International Journal of Veterinary Sciencewww.ijvets.com P-ISSN: 2304-3075 E-ISSN: 2305-4360
[email protected] RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of Rumen Fermentative Disorders on Physiological Parameters in Buffaloes Mohan GC1*, Kumar AC2 and Naik BR3 1 Department of Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Dispensary, Chanugondla, Dhone, Kurnool (AP); 2Department of Animal Nutrition; 3Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur (AP), India ARTICLE INFO A B ST R A CT Received: Revised: Accepted: In this study, the effect of fermentative disorders such as acid and alkaline indigestion was investigated in buffaloes. Six buffaloes each suffering from acid and alkaline indigestion was chosen and various physiological parameters were compared with six healthy buffaloes Clinical examination was carried out to rule out infectious diseases and abomasal displacement. Rumen fluid was evaluated for pH, protozoal motility, iodophilic activity, sedimentation activity time (SAT), methylene blue reduction time (MBRT), total protozoa, gas production, ammonia, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte, leucocyte and differential counts were performed. In serum, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, urea, protein were estimated. The data was analysed using one way ANOVA and Kruskalwallis test. A significant (P<0.05) increase in pulse and respiratory rates and significant decrease in rumen motility was observed in both acidosis and alkalosis. Rumen pH decreased significantly (P<0.05) in acidosis and increased in alkalosis. In rumen liquor, SAT and MBRT were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The protozoal count, motility and iodophilic activities and gas production were significantly (P<0.05) reduced. However, rumen ammonia was only increased in alkalosis and TVFA in acidosis. Increased PCV was seen in both acidosis and alkalosis. Sero-biochemical analysis revealed as significant (P<0.05) decrease in calcium, phosphorus and protein content in alkalosis whereas glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in both acidosis and alkalosis. September 18, 2014 September 27, 2014 October 15, 2014 Key words: Acidosis Alkalosis Biochemical Haematology Indigestion Rumen fluid *Corresponding Author Dr. Mohan GC
[email protected] Cite This Article as: Mohan GC, AC Kumar and BR Naik, 2015. Effect of rumen fermentative disorders on physiological parameters in buffaloes. Inter J Vet Sci, 4(1): 10-14. www.ijvets.com grain diet is too abrupt or if the particle size of concentrate ration is too small, microbial population becomes unstable, leading to production of lactic acid and causing acidosis (McAlister et al., 1996). Similarly, feeding of excess of protein-rich concentrates and non-protein nitrogenous compounds such as urea leads to rumen alkalosis (Bencini, 2004; Smith and Sherman, 2009). The disease is characterised by excessive production of ammonia in the rumen which may produce gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, circulatory and nervous disturbances (Radostits et al. 2006). Alkaline digestion develops primarily due to abrupt change in protein content of ration (Hoflund, l967). Other factors contributing to alkaline indigestion are feeding decomposed or putrefied feed and fodder (Hoflund, 1967), drinking contaminated and sewage water (Nagarajan and Rajamani,1973), exclusive feeding of paddy straw (Misra INTRODUCTION Rumen disorders are responsible for huge economic losses in dairy industry due to decrease in production and increase in expenditure towards treatment. Dysfunctional rumen results in impaired digestion and increased susceptibility to various digestive and metabolic diseases (Kirbas et al., 2014; Kahn, 2011; Plaizier et al., 2009; Steele et al., 2009; Enemark, 2008; Krause and Oetzel, 2005). Ruminal acidosis is an important nutritional disorder in ruminants which results from feeding highly fermentable feeds to increase productivity (Khafipour et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2006). Introduction of highly fermentable starch into rumen stimulates the growth of most ruminal bacteria, thereby increasing production of volatile fatty acids if the transition from a forage to cereal 10 002 0.15b 32. Means or Medians with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.41a NS Sig 0. In alkalosis. 1974). rumen Inter J Vet Sci. 2005). Table 2: Effect of fermentative disorders on the characteristics of rumen liquor in buffaloes Parameter pH SAT MBRT Gas Total Rumen TVFA (min) (min) (mL/h) protozoa Ammonia (mEq/L) (x105) (mg %) b a a b Control 7.00) (0.45b 17.005 0.000 0. sedimentation activity time (SAT) (Nicholus and Penn.17±3. 1969).22a 86. absence of rumination. Maphosa and Masika.33 28. Means or Medians with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0. 1963) and feeding high doses of urea (Davidovich et al.88±0. pulse. the decrease in total protozoa was drastic in acidosis.000 0. During clinical examination.17±4.00a Indigestion (0.000 0. 1977).11 and Tripathy. At present.00) Acid 6. However.83±2.. About 100-200 mL of rumen fluid was collected using rumen fluid extractor and the rumen fluid was immediately examined for colour odour. total protein.50±3.00a Indigestion (1. acid and alkaline indigestions were chosen for the study. 1957) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) (Briggs and Reid.50±0.30 59.45±0.84b b b Acid Indigestion 100. Whole blood was used for haematological analysis and serum was subjected to biochemical analysis.62 49. In serum. Enemark. several attempts were made to study the physiological changes associated with altered ruminal pH (Dong et al. Surat. the due to paucity of literature with respective to buffaloes. Sedimentation activity time (SAT) and methylene blue reduction times (MBRT). 1958). The data for various quantitative parameters was presented as mean ± standard deviation (S.33±2.31±0. were significantly (P<0.. 2015.00-3.000 Values are Mean± SD (n=6).. pH and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT) (Dirksen. Remaining rumen liquor was preserved in air-tight glass bottles under a thin film of liquid paraffin until further analysis. calcium.0 v software. putrid odour rumen liquor was observed. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17. consistency.33a 1. The rumen fluid in acidotic animals was watery.65a 100.03±0.93a 20. In alkalosis. milky grey in colour with pungent sour smell.80b 18.0 V was used for statistical analysis.33±1. Qualitative data was analysed by using Kruskalwallis test followed b Manwhitney U test.52±3.69b Protozoal Iodophilic Motility* activity * (Score) (Score) 3. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS 17.05) increase in pulse and respiratory rates was observed in both acidosis and alkalosis. magnesium.0 v software.84 5.001 (SAT=Sedimentation activity time.00a 1. quantitative parameters such as total protozoal counts (Naga and Elshazly.000 0.23a 25.52a Alkaline Indigestion 100.51c 12.03±0.00±7. 2010. 2011. RESULTS Buffaloes affected with acid and alkaline indigestion exhibited inappetance. Rumen liquor was evaluated for qualitative parameters such as protozoal motility (Misra and Singh. 1969).64 0.00a 1.67±1.83±8. 2010) as they are cost effective and safe (Sakuntala Devi et al. However.83±0. TVFA = Total volatile fatty acids).05). MBRT = Methylene blue reduction time.17±0. blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were estimated using standard kits supplied by Span Diagnostics.64c 1.89±4. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS 17.25-1.54a 1. 1972).0 v software.. glucose. Further. A significant (P<0.000 0. 2014). phosphorus.25-1.07ab 21..82±0. * Kruskal wallis test followed by Man-whitney U test SPSS 17. 2012).00b 3.. The production of Table 1: Effect of fermentative disorders on clinical parameters in buffaloes Parameter Temperature (oC) Pulse (/min) Respiration (/min) Rumen Motility (/5min) Control 100.Q3). the rumen fluid was dark brown.00) Sig 0. rectal temperature.83±2.52±1.00±0.00) Alkaline 8.03a 1.05) decreased in both cases (table 1). the present study is taken up to investigate the associated changes in physiology due to rumen acidosis and alkalosis. 4(1): 10-14.50±1.50±0. such knowledge helps in discovering novel drugs for treating important economic diseases of dairy animals (Kumar et al.68a 1.05) increased in both acidosis and alkalosis.02±0.001 0.05) in alkalosis.50±3. Pvt. 2013.48a 7. Values are Mean± SD (n=6). Analysis of rumen liquor revealed that pH decreased significantly (P<0.00-3.23b 55. Ammonia content in rumen fluid was significantly (P<0. 2014.00-1. Infectious diseases and abomasal displacement were ruled out.67±4.00 -1. salivation and diarrhoea with variable severity.180 0. motility and iodophilic activities and gas production were found to be significantly (P<0.62±0.05) in acidosis whereas increased significantly (P<0. Rumen motility on the other hand was found to be significantly (P<0.29c 20.42±1.13 7.D) and for qualitative parameters as median (quartile 1 to quartile 3) Quantitative data was analysed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. gas production. respiration and rumen motility were recorded. Earlier.05) reduced..00±6..75b 7.15a 9.67±0.05. Ltd.21 13. putrefied with ammonical smell. * Values are Median (Q1 .000 0.47 56. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six buffaloes each for normal controls. 1957). The level of significance was set at P<0. .00±0.00) (1. The understanding of physiological changes during disease helps in formulating rational therapeutic strategies. ammonia nitrogen (Conway. anorexia. Gozho et al. the use of herbal drugs is a popular therapeutic regime for treating rumen disorders (Embeya et al. iodophilic activity (Mishra et al. decreased milk yield.43b 7.05).05) higher in alkalosis compared to both control and acidotic animals. 2008.00b (3. In this study.000 0.32 3.00) (3. Handekar et al. The protozoal count. NS = Non-significant).55 0.03 1.41 Sig 0.41ab 2.37±0.12 Inter J Vet Sci.80±0.71±0. (1973) and Dirksen (1970) in moderate acidosis and by Venkateswarlu et al.46 9. in chronic cases of acidosis. resulting in alkalosis. Glucose levels were found to be significantly increased in both acidosis and alkalosis.17a 32. Consequent to the decreased activity of Protein BUN 8. However.70 45. Randhawa et al.17±0.57±0.05) decrease in calcium. Means or Medians microflora and fauna.33±1.000 Values are Mean± SD (n=6). Table 3: Effect of fermentative disorders on hematology in buffaloes Parameter Hemoglobin PCV RBC WBC Differential count (%) (g%) (%) (106/µL) (103/µL) Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes Basophils Control 10.50±1.75 48. . 2003. Further.33±0.52 3.009 0. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS 17. 1981).23 47. animals affected with acid indigestion had a history of suddenly ingesting easily fermentable foods such as cooked rice.40±0.38 3.36±1. DISCUSSION In this study.74 64. Values are Mean± SD (n=6).561NS 1. 2002).093NS 0.33 48.82b Sig 0.15±0.25±0. a significant decrease in calcium and phosphorus was observed due to decreased absorptive capacity of intestine (Choudhuri et al..10b 5..00±2.40±0. 1991.13±0. VFA are reduced suggesting that VFA content is dependent on the stage of the disease (Sinha et al. the rumen motility is inhibited (Singh et al. l982).17±0.888NS 0. Further..30b 10. (1995). Feeding poorly digestible roughages like paddy straw decreases rumen microflora and consequently volatile fatty acid production. In alkalosis.70±3.22±0. Patra et al.42 62. l981 and 1991). Rumen protozoan are sensitive to changes in pH as the growth.47±0. the bicarbonate ions generated due to absorption of VFA across rumen also contributes to alkalosis. Feeding of paddy straw was the primary cause of alkaline indigestion.20b 0.19±0.67±3. 2015. 1967). Hyperglycaemia is a result of decreased peripheral utilization of glucose coupled with hepatic glycogenolysis under the influence of corticosteroids released digestive stress (Nauriysal and Baxi.45±0.24b 4.52 0. Similar observations were made by Bide et al.. phosphorus and protein content in alkalosis whereas glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly (P<0. buffering of alkaline saliva by rumen is hampered.50±2. valeric and succinic acids leading to reduction of rumen pH (Dirksen.33±0. Randhawa et al.05 1.60±0. Randhawa and Singh.52b 44. Saprophytic bacteria (coliforms and proteus species) entering through spoiled and wet feed are also reponsible for increase in ammonia production (Dirksen and Smith.006 0. 1981.50±0.23 46. Acidosis being acute in its onset is unable to produce changes in serum biochemical profile. non-protein nitrogen compounds and ammonium fertilizers also cause dramatic increase in ammonia generation (Ahuja et al. Similar findings were observed by Gupta et al.85±0. Rumen ammonia nitrogen increased in alkalosis due to the destruction of normal microflora and the absence of cellulolytic bacteria due to production of ammonia nitrogen in toxic concentrations in rumen liquor (Ahuja et al. excessive acid generated in acidosis and toxic amines generated in alkalosis due to putrefaction are responsible for decreased motility and death of protozoa (Hoflund. excessive grains or root crops (sugar beets and potatoes)..39a 2. with acetate produced from roughages being the highest generator of bicarbonate ions..05) increased in both acidosis and alkalosis.05) increased in both acidosis and alkalosis. high concentrations of volatile fatty acids reflexly inhibit rumen motility through sensory epithelial receptors (Garry. blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is increased in both acidosis and alkalosis due to increased conversion of ammonia to urea. 2006. amines and toxins. 1987).000 0.91±3.311NS 0. 1976).000 v software. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS 17. multiplication and motility of the protozoa is dependent on hydrogen ion concentration.09a Acid Indigestion 10.0 v software.24b 31.70b Alkaline Indigestion 7..67±1.88b 4.93b 2.60a 3.05) decreased in alkalosis but was significantly (P<0. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin and PCV were increased in both alkalosis and acidosis as a result of haemo-concentration due to increased osmolarity of rumen contents which withdraws fluid from intravascular compartments (Huber.38±5. Table 4: Effect of fermentative disorders on sero-biochemical parameters in buffaloes Parameter Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Glucose Control 10. Total volatile fatty acid increased in acidosis due to rapid fermentation of easily fermentable foods generating VFA along with lactic acid (Randhawa et al.33±0.835NS 0. l971).04±1. 1985). l980). in both acid and alkaline indigestion SAT and MBRT were increased and gas production time was reduced.75 1.33±1.55b 44. Sero-biochemical analysis (table 4) revealed as significant (P<0.39±0.958NS 0. l970). (1998) and Singh et al.50±0.408NS 0.000NS (PCV=Packed cell volume.0 with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.41 Acid Indigestion 11. Further.05).67±0. Huber.34a 8. (2003) in alkalosis. Due to the production of acid.12±7. 1996). 1989).000 0. 1989.52 0. decreased renal function and hepatic insufficiency is also a contributing factor (Radostits et al.50±1.61±1. Haematology (table 3) revealed that haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (P<0. The protozoan concentration and motility was sluggish in both acidosis and alkalosis due to lack of nutrients and optimal pH.01±0. Due to decreased VFA.37 47. Means or Medians with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.89a 28. RBC = Red blood cells.58 8..17±2. Abnormal fermentation of simple carbohydrates by the acidogenic aerobic microbes results in the production of organic acids such as formic.07b 5.000 0. Further.50±1.05) volatile fatty acids (TVFA) was significantly (P<0. WBC = White blood cells.41 Alkaline Indigestion 11.22b 6.64 49. 4(1): 10-14.44a 5. Similarly..36 9.17±0. Further.17±0.64 3.05) increased in acidosis.17±0. lactic acid and ammonia in rumen pH in sheep. TNVKV Prasad and M Alpha Raj. 1971. TE Champman. Though both acidosis and alkalosis reduce volatile fatty acid production. Maphosa V and PJ Masika. 1977. 2014. 4(Suppl. 10th Edition. Oxfordshire. 75: 7115-7124. 1995. 1970. Zbl Vet Med A. Alkalosis produced serobiochemical changes which are absent in acidosis due to acute onset. Hoflund S. JC Plaizier and DO Krause. Diary sheep nutrition. pp: 177. Martin C. II. RM Puri. E Dorman. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Kumar TVC. K Adilaxmamma. SP Pacauri and VS Rajora. Effect of acute ruminal alkalosis on microbial and biochemical changes in rumen liquor of buffalo calves.13 Conclusions Acid and alkaline indigestion hampers the fermentative capacity of rumen by inhibiting microflora and fauna. Inter J Vet Sci. 2010. Garry FB. Effect of poly-herbal formulations on ruminal digestion in Goat. 27: 663-693. Changes in carotid and jugular blood components associated with toxicity. 2005. Animal diseases associated with the use of deteriorated feed stuffs under Swedish conditions. 2013. 15: 67-70. Annual Meeting held in Lethbridge. 88: 1399–1403. 2006. Studies on post-parturient anorexia syndrome in bovines. GT Attwood and CS Mc Sweeney. S Vandenput. Acquisition and analysis of bovine rumen fluid. and genomics. 8: 674-93. Appl Environ Microbiol. S Maini and DS Rekhe. Ethno-veterinary uses of medicinal plants: a survey of plants used in the ethno-veterinary control of gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in the Eastern Cape Province. Evaluation of serum cardiac troponin I concentration in sheep with acute ruminal lactic acidosis. JB Lumbu Simbi. 176: 32-43. Controlling digestive disturbances in feed lot cattle. 9: 86-91. 2009. St Louis. 53: 697. CABI publishing. 19: 93-108. Krause DO. E Baydar. Khafipour E. Can J Anim Sci. Enemark JMD. Clinical chemistry of grain-fed cattle: I. M Alpha Raj. Democratic Republic of Congo). Am J Vet Res. 4th Edition. New Castle upon Tyne. Effect of acute indigestion on compartmental water volumes and osmolarity in sheep. 2002. 2011. Bovine Pract. 27: 358-63. 2004. 1987. Priel Press. Kumar TVC. Gozho GN. J Anim Sci. Ammonia toxicity in cattle. 1973. ecology. INRA Prod Anim. Putrefactive changes due to saprophytes are characteristic of alkalosis. Gupta GC. Dirksen GU and M C Smith. 2014. Acid indigestion has more drastic effects on survival of rumen microflora and fauna than alkalosis. Is the “methylen blue-reduction-probe” usable as quick-test for clinical examination of rumen fluid?. Veterinarski Arhiv. AT Phillipson. 1969. 1976. REFERENCES Ahuja AK. S Li. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2010. Traditional plant-based remedies to control gastrointestinal disorders in livestock in the regions of Kamina and Kaniama (Katanga province. 3: 230-233. Effect of lactic acidosis in electrolyte changes in blood and rumen liquor in buffalo calves. Pharm Biol. C Pongombo Shongo and P Duez. Preliminary study of a basic biomedical profile. C Stevigny. Dtsch tierärztl Wschr. London. Dong G. AL Ra. In: Large Animal ARRY FB. 76: 305-309. J Zhou and S Zhang. Vet J. Dirksen G. Indigestion in ruminants. Mc Allister TA. Ind J Vet Med. 84: 355-64. Missouri. JC Plaizier DO Krause. Proceedings of the 1996 Canadian Society of Animal Science. Crosby-Lockwood and Son Ltd. Huber TL. 2011. prevention and treatment of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review. 1989. 2008. Y Wu. Embeya OV. In: Large Animal Internal Medicine. Choudari PC. 2002. J Ethnopharmacol. EE Bartley. 2015. 44: 702-709. The monitoring. Dirksen G. Handekar PB. The Merck veterinary manual. RM Bechtle. Davidovich A. 4(1): 10-14. SS Randhava and SK Misra. 153: 686-93. PE Prasad. K Ravikanth. 1980. Huber TL. 1967. AD Dayton and RA Fray. HC Mendhe. 1996. Kahn CM. pp: 612-26. TNVKV Prasad. 3rd ed Mosby. Kirbas A. Sub acute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response. 2003. Bide RW. FM Kandemir. Ind J Vet Med. Vet World. 7: 78-82. SS Randhawa and SS Rathor. 1): S92-S96. Opportunities to improve fibre degradation in the rumen: microbiology. S Liu. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 48: 697-702. Briggs PK. UK. Acta Vet Scand. in acidosis it is dependent on the stage of disease. Austr Jf Agri Res. 53: 48. 37: 710-17. 43: 902. Albert. Micro-diffusion analysis and volumetric error. Vet Bull. JP Hogan and RL Reid. Indigestion in ruminants. Ed. Merck Publishers. AY Kolte. Evaluation of therapeutic potential of nanosilver particles synthesised using aloin in experimental murine mastitis model. Y Muralidhar. Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of sub acute ruminal acidosis. J Anim Sci. pp: 722747. Novel synthesis of nanosilver particles using plant active principle aloin and evaluation of their cytotoxic effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Bencini R. 2014. 1957. SE Denman. C Lei. J Dairy Sci. AD Kennedy and KM Wittenberg. . L Brossard and M Doreau. WJ Dorward and ME Thumdeson. M Morrison. JD Popp and KJ Cheng. Mécanismes d’apparition de l’acidose ruminale latente et conséquences physiopathologiques et zootechniques. 3 Internal Medicine. The effect of volatile fatty acids. UK. Conway EJ. Acidosis in physiology of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. 22: 108-116. 1957. Y Muralidhar and PE Prasad. RI Mackie. O Kizil and BA Yildirim. South Africa. 32: 887. Physiological effects of acidosis on feedlot cattle. Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: Impacts on immunity and metabolism. 51: 39. Misra SK. MA Akbar and R Singh. 2012. 4(1): 10-14. 1972. Histopathological studies in buffaloe calves fed with paddy straw. Studies on the rumen liquor from cattle feed exclusively on paddy straw. Alkaline indigestion and rumen putrefaction in a cow. PC Choudhuri. pp: 381 Steele MA. Smith MC and DM Sherman. Patra RC. 15: 433-38. DO Krause. PK Dash and GP Mohanty. Vet J. KB Singh and SK Misra. Studies on the clinicpathological and therapeutic aspects of indigestion in cattle. Safety Evaluation of alcohoic extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata stem-bark In Rats. JA Reddy. 1998. The protozoan fauna of the rumen and reticulum of Indian cattle. 8: 515-18. Indian Vet J. 1974. (Eds) 2006. 2009. J Croom. 1981. Wiley-Blackwell Publishers. Activities of rumen microorganisms in water buffalo (Bos bubalis L. Vet J. Saunders Ltd. SB Lal and S Swarup. USA. Biochemical changes in rumen liquor and blood in clinical cases of alkaline indigestion in buffaloes. Singh N. 19: 177-80. 2009. 5: 59. 20: 25-28. 40: 496-99. 1981. SS Randhawa and PP Gupta. Ind J Vet Med. Acta Vet Scand 2009. Small Rumin Res. Simple methods for the detection of unfavourable changes in rumen ingesta. Plaizier JC. . Inter J Vet Sci. Indian Vet J. 49: 464-69. 19: 115120. 1958. O Al-Zahal. 51: 698-704. Some studies on biochemical changes in per acute lactic acidosis in crossbred calves. Clinico-biochemical and histopathological studies on accidental urea toxicity in a cross bred cattle. R Kumari. 61: 482-87. SE Hook. Venkateswarlu M. pigs and goats. J Dairy Res. Sinha VK. Nauriyal DC and KK Baxi.) and in zebu cattle. 10th Edition.14 Misra SK and U Singh. 1991. 2nd Edition. G Srinivasa Rao. Iowa. Ind J Vet Med. Randhawa SS and VB Singh. K Adilaxmamma. Biochemical profile of rumen liquor. Clinicotherapeutic management of experimental ruminal acidosis in buffalo calves. Indian J Anim Sci. 1996. Nagarajan VV and S Rajamani. 2015. 2003. horses. Randhawa SS. Indian Vet J. Biomedical profile of cross-bred cattle and buffaloes in experimentally induced lactic acidosis. CC Gay. Ruminal acidosis and the rapid onset of ruminal parakeratosis in a mature dairy cow: A case report. BW Mc Bride. 50: 1147-51. 1973. 1982. Sakuntala Devi PR. 2009. Indian Journal of Animal Health. Misra SK and RC Tripathy. KW Hinchcliff and PD Constable. USA. blood and urine in experimental acidosis in sheep. sheep. 1963. SK Misra and PC Choudhuri. Toxicol Int. 2: 5558. 1969. 1985. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of cattle. Naga MA and K El-Shalzy. incidence and consequences. Indian Vet J. 176: 21-31. Philadelphia. Changes in metabolites and biogenic amines in clinical cases of primary indigestion of lactating murrah buffaloes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Sub-acute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes. Randhawa CS. Goat medicine. 133: 275-77. Indian Vet J. Ch Srilatha and M Alpha Raj. J Res Punjab Agri Univ. 75: 438-440. 36: 1-10. Nicholus RE and K Penn. GN Gozho and W Mc Bride. Radostits OM.