalli On Table Mejinamele मेज पर At Home Manenalli Ram’s Home Ramana mane राम का घर I am Naanu हूँ You are Neenu तु म हो He/she is Avanu/Avalu वह है We are Naavu हम है You are Neenu तु मलोग हो They are Avaru वेलोग है You are Neenu आपलोग है And Matthu और/अथवा Extremely Vipareetha Good Utthama Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 31 of 71 Again Matte Me too Naanu kooda मै भी Like this Ee thara ऐसा Like that Aa thara वै सा So (this) Idarinda So (that) Adarinda How come(why) Hege For me Nanage Till here Illi thanaka यहाँ तक Till there Alli thanaka वहाँ तक Because Ekendare Small Sanna छोटा Big Dodda बड़ा Much Thumba Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 32 of 71 Less Kadime कम New Hosa नया Old Haleya पु राना Proverb Gaade/Naannudi कहावत Try Prayathna Dirty Kolaku Friend(M/F) Snehitha/Snehithe Enemy Vairi(Yri) Salty Uppuppu In Olage Out Horage बाहर After Amele बाद Before Munche पहले Ahead Munde आगे Behind Hindgade पीछे Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan) Page 33 of 71 Hurry Athyathura/Bega Slow Nidaana धीरे Specific place Nischita sthala खास जगह Morning Belagge सु बह Evening Sayankaala शाम Some Kelavu थोड़ा Just like that Aa thara Rain male Duplicate things Nakali vasthugalu /चीज Approx Andaaju लगभग My Own Nanna svantha अपना Food/Meal Oota भोजन/खाना With me Nanna jothe मेरे साथ Papers Kagadagalu Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 34 of 71 5 Miscellaneous 5.1 Opposites Mele Up Olage In Kashta Difficult Hecchu More Kelage Down Horage Out Sulabha Easy Kadime Less Baa Come Dappa Fat Dodda Big Thegi Open Hogu Go Sanna Lean Chikka Small Mucchu Close Hindhe Behind Bisi Hot Kutuko Sit Gidda Short Mundhe Front Tampu Cold Nuntuko Stand Ethara Tall Nagu Laugh Sihi Sweet Gatti Hard Labha Profit Alu Cry Kahi Bitter Mrudhu Soft Nasat Loss Doora Far Bega Fast Raathri Night Belaku Bright Hathira Near Nidhana Slow Hagalu Day Kathalu Dark Sari Right Bhara Heavy Santosha Happy Preethi Love Thappu Wrong Hagura Light Dukha Sad Dwesha Hate Hosa New Mitra Friend Bigi Tight Prarambha Start Haleya Old Shatru Enemy Sadila Loose Mukthaya End Saku Enough Elli Pull Beku Want Thalli Push 5.2 Location Illi Here Alli There Olage Inside Horage Outside Dooradalli Over there Ella Dharu Anywhere Ella Kade Everywhere Mane Home Ellivu Illa Nowhere Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 35 of 71 Dhoora Away 5.3 Courtesy words Namaskaara - Hello Shubhadina - Good morning Shubharaatri - Good night Hogi barutheeni- Good bye Dayavittu- Please Dhanyavada - Thankyou Thumba Dhanyavadagalu - Thank you very much Hege Iddira ?- How do you do? Neevu Hegidheera ? - How are you? Chennagi Iddini - Very well Chennagidhene dhanyavadagalu- Very well,thank you Susvaagatha - Welcome ShubhashayagaLu- Congratulations Hrudhayapurvaka shubhashayagalu - Heartly congratulations Kshamisi ,thada ayitu - Sorry,I am late 5.4 Relations Amma- -Mother Appa- -Father Maga- ಮಗ-Son Magalu- -Daughter ANNa- -Elder brother Akka- - Elder sister Tamma- -Younger brother Tangi- -Younger sister Ajja- -Grandfather Ajji- -Grandmother Ganda - ಗಂಡ-Husband Hendathi- -Wife Maava- -Uncle/father in law Atte- -Aunt/mother in law ALiya- -Son in law Sose Daughter in law Chikkappa Father's younger brother /Mother's younger sister's husband Chikkamma Father's younger brother's wife / Mother's younger sister Doddappa Father's elder brother / Mother's elder sister's husband Doddamma Father's elder brother's wife / Mother's elder sister 5.5 Things Ooru Hometown/Place Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 36 of 71 Mane House Hesaru Name aagilu Door Kitak Window Kurchi Chair Meju Table Pustaka Book Pennu Pen Pencil Pencil MaLe Rain Kathe Story 5.6 Questions Yaaru Who Yaavaga When Yelli Where Yaake Why Yenu What Hege How 5.7 Persons Naanu Me/I am Naanage I ,To Me Nanna My Neenu You Neevu You ( with respect ) Namma Ours Nimma Yours Avaru He/She ( with respect) ,They / Those people Ivaru He/She ,This / These Avanu He Avalu She Idu This/It Adu That 5.8 Months Month Kannada Kannada English Months 1 caitra March - April 2 vaiśākha April - May 3 , jēṣṭha May - June 4 āṣāḍha June - July 5 śrāvaṇa July - August 6 bhādrapada, August - September Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 37 of 71 Month Kannada Kannada English Months 7 āśvīja September - October 8 kārtīka October - November 9 mārgaśira November - December 10 puṣya December - January 11 māgha January - February 12 phālguṇa February - March 5.9 Seasons 348. The year is divided into six seasons. Seasons Kannada Kannada English Months spring ವಸಂತ ಋತು vasaṃta ṛtu caitra and vaiśākha hot season ಋತು grīṣma ṛtu jēṣṭha and āṣāḍha rainy season ಋತು varṣa ṛtu śrāvaṇa and bhādrapada autumn ಶರದೃತು śaradṛtu āśvīja and kārtīka winter ಋತು himaṃta ṛtu mārgaśira and puṣya cool season ಋತು śiśira ṛtu māgha and phālguṇa 5.10 Parts of the Day 349. The days of 24 English hours is divided into sixty ghalige of 24 minutes each 5.11 Days of the Week 350. The days of the week are called after the planets. Day Kannada Kannada From Sunday * bhānuvāra bhānu, Sun ravivāra ravi, Sun Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 38 of 71 Day Kannada Kannada From ādityavāra āditya, Sun * ādivāra ādi, First * sōmavāra sōma, Moon Monday iṃduvāra ಇಂದು iṃdu, Moon caṃdravāra caṃdra, Moon Tuesday * maṃgalavāra ಮಂಗಲ maṃgala, Mars kujavāra ಕುಜ kuja, Mars aṃgārakavāra aṃgāraka, Mars bhaumavāra bhauma, Mars Wednesday * budhavāra ಬುಧ budha, Mercury saumyavāra saumya, Mercury Thursday * ರ bṛhaspativāra bṛhaspati, Jupiter guruvāra ಗುರು guru, Jupiter Friday * śukravāra śukra, Venus bhārgavavāra bhārgava, Venus Saturday * śanivāra śani, Saturn Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 39 of 71 Day Kannada Kannada From sthiravāra sthira, Saturn maṃdavāra ಮಂದ maṃda, Saturn * These are generally used. 5.12 Time of the Day Iga Now Bellige Morning Madhyana Afternoon Sanje / Sayankala Evening Raathri Night Aamele After Aadhmele Afterwards Mathu And Mathe Again 5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year Ivathu / Eedina Today Naale Tomorrow Naalidhu Day after Tomorrow Nenne Yesterday Munne Day before Yesterday Dina Day Vaara Week Thingalu Month Varsha Year 5.14 Here, There and Everywhere Illi Here Alli There Idhu This Adhu That Ivu These Avu Those 5.15 Relatives Appa / Thande Father Amma Thangi Mother Anna Elder Brother Akka Elder Sister Thamma Younger Brother Thangi Younger Sister Maga Son Magalu Daughter Ajja Grand Father Ajji Grand Mother Ganda Husband Hendathi Wife Maava Uncle / F –in law Atte Aunt / M in law cikkappa F / M younger bro chikkamma F / M younger sis Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 40 of 71 doddappa F / M elder bro doddamma F / M elder sis 5.16 Colours – Banna Kempu Red Haladi Yellow Kappu Black Bili White Hasiru Green Neeli Blue Kandhu Brown Bhoodhu Ash Grey Kesari Saffron Kittale Orange Gulabi Pink Herle Purple Gaada Dark Thelu Ligh 5.17 Vegetables – Tharakaari Eerulli Onion Bellulli Garlic Shunti Ginger Alugadde Potato Hurali kaayi Beans Southe kaayi Cucumber Bende kaayi Ladies finder Badhane kaayi Brinjal Hasimenasina kaayi Green Chilly Karibevina soppu Bay leaves Kothambari soppu Coriander leaves 5.18 Fruits – Hannugalu Sebu Apple Kitthale Orange Moosambi Sweet Lime Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous Page 41 of 71 Dhraakshi Grapes Maavina hannu Mango Sapota Chikku Seethafala Custard Apple Seebe hannu Guava Kannada Class Notes – Cases Page 42 of 71 6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya Cases vibhakti - ekavachana – Singular bahuvachana – Plural Examples - Kannada Examples - English Nominative prathama – first Naanu Naavu naanu hudugi – I am girl indicates the subject of a finite verb We went to the store. Accusative dviteeya – second Nannannu nammannu avanu nannannu karedanu – he called me indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us Instrumental triteeya – third nanninda namminda nanninda idannu maadalu saadhyavilla – this could not be done from me indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand Dative chaturthi – fourth nanage namage nanage neeru beku – I want water indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us Ablative panchami – fifth Nanna deseyinda Namma deseyinda nanna deseyinda heege aayithu – This happened because of me indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of depression. Possesive Genitive shashti – sixth nanna namma idu nanna pustaka – this book is mine which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: J ohn's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow Locative saptami – seventh nannalli nammalli nannalli enide? – what is there in me? indicates a location: We live in China. Vocative Sambodhane - eight indicates an addressee: J ohn, are you all right? or simply Hello, J ohn! Kannada Class Notes – Cases Page 43 of 71 The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case: • The nominative case indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store. • The accusative case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us. • The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us. • The ablative case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of depression. • The genitive case, which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: J ohn's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow. • The vocative case indicates an addressee: J ohn, are you all right? or simply Hello, J ohn! • The locative case indicates a location: We live in China. • The instrumental case indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand. Cases – Historical Page 44 of 71 7 Cases - Historical The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case: Cases for Nouns 1 Nominative Case indicates the subject of a finite verb We went to the store. 2 Accusative Case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us. 3 Dative Case indicates the indirect object of a verb The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us 4 Ablative Case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of depression. 5 Genitive Case which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun J ohn's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow. 6 Vocative Case indicates an addressee: J ohn, are you all right? or simply Hello, J ohn! 7 Locative case indicates a location We live in China 8 Instrumental Case indicates an object used in performing an action We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand All of the above are just rough descriptions; the precise distinctions vary from language to language, and are often quite complex. Case is based fundamentally on changes to the noun to indicate the noun's role in the sentence. This is not how English works, where word order and prepositions are used to achieve this. Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns of Modern English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the genitive clitic -'s. Taken as a whole, English personal pronouns are typically said to have three morphological cases: Cases – Historical Page 45 of 71 Cases for Personal Pronouns 1 Nominative Case (Subjective Pronouns) such as I, he, she, we), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of a copula. 2 Oblique Case (Objective Pronouns) such as me, him, her, us), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula. 3 Genitive Case (Possessive Pronouns) such as my/mine, his, her(s), our(s)), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered to be a case See English possessive: Status of the possessive as a grammatical case. Most English personal pronouns have five forms; in addition to the nominative and oblique case forms, the possessive case has both a determiner form (such as my, our) and a distinct independent form (such as mine, ours) (with the exceptions that these are not distinct for the third person singular masculine [his car, it is his] and that the third person singular neuter it does not have the possessive independent form); and they have a distinct reflexive or intensive form (such as myself, ourselves). The interrogative personal pronoun who exhibits the greatest diversity of forms within the modern English pronoun system having definite nominative, oblique, and genitive forms (who, whom, whose) and equivalently coordinating indefinite forms (whoever, whomever, and whosoever). Though English pronouns can have subject and object forms (he/him, she/her), nouns show only a singular/plural and a possessive/non-possessive distinction (e.g., chair,chairs, chair's, chairs'). Note that chair does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object), a distinction made by word order and context. Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 46 of 71 8 Cases - Latin 112/113: 8.1.1.1 For further discussion see the relevant entries in the "Glossary of English-Latin Grammar" on pp. xvii-xxiii of the Reading Latin grammar. In Latin, word order is not nearly so central to meaning as it is in English: the grammatical function of an individual noun or pronoun in Latin is indicated by its form rather than by its position within the sentence. (Contrast English, where "The man bit the dog" is quite a different thing from "The dog bit the man." On the other hand, modern English still retains some elements of such a system: that is why one must say, "I go to the store" rather than "Me go to the store.") Each of the various functions performed by nouns or pronouns in a Latin sentence is associated with one of six cases (the nominative case, the accusative case, the genitive case, the dative case, the ablative case, and the vocative case) and, according to the nature of the particular noun or pronoun, each case takes a particular form(as in the difference between English "I" and "me"). The case of the noun or pronoun, as indicated by its particular form, will tell you whether the noun is the subject of the sentence (the person or thing performing the action or, in more general terms, the subject under discussion: e.g., in the example above, whether the dog or the man is doing the biting), thedirect object (the person or thing receiving the action: in the example above, just who is being bitten), the indirect object, etc. Below is a brief outline of the basic grammatical functions associated with each case. Over the course of the year, you will need to develop a more nuanced sense of how each of the cases functions, but this outline should provide you with an initial general guide to how they tend to be used and the contexts in which they tend to appear. [FN 1] 8.2 The Nominative Case (Nom.) o Names the subject of the sentence —i.e., the person or thing performing the action or under discussion. Tends to answer the question, "Who/what did it?" Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 47 of 71 o In English, the subject of the sentence tends to come first: the main exception are questions, where the interrogative word tends to be placed first for emphasis. Examples: The lions killed the gazelle. The crowd went wild. The girls were frightened. Jimhas been sent to Paris. Whom did he kill? o The nominative case is also used when another noun, pronoun, or adjective refers back to the subject of the sentence. A good example of this is the complement after the verb "to be." Example: Jimis president of our club. (Both "Jim" and "president" refer to the subject of the sentence, so both would be in the nominative case.) o As a rule of thumb, the nominative will be used whenever you are referring to the subject of the sentence. 8.3 The Accusative Case (Acc.) o The accusative case in Latin is associated with three main functions: a. Names the direct object —the person or thing towards which the action of a transitive verb is directed. Examples: The lions killed the gazelle. Jim assigned homework to the class. Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 48 of 71 This is the most common use of the accusative. Note that, generally speaking, leaving out the direct object will leave you without a complete thought: in the second example above, the statement, "Jim assigned," doesn't mean very much. b. Names the goal of motion —the person or thing towards which one is moving. Examples: Jim went to the store. She ran toward the house. We approached the girls. It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a wall toward which one is heading. In a sense, this use is very like the use of the accusative to indicate the direct object: in each instance the accusative names that person or thing toward which the action is aimed. c. Indicates the extent to which an action endures, in either temporal or geographical terms. Examples: He slept for three days. We ran six miles. In each instance, the accusative indicates that the action endured without a break: i.e., for three whole days and for six continuous miles. It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a line, indicating the space — geographical or chronological —throughout which the action endures. 8.4 The Genitive Case (Gen.) The genitive is best thought of as the "adjectival" case: it is used when one wishes to employ one noun to specify something about another. There are many different specific uses of the genitive, but most of them will be translated into English through the use of the preposition "of." Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 49 of 71 Examples: Dorothy and the Scarecrow found a man of tin. (The genitive of material. Notice how "of tin" uses the noun "tin" to describe the man in more detail: one could just as easily have employed "tin" as an adjective instead ["a tin man"].) A person of great intelligence (i.e., "an intelligent person": the genitive of quality or descriptive genitive) The house of Euclio [= "Euclio's house"] (the possessive genitive: a very common use) Three of us (the partitive genitive) The love of God is not earned but is granted freely. (A subjective genitive: it implies the notion that "God loves," where "God" is the subject of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.") The love of fine wines killed him. (An objective genitive: it implies the notion that "he loved fine wines," where "fine wines" is the object of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.") He accuses me of theft. (the genitive of the charge) 8.5 The Dative Case (Dat.) The dative case is in some ways the most abstract of the cases and one of the hardest for English speakers to conceptualize. In general, the dative indicates a person or thing who is somehow interested in or affected by the action in some immediate way. Consistently, the dative will be translated via the English "to" or "for." The most concrete (and most common) use of the dative is to indicate the indirect object. Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 50 of 71 Example: He gave the pot to Euclio. (Here, "he" is the subject and "pot" is the direct object; "to Euclio" indicates the person in whose interest the action was conducted.) Warning: English speakers, hearing the word "to," will immediately make an association with the idea of motion. But motion toward something, as we have seen, is the province of the accusative case: the dative is never used to indicate the goal of motion except in poetic texts (and even there it doesn't literally indicate motion but rather implies it). In Latin, the sentence in the above example indicates that the action was undertaken in Euclio's interest or to his advantage or in some way that affected him. The best way to illustrate this is to consider some other examples: He took the pot from Euclio. (Here, "from Euclio" would again be in the dative in Latin, indicating that the action immediately concerned Euclio, this time to his disadvantage. As we will see below, if the Roman speaker wanted to say literally that the person removed the pot from Euclio's vicinity, he/she would employ the ablative case.) This is difficult for me (i.e., so far as I am concerned). He seemed to me to be a fool. The most abstract use of the dative is the so-called ethical dative, which indicates that the statement is offered for someone's consideration (often, but not always, with an implication of irony or indignation) or as something that concerns him/her. Modern English readers would perhaps be most likely to run into this dative in the works of Shakespeare or other Elizabethan authors. Example: I am not yet of Percy's mind, the Hotspur of the North; he that kills me some six or seven dozen of Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands, and says to his wife, 'Fie upon this quiet life! I want work.' (I Henry IV II.iv.113-15) Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 51 of 71 at tibi repente venit ad me Caninius. ["But — I tell you!/Can you believe it?! —Caninius suddenly came to me!"] 8.6 The Ablative Case (Abl.) The ablative case in Latin is associated with three main functions: . The "true" ablative, indicating separation (as the name implies) Examples: She departed from the station. They got out of town. Note that, as in the second example, the idea of separation is often associated with the genitive in English: hence the use of the word "of." Latin consistently employs the ablative in contexts where the idea of separation is implied. (For an apparent exception, see above on the so-called "dative of disadvantage.") a. The ablative used to indicate location in a specific spot or a rigorously defined area Examples: They are in the house. We sat on the chair. He slept under the bench. It is perhaps useful to imagine the ablative in this sense as a specific point or as a point within a well- defined region. b. The ablative indicating instrument (or means) or accompaniment Examples: They hit me with a stick. (instrument/means) Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 52 of 71 I do not write well with a pencil. (instrument/means) We went to the store with our friends. (accompaniment) He sang with great gusto. (accompaniment: the ablative of manner) We will find that, where English employs "with" in each of the above sentences, the Latin involves quite distinct constructions. 8.7 The Vocative Case (Voc.) The vocative case is used to address someone or something directly. Such addresses stand outside of the construction of the sentence and are really a type of interjection. The vocative is easily recognized: it generally looks exactly like the nominative (the main exception: the vocative singular of second-declension nouns in -us) and is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Examples: Get over here, Jim! Jim, you have got to be the laziest person on the planet. Jim, they're over here! (Here "Jim" is quite clearly a cry to get Jim's attention, since "Jim" plays no role in the sentence proper.) Have you seen the neighbor's cat, Jim? (where it is assumed that the neighbor's cat is not named Jim) 9 Note on Prepositions A number of the above case usages involve the use of prepositional phrases in English —that is, the English translation employs a combination of a preposition and a noun ("to the store," "of tin," "for me," "in the house," "with a stick," etc.). Cases – Latin 112/113 Page 53 of 71 Latin also uses prepositions, but not as extensively as does English. Often the use of a noun in a specific case all by itself will indicate a notion that in modern English requires a prepositional phrase. That is, the case of the noun all by itself, in accordance with the principles set out above, conveys the sense of the modern English prepositional phrase. English once had such usages but dropped them for the most part. Consider the following expressions: here (= "at this place") hither (= "to this place") hence (= "fromthis place") there (= "at that place") thither (= "to that place") thence (= "fromthat place") where (= "at what place") whither (= "to what place") whence (= "fromwhat place") When Latin does employ a prepositional phrase, the preposition in effect merely reinforces the sense that is already inherent, in some fashion, in the form of the noun itself 10 Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms, Marathi Varnmala Vowels Page 54 of 71 ◌ಾ ◌ಿ ◌ೀ ◌ು अ ಅ a आ ಆ ā ए ಇ i ई ಈ ī उ ಉ u ◌ೂ ◌ೃ ◌ೆ ◌ೇ ◌ೈ ऊ ಊ ū ಋ ṛ ए ಎ e ऍ ಏ ē ऐ ಐ ai ◌ೊ ◌ೋ ◌ೌ ओ ಒ o ऑ ಓ ō ऒ ಔ au ◌ಂ ṃ ◌ಃ ḥ Consonants Page 55 of 71 ಕ ka ಖ kha ಗ ga ಘ gha ಙ ṅa ಚ ca ಛ cha ಜ ja ಝ jha ಞ ña Consonants Page 56 of 71 ಟ ṭa ಠ ṭha ಡ ḍa ಢ ḍha ಣ ṇa ತ ta ಥ tha ದ da ಧ dha ನ na ಪ pa ಫ pha ಬ ba ಭ bha ಮ ma Consonants Page 57 of 71 ಯ ya ರ ra ಲ la ವ va ಶ śa ಷ ṣa ಸ sa ಹ ha ಳ ḷa Ligatures Page 58 of 71 ಅ ಆ ā ಇ i ಈī ಉu ಊū ಋṛ ಎ e ಏ ē ಐ ai ಒ o ಓ ō ಔ au ◌ಂ (ṃ) ◌ಃ (ḥ) 1 ಕ ka kā ki kī ಕು ku ಕೂ kū ಕೃ kṛ ke kē kai ko kō kau ಕಂ kaṃ ಕಃ kaḥ 2 ಖ kha khā khi khī ಖು khu ಖೂ khū ಖೃ khṛ khe khē khai kho khō khau ಖಂ khaṃ ಖಃ khaḥ 3 ಗ ga gā gi gī ಗು gu ಗೂ gū ಗೃ gṛ ge gē gai go gō gau ಗಂ gaṃ ಗಃ gaḥ 4 ಘ gha ghā ghi ghī ghu ಘೂ ghū ghṛ ghe ghē ghai gho ghō ghau ಘಂ ghaṃ ಘಃ ghaḥ 5 ಙ ṅa ṅā ṅi ṅī ಙು ṅu ಙೂ ṅū ಙೃ ṅṛ ṅe ṅē ṅai ṅo ṅō ṅau ಙಂ ṅaṃ ಙಃ ṅaḥ 6 ಚ ca cā ci cī ಚು cu ಚೂ cū ಚೃ cṛ ce cē cai co cō cau ಚಂ caṃ ಚಃ caḥ 7 ಛ cha chā chi chī ಛು chu ಛೂ chū ಛೃ chṛ che chē chai cho chō chau ಚಂ chaṃ ಚಃ chaḥ 8 ಜ ja jā ji jī ಜು ju ಜೂ jū ಜೃ jṛ je jē jai jo jō jau ಜಂ jaṃ ಜಃ jaḥ 9 ಝjha jhā jhi jhī ಝು jhu ಝೂ jhū ಝೃ jhṛ jhe jhē jhai jho jhō jhau ಝಂ jhaṃ ಝಃ jhaḥ 10 ಞña ñā ñi ñī ñu ñū ಞೃ ñṛ ñe ñē ñai ño ñō ñau ಞಂ ñaṃ ಞಃ ñaḥ 11 ಟ ṭa ṭā ṭi ṭī ಟು ṭu ಟೂ ṭū ಟೃ ṭṛ ṭe ṭē ṭai ṭo ṭō ṭau ಟಂ ṭaṃ ಟಃ ṭaḥ 12 ಠ ṭha ṭhā ṭhi ṭhī ಠು ṭhu ಠೂ ṭhū ಠೃ ṭhṛ ṭhe ṭhē ṭhai ṭho ṭhō ṭhau ಠಂ ṭhaṃ ಠಃ ṭhaḥ 13 ಡ ḍa ḍā ḍi ḍī ಡು ḍu ಡೂ ḍū ಡೃ ḍṛ ḍe ḍē ḍai ḍo ḍō ḍau ಡಂ ḍaṃ ಡಃ ḍaḥ 14 ಢ 15ḍha ḍhā ḍhi ḍhī ಢು ḍhu ಢೂ ḍhū ಢೃ ḍhṛ ḍhe ḍhē ḍhai ḍho ḍhō ḍhau ಢಂ ḍhaṃ ಢಃ ḍhaḥ 15 ಣ ṇa ṇā ṇi ṇī ಣು ṇu ಣೂ ṇū ಣೃ ṇṛ ṇe ṇē ṇai ṇo ṇō ṇau ಣಂ ṇaṃ ಣಃ ṇaḥ 16 ತ ta tā ti tī ತು tu ತೂ tū ತೃ tṛ te tē tai to tō tau ತಂ taṃ ತಃ taḥ 17 ಥ tha thā thi thī ಥು thu ಥೂ thū ಥೃ thṛ the thē thai tho thō thau ಥಂ thaṃ ಥಃ thaḥ 18 ದ da dā di dī ದು du ದೂ dū ದೃ dṛ de dē dai do dō dau ದಂ daṃ ದಃ daḥ Ligatures Page 59 of 71 ಅ ಆ ā ಇ i ಈī ಉu ಊū ಋṛ ಎ e ಏ ē ಐ ai ಒ o ಓ ō ಔ au ◌ಂ (ṃ) ◌ಃ (ḥ) 19 ಧ dha dhā dhi dhī ಧು dhu ಧೂ dhū ಧೃ dhṛ dhe dhē dhai dho dhō dhau ಧಂ dhaṃ ಧಃ dhaḥ 20 ನ na nā ni nī ನು nu ನೂ nū ನೃ nṛ ne nē nai no nō nau ನಂ naṃ ನಃ naḥ 21 ಪ pa pā pi pī pu pū ಪೃ pṛ pe pē pai po pō pau ಪಂ paṃ ಪಃ paḥ 22 ಫ pha phā phi phī phu phū ಫೃ phṛ phe phē phai pho phō phau ಫಂ phaṃ ಫಃ phaḥ 23 ಬ ba bā bi bī ಬು bu ಬೂ bū ಬೃ bṛ be bē bai bo bō bau ಬಂ baṃ ಬಃ baḥ 24 ಭ bha bhā bhi bhī ಭು bhu ಭೂ bhū ಭೃ bhṛ bhe bhē bhai bho bhō bhau ಭಂ bhaṃ ಭಃ bhaḥ 25 ಮma mā mi ṃī ಮು mu ಮೂ mū ಮೃ mṛ me mē mai mo mō mau ಮಂ maṃ ಮಃ maḥ 26 ಯya yā yi yī ಯು yu ಯೂ yū ಯೃ yṛ ye yē yai yo yō yau ಯಂ yaṃ ಜಃ yaḥ 27 ರ ra rā ri rī ರು ru ರೂ rū ರೃ rṛ re rē rai ro rō rau ರಂ raṃ ರಃ raḥ 28 ಱ ṟa ṟā ṟi ṟī ಱು ṟu ಱೂ ṟū ಱೃ ṟṛ ṟe ṟē ṟai ṟo ṟō ṟau ಱಂ ṟaṃ ಱಃ ṟaḥ 29 ಲ la lā li lī ಲು lu ಲೂ lū ಲೃ lṛ le lē lai lo lō lau ಲಂ laṃ ಲಃ laḥ 30 ವ va vā vi vī vu vū ವೃ vṛ ve vē vai vo vō vau ವಂ vaṃ ವಃ vaḥ 31 ಶ śa śā śi śī ಶು śu śū ಶೃ śṛ śe śē śai śo śō śau ಶಂ śaṃ ಶಃ śaḥ 32 ಷ ṣa ṣā ṣi ṣī ಷು ṣu ಷೂ ṣū ಷೃ ṣṛ ṣe ṣē ṣai ṣo ṣō ṣau ಷಂ ṣaṃ ಷಃ ṣaḥ 33 ಸ sa sā si sī ಸು su ಸೂ sū ಸೃ sṛ se sē sai so sō sau ಸಂ saṃ ಸಃ saḥ 34 ಹ ha hā hi hī ಹು hu ಹೂ hū ಹೃ hṛ he hē hai ho hō hau ಹಂ haṃ ಹಃ haḥ 35 ಳ ḷa ḷā ḷi ḷī ḷu ḷū ḷṛ ḷe ḷē ḷai ḷo ḷō ḷau ಳಂ ḷaṃ ಳಃ ḷaḥ 36 ೞ ḻa ḻā ḻi ḻī ೞು ḻu ೞೂ ḻū ೞೃ ḻṛ ḻe ḻē ḻai ḻo ḻō ḻau ೞಂ ḻaṃ ೞಃ ḻaḥ Secondary Forms Page 60 of 71 Initial forms Secondary forms a ಅ inherent ā ಆ ◌ಾ i ಇ ◌ಿ ī ಈ ◌ೀ u ಉ ◌ು ū ಊ ◌ೂ ṛ ಋ ◌ೃ ṛ ೠ ◌ೄ ḷ ಌ ಌ Secondary Forms Page 61 of 71 Initial forms Secondary forms ḷ ೡ ೡ e ಎ ◌ೆ ē ಏ ◌ೇ ai ಐ ◌ೈ o ಒ ◌ೊ ō ಓ ◌ೋ au ಔ ◌ೌ Page 62 of 71 Marathi Varnmala Click on the Alphabets below to see what each alphabet stands for. Page 63 of 71 Numbers P a g e | 64 of 71 11 Cardinal Numbers English Numerals Kannada Numerals Kannada Numerals Word English Pronunciation 1 ೧ ಒಂದು oṃdu 2 ೨ ಎರಡು eraḍu 3 ೩ ಮೂರು mūru 4 ೪ nālku 5 ೫ ಐದು aidu 6 ೬ ಆರು āru 7 ೭ ēḷu 8 ೮ ಎಂಟು eṃṭu 9 ೯ oṃbhattu 10 ೧೦ hattu 11 ೧೧ hannoṃdu 12 ೧೨ hanneraḍu 13 ೧೩ hadimūru 14 ೧೪ hadinālku 15 ೧೫ hadinaidu 16 ೧೬ hadināru 17 ೧೭ hadinēḷu Numbers P a g e | 65 of 71 English Numerals Kannada Numerals Kannada Numerals Word English Pronunciation 18 ೧೮ hadineṃṭu 19 ೧೯ hattoṃbhattu 20 ೨೦ ippattu 21 ೨೧ ippattoṃdu 22 ೨೨ ippatteraḍu 23 ೨೩ ippattumūru 24 ೨೪ ippattunālku 25 ೨೫ ippattaidu 26 ೨೬ ippattāru 27 ೨೭ ippattēḷu 28 ೨೮ ippatteṃṭu 29 ೨೯ ippattoṃbhattu 30 ೩೦ mūvattu 40 ೪೦ nālvattu 50 ೫೦ aivattu 60 ೬೦ aravattu 70 ೭೦ eppattu 80 ೮೦ eṃbhattu Numbers P a g e | 66 of 71 English Numerals Kannada Numerals Kannada Numerals Word English Pronunciation 90 ೯೦ toṃbhattu 100 ೧೦೦ ನೂರು nūru 101 ೧೦೧ nūroṃdu 110 ೧೧೦ nūrāhattu 200 ೨೦೦ innūru 300 ೩೦೦ munnūru 400 ೪೦೦ nānūru 500 ೫೦೦ ಐನೂರು ainūru 600 ೬೦೦ ಆರುನೂರು ārunūru 700 ೭೦೦ ēḷnūru 800 ೮೦೦ ಎಂಟುನೂರು eṃṭunūru 900 ೯೦೦ oṃbhayinūru 1000 ೧.೦೦೦ sāvira 1001 ೧.೦೦೧ sāviradoṃdu 1010 ೧.೦೧೦ sāviradahattu 1100 ೧೧೦೦ sāviradanūru 10.000 ೧೦.೦೦ hattusāvira 100.000 ೧.೦೦.೦೦೦ lakṣa Numbers P a g e | 67 of 71 English Numerals Kannada Numerals Kannada Numerals Word English Pronunciation 10.000.000 ೧.೦೦.೦೦.೦ ೦೦ kōṭi Numbers P a g e | 68 of 71 12 Ordinal Numbers Ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix anē, to the Cardinal numbers. English Numerals Kannada Numerals Kannada Numerals Word English Numeral Word oṃdanē modalanē ೧ 1st. eraḍanē ೨ 2nd. mūranē ೩ 3rd. nālkanē ೪ 4th. &c. &c. &c. &c. Numbers P a g e | 69 of 71 13 Fractions The principal fractions with their signs are English Fractions Kannada Fractions Kannada Fractions Word English Fractions Word 1/16 vīsa 1/8 bēḷe ¼ kālu ½ are ¾ mukkālu Months, Seasons, Parts of the Day, Days of the Week P a g e | 70 of 71 P a g e | 71 of 71