Journal of Food Legumes

Volume 23 Number 2 Journal of Food Legumes June 2010ISSN 0970-6380 Online ISSN 0976-2434 Journal of Food Legumes Volume 23 Number 2 June 2010 Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development I SPR D 1987 Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur, India INDIAN SOCIETY OF PULSES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (Regn. No.877) The Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development (ISPRD) was founded in April 1987 with the following objectives:  To advance the cause of pulses research  To promote research and development, teaching and extension activities in pulses  To facilitate close association among pulse workers in India and abroad  To publish “Journal of Food Legumes” which is the official publication of the Society, published four times a year. Membership : Any person in India and abroad interested in pulses research and development shall be eligible for membership of the Society by becoming ordinary, life or corporate member by paying respective membership fee. Membership Fee Indian (Rs.) Foreign (US $) Ordinary (Annual) 350 25 Life Member 3500 200 Admission Fee 20 10 Library/ Institution 3000 100 Corporate Member 5000 The contribution to the Journal, except in case of invited articles, is open to the members of the Society only. Any non-member submitting a manuscript will be required to become annual member. Members will be entitled to receive the Journal and other communications issued by the Society. Renewal of subscription should be done in January each year. If the subscription is not received by February 15, the membership would stand cancelled. The membership can be revived by paying readmission fee of Rs. 10/-. Membership fee drawn in favour of Treasurer, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, through M.O./D.D. may be sent to the Treasurer, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024, India. In case of outstation cheques, an extra amount of Rs. 40/- may be paid as clearance charges. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL : 2010-2012 Chief Patron Dr. S. Ayyappan President Dr. N.D. Majumder Patron Dr. S.K. Datta Vice President Dr. J.S. Sandhu Co-patron Dr. N. Nadarajan Secretary Dr. A.K. Choudhary Joint Secretary Mr. Brahm Prakash Councillors Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV : : : : Dr. (Mrs) Livinder Kaur PAU, Ludhiana Dr. H.K. Dixit IARI, New Delhi Vacant Dr. Vijay Prakash ARS, Sriganganagar Zone V Zone VI Zone VII Zone VIII Editorial Board Dr. P.M. Gaur, ICRISAT, Hyderabad Dr. R.K. Varshney, ICRISAT, Hyderabad Dr. V.K. Shahi, RAU, Pusa Dr. S.C. Gupta, ARS, Durgapura Dr. Servjeet Singh, PAU, Ludhiana Dr. Shantanu Kumar Dube, IARI, New Delhi Dr. B.G. Shiv Kumar, IARI, New Delhi : : : : Treasurer Dr. K.K. Singh Dr. K.K. Nema RAK College, Sehore Dr. Ch Srinivasa Rao CRIDA, Hyderabad Vacant Dr. Anoop Singh Sachan IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Aditya Pratap, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Narendra Kumar, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Mohd. Akram, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. P. Duraimurugan, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Jitendra Kumar, IIPR, Kanpur Er. M.K. Singh, IIPR, Kanpur Dr. C.P. Srivastava, BHU, Varanasi Journal of Food Legumes (Formerly Indian Journal of Pulses Research) Vol. 23 (2) June 2010 CONTENTS REVIEW PAPER 1. Vegetable pigeonpea – a review K.B. Saxena, R.V. Kumar and C.L.L. Gowda 91-98 RESEARCH PAPERS 2. Significance and genetic diversity of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading in chickpea germplasm in the semi-arid environments Junichi Kashiwagi, Hari D. Upadhyaya and L. Krishnamurthy 3. Varietal characterization of urdbean for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability P. K. Katiyar, G.P. Dixit and B.B. Singh 4. Genetic diversity among selected genotypes of M4 generation in horsegram N. B. Patel, S. B. S. Tikka and J. B. Patel 5. Genetic analysis for yield and yield traits in pea K.P. Singh, H.C. Singh and M.C. Verma 6. Diallel analysis for nodulation and yield contributing traits in chickpea Preeti Verma and R. S. Waldia 7. Production potential of finger millet and Frenchbean intercropping under rainfed conditions of Uttarakhand 121-123 Rashmi Yadav 8. Growth and yield of groundnut in relation to soil application of panchgavya and foliar spray of endogenous plant leaf extracts R.N. Kumawat, S.S. Mahajan and R.S. Mertia 9. Integrated phosphorus management on yield and nutrient uptake of urdbean under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan D.S. Rathore, H.S. Purohit and B.L. Yadav 10. Effect of date of sowing on nodulation, growth, thermal requirement and grain yield of kharif mungbean genotypes Guriqbal Singh, H.S. Sekhon, Hari Ram, K.K. Gill and Poonam Sharma 11. Performance of pulses during pre and post-WTO period in Andhra Pradesh: district-wise analysis I.V.Y. Rama Rao 135-142 132-134 128-131 124-127 117-120 113-116 110-112 106-109 99-105 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 12. Combining ability for yield and its components in fieldpea Inderjit Singh, J.S. Sandhu and Johar Singh 13. Genetical analysis and heterosis for green pod yield and its components in pea K.P. Singh, H.C. Singh, B. Singh and J.D. Singh 14. Integrated nutrient management in lentil with organic manures, chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers Guriqbal Singh, Navneet Aggarwal and Veena Khanna 15. Effect of planting time and seed priming on growth and yield of lentil under rice-utera system Malay K. Bhowmick 16. Effect of sowing time and fertilization on productivity and economics of urdbean genotypes S.S. Rathore, L.N. Dashora and M.K. Kaushik 17. Effect of different soil moisture regimes on biomass partitioning and yield of chickpea genotypes under intermediate zone of J&K Anjani Kumar Singh, S.B. Singh, A.P. Singh, Awnindra K. Singh, S.K. Mishra and A.K. Sharma 18. Co-inoculation effect of liquid and carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium ciceri and PGPR on nodulation, nutrient uptake and yields of chickpea Pratibha Sahai and Ramesh Chandra 19. Bio-efficacy of insect growth regulator against tobacco caterpillar in blackgram S. Malathi 20. Population fluctuations of pod fly on some varieties of pigeonpea Ram Keval, Dharmpal Kerketta, Paras Nath and P.S. Singh 21. 22. List of Referees Proceedings of General Body Meeting of the ISPRD held at CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) on May 18, 2010 166 167 164-165 162-163 159-161 156-158 154-155 152-153 149-151 146-148 143-145 Myanmar (570.V. green gram. green podded Pulses are known to be rich in edible proteins. the most commonly grown pulses.B. Globally. Important attributes of vegetable pigeonpea Fresh Pod colour: There is a large variation for fresh pod colour in pigeonpea and for vegetable market. and deep root system. 3. out of which. Antinutritional factors. common beans. are chickpea. black gram. its usage as sambar is very popular. but it is heat sensitive and destroyed during cooking. e-mail: k. the nutritional programmes associated with protein supply are facing tough challenges to meet the demand of unprivileged group of masses. protein availability among rural masses in the developing world is less than one . Malawi.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 91-98. while in Africa. In India. The fresh seeds can also be frozen and canned for commercialization and export. 2010. pigeonpea or red gram [Cajanus cajan (L. Green peas in the form of frozen or canned products are also available for use as vegetable in the markets of USA and Europe. In comparison to green peas (Pisum sativum). in the tribal areas of various states. Besides it has higher shelling percent (72%) than that of green peas (53%). the vegetable pigeonpea has five times more beta carotene content. The Dominican Republic stands first in exporting commercialized vegetable pigeonpea to United States and other countries. Cu). the use of immature shelled seeds is very common as fresh vegetable. and pod shells are fed to cattle and the dry stems make it a popular household fuel particularly in rural areas.) Millspaugh] occupies an important place in rainfed agriculture. Pigeonpea is credited to be the most suitable crop for subsistence agriculture that needs minimum external inputs. Vegetable pigeonpea is characterized by large pods and seeds because of easy shelling. pigeonpea. Key words: Vegetable pigeonpea. most farmers give low priority to pulses in cultivation and are assigned to rainfed and relatively less productive portions of their fields. Its nutritious broken seeds. three times more thiamine. R. C. its immature seeds are used as fresh vegetable.K. In the northern India. and Mozambique produce considerable amounts of pigeonpea. SAXENA. During the off-season in southern and eastern Africa. minerals (Ca. Zn. husks. Among legumes. At present. it is cultivated on 4. Vegetable pigeonpea is a good source of protein. Patancheru-502 324. Choudhary ABSTRACT Among sub-tropical legumes.67 million ha. Kenya.L. and Nepal (20. in order of their importance. GOWDA International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid tropics (ICRISAT). KUMAR and C. However. The Caribbean islands and some South American countries also cultivate a reasonable area with pigeonpea. Central America and the Caribbeans. Uganda. recent escalation in prices of pulses has brought about some changes in the mind set of some farmers and they are taking the cultivation of pulses more seriously than before.30 million ha is confined to India alone.L. the issue of protein availability assumes a greater significance from health point of view. peas. 2010) Communicated and edited by A. India. The anti-nutritional factors like phyto-lectins are also present in pigeonpea. Its seeds contain 20-22% protein and reasonable amounts of essential amino acids.saxena@cgiar. Andhra Pradesh. Also in some parts of India including Karnataka and Gujarat.000 ha). Besides this. China (150. the major producers are only a few. southern America. Africa. Pigeonpea is cultivated in a wide range of cropping systems and so is its usage. and expensive animal protein. B complex). These all factors indicate that pigeonpea is nutritionally rich vegetable and it can be used in daily cuisine. In Asia besides India.988 ha) are important pigeonpea producing countries. Since in most households. Accepted: October. Fe.third of its normal requirements and with continuously growing population and stagnation of productivity. the whole dry seeds are used in making porridge while in the crop season. This crop has a wide range of uses and its use as fresh or canned green peas is common in parts of India. and cowpea. Tanzania. In spite of their high nutritive value and being important part of daily cuisine. A. the use of pigeonpea as green vegetable is very common. The recipes prepared with green pigeonpea seeds are nutritive and tasty and are consumed with rice as well as chapati. pigeonpea or red gram (Cajanus Cajan (L. food production . nitrogen fixation. vitamins (A. Vegetable pigeonpea can be grown in backyards. It is known to produce reasonable quantities of food even under unfavorable production conditions mainly due to its qualities such as drought tolerance. riboflvin and niacin content and double vitamin ‘C’ content. and the Caribbean islands. carbohydrates and dietary fibre. Shelling percent priority lies in the calorie-filled cereals. its dehulled split cotyledons are cooked to make dal while in the southern parts of the country. Beta carotene.) Millspaugh) occupies an important place in rainfed agriculture.000 ha). Although the crop is known to be grown in 22 countries. 2010 Vegetable pigeonpea – a review K.org (Received: August. field bunds and also as a commercial crop. Some parts of India prefer green pod colour but the study revealed that pod colour does not play an important role in determining the organo-leptic qualities of vegetable pigeonpea. 2%.24-1. Table 3. Pod and seed size: For vegetable purposes.3* Zinc 3. The dal however. in some vegetable type lines.1 (–) 19.3%. but on an average.3 108. The number of pods on the plants is also genetically related to their pod size. generally large pods are preferred for they are attractive and relatively shelled easily.2 17. raffinose.5 *Adopted from Singh et al. In contrast.47 0. and protein digestibility. (1983) studied the effect of pod colour on important organo-leptic properties of vegetable pigeonpea.7 0. These include trypsin. poly-phenols. attractive green colour.15 Iron 5. pigeonpea seeds also contain some anti-nutritional factors.1-12.86 Like other legumes. zinc by 48. Major anti-nutritional factors and toxic substances identified in pigeonpea seed Range 8.08 ± 0.9 3.3 Dal 57. Important Quality Parameters: The green pigeonpea seeds are considered superior to dal in general nutrition. the green pigeonpea grains have higher crude fibre.2 2.5-34. it was found that the rural consumers preferred pods with green base colour with minor or dense streaks on its surface.3 114. where vegetable pigeonpea is consumed on a large scale. They also reported that crude fibre content in vegetable pigeonpea was similar to that of garden pea (Pisum sativum). 2010 pods fetch better price in the market.5 5.99 1. the new vegetable types have been developed with up to 8 – 9 seeds/pod.92 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).6 calcium and 10.1 8. According to Kamath and Belavady (1980). pigeonpea seeds have appreciable amounts of unavailable carbohydrates which adversely affect bio-availability of certain vital nutrients. less stickiness. In a survey conducted in Gujarat state of India.6 22.9 0. On the contrary. The exact reason for the loss of ovules is not fully understood but there appears to be some sort of blockage in the supply of carbohydrates and other vital nutrients to the growing ovules resulting in their pre-mature cessation.9%. potassium by 17.03 400 Constituent Protease inhibitors (units/mg) Trypsin Chymotrypsins Amylase inhibitors (units/g) Oligo-saccharides (100/g) Raffinose Stachyose Poly-phenols (mg/g) Total phenols Tannins Phyto-lectins (units/g) Source: Singh (1988) Constituent Starch content (%) Protein (%) Protein digestibility (%) Soluble sugars (%) Crude fibre (%) Fat (%) Seed development in relation to chemical changes: Pigeonpea plants produce profuse flowers and pods under normal growing environments. the optimum seed number/ pod that is easily marketed is 5-7.3 0. Table 2. and taste as compared to those of green seeds. Some of the flatulence causing oligo-saccharides such as staychyose. all the ovules did not develop properly to their full size due to ovule abortion.2% more Table 1.95 ± 12.7% (Table 2).16* 4. the immature seeds are large but their size reduces gradually with approaching maturity.6 60.0 66.2 400 Mean 9.1 2.7 (–) 10. Saxena (2008) observed that in the long podded genotypes. poly–phenol compounds are present which inhibit the normal activity of some digestive enzymes.8% more manganese. but after cooking operation such differences disappeared. pod load on an individual plant is much higher than those of large seeded . Saxena et al.07* 2. amylase. Yadavendra and Patel (1983) reported that the pods produced on cultivar ‘ICP 7979’ were the most preferred because of their good taste. Comparison of green pigeonpea seeds and dal for important quality constituents Green seeds 48.02 ± 0.35-0. the urban consumers preferred green colour pods.39* 1.2 48. As far as trace and mineral elements are concerned. It has been observed that in small seeded varieties. In dry pigeonpea seeds. Recently.2 1.74 ± 1. seed and pod size is invariably correlated with large podded types having large immature as well as dry seeds. and easy shelling.01 ± 0. chymotrypsin.05 0. copper by 20. Some of the anti-nutritional factors such as phyto-lectins are heat sensitive and are destroyed during cooking.0-0. and tannins (Table 3). Singh et al.2 0. The observations recorded at ICRISAT and some other laboratories show that pigeonpea dal is better than vegetable with respect to starch and protein (Table 1).98 ± 0.11* Magnesium 108. suggesting that the pod colour does not play any important role in determining the organo-leptic qualities of vegetable pigeonpea. the green peas are superior in phosphorus by 28.07 Copper 1.8 5. On the contrary.3 20. flavour.0-18. In pigeonpea. has 19.2%.49 10.1-3. and iron by 14.2 1.50 Manganese 0.4 21. Trace and mineral elements (mg/100g) identified in green seeds of a vegetable variety ‘ICP 7035’ and dal of a pigeonpea variety ‘C11’ Green seeds (‘ICP 7035’) Dal (‘C 11’) SEm Superiority of vegetable grains (%) 28.0 26.06 ± 0.8 -- Element Phosphorus 264* 206 Patassium 1498* 1279 Calcium 92.6 24. (1977) reported that the vegetable type pigeonpea had higher amount of poly-saccharides and low crude fibre content than dal irrespective of their seed sizes. They found that fresh seeds harvested from purple pods had poor texture.86 3. (1984) ± 3.9 14. fat. Although seed number/pod in the germplasm ranges between 2 and 9. and verbascose are also present in pigeonpea seeds. Breeding vegetable pigeonpea Popular vegetable pigeonpea varieties are characterized by their large pods and large seeds. 1991) at different stages of seed development.237 133 – 270 Plant height (cm) 130 . these two traits are linked together and such lines are invariably photo-sensitive.4 – 5. It was also observed that the majority of long . in general. while pod length varied from 3. These cultivars flower at the onset of short photo-periods and produce fresh vegetable pods for about 40 . Meiners et al.white seeded cultivars and landraces are cultivated. During this period of pod growth. The starch content recorded rapid increases between 24 and 32 days after flowering. and distribution of pigeonpea germplasm. It has been generally observed that in most germplasm.4 – 6.270 163 – 260 215 – 232 194 – 218 167 – 202 182 – 230 133 – 235 190 – 264 222 . long attractive green pods with fully grown ovules. The crossed pods were sampled on different dates for chemical analysis of their seeds. while soluble sugars and proteins decreased proportionately. and it was attributed to their respective seed sizes. It was found that the two cultivars differed grossly in their dry matter accumulation rate with ‘ICP 7035’ being faster than ‘T 15-15’. It has been observed that three days after fertilization. annual as well as perennial varieties. South America. Soon after achieving the potential pod size. ‘ICP 7035’ exhibited relatively high soluble sugars in each sample that was studied (Singh et al.8 5.4 – 7. a regular supply of quality green pods for extended periods is essential. high multiple harvest potential.9 5.11 7-9 7 – 10 7 – 11 5 – 11 3–9 5–9 9 3 .50 days from pollination to seed maturity. In the growing seeds. morphological.5 mean seeds/pod are considered in this group. late maturing (>180 days at 17oN).12 5 . and chemical changes.50 days. Breeding objectives: In an ideal vegetable pigeonpea breeding programme. 1977).4 – 5. of accessions available 106 17 4 13 26 16 39 8 2 231 Days to Flowering 117 . magnesium. In this material. From nutrition and marketing view points. non . and other organo-leptic properties.260 200– 230 17 – 250 85 – 240 100– 285 85 – 230 140– 210 210 . It was also found that these minerals play an important role in improving cooking quality of pigeonpea seeds (Sharma et al. iron. a greater proportion of food reserves of the plant start diverting into the ovules and rapid increases in seed sizes and weights are observed for the next 10 .4 – 5. starch content was negatively associated with their protein and sugar contents. (1976) also showed that minerals and trace elements such as calcium. The plant height ranged from 85 to 285 cm. the Caribbean islands. the floral petals wither completely and the ovary starts emerging. maintenance.12 days. large white dry seeds. However.4 – 7.7 5. zinc.Saxena et al. where traditionally large . During this period. 50% flowering ranged from 80 to 229 days. the vegetable pigeonpea should have good appearance. it takes about 45 . To determine the optimum pod age for harvesting. good taste.6 5. A young pod of about one centimeter long is generally visible after one week.4 – 5. and perennial in nature. characterization. to ensure good profits and run the processing factories for longer periods. The amount of crude fibre content in the growing seeds increased slowly with maturation.632 accessions representing 76 countries are available for use in breeding programmes.12 Eastern Africa Southern Africa Central Africa Western Africa Central America South America South Asia South-east Asia Europe Total . two commercial vegetable pigeonpea cultivars ‘ICP 7035’ and ‘T 15-15’ were selected and the changes in the levels of principal dietary constituents and minerals were studied (Singh et al. Available germplasm: ICRISAT has a global responsibility for collection.podded accessions originated from Africa.130 67 – 246 19 – 160 27 – 420 55 – 830 24 – 119 137 19 – 830 Pod length (cm) 5 . taste.229 131– 194 141 –166 142– 156 106– 151 132– 158 80 – 175 134– 201 156 .260 85 – 285 Seeds/ pod 5.2 5. Table 4.2 5. At present.2 Pods/ plant 26 – 406 33 – 154 74 . Region Variation for some important traits within vegetable type pigeonpea germplasm No. over 3000 flowers of the same age were tagged and hand pollinated in a single day. Besides this. allowing a maximum of 2-3 pickings. Such pods grow rapidly and reach their full size in about 25 days.4 – 6. and long shelf life. and at present a total of 13.6 5. The breeding objectives in a vegetable pigeonpea breeding programme revolve around such traits. the prime objectives include early podding with round-the-year production.174 80 – 229 Maturity 166 . To record observations. 1991).6 cm (Table 4). both pods and seeds pass through a number of physiological. and tribal areas of India. Under sub-tropical growing conditions. Since long pod size is the most important characteristic of vegetable pigeonpea.1 5. the accessions with more than 5.1 5. the young seeds (ovules) inside pods remain alive and intact but do not gain noticeable size and weight.sticky pod surface with easy shelling. B.2 to 11.: Vegetable pigeonpea – a review 93 varieties.4 – 6. there are 231 such accessions in this group.270 185 .4 – 7. and copper did not produce significant changes during seed development in pigeonpea. it is essential that the growing pods are harvested at a right stage to optimize the gains with respect to their yield and quality. Saxena et al. but critical information on the extent of non-additive effects. early maturing varieties should be used as female parents. again 4 . The genetics of seed colour in pigeonpea is complex and is reported to be influenced by some basic and inhibitory genes. Similar results were also recorded by Chaudhary and Thombre (1977). One or two branches of such plants are bagged. For example. seed colour. Patil et al. while Gupta et al. 2010 Genetics of important traits: For productive plant breeding. Sharma et al. (1972) reported predominance of additive gene action for seed size and the genes controlling smaller seed size were found to be dominant over the large seeds. In pigeonpea. a good understanding of the genetic systems controlling important qualitative and quantitative characters is essential. In the subsequent generation. plant height. days to flower. Breeding Methods Globally. the pure lines become heterozygous and heterogeneous. With 25-30 per cent natural outcrossing. Marekar and Chopde (1985). D’Cruz et al. Gupta et al. These plants can be handled further using classic pedigree selection method. (1972) found that the colour development in unripe pigeonpea pods was due to interaction of four genetic factors. On the contrary. But. (1981) and Sidhu and Sandhu (1981) reported the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. while Deokar et al. A dihybrid F2 segregation was reported by de Menezes (1956) and D’Cruz and Deokar (1970). Deokar et al. and protein content have low heritability. Emasculation should be done carefully and fresh pollen buds be collected for pollination and a piece of thread is tied on the pollinated flowers. Reddy et al. However. Selection should be made among lines and in each selected progeny.5 plants are selfed in each selected progeny. (1984) for the first time reported intra-plant pod colour variation in a pure breeding pigeonpea germplasm ‘ICP 3773’ and postulated that the pod colour variation and its unpredictable expressivity were governed by the presence. Deokar and D’Cruz (1971) observed a di-hybrid F2 ratio of 9 brown: 7 white seed colour. the selection of parents for hybridization is the first step towards breeding.94 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). In the F1 generation. (1981) reported predominance of additive gene effects. Saxena et al. D. pods/plant. This will help in identifying the self plants present in an F 1 population. (1972) reported the dominance of brown seed colour over white and it was controlled by a single gene. five plants should be bagged again for raising their single plant progenies. The self seeds are used as nucleus seed for further multiplication. and seed size have high heritability estimates (Saxena and Sharma 1990). Available Varieties India: The most popular vegetable pigeonpea cultivars have long pods and large seeds (weighing at least 15 g/100 seeds when dry). both additive and non-additive gene actions control grain yield and other quantitative characters. Selection from germplasm: The local landraces are generally well adapted in the area but the natural out-crossing has made them genetically impure. The heritability estimates provide a guideline on the efficiency of selection as they refer to the proportion of the phenotypic variance that is due to genetic factors. Gene action and heritability of key traits: In pigeonpea. pod colour. This practice is more prevalent around cities where green pods can readily be marketed at attractive . and their size and maturity. In pigeonpea. Breeders generally select individual plants of interest within such materials with due consideration to plant type. very little work is being undertaken to breed vegetable type pigeonpea. while the predominance of non-additive gene action was observed by Dahiya and Brar (1977). These cultivars are grown as a normal field crop. Together these estimates provide a good idea about the ease of selection for a particular character. absence. particularly dominance and epistasis components is not very decisive. Dominican Republic. and ICRISAT to breed new varieties that produce vegetable pods early in the season and produce several flushes of flowers and pods. For days to flower. (1981) also confirmed additive gene action and reported that seed size differences were determined by only 2 or 3 genes. However. Selection in F2 generation should be exercised for pod colour. these selfed branches are harvested separately and their seed is used for evaluation in progeny rows in the subsequent season. and the like. a large variation in the estimates of heritability has been reported for all the important agronomic traits. seed colour. (1970) reported that streaked pod colour was dominant over green. The presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions for yield and other characters have been reported in literature (Saxena and Sharma 1990). and that a single gene was responsible for streaked pods. (1981) observed predominance of additive gene action for yield and yield components. and modifiers. Dahiya and Satija (1978) reported additive genetic variance with partial dominance for earliness. Vegetable pigeonpea breeding programmes in most countries are predominantly based on selection and purification of native germplasm. A high heritability estimate suggests that the concerned character can be selected easily in a given test environment. Hybridization and selection: To breed varieties with definite objectives in mind. Plants flowering around mid-parent value should be selfed. but immature pods are harvested at an appropriate stage for use as vegetable. At maturity. a number of reports on heritability estimates for various quantitative traits have been published. or interaction of one or more unstable genes. (1972) reported that brown seed colour was governed by three duplicate dominant genes. C. some efforts were made in the West Indies. most of the studies suggest that characters such as seed yield. the selfed plants that would resemble early maturing parent should be removed. on an average. and ‘Totiempo’ (Rivas and Rivas 1975) were also released. ‘Saragateado’. personal communication). Its flowers are dark red that produce purple colour pods. three more varieties ‘Tobago’. Fig 2. It produces an excellent quality of vegetable. and Malawi has resulted in increased grain yields. a large number of large . ‘Pinto Villalba’. Kenya. Puerto Rico. and ‘Year-round’. E.determinate types require 40. many families grow pigeonpea plants in their backyards (Fig.8 %.000 – 50. Its pods are 7 8 cm long and. Late maturing non . the crop is left for producing dry seeds.000 plants/ha for optimum yields. All these varieties have long pods with large and white seeds. It was early in maturity and determinate in growth habit. about 50% of the farmers in Babati district have adopted new varieties and pigeonpea production area has now extended to the neighbouring districts of Karatu and Mbulu (SN Silim. These are ‘Kaki’. about 20% of the farmers have adopted new medium maturing pigeonpea varieties like ‘ICEAP 00554’ and ‘ICEAP 00557’ both for grain as well as green vegetable purposes. ‘Kaki’. ‘UASD’. The seeds of ‘ICP 7035’ are large and purple with a mottle pattern. which were similar to traditional types in their phenology and are still under cultivation. Venezuela. Normal sugar levels in green pigeonpea seeds are around 5. Subsequently. Uganda.0 %. After harvesting green pods.Augustine’. and ‘Navideño’. This germplasm was collected from Bedaghat Township located near Jabalpur city in Madhya Pradesh. a popular vegetable variety state for both green and dry seed harvests. a few vegetable type varieties such as ‘Panameno’. each pod contains six seeds (Fig. In southern India.6’ are also popular as vegetable.seeded landraces are traditionally grown for vegetable purpose. Sweetness of fully grown immature seed is also a preferred trait. Also. In hilly tribal areas of India. In Puerto Rico. Trinidad & Tobago. Backyard and bund cultivation: For domestic use. and Grenada. Green pods and seeds of ‘ICP 7035’. These include ‘Guerrero’ and ‘Cortada’. and Tanzania for vegetable as well as dry seed production. Another cultivar ‘T 15 – 15’ is widely grown in Gujarat Southern and Central America and the Caribbean regions: In these regions.4 pickings within a year.Saxena et al. Jamaica. According to Mansfield (1981). and ‘Lasiba’ were released. The other pigeonpea growing countries are Panama. 1). In eastern and southern Africa. Vegetable pigeonpea plants in the backyard . but researchers at ICRISAT have identified a line ‘ICP 7035’ with a sugar content as high as 8. Subsequently. Scientists at ICRISAT have also bred an early maturing determinate variety ‘ICPL 87’ which is also used for dual purpose.3C’ and ‘TTB .seeded lines such as ‘HY . Dominican Republic is the highest pigeonpea growing country (17000 ha) with an average yield of 945 kg/ ha (FAO. The first vegetable type variety released in the West Indies was ‘Prensado’. According to Rivas and Rivas (1975). Cultivars with white seed coat are preferred because the cooking water remains clear when such seeds are cooked. ‘Amarillo’. 2008). market preferred variety ‘ICEAP 00040’ in northern and central Tanzania. It produces pods for relatively longer time and allows 2 . in Venezuela a cultivar ‘Panameno’ was released in 1972. Pigeonpea in these countries is essentially a small farmers’ enterprise but at national levels. the large . it is an important crop. in Dominican Republic four pigeonpea varieties are recognized. Such dual purpose varieties are very profitable for peri–urban farmers. Malawi. Fig 1. Cultivation of vegetable pigeonpea Pigeonpea is known to be highly sensitive to major environmental factors such as photo-period and temperature which influence the development of plant phenology. The adoption of a late maturing. India. In Tanzania. Africa: The first early maturing variety ‘ICPL 87091’ was released in Kenya. pigeonpea is mainly grown by small farmers and about 80% of the annual harvest is exported in the form of canned or frozen green peas.: Vegetable pigeonpea – a review 95 prices. 2). In Dominican Republic. there have been recent releases of pigeonpea varieties in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. ‘Kaki’ is the most popular pigeonpea variety (Aponte 1963) and ‘2B Bushy’ is another early maturing semi-dwarf variety. St. Among the countries involved in commercialization of vegetable pigeonpea. etc. dust. 4). The cleaned lot passes through a mesh screen that allows Fig 3. Dominican Republic stands first from where vegetable pigeonpea is exported to the United States and other countries. Production and maintenance of quality seed Maintenance of genetic purity of elite genotypes is essential to get high quality performances repeatedly.lying fields should be avoided for vegetable pigeonpea production. Mechanical shelling of vegetable pigeonpea in China . the branches of other plants compensate for the loss of biomass. which gave details of vegetable pigeonpea processing technology. In this system. the pods are harvested just before they start loosing their green colour. roguing of all the offtypes at flowering or as soon as they are spotted. selection of good field. Plants produce a large number of branches on either side of the bunds. the maintenance of seed quality is not only difficult but also expensive. G.4 seeds are sown in a single hill. A vegetable pigeonpea plant growing on rice bund in Kerala Peri-urban commercial crop: Since pigeonpea cannot withstand water-logging. new flowers are produced for extended periods and one can see buds. flowers. In such plantings. Some of the important steps that would help in quality seed production include purchasing good quality seed from a reliable source. This will not only avoid fermenting but also make available necessary oxygen to maintain the quality. Since for vegetable purpose. Vining and cleaning: To maintain freshness of harvested green pods. the shelled peas directly fall onto conveyors for cleaning and washing. Green pods are harvested for sale as fresh vegetable in nearby township and cities. low . Application of 100 kg/ ha of di-ammonium phosphate and other soil amendments for the known soil deficiencies is advisable. adoption of normal sowing time. generally 3 . sun drying of seeds for a few days to bring down seed moisture level to 9.96 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). of isolation distance of at least 200 m. The mechanically vined peas are cleaned soon after shelling. 1981). if a few plants die due to any reason.5 years and they attain a height of over 3 m. For this purpose. F. mature. they should be shelled as quickly as possible. adoption of appropriate isolation distance is essential. treating seed with fungicides and packing it in small polyethylene bags for storage. the shelled peas are washed and cleaning operation is carried out to remove unwanted peas and inert materials. Commercial processing of vegetable pigeonpea Commercial vegetable pigeonpea is commonly processed into canned or frozen peas. and harvestable pods on the same branch. and it requires extra precautions to maintain variety purity. Under normal moisture conditions. The following steps are essential in canning and freezing procedures of vegetable pigeonpea. The bigger lots are used for commercial purpose where vining and cleaning are performed mechanically (Fig. mainly around rainy season paddy fields (Fig. maintenance Fig 4. relatively large populations are grown on field bunds. The green pods are picked manually and sold in market either as whole pods or shelled seeds. For local market. Therefore. 3). 2010 Such plants are maintained up to 4 . The literature on various aspects of processing is scanty and the author could access only one good publication (Mansfield. The dry cleaning operation is performed by passing the shelled peas through an air blast which helps in removing small pieces of pods or vine. 1990). Vining (shelling) of small lots of pods is usually done manually and the shelled peas are generally consumed in local market either as fresh or frozen peas. The plants start flowering at the onset of short days and pods are picked for house-hold use as and when required. fully grown bright green seeds are preferred. No specific agronomic practices are followed for this system of cultivation.0%. Most commercial canners feed the green pods directly into the vining machine while some use a pre-treatment of heat for better yields and clear brine. For local market. In a crop like pigeonpea where cross-pollination takes place (Saxena et al. young. Blanching: Heat treatment or blanching is an essential treatment for both freezing as well as canning. Cu). the product passes through a fine mesh that retains shelled peas but removes fine dirt and splits. In India and Africa. and dietary fibre for humans. Generally. Marketing of vegetable pigeonpea In southern America. This follows a thermal processing to check the growth of any thermo-philic bacterium. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38:4244. The blanched peas are dropped in cold water tanks and then the peas are hand picked in polyethylene bags and placed for freezing in a batch freezer between -2o F to -10o F for 4 to 10 hours. In batch freezing system. Fe. 1956. The washed peas fall on a belt where off-colour and remaining worm . C.: Vegetable pigeonpea – a review 97 the peas to drop through it but retains large size peas and extraneous materials. Research Journal of Mahatma Phule Agricultural University 1: 44-53. D’Cruz R and Deokar AB. B complex) and minerals (Ca. Uganda. Manke BS and Deokar AB. Vegetable pigeonpea can be good sources of valuable proteins. if near-boiling brine is maintained. undersize. and is a good source of protein. 1981).P.Round leaf x Creeping 3-2-3. Malawi. vitamins. 1963. REFERENCES Aponte AF. carbohydrates. After washing. This dry cleaning operation is followed by washing for removing floating dirt. Here the cans are filled with peas and 2% brine at near-boiling (195-200o F) temperature. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University 2: 17-20. especially for the poor in India. operating between -10o F to -20o F. The frozen peas are then hand picked and kept in wax treated cartons. the peas are quick-frozen individually while moving inside a vibrating conveyor screen which receives a rapid moving current of cold air from the lower side (Mansfield. De Menezes OB. I. The ascorbic acid content is more than two times over peas. Subsequently. the cans must be cooled immediately to reduce the thermal quality losses by putting the cans in cool water ponds to bring down their temperature to 90-105o F. Nepal and Myanmar. The best blanching is done by heating the peas to 185o F for five minutes in hot water followed by cooling in cold (80oF) water (Sanchez Nieva et al. the blanching operation also helps in producing clear brine by discarding mucous substances. El cultivo de gandulus en Puerto Rico. Genetic studies in pigeonpea. Inheritance of maturity and grain yield in pigeonpea. Tanzania.1978. Poona Agricultural College Magazine 60: 23-26. and the Caribbean. Genetic studies in pigeonpea : Round leaf x N. These cartons are stored at 0o F. After the above mentioned series of treatments. Vegetable pigeonpea scores manifold advantages over green peas (Pisum sativum). This helps in stabilizing colour and flavour besides improving the texture of seeds. It is already a vegetable of choice for Kenya. 51.Saxena et al. green pigeonpea pods are collected from the farm gate by the representatives of canning plants. 1977. Experimental Agriculture 13:193-200. These packets are stored at 0o F (Mansfield. 1971. and inter-cellular gases. starch particles. and mashed peas are separated. All these factors render vegetable pigeonpea a highly nutritive potential crop for all ages. the following two methods of freezing peas are used in Dominican Republic. D’Cruz R.N. it scores over peas in terms of minerals such as calcium and copper (more than two times higher). The washing is carried out more than once in various types of flotation washers with cold running water. Deokar AB and D’Cruz R. 1961). the marketing of vegetable pigeonpea is not well organized. No additives are used for canning (Mansfield. and worms. and other Latin American countries. Genetic studies in pigeonpea. the blanched peas are taken to volumetric filler through an elevator. Similarly. (b) Canning: For canning purpose. Besides all. Caribbean Agriculture 197: 7. 1981). Chaudhari AN and Thombre MV. Zn. and broken peas are removed manually for further processing (Mansfield 1981). the shelling percentage of vegetable pigeonpea is 72% compared to 53% of green peas. vitamins (A. the processed peas could be used either for canning or for freezing. Conclusions The importance of vegetables in human diet can not be under-emphasized. skins. H. 1977. 1981). 1970. The processed cans are sold to wholesalers for export to the United States. split peas. then the exhaust or steam closure is not adopted. Green x Red grained.Journal of the University of Poona 40: 23 – 30. and niacin. These two follow-up treatments are summarized below: (a) Freezing: According to Mansfield (1981). a blast freezer is used for small quantities of shelled peas. IV. It has more than five times beta carotene content. Genetic studies in pigeonpeaIII. 1970. (1944) showed that steam is excellent in preserving nutrients of fresh peas but in most cases this process is not cost effective. For closing the cans. Melmick et al. three times more thiamine (vitamin B1). Puerto Rico. Dahiya BS and Satija DR. In the automated freezing system the peas are cooled in water at ambient temperature soon after blanching and then taken to fluidized bed freezer. and magnesium. riboflavin (Vitamin B2). I. . Diallel analysis of genetic variation in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Genetics and improvement of the pigeonpea (Cajauns indicus Spreng). In this freezer. Vegetable pigeonpea complements the nutritional profile of cereals. According to Mansfield (1981). Ceres Mias Gerais 10:20-44. local venders buy the product from whole-sale vegetable market and sell in local retail market. It can become one of the most nutritionally rich vegetables of the daily cuisine.damaged. Dahiya BS and Brar JS. Rahar x Red grained. the shelled peas are forced to pass through rotary rod washers where splits. After the thermal processing. Singh N. Faris DG and Kumar RV. 1985. Rivas N and Rivas EG. India. Reddy LJ. U. 1976. VI. 1972. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research Journal 9:5-12. India. Saxena KB. Nutritional quality of vegetable pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). 344-350. Lay HC. 15-19 December 1980.98 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). Andhra Pradesh. Inheritance of leaflet number. Singh U. 1981. Wallingford. Characteristics and utilization of vegetable types of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L.faostat. Singh L. Rao PV. Meiners CR.A review. Volume 2. Jambinathan R and Faris DG. SD Hall and VK Sheila (Eds). Andhra Pradesh. Green JM and Sharma D. flower and seed coat colour in redgram ( Cajanus cajan Millsp. Manke SB and D’Cruz R. Mineral and trace elements. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpeas. ICRISAT. 1981. YL Nene. ICRISAT. 1990. Saxena KB. Patancheru 502 324. Andhra Pradesh. Jain KC. The contents of nine mineral elements in raw and cooked mature dry legumes. 1991. Patil JA. Patancheru. Does pod colour affect the organoleptic qualities of vegetable pigeonpeas? International Pigeonpea Newsletter 2:74-75. Kamath MV and Belavady B. 15-19 December 1980. 1961.org. Saxena KB and Sharma D. Tropical Plant Biology 1: 159-178.). Wallis ES and De Lacy IH. Baghel SS and Sharma HK. International Crops Research for the Semi-Arid Tropics. ICRISAT. 1972. III. 1981. Patancheru 502 324. Genetic studies in pigeonpea. 15-19 December 1980. P 99. Singh L.) “Panameño”. ICRISAT. Food Research 9:148-153. 15-19 December 1980. Singh U. 39-50. Studies on chemical constituents and their influence on cookability in pigeonpea. Inheritance studies in pigeonpea.K. Melmick E. Byth DE.). x Atylosia spp. Indian Agriculturist 16: 193-197. 1977. Saxena KB. Mayaguez. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 57: 49-54. 2008. Saxena KB. Genetics of Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. Sanchez Nieva F. Pp.) Millsp. In: International Workshop on Pigeonpea. 117-128. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpeas. Improved methods of canning pigeonpeas. Research Journal of Mahatma Phule Agricultural University 3: 6-11. Sharma YK. Pigeonpea Breeding Annual Report. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 14: 545-548. Saxena KB. Euphytica 46:143-148. Sidhu PS and Sandhu TS. Mansfield GM. Hachberg M and Oser BL. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 14: 8-10. India. Journal of Food Science 49: 645-646. International Pigeonpea Newsletter 2: 73-74. Marekar RV and Chopde PR. Yadavendra JP and Patel AR.) Millsp. Tiwari AS. 1983. E. Variation for natural out-crossing in pigeonpea. Andhra Pradesh. 2008. Rao KC and Mishra A.fao. Rav Fac Agron (Maracay) 83: 77-81. Puerto Rico.3 x Multifoliate. Journal of Food Science Technology 14: 38-40. Shrivastava MP and Gupta AK. India. Pp. 1977. Inheritance of days to flower and seed size in pigeonpea. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpeas. Genetic improvement of pigeonpea. 81-92. Gupta SC. Ritchey SJ and Murphy EW. 1981. pod and seed coat colour. Patancheru 502 324. Leaflet shape. Patancheru 502 324. 2010 International. 1984. FAO Stat. Pp. Denise NL. Deokar AB. Unavailable carbohydrates of commonly consumed Indian foods. Genetic analysis of seed size in pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ). 61-66. 1981. University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 157. 1944. 1983. 1980. Processing and marketing of green pigeonpea: the case of the Dominican Republic. Estudio de la calidad para enlatado de la variedad de quinchonchos (Cajanus cajan (L. volume 2. Deokar AB and Maslekar SR. Patancheru 502 324. Breeding for special traits. Sharma D. Singh L and Gupta MD. Pigeonpea Genetics. Rodrigues AJ and Benero JR. ICRISAT. The role of genetical studies in developing new cultivars of pigeonpea for nontraditional areas of north India. CAB . Pp. Volume 2. Pp. India. Grews MG. Andhra Pradesh. 1990. 1984. Chemical changes at different stages of seed development in vegetable pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan).B. Singh U. Consumer preference of vegetable pigeonpea cultivars. Genetic analysis of a diallel cross of early flowering pigeonpea lines. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 31:194-202. volume 2. 1988. Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry 24: 1126-1130. Saxena KB and Singh L. Saxena KB and Sharma D. Anti-nutritional factors of chickpea and pigeonpea and their removal by processing. 15-19 December 1980. Singh U and Faris DG. India. 1972. http://www. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpea. In: The Pigeonpea. Plant and Foods Human Nutrition 38: 251-261. 137-158. Pp. 1975. Comparative study of steam and hot water blanching. Japan. 2006). KRISHNAMURTHY2 1 Hokkaido University. the leaf nitrogen concentration in chickpea is expected to be reduced under drought environments as both the nitrogen acquiring mechanisms are suppressed under such conditions. and also the nitrogen synthesized via biological nitrogen fixation in the nodules on their root systems. During extensive characterization of the root traits. several chickpea genotypes with a prolific root system were identified.) (n = 216) of ICRISAT Genebank under field conditions during two consecutive post rainy seasons of 2005-06 and 200607. Therefore. ‘ICC 4958’ that has prolific and deep rooting system also showed the best SCMR performances among the 216 chickpea germplasm. In the last two decades. Andhra Pradesh. ‘ICC 10945’.). an early maturing chickpea variety. 1999). The SPAD chlorophyll meter reading is a measurement of the leaf chlorophyll contents. with the higher SCMR. successfully brought in the yield stability in shorter duration drought-prone environments (Kumar et al. ‘ICCV 2’. Thus. There has been a strong linear relationship between the SPAD values and weight-based leaf N concentration (Nw) but this relationship varies with crop growth stage and variety (Takebe and Yoneyama 1989. UPADHYAYA2 and L. in situ. 1995). Kita 9 Nishi 9. The SCMR at 62 days after sowing was positively correlated with the seed yield under drought environments. the plants would also face difficulties in nutrient uptake for maintaining a proper growth in addition to soil water acquisition as nutrient absorption requires water. The SCMR at the earlier or later growth stages or under irrigated environment was not related to yield under drought environment. chickpea germplasm with deep and prolific root systems have attracted the attention as means to improve the drought tolerance through enhanced water uptake (Kashiwagi et al. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. 2 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). viz. Under drought. ‘ICC 4958’ can be a potential donor parent for both root systems and SCMR advantages. the nitrogen acquisition capability. morphological and phenological characteristics that have been recognized to be significant in crop adaptation to drought stress during soil drying (Ludlow and Muchow . could be estimated through SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR). Accepted: August. The major chickpea cultivation occurs in the developing countries that fall in the arid and semi-arid zones. The biological nitrogen fixation is also influenced by drought as the rhizobial activities are adversely affected by heat as well as water deficit in the soil (Zahran et al.. India. ‘ICC 16374’ and ‘ICC 16903’. Turner and Jund 1994) mostly because of leaf thickness or specific leaf weight (Peng et al. Patancheru 502 324.7 million hectares) and in total annual production (9. were also identified in this study. Subbarao et al. 2010) ABSTRACT 1990. indicating that the selections for SCMR in chickpea need to be done at about mid pod-fill stage under drought stress conditions.jp (Received: January. 2004). SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. The chickpea acquires water soluble nitrogen contained in the soil via the roots. 1985. Richardson et al.agr. In addition.hokudai. 2010 Significance and genetic diversity of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading in chickpea germplasm in the semi-arid environments JUNICHI KASHIWAGI1.3 million tons in 2007) (FAO Stat 2009). it is important to characterize the chickpea germplasm and to identify sources of drought-tolerant chickpea germplasm that are efficient in nitrogen acquisition even under drought environments. This genetic variability for SCMR in the mini core provides valuable baseline knowledge in chickpea for further progress on the selection and breeding for drought tolerance through nitrogen acquisition capability. Recently. The crop is largely grown rainfed. Genetic diversity. Key words: Breeding. The genetic diversity of the SCMR was investigated in the chickpea mini-core germplasm collection plus five control cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 99-105. 2002) and these readings are dispayed in Minolta Company (Konica-Minolta Inc. Leaf nitrogen content. few other outstanding genotypes such as ‘ICC 1422’.) is the third important food legume in terms of the cultivated area (11. the chickpea yield under drought environments have been increased through improving some physiological. Mini-core collection. and brought into molecular marker assisted breeding programs (Chandra et al. A known drought avoidant chickpea genotype. 2010.ac. HARI D. and therefore drought stress is one of the most serious constraints for the productivity (Ryan 1997). which would result in the serious yield reduction. 1985). The SPAD chlorophyll meter is a simple portable diagnostic tool that measures the greenness or relative chlorophyll content of leaves (Inada 1963. Japan ) defined SPAD (soil plant analysis development) values. Sapporo 060-8589. E-mail: jkashi@res. Enhancing early maturity could lead the chickpea crops to escape from severe soil water depletion that generally occurs during the reproductive stage. and so it is often used to improve the yield through improved nitrogen status. A large genetic variability for SCMR was observed among the 216 chickpea accessions. for a drought tolerance breeding program. An earlier preliminary survey showed a significant variation on the SCMR at different leaf positions. and the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of the performance of the chickpea accessions. it is practically not feasible to characterize/phenotype the whole chickpea germplasm collection for SCMR due to their large numbers (about 20.100 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).. ‘Annigeri’ is an early-maturing desi cultivar grown in large areas of Peninsular India (Ali and Kumar 2003). 50 DAS and 66 DAS in 2005-06 season. India. The SCMR of the top and the second top leaf was significantly lower than that of the other basal leaf positions. ‘ICC 898’ is a desi landrace from Rajasthan.47 cm3 cm-3 for the 105-120 cm soil layer. a chickpea mini-core germplasm collection (211 accessions) has been developed (Upadhyaya and Ortiz 2001). 2g and 2e. The shoots were dried in hot air dryers at 45°C for three days. and 25 DAS. altitude 545 m) in two crop seasons. 2005) as well as sources of salinity tolerance (Vadez et al. and the bulk density was. respectively. the characterization of the mini-core chickpea germplasm has led to the identification of sources of deep and prolific rooting known to assist enhanced drought tolerance (Kashiwagi et al. received three furrow irrigations besides the post-sowing one at 27 days after sowing (DAS). Kashiwagi et al.30: 0. the shoots were threshed. therefore. Before sowing. The rainfed treatment received no irrigation after the 20-mm post-sowing irrigation. and ‘ICC 898’) were used. Two irrigation treatments. the shoot biomass.35 g cm-3 for the 0-15 cm soil layer and 1. could be taken as a good proxy for the chlorophyll contents in chickpea crop. Particularly in chickpea. Because of these. The available soil water up to 120 cm depth was 165 mm. and ii) investigate the significance of SCMR for further plant breeding aimed towards improving the drought tolerance in chickpea. ‘Chafa’. ‘ICCV 2’. seed yield and other yield components were evaluated from an area of 1. and then18 kg N/ha and 20 kg P/ha was applied as di-ammonium phosphate. 1985). 48 DAS and 75 DAS in 2006-07 season. and in 1960 in Gujarat. across crops also. ‘ICC 4958’. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field trials: The measurements of the SPAD chlorophyll meter readings in chickpea mini-core collection were carried out in Vertisol fields (fine montmorillonitic isohyperthermic typic pallustert) at ICRISAT Center. the fields were inoculated with Rhizobium strain ‘IC 59’ using liquid inoculation method. ‘ICCV 2’ (‘ICC 12968’) is an ICRISAT-bred early-maturing kabuli cultivar released in India (Kumar et al. The experimental design was an alpha lattice design (6 × 36 blocks) with three replications. ‘ICC 4058’ is drought avoidant desi germplasm lines with highly desirable root traits (Saxena et al. a stable SCMR was obtained below the third leaf position. and the dry weights were recorded. The irrigated treatments. Statistical analysis: The data from each trial were analyzed using a linear additive mixed effects model as described by Upadhyaya (2005). A sprinkler irrigation (20 mm) was applied immediately after sowing to ensure uniform emergence. ‘Chafa’ is the first variety of chickpea (desi type) released through selection in Wai at Niphad. 2001). a significant close relationship between them (r2 = 0. arietinum (211 accessions) plus 5 control cultivars (‘Annigeri’. in 1948 Maharashtra. A total of 216 chickpea genotypes comprising all of the chickpea mini-core germplasm collection of C.81) was obtained (Esechie and Al-Maskri 2006). Then.26: 0. and the extracted seeds were weighed. The water holding capacity of these fields in lower limit: upper limit was 0. The plots were kept weed free by hand weeding and intensive protection measures were taken against pod borer ( Helicoverpa armigera). In 2005-06.956 germplasm accessions representing the diversity of entire collection (Upadhyaya et al. By using this model. rainfed and optimally irrigated. The SCMR. 000 at present). 1993. During both the seasons. the main objective of this study was to i) characterize the chickpea germplasm for SCMR and to identify the superior chickpea germplasm in terms of the nitrogen acquisition capability. 2007).5 m in both the seasons after removing the plot border on either end of the plot. The crop was sown on November 15 and November 2 in 2005 and 2006. the third leaf from the top was used for SPAD evaluation in this study. Although it is desirable. 2005). the SCMR is used to improve the yield via monitoring the nitrogen status. Patancheru (17o 53’ N. 1. Heritability was estimated as h2 = 2g/ (2g+2e).5 × 2. The field managements were the same in both the seasons. 2001) and from this core collection. 2010 1993). 78o27’E. the SCMR was recorded at 62 and 90 DAS and at 40 and 62 DAS in 2006-07. were included as main plots. and 0. The chlorophyll quantity in the plant leaves have good correlation with leaf nitrogen concentration since the leaf chloroplasts contain 70% of the leaf nitrogen (Bullock and Anderson 1998). In our previous studies. viz.42 g cm-3 for the 105-120 cm soil layer (El-Swaify et al. Similarly. the field was solarized with polythene mulch in both the seasons to prevent the incidence of Fusarium wilt. the SCMR shows a linear correlation with extractable leaf chlorophyll (Yadava 1986). India (Dua et al. At final harvest. the statistical procedure of residual maximum likelihood (ReML) was employed to obtain the unbiased estimates of the variance components 2b. It would also be valuable to characterize this mini-core set for other relevant drought related traits so that a comprehensive and integrated drought tolerance data base could be developed for supporting a drought tolerance breeding program in chickpea.40 cm3 cm-3 for the 0-15 cm soil layer. 1985). Therefore. 2005-06 and 2006-2007. As the block effects within each replication are separately . The genebank of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has developed a core collection of 1. Thus. ‘ICC 11627’ (62 DAS in 2006-07) Table 1.4 57.97 1.17 0.0 49. Such poor heritability values indicate that larger populations would be required for Fig 1.13 (at 90 DAS in 2006-07) and 0. and also under irrigated condition at 62 DAS in 2006-07. which was seen to decline to 14% at 50 DAS (Kashiwagi et al. (2g) to follow normal distribution asymptotically.: Significance and genetic diversity of SCMR in the chickpea germplasm 101 worked out with ReML. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genetic diversity of SCMR in chickpea mini-core germplasm: The chickpea cropping season was dry during both 2005-06 and 2006-07 (Fig 1).63 1.052 0. respectively .01 2.08 5.40 0.42 0.21 4.E. h2 0.0 *.060 0.E.062 0.0 56. which contain genetic as well as environmental variability.56 (at 62 DAS in 2005-06). 2005). range of best linear unbiased predicted means (BLUPs) and analysis of variance of SCMR of the entries in the field trials in 2005-06 and 2006-07.8 62.74 0. Total precipitation during the cropping season was only 3. assuming the ratio 2g /S. in 2005-06 and 2006-07 respectively.38 0.24 (at 62 DAS in 2005-06) (Table 1).4 61.05 and 0. In addition.67 S.38 (at 90 DAS in 2005-06) to 0.1 53. respectively.047 SCMR 2005-06 Irrigated at 62DAS Rainfed at 62DAS Irrigated at 90DAS 2006-07 Irrigated at 40DAS Rainfed at 40DAS Irrigated at 62DAS Rainfed at 62DAS DAS = days after sowing 52.77 0. The heritability values estimated under irrigated conditions ranged from 0. observed in the mini-core collection plus several entries. The significance of the fixed effect of the season was assessed using the Wald statistic that asymptotically follows a 2 distribution and is akin to the F-test in the traditional ANOVA.2 mm.1 mm and 17.6 49.4 P = 0.82 0. respectively.56 0.049 0.6 53. Irrespective of the irrigation treatments. the significance of genetic variability was assessed from the standard error of the estimate of genetic variance 2g. ‘ICC 16374’ was a noteworthy genotype as it showed the highest SCMR under rainfed condition at 62 DAS in 2005-06. Mean 47. In the phenotypic variability.01. Weather at experimental site (ICRISAT. Genotypes ‘ICC 12654’ (62 DAS in 2005-06). the genotype ‘ICC 4958’ showed the highest SCMR at 62 DAS and ‘ICC 7571’ at 40 DAS. the heritability values calculated are much more precise than the broad sense heritability and yet not that precise as that of the narrow sense heritability.2 60.1 52.6 Component 5. ** Significant at Range of predicted means Minimum Maximum 40.6 54. In one of our previous studies. The significance of G × S was assessed in a manner similar to that of 2g. assuming season effect as fixed.55 0.061 0. the heritability of SCMR in 2006-07 did not show big reduction at 62 DAS compared to that of 40 DAS although the heritability under rainfed conditions were very low as 17% at 40 DAS and 13% at 62 DAS.13 0. The above model was extended for over-season analysis if traits recorded in both seasons. the air was drier in 2006-07 than in 200506. Patancheru) during the crop growing season of the years 2005-06 and 2006-07.1 61.92 5.4 57.97 Significance ** ** ** ** ** ** * Heritability S.07 6. It can be concluded that 2006-07 was more droughty year than 2005-06. ‘ICC 4567’ (40 DAS in 2006-07). Under the rainfed (drought) conditions in 2006-07.2 64. 0.4 58.24 0. with genotype by season interaction effect being a random effect assumed to have a mean of zero and constant variance 2gE.070 0.8 43. Irrespective of irrigation treatments.E.32 0. but the minimum temperature across 2006-07 season was higher than that in 2005-06.Kashiwagi et al. shoot biomass at 35 DAS and root biomass at the same time possessed heritability values of more than 60% and 50%. there was a significant difference on SCMR among the germplasm accessions at any measurement stages in both the years (Table 1). and were higher than that in drought stress conditions showing between 0. The dynamics of temperature was also almost the same between the years.5 58. showed the lowest SCMR under drought environments.6 66. Trial means. and the pattern and amount of evaporation was similar between the years. 0 y = 0.0 58. 2007). 1994.109 0. As a consequence of increased leaf thickness.236x + 50. the SCMR did not show any such significant relationship with the shoot biomass.161* 0. 2008). 2007). harvest index.341** 0.0 61.329** -0. 2008). the SCMR is expected to be increased as repeatedly observed in groundnut (Nageswara Rao et al. Because of the denser chlorophyll content and thicker leaves. the leaves could have greater concentration of the chlorophyll density in the leaves to maintain relatively better photosynthesis. 40 DAS.732 ns). Bindu Madhava et al. and seed yield.0 54. wheat (Silva et al.0 SCMR at 62 DAS in 2006-07 65. such relationship was observed between the SCMR and yield but not in 2005-06 (Table 2).0 ICC163 74 ICC169 03 ICC109 54 63.4 with the fourth rank in 2005-06. although the G × E interaction was not significant (F prediction = 0. the promising genotypes which showed constantly higher SCMR in both years were identified among 216 accessions on a biplot chart (Fig 2). only in one season. On the other hand. whereas under irrigated conditions.01) (Fig 2). .069 0.087 0. In many crops. thereby reducing the leaf size so that the plants could minimize the water loss via the leaf surface.0 ICC14 22 ICC49 58 66. there was a significant positive correlation between the SCMR and the seed yield in both the cropping seasons.05 and 0. the same chickpea mini67. at earlier growth stage.0 56. Bindu Madhava et al. Interestingly.053 0. 2006-07.0 SCMR at 62 DAS in 2005-06 Fig 2. It is that the SCMR of chickpea accessions is an adaptive trait and some of the genotypes are capable of adjusting their leaf thickness/leaf nitrogen content under drought stress as seen in the current case at 62 DAS.034 0.4 in 2006-07 and 60. showing the highest SCMR of 66. under drought environments.202. The top 20 accessions with the best SCMR in each year are presented in Table 3 (the best 10% of the total 216 accessions).102 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).091 0. SCMR Rainfed Rainfed at 40DAS-2006 Rainfed at 62DAS-2005 Rainfed at 62DAS-2006 Irrigated Irrigated at 40DAS-2006 Irrigated at 62DAS-2005 Irrigated at 62DAS-2006 Irrigated at 90DAS-2005 selections to improve the SCMR of chickpea thereby enhancing the drought tolerance. A significant linear relationship of the SCMR at 62 DAS in rainfed conditions was observed between 2005-06 and 2006-07. The genotype ‘ICC 4958’ that originated in India happened to be the most outstanding. however. This phenomenon is an expected drought response in crop plants. further studies with chickpea are needed to confirm the extent of clarity in such relationships as observed in groundnut. ** Significant at P = 0. 2003. Five genotypes were the common ones that appeared on the lists of both the years. respectively behavior of SCMR had been reported in groundnut mapping population derived out of a high (‘ICGV 86031’) and a low TE (‘TAG 24’) parents (Krishnamurthy et al.0 50. 2010 Table 2. The vertical and horizontal lines indicate the mean of SCMR in 2005-06 and 2006-07. In groundnut.171* Harvest index 0.056 0. Upadhyaya 2005). Thus. and maize (Zaidi et al.342** 0.230** 0.0 62.000 -0.237** Yield 0. and that could reflect in a maximized vegetative as well as reproductive growth particularly under drought stress. Thus. respectively. Leaf area expansion gets more affected in response to drought with adversely affecting the specific leaf area (SLA). as an indicator of the heritability presented in Table 1.209** 0. such as groundnut (Nigam and Aruna 2008). Relationship in the SCMR at 62 DAS under rainfed conditions between the year 2005-06 and 2006-07.042 0. this strong correlation was observed between SCMR and seed yield under drought environments. was low (r2 = 0.389** DAS = days after sowing *. The SCMR at 62 DAS under drought conditions alone exhibited its contribution to the seed yield (Table 2).01.0 62. Significance of SCMR in chickpea to the yield under drought conditions: At 62 DAS. In our previous study. sorghum (Xu et al. This approach of screening for TE via SCMR can be applicable also to chickpea to improve the drought tolerance. the SCMR could be considered as one of the traits that should be incorporated into breeding programs aimed at improving the drought tolerance in chickpea.202 64.301** -0. which was similar to the SCMR response made in groundnut (Nigam and Aruna 2008). P<0.138* 0.0 60. The SCMR values in the drought environments were greater compared to the irrigated conditions (Table 1). 2001. However. The regression coefficient.0 52.434 2 r = 0. Similar Correlation coefficient between SCMR and the yield and yield components Shoot biomass 0. and between the SLA and transpiration efficiency (TE) had been observed (Wright et al. the SCMR at the 62 DAS under drought environments also showed significant positive relationship with the shoot biomass and harvest index in chickpea (Table 2). a clear significant negative correlation between SLA and SCMR.098 0. 2003) suggesting that SCMR could be used as an easily measurable surrogate for TE for improving the drought tolerance (Nigam and Aruna 2008). but a significant relationship between the SCMR and yield was observed at 90 DAS. The accessions ‘ICC 16374’ (origin unknown).7 65. showed the best SCMR performance among the 216 chickpea germplasm in the present study. In maize.1 60.3 60.2 65.05 and 0. while this relationship could not be noticed in early growth stages and soil moisture environments.0 0. Investigations on the existence of any association between our previous results on various root traits and the SCMR did not exhibit any relationship (root length density and SCMR: r = 0.2 65. SCMR 66.3 60.2 65. a stage when the crop had already experienced considerable drought stress.0 60. i.1 60.0 65.3 65.1 60.8 59. This could more likely be due to the nitrogen compensation provided by the biological nitrogen fixation in chickpea in addition to the root system acquisition advantage. ** Significant at P = 0.9 59.094 ns). This genotype happens to be one of the most promising breeding material for improving the drought tolerance of chickpea in terms of not only the soil water acquisition but also nitrogen acquisition.3 60.4 65.7 65.5 65.01.: Significance and genetic diversity of SCMR in the chickpea germplasm Table 3.97 DAS = days after sowing *. respectively core collection plus 5 popular varieties were characterized for the root traits (Kashiwagi et al.6 1.2 65.1 57.9 60.0 59. The SCMR seemed to be an adaptive trait. A large genetic variability for SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR).7 65. a single genotype ‘ICC 4958’ also can be the source for the twin alleles such as the best root system and the best SCMR.8 65.32 2006-07 Accession ‘ICC 16374’ ‘ICC 4872’ ‘ICC 4495’ ‘ICC4958’ ‘ICC 14402’ ‘ICC 2580’ ‘ICC 13461’ ‘ICC 16903’ ‘ICC 12155’ ‘ICC 15435’ ‘ICC 7308’ ‘ICC 7272’ ‘ICC 4463’ ‘ICC 15802’ ‘ICC 10945’ ‘ICC 1422’ ‘ICC 1431’ ‘ICC 2884’ ‘ICC 6263’ ‘ICC 2990’ SCMR 61. The accessions/genotypes listed on Table 3 would be valuable sources of nitrogen acquisition capability for further breeding programs to improve the drought tolerance in chickpea. while the deeper roots were able to extract nitrate leached to deeper soil layers. and rooting depth and SCMR: r = 0. ‘ICC 16903’ (India) and ‘ICC 10945’ (India) were also noteworthy as they exhibited high and repeatable SCMR values.8 60. Our results suggest that the use of two different genetic sources. as a proxy to the nitrogen acquisition capability. it showed that the soil nitrogen acquisition of chickpea is independent of the root systems.e.8 64. the genotypes with extensive and deep root systems had been shown to have the advantage of acquiring greater amount of nitrogen under drought conditions (Banziger et al. water uptake) and the other for the SCMR advantage (nitrogen acquisition ability) could be a more beneficial strategy for genetic improvement of drought tolerance in chickpea. Alternatively.4 60. A known drought-avoidant genotype with the most prolific and deep root system ‘ICC 4958’ also showed the best SCMR performances among the 216 chickpea germplasm accessions. selections for SCMR need to be made at a stage when the crop has been adequately subjected to drought stress and at later stages of crop growth such as mid pod-fill stage. was observed among the 211 mini-core chickpea germplasm accessions plus 5 cultivars from the ICRISAT genebank. in our current study on chickpea. Therefore.4 60. A significant relationship between the SCMR and seed yield under drought environment was observed only at 62 DAS.Kashiwagi et al.2 60. ‘ICC 1422’ (India). 2001).2 66. Kamara et al.3 60. one for the root system advantage (viz.3 66. Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 103 Twenty top ranking chickpea germplasm on SCMR among 216 accessions in each year Accession ‘ICC 4958’ ‘ICC 1882’ ‘ICC 1422’ ‘ICC 5383’ ‘ICC 283’ ‘ICC 15868’ ‘ICC 13124’ ‘ICC 7441’ ‘ICC 16374’ ‘ICC 15618’ ‘ICC 8318’ ‘ICCV2’ ‘ICC 16903’ ‘ICC 13863’ ‘ICC 10945’ ‘ICC 10399’ ‘ICC 7571’ ‘ICC 14778’ ‘ICC 8855’ ‘ICC 14669’ 2005-06 Origin India India India India India India India India Unknown India India India India Ethiopia India India Israel India Afghanistan India Mean (n=216) S.2 60. however.4 66.1 66. a genotype identified to possess one of the most prolific and deep root systems. 1999.6 65.4 60. It would be because the extensive roots in the surface soil layer allowed the crops to use the soil inorganic nitrogen effectively. Interestingly. 2005).5 65.4 65..8 59.E. ‘ICC 4958’. This genotype will remain to be a unique promising breeding material for improving not only the soil water but . However. Interactions between the rhizobial activities and the chickpea genotype-rhizobium affinity under drought condition would influence the nitrogen acquisition.102 ns. Jyotsna Devi M. Registration of four short-duration fusarium wil-resistant kabuli (garbanzo) chickpea germplasm. Kanpur.). This can be used as valuable baseline information in future breeding programs to improve the drought tolerance and QTL mapping of nitrogen acquisition capability in chickpea to develop high yielding cultivars for drought environments. Shankar AG. 2008. Canberra. Singh NB (Eds). Nigam SN. Bramel PJ and Singh S. ‘ICC 16374’ and ‘ICC 16903’ with the best SCMR were also identified. Rome. Measurement of leaf color scores and its implication to nitrogen nutrition of rice plants. 1. Krishnamurthy L. Advances in Agronomy 43: 107-153. Buhariwalla HK. Saxena NP. Takebe M and Yoneyama T. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Harikrishna S. Pathak P. Rachaputi NC. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was partly supported by the unrestricted funds from the Japanese Government earmarked for drought tolerance research and breeding in ICRISAT. Variability of root characteristics and their contributions to seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) under terminal drought stress. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 54: 261-265. Duigan SP and Berlyn GP. Available at http://faostat. Talwar HS and Wright GC. Chickpea research in India. Stability of soil analytical development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and specific leaf area (SLA) and their association across varying soil moisture stress conditions in groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L. 1989. Silva JAG and Sharma V. Evaluation of Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for nitrogen management in corn.). Jifon JL. 1995. 1994.104 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). Krishnamurthy L. An evaluation of noninvasive methods to estimate foliar chlorophyll content. Inada K. 2006. REFERENCES Ali M and Kumar S. 1963. 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Uniformity and Stability (DUS) is the basis for grant of protection of new plant varieties under the protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s right Act. With the inception of AICRP in sixties. ‘Pant U 31’. 2010) ABSTRACT Morphological characterization of urdbean varieties is essential for their protection under Plant Variety Protection (PVP) legislation. Varieties were evaluated for 21 characters viz. 1992). ‘LBG 402’. SINGH Indian Institute of Pulses Research. the present study was undertaken with the objective to characterize 46 released varieties of urdbean on the basis of qualitative morphological characters and to establish distinctiveness of the candidate variety from all other varieties including extant varieties developed in India. ‘GU 1’. leaf shape (terminal). Uttar Pradesh..Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 106-109. days to 50% flowering. leaf colour. 2009. ‘TPU 4’.) Hepper] is the third most important pulse crops of India and is grown primarily as intercrop with jowar. plant habit. ‘TAU 2’. vein colour. On account of its short duration. ‘LBG 611’. Key words : Characterization. Similarly. Further. The erect type . ‘UG 218’. when breeders mostly applied pureline selections from land races and after multilocational testing. The observations were recorded on 10 plants in each replication at specified stages of crop growth period when the characters under study had full expression. considerable variation was observed for all the important attributes under study except for anthocyanin colour. ‘LBG 20’. Three types of growth habit (erect. ‘G 338’. ‘TAU 1’. plant height. ‘Azad Urd 1’.. stem pubescence. DIXIT and B.. mature pod length. Improvement in urdbean was initiated during 1950s. ‘AKU 4’. India. photo-insensitivity and dense crop canopy. 2001) as the act has provision to compare the candidate variety with the varieties of common knowledge on a set of relevant characteristics prescribed in the Draft National Test Guidelines for DUS testing of urdbean and commonly accepted for this purpose at the time of filling of application. varietal testing for Distinctness. Anthocyanin colour was observed at cotyledons unfolded stage whereas time of flowering was observed on 50% plants with atleast one open flower. Nine characters viz. ‘Sekhar U 2’. four attributes. viz. Email: goldikatiyar@yahoo. seed coat lusture. ‘Mash 1’. Urdbean.. Further. etc. uniformity and stability P. ‘LBG 645’. 2001. ‘LBG 17’. ‘Mash 414’. plant habit. K. pod colour and pod length were observed at maturity. superior genotypes were recommended as improved varieties. ‘Azad Urd 2’. ‘LBG 648’. growth habit. ‘Mash 1008’. spaced 45 cm apart with interplant distance of 15 cm. ‘TMV 1’. Keeping this in view. ‘Vamban 2’. ‘Sekhar U 3’. it assumes special significance in crop intensification and diversification. ‘NDU 1’. and ‘Pant U 40’ released and notified in India were evaluated during kharif season.. seed shape and seed size were recorded of mature seeds. On the basis of 21 descriptors. Kanpur – 208 024. ‘LBG 685’. All the varieties showed similar expression for each character over the years depicting the stability of varieties. seed lusture. leaf vein colour and leaf pubescence were observed at 50% flowering. 2010 Varietal characterization of urdbean for distinctiveness. seed shape and seed size. These descriptors were recorded as per IBPGR (IBPGR. ‘Pragya’. seed colour. peduncle length. peduncle length. ‘CO 5’. conservation of natural resources and sustainability of production systems. seed colour. ‘Pant U 35’. ‘JU 2’. Accepted: October. petiole colour. ‘Sekhar U 1’. pre-mature pod colour. and seed size. collective efforts were diverted by the breeders to develop high yielding varieties through hybridization and mutation breeding which led to increase in area and production. ‘T 9’. varieties were grouped into different categories for each character and may be used as reference varieties. 2001 (PPV & FR. Therefore. Vigna radiata Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L. foliage colour. Cultivars. G. ‘Pant U 19’. ‘Mash 2’. ‘PDU 1’. stem pubescence. KATIYAR. at Indian Institute of Pulses Research. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the 46 urdbean varieties studied. Each plot consisted of four rows of 5 m length. during kharif and as sole crop during of rabi and spring seasons. Uniformity and Stability (DUS) are the basis for granting protection of new variety under PPV&FR Act.P. The characterization of blackgram varieties under study is presented in Table 1 and frequency distribution of each descriptor of released varieties alongwith example varieties is depicted in Table 2. ‘Naveen’. ‘Sarla’. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of forty six urdbean varieties viz. ‘Manikya’. leaf shape (terminal). semi-spreading and spreading) are seen in the Indian varieties. ‘TU 94-2’. colour of pre-mature pod and pod pubescence were observed at fully developed green pods while plant height.B. anthocyanin colour. stem pubescence. a total of 46 released varieties of urdbean were grouped for various agro-morphological descriptors. ‘WBU 108’. ‘RBU 38’. ‘KU 96-3’. stem colour. mature pod colour. ‘Vamban 1’. leaf pubescence. because varietal testing for Distinctness. peduncle length. ‘LBG 623’. ‘Pant U 30’. growth habit. ‘Uttara’. pod pubescence.com (Received: July. pigeonpea. Kanpur in a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications over three years (2006 to 2008). petiole colour. time of flowering. leaf pubescence. petiole colour. None of the attribute showed intra-varietal variation. stem colour. bajra. 5=medium. 5=medium. 2=oval. 7=late 1=buff. 2=brown. 3=brown. 5=green. 5=semi-erect. 2=green with purple splashes. 9=present 1=green.Katiyar et al. 7=dark green 3=small. 5=medium.: Varietal characterization of urdbean for distinctiveness. 7=long 1=globose. 2=greenish purple. 5=medium. 2=purple 1=shiny. 2=dark green 1=absent. 7=long 3=short. 2=dull Seed size 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 . 2=indeterminate 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 7 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 1=deltoid. 4=cunate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 7 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1=green. 5=mottoled 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 1=green. 3=drum 3=early. 2=greenish brown. 9=present 1=absent. 7=long 3=erect. 3=purple 1=green. uniformity and stability Table 1. 4=purple 3=short. 7=large 3=yellowish green. 3=black 1=absent. Characterization of urdbean varieties Leaflet (terminal) shape Premature pod colour 107 Plant Growth habit Mature pod colour Pubescence on pod Antocyanin colour Time of flowering Stem Pubescence Seed coat lusture Leaf pubescence Leaf vein colour Peduncle length Petiole colour Plant height Stem colour Seed colour Leaf colour Plant habit Seed shape Pod length Genotype Azad U 1 Azad U 2 AKU 4 CO 5 Gujarat U 1 JU 2 KU 96-3 LBG 17 LBG 611 LBG 623 LBG 645 LBG 648 LBG 685 LBG 402 Manikaya Mash 2 Naveen NDU 1 PDU 1 Pant U 19 Pant U 30 Pant U 35 RBU 38 Sekhar U 1 Sekhar U 2 Sekhar U 3 Sarla TU 94-2 TAU 1 TAU 2 T9 TMV 1 TPU 4 Uttara UG 218 Vambn 2 Vamban 1 WBU 108 G 338 LBG 20 Mash 1 Mash 414 UG 1008 Pragaya Pant U 40 Pant U 31 State of characteristics according to national test guidelines 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 7 7 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 7 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1=determinate. 3=lanceolate. 2=ovate. 9=present 3=small. 5=medium. 9=Present 1=green. 7=spreading 1=Absent. 4=black. TU 94-2 Uttara. NDU 1 T 9. RBU 38 Sekhar U 2 JU 2 Uttara Nil Uttara. ‘Gwalior 2’. In the present study. NDU 1 Pant U 19. NDU 1 Vamban 1. WBU 108 Sekhar U 1 PU 30.. ‘Pant U 19’. ‘UL 338’. T 9 Uttara T 9. An indeterminate plant type of 50-60 cm height (Pant U 40 and Shekhar U 1) may be desirable for the kharif season (Singh . Pant U 19 Vamban 1 NDU 1. ‘Pant U 30’. TAU 2 Pant U 19. sugarcane. TAU 1 Pant U 35. Pant U 35 Pant U 19. ‘G 338’ and ‘Pant U 31’ were also erect in growth habit. It is generally believed that evolution has been from indeterminate spreading to determinate upright plant types (Smartt 1985. Pant U 30 Nil Plant descriptors Anthocyanin colour Time of flowering Plant growth habit Plant habit Stem pubescence Leaflet (terminal) shape Foliage colour Leaf vein colour Leaf pubescence Petiole colour Pod colour (Premature pod) Pod pubescence Peduncle length Pod length Pod colour (mature) Seed lusture Plant height Seed colour Seed size generally have a determinate growth habit while others have indeterminate growth habit (Singh 1997). pigeonpea. ‘BR 68’. Naveen T 9. ‘Uttara’. etc. sorghum. TAU 1 LBG 17 Uttara. WBU 108 Vamban 1 PDU 1. Steele and Mehra 1980).) are indeterminate spreading types and have been in cultivation predominantly as intercrop with cotton. RBU 38 Nil PDU 1. rabi and summer season in India. of varieties 0 46 8 20 18 30 11 5 7 39 0 46 0 16 29 1 41 5 34 12 0 46 0 46 0 22 13 11 4 42 0 46 0 43 3 0 22 10 14 6 40 20 19 7 2 13 31 46 Example varieties Nil IPU 94-1. ‘T 65’. ‘T 77’. T 9 Sekhar U 3 LBG 17. ‘UG 218’. Mash 1 Uttara. etc. LBG 402 T 9. the urdbean crop is a tropical one but it is grown in kharif. ‘T 9’. Further.108 Table 2. all the varieties of determinate types viz. NDU 1 Nil NDU 1. Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). WBU 108 Nil NDU 1. PDU 1 Nil Azad U 2 Sekhar U 2 Nil PDU 1 Sekhar U 2. Sekhar U 2 Pant U 19. 2010 Frequency distribution and example varieties of some important attributes of 46 released varieties of urdbean Range in expression Absent Present Early (< 40 days) Medium (40-50 days) Late (>50 days) Erect Semi-erect Spreading Determinate Indeterminate Absent Present Deltoid Ovate Lanceolate Cunate Green Dark green Green Purple Absent Present Green Green with Purple splashes Purple Yellowish Green Green Dark Green Absent Present Short (<5 cm) Medium (5-10 cm) Long (> 10 cm) Small (< 5 cm) Medium (5-7 cm) Long (> 7 cm) Buff (Off-white) Brown Black Shiny Dull Short (<45 cm) Medium (45-60 cm) Long (>60 cm) Green Greenish Brown Black Small (<3 g) Medium (3-5 g) Large (>5 g) No. NDU 1 Pragya Nil KU 96-3. Smartt 1990. Cultivation of erect and determinate types have been increasing steadily for the past three decades because of the ease in cultivation in sole cropping system and their ability to avoid some diseases. Early selections from the landraces (‘T 27’. RBU 38 CO 5 Pant U 19. Ministry of Agriculture. ‘Sarla’. Descriptor of Vigna sp. ‘LBG 645’. six cultivars. of India.: Varietal characterization of urdbean for distinctiveness. 2001. these varieties were grouped into different categories for each character and may be used as reference cultivars. On the basis of pod length. ‘LBG 645’. ‘Naveen’. medium (57 cm) and long (> 7 cm). early vigour is an important component. pod colour (premature pod). ‘TAU 2’.. Plants bearing more pods along with more seeds/pod would be desirable as the number of pods/plant has the highest positive and significant correlation with yield (Singh 1997). Tiwari AS and Ramanujam S. of Agriculture and Cooperation. green and dark green. UK. ‘LBG 685’ and ‘LBG 648’ exhibited lustrous seed and the remaining showed dull seed. green seed varieties are preferred over black seeded types. ‘KU 96-3’. 10 varieties with brown and rest showed buff (off-white) pod colour. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.. New Delhi. Singh KB and Dhaliwal HS. evolution and adaptation to farming system and environment in Vigna. Sinha 1988. small (< 3 g / 100seed). Steele WM and Mehra KL.. Purple leaf vein colour was observed in 12 varieties viz. ‘UL 338’ and ‘Pragaya’ exhibited dark green colour and rest showed light green foliage colour. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 41: 719-723. HMSO London. The evolution of agriculturally significant legumes. 1988. Structure. Pod pubescence was noticed in all the varieties except for ‘AKU 9904’. Indian Journa of Genetics 36: 418-419.. medium (3 to 5 g / 100-seed) and large seeded (> 5 g / 100-seed). ‘T 9’. 13 greenish brown and two (‘Sekhar U 1’ and ‘Sekhar U 2’) are green types. pod length and pod colour (mature pod) were studied. REFERENCES IBPGR. ‘PDU 1’. On the basis of present preliminary characterization. Among the cultivars studied. ‘Mash 414’. Plant Breeding Abstracts 67(9): 1213-1220. ‘LBG 402’. The green seeded varieties are generally grown as mixed crop with sorghum. Leaf vein colour is another character with sufficient variability in urdbean varieties. In respect of pod colour. There are indications that novel and useful traits can be successfully combined from related species. all the cultivars belong to medium category. only four attributes related to pods viz. ‘JU 2’. Combining ability and genetic of days to 50% flowering in blackgram. ‘GU 1’. ‘LBG 20’. For example 13 varieties depicted green colour. Varieties like ‘CO 5’. ‘LBG 17’. in selecting early maturing genotypes. viz. reduced plant height is also an important attribute and majority of the varieties viz. ‘LBG 648’. . short (< 5 cm). Italy. Seven varieties exhibited plant height more than 60 cm whereas the remaining had height between 45 to 60 cm. Evolution of grain legume III. ‘UG 218’. uniformity and stability 109 1997) whereas. In the present study. ‘LBG 623’. Attractive seed colour has been the consumer preference as they offer good market price. ‘G 338’. Smartt J. ‘T 9’ and ‘LBG 20’. Further. ‘Pant U 31’. Seed size of urdbean cultivars may be grouped into three categories viz. seeds were classified into three groups. ‘Azad U 2’. ‘LBG 685’. urdbean varieties can be classified into three categories viz. ‘CO 5’. ‘UL 338’. While 30 parents involved in the ancestry of 32 cultivars developed through hybridization. and thus can be manipulated with relative ease. ‘Pant U 35’. pod pubescence. In certain pockets. Earliness and photo-insensitivity are recessive traits and under the control of major gene (Singh and Dhaliwal 1971. Krishi Bhavan. ‘LBG 685’. ‘NDU 1’.e. The urdbean varieties were largely of medium to late flowering except some spring season varieties which belong to early flowering category. In relation to seed shape. In: RJ Summerfield and AH Bunting (eds). ‘LBG 645’. ‘LBG 648’. Smartt J. 1980. ‘Vamban 2’. ‘LBG 402’.. Pp. Early maturing types are dwarf due to short internodes and tend to mature after the first flush of flowers (Singh 1997). ‘Sekhar U 2’ and ‘Sekhar U 3’ had medium pod length while rest of cultivars showed short pod length. ‘TAU 2’ and ‘Pragaya’ and the other varieties depicted green leaf vein colour. ‘Uttara’. only three varieties i. Pulses in the genus vigna. ‘Manikya’ and ‘Pant U 19’ were observed under this category. Considerable variation was also observed for leaflet (terminal) shape. Singh. Further. diseases and pest resistance. ‘LBG 611’. ‘Pragaya’. Experimental Agriculture 21: 87-100. 1997. ‘LBG 623’.. ‘T 9’ is the only variety suitable for spring season. ‘LBG 648’. ‘Mash 2’. dwarf mutant of urdbean. ‘NDU 1’. namely green. only a few were frequently utilized with specific objectives such as incorporation of earliness. ‘Mash 1-1’ and ‘Sekhar U3’ were of ovate types while ‘Vamban 1’ showed cunate leaf shape. determinate growth habit with 30 cm plant height and greater early vigour are desirable for spring/summer/ rabi season. Tiwari and Ramanujam 1976). 14 varieties depicted black pod colour. ‘KU 96-3’. ‘LBG 20’. Foliage colour varied from light green to dark green in the varieties studied eg. ‘LBG 685’. 1992. Prebreeding or genetic enhancement needs emphasis for transfer or introgression of genes and gene combinations from unadapted sources into more usable breeding material.Katiyar et al. In the present study. Sinha RP. Tailoring the plant type in pulse crop. 1976. Journal of Nuclear Agriculture and Biology 17: 61-62. ‘LBG 611’. Early maturity. pigeonpea and cotton and popular among consumers of certain areas of the country (Singh 1997). ‘LBG 611’. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Right Act (No. Dept. ‘Uttara’. ‘LBG 17’. In the past breeding efforts in the development of varieties have utilized only a fraction of the vast available diversity as was evident from their pedigree. black and greenish brown. 53 of 2001). ‘Azad Urd 1’. Thirty one cultivars are of black seeded types. DP. ‘Manikya’. 1971. Gov. In the present study. ‘LBG 17’. ‘Azad Urd 2’. 1990. The trait premature pod colour was categorized into three categories namely. Genetics of flowering response in mungbean. yellowish green. 393-404. Short duration varieties are often less sensitive to photoperiod than the late maturing ones. Therefore. ‘WBU 108’. twelve varieties depicted drum shape seed and others were oval. Rest varieties showed lanceolate leaf shape. PPV & FR. However in the present study. 1985. ‘Sekhar U 1’. Rome. 11 showed dark green and the remaining showed yellowish green. Plant Breeding Abstracts 60: 725-731. ‘Uttara’. It is a hardy grain legume with an ability to withstand protracted droughts. Yield per plant. Gamma rays. 35 and 40 kR in all the three varieties. pod length. and so on. In all. 20. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and cluster X. 15. 2004 to kharif. The selected 58 lines that yielded higher than respective checks in M3 generation were selected and sown for their superiority in M4 generation along with respective checks. thus.co. 15. Likewise. Similarly M3 generation was sown in Compact Family Block Design. Agricultural University. PATEL. D. Transformation of original means of various characters (X1’s) to uncorrelated variables (Y1’s) was carried out by pivotal condensation as the common dispersion matrix by computer. 25 seeds from each selected plants in M1 were sown in a row for each replication. Key words: Cluster. D2 analysis (Mahalanobis 1936) is an extreme tool in quantifying the degree of divergence among the biological populations at genotypic level to assess the relative contributions of different components to the total divergence. The selected 25 plants from each treatment in M1 generation became families in M2 generation. verdc. The M1 was raised following proper package of practices in single replication.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 110-112.in (Received: December. so as to utilize them in the breeding programme because genetically diverse parents are likely to produce high heterotic effects (Griffing and Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam. The inter-cluster distance was calculated by measuring the distance between clusters I and II. Trombay with gamma rays intensity of 1. It performs well in almost all types of soils. S. The grains may be utilized in multifarious ways ranging from whole boiled seeds as dal to grind flour mixed with main calory sources like wheat flour. Dolichos biflorus) is well known for its versatility to perform well under adverse edaphic and climatic conditions. Cluster I (34).8 kR per minute. 10. M4 generation was raised in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Agricultural University. The row-to-row spacing was kept 45 cm and plantto-plant 15 cm. one by one all the clusters were taken and their distances from each other were calculated. Email: nbprg@yahoo. B. TIKKA and J. M2 generation was raised to assess induced polygenic variability and to score the types of macro-mutations and their frequency. B. 2004 to kharif 2005. Sardarkrushinagar and were treated with different doses of gamma rays at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). 25. B.. 2008. followed by cluster IV (12). Sardarkrushinagar. Accepted: August. . ‘AK-42’ and ‘Maru-K-1’ was studied under field conditions at the Main Pulses Research Station. the crop has immense pertinence in sustaining and enhancing soil fertility by checking erosion and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Besides food. 20. except highly alkaline soils. days to 50% flowering and number of pods per plant had moderate contribution towards total divergence. It was observed that the genotypes were clustered irrespective of their eco-geographical regions. The doses applied were 0. feed and medicinal uses. In south India. I and III. Gujarat. 2010) ABSTRACT Effect of different doses of gamma rays (5. Genetic divergence. D. 30. cluster V (4) and cluster VI (4) were found to be the largest. The mutated seeds were grown during summer. 25 normal appearing plants were randomly selected to provide material for M2 generation up to 20 kR. PATEL S. Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. This made D2 value as a simple sum of squares of differences in transformed values for various characters. eleven clusters were formed. 5. 25. plant height. 2010 Genetic diversity among selected genotypes of M4 generation in horsegram N. The seeds have an immense medicinal value and work like panacea for those suffering from kidney stone which is the most prevalent problem in arid and semi arid areas due to nagging poor quality of potent water. Sardarkrushinagar during summer. II and III. making 27 treatments. Horsegram MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds (250g) of three cultivars of horsegram viz. From each treatment in M1 generation. 35 and 40) in three varieties of horsegram viz. India. number of seeds per pod. 10. genetic diversity plays an important role because hybrid between lines of diverse origin generally displays a greater heterosis than those between closely related parents. days to maturity. ‘AK-21’. S. In plant breeding. Test weight was the main contributor towards the total divergence. S. Genetic diversity is a basic criterion to the crop plants whether through natural selection or by directed plant breeding. Grouping of the genotypes in different clusters was done by using Tocher’s method (Rao 1952). 2005. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant breeders are always interested to assess the genetic diversity among the germplasm/varieties/advanced breeding material available with them. ‘AK 21’. The M2 and M3 were raised in Compact Family Block Design with three replications.. the crop is especially grown as a preparatory crop in newly reclaimed lands to improve the soil fertility and organic matter status (Sen and Bhowal 1959). 30. ‘AK 42’ and ‘Maru K-1’ were obtained from the germplasm pool maintained at the Main Pulses Research Station. 00 11 5. AK-42 5 kR 8. AK-21 10 kR 8.00 10 7. MK-1 5 kR 17. were observed. AK-42 20 kR 1. 12. Hence. AK-21 15 kR 12 4 AK-42 10 kR 14. free exchange of seed material along different geographical regions changes the Table 1.38 5. AK-21 20 kR 3. High heterotic combinations are obtained when the genotypes of distantly placed clusters are inter-crossed. The maximum inter-cluster distance (D = 11.96 7. MK-1 10 kR 19 4 AK-21 control. MK-1 15 kR 2. AK-42 10 kR 7. 4 and 4 genotypes.34 4. AK-42 5 kR 4 1 AK-42 5 kR 24 1 AK-42 15 kR 25 1 AK-21 5 kR 11 1 AK-21 15 kR 2 1 MK-1 5 kR 2 II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Table 2. AK-21 10 kR 20. Clustering of 61 genotypes was carried out following Tocher’s method (Rao 1952). The distantly related parents within the same species when utilized in cross breeding programme are likely to produce a wider spectrum of variability.04 7. D2 statistic estimated in 61 genotypes of horsegram isolated from M3 generation (58 mutants + 3 checks) on the basis of their per se performance for nine characters showed that generalized distance (D) between two populations varied from 0.56 4.93 8.86) and clusters X and V (D = 8. Similar results may be obtained by crossing cluster X and cluster II and cluster X and cluster V. AK-21 15 kR 5.71 4.85 5. Genetic drift and selection in different environments might result in greater diversity than geographical distance.76 3. MK-1 10 kR 17.85 2. MK-1 20 kR 11.Patel et al. MK-1 15 kR 7.06 5. MK-1 5 kR 22.59 5. followed by clusters X and II (D = 9.40 7. MK-1 20 kR 12 18. MK-1 5 kR 13.40 0. Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Average intra and inter-cluster (D) values for 61 genotypes of horsegram 1 2.79 7. MK-1 10 kR 8.68 9. MK-1 control. MK-1 15 kR 4.00 3 3. (1992) and Patil et al. AK-42 15 kR 6. while cluster III depicted the lowest mean value for days to maturity. AK-42 control. Similar conclusion was derived by Ganeshaiah (1982). AK-21 10 kR 17.99 4. MK-1 15 kR 13. AK-42 20 kR 12. AK-21 10 kR 6.45 6 4. AK-21 15 kR 14.43 0.51 0.00 to 11. (1993).04.87 6.60 6. MK-1 5 kR 7. eleven clusters were observed (Table 1).46 6. when he is concerned with a complex trait like yield per plant. Seven more clusters. AK-42 10 kR 2. Large distances between clusters (inter-cluster) were reported by Balan et al.02 3.41 5. MK-1 15 kR 23. cluster XI for number of pods per plant.83 4.81 5. cluster IX for number of seeds per pod and cluster III for yield per plant exhibited the highest mean values (Table 3). cluster VIII for pod length.00 .00 4 4.25 4.72 0.68) (Table 2). genotypes of cluster X.93 4.69 3. followed by cluster IV.58 5. Inter crossing of genotypes among these clusters will induce variability for the respective traits. MK-1 15 kR 19.67 4.07 6. respectively. MK-1 15 kR 10.76 0. Over all. each having single genotype. MK-1 20 kR 16. AK-42 15 kR 23. might give high heterosis.55 4.14 5.04) was observed between clusters X and VI.04 3. cluster V and cluster VI were found to be the largest with 34.86 5.16 0. MK-1 20 kR 4. The distribution of 61 genotypes of horsegram to different clusters on the basis of D2 statistics Number of genotypes Genotypes 34 AK-42 15 kR 20.: Genetic diversity among selected genotypes in M4 generation in horsegram 111 Lindston 1954).24 3.00 8 3.57 5. AK-42 20 kR 23. To a plant breeder single character is not of much importance as the combined merit of a number of desirable traits becomes more important. MK-1 15 kR 9 1 MK-1 10 kR 10 1 AK-21 10 kR 12 AK-21 10 kR 9.68 11.00 9 3. AK-21 5 kR 20. Cluster VII depicted the lowest mean values for days to 50% flowering and plant height.77 4.96 5.18 4. Cluster X showed highest mean values for number of effective branches per plant and test weight.56 6. if crossed with those of cluster VI. AK-42 10 kR 5. AK-21 20 kR 17. AK-21 5 kR 13.27 3. selection of parents based on number of characters having quantitative divergence is required which can be fulfilled by D2 statistic developed by Mahalanobis (1936).11 0. AK-21 10 kR 4.54 6. MK-1 5 kR 21. Cluster I. AK-21 20 kR 23. In the present investigation. for improving yield.52 4.29 5. In the present study.34 6. Similarly. AK-21 5 kR 4. Moreover.93 3.53 3. AK-21 5 kR 22.13 7. AK-42 5 kR 10. AK-21 20 kR 15. AK-42 5 kR 3.00 5 3.79 2 3.17 7 3. Cluster I character constellation associated with particular region. Absence of parallelism between genetic diversity and geographical origin was reported in upland cotton and castor (Bhatt and Reddy 1987). 56 Test weight (g) 3.70 4. 1979. while number of effective branches per plant had least contribution to the total divergence. On the generalized distance in statistics.45 55.50 105. Yield per plant.56 6. Indian Journal of Botany 10 : 21-26. Genetic studies in horse gram.92 5.26 3.23 40. New York.07 8.91 58.02 3.94 43.83 3.07 111 6. number of pods per plant (cluster XI) and number of seeds per pod (cluster IX). number of effective branches per plant.80 56. pod length and number of seeds per pod in ‘MK-1’.11 3.08 3. Agronomy Journal 46 : 545-552. Maximum cluster mean was observed for yield per plant (cluster III). days to maturity.31 3.84 37.37 6. A study of combining abilities of corn inbreds having varying proportions of corn belt and non-corn belt germplasm. 1980.55 6.89 Pod Length (cm) 4. Jahagirdar JE.00 5. Genetic diversity in horse gram ( Macrotyloma uniflorum L.59 48.09 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 variability and improving yield. (1979) in horsegram and Renganayaki and Rangasamy (1991) in green gram. Proceedings of National Institute of Science. Multivariate analysis for yield and its contributing characters in horse gram ( Dolichos biflorus L.62 3.).00 Plant height (cm) 58. John Willey and Sons.00 4. 1936.55 4.45 3. for creating wide spectrum of Table 4.09 90 4.64 4.71 Yield/ plant (g) 7.21 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI The results revealed that test weight was the main contributor towards the total divergence (Table 4). Indian Journal of Pulses Research 5: 78-81.18 110.57 3.92 102. number of effective branches per plant and number of pods per plant in ‘AK-21’. Verdec). plant height.72 7.84 5.11 105. Shinde VS and Ghodke MK. the significant correlation in positive direction with yield per plant was observed by days to 50% flowering.09 62. 1993. which is strictly self pollinated and crossing is very difficult due to tiny structure of flower.82 3. Marappan PV and Sivasamy N.73 60.89 Character Days to 50% flowering (no) Plant height (cm) Effective branches/plant (no) Pods/plant (no) Pod length (cm) Seeds/pod (no) Days to maturity (no) Test weight (g) Yield/plant (g) .22 56. India 2 : 49-55.13 35. 1992.89 2.49 3.49 53.04 59.70 4.68 4. The clustering pattern could be utilized for identifying the best cross combinations in generating variability with respect to various traits. REFERENCES Balan A.03 4. Patil RA. Indian Farming 42 : 12. Mungbean variety ‘BM-4’ is suitable for central zone. Griffing B and Lindston EW.73 Effective branches/ plant (no) 3. 1952.65 29.58 Pods/ plant (no) 38. Mahalanobis PC.33 104.79 107.67 54.89 3. number of seeds per pod.67 166 9. 1987.20 6.98 6.61 4. 1991. Renganayaki K and Rangasamy SR.78 103.27 39.. Genetic divergence in Vigna species.37 Seeds/ pod (no) 4.38 4.07 937 51.69 3. days to maturity.58 53.96 20 1.00 3. Pp.42 31.83 2. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 4 : 159-164. No.).44 4.92 122 6.15 2.92 2. Mutation breeding could not perform miracles but still it was very successful in opening new horizons for a crop like horsegram.67 54.22 58. Genetic divergence and heterosis in castor ( Ricinus communis L. Ganeshaiah KN. cluster XI and cluster IX should be inter crossed. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49 : 719-723.14 109 5.87 5.39 8. I). Bhatt Dipika and Reddy TP. Cluster Number Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).93 5.74 57. In the present investigation. Sr.00 Days to maturity (no) 105. Therefore. Superior genotypes for hybridization programme can also be selected on the basis of inter-cluster distance and cluster means. pod length. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 19 : 228-233.21 2. number of pods per plant. The foregoing discussion clearly demonstrates that the genetic variability induced by physical mutagen both at morphological and quantitative levels in majority of the character broadens the scope of selection for desired characters and plant type for future breeding programme.112 Table 3. number of pods per plant.56 107. the genotypes included in cluster III.00 2. 1954. and number of seeds per pod in ‘AK-42’ and days to 50% flowering.59 38. 337-363.11 57.89 44. Per cent contribution of each character towards the total divergence Number of times Contribution character ranked (%) first 94 5.23 5.97 3.53 57.28 104. 2010 Cluster means for different characters of 61 genotypes of horsegram Number of genotypes 34 1 1 12 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 Days to 50% flowering (no) 57.91 36. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 14 : 125. Sen NK and Bhowal JG.85 5. Ramakrishnan A. 1959. Ramasamy P and Sivasamy N.00 105.20 181 9.44 56. Genetic divergence in horse gram.26 4.22 61. Rao CR. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research (Edn.76 3.75 4.00 55.00 59. Similar results were obtained by Ramakrishnan et al . Inc. days to 50% flowering and number of pods per plant had moderate contribution towards total divergence. India. VERMA Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. SINGH and M. Parents ‘KS-226’. Section of Seed and Farms. Breeder Seed Production Unit. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology. The majority of these crosses falls in the high x low general combiners. Kanpur208 002. 2010) ABSTRACT All possible crosses excluding reciprocals were made among 10 diverse genotypes of field and table pea. Each parents and F1s were sown in single row of five meter length while F2s in two rows each spaced at 45 cm x 5 cm between rows and plants. ‘KS-226 × AP-1’ and ‘KPMR-65 × KS-226’ in F2 were found as good specific combinations for green pod yield. ‘KS-195’. pod length and yield /plant (F2) indicating that these traits were under control of additive gene action. shelling percentage and green pod yield per plant showed presence of additive gene action while it was non additive for number of productive branches per plant and number of pods per plant based on both the generations. The gca effect and mean performance of the parents are listed in Table 2 which revealed that none of the parents showed desirable gca effects for all the characters hence it is Peas are major source of protein in vegetarian diet of India. ‘KPMR-184 × Mutant pea’ and ‘Mutant × KS-136’ in F 1. ‘Rachna × KS225’. The crosses between table x field pea gave higher yield than table x table or field x field pea.. number of developed ovules per pod. C. ‘KS-136’.C. SINGH. The mean data were used for diallel analysis following Griffing (1956) method 2 model 1. Exploitation of hybrid vigour and selection of parents on the basis of their combining ability have opened a new avenue in crop improvement. The characters number of branches per plant. UttarPrdesh. Kalyanpur. diallel analysis is a very convenient one for gathering information about combining ability effects which helps in selection of parents for hybridization and ultimately the isolation and development of superior genotypes. ‘Azad P-1’ and ‘Azad P-3’ were crossed in all possible combinations excluding reciprocals. Kanpur in the year 2003-04.P. Among various techniques developed. plant height. Similar results were also reported by Singh et al. (2006). Kanpur-208 002. number of developed ovules per pod. UttarPrdesh. pods per plant. respectively.S. ‘Mutant × KS-226’. pod length. It also plays an important role in soil improvement by virture of its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its symbiotic association with Rhizobium. ‘KPMR-184’. These results are in accordance with Kumar et al. ‘KPMR-184 × AP-3’. Accepted: September. General and specific combining ability variances were significant for all the traits in both F1 and F2 generations. Higher values of variance due to gca for days to flowering. ‘KS-195 × AP-3’. Field pea. days to maturity. C. pod length. (2006) and Singh and Singh (2003). A perusal of the table revealed higher the magnitude of s2gca for characters namely days to flowering. Pisum sativum L.C. ‘mutant of ‘P-43’. shelling percentage and green pod yield per plant (F1s only) showed higher the value of sca variances than corresponding gca variance revealing the presence of non additive gene action. Key words: Combining ability. ‘KPMR-65’. The average performance of table pea parents were better than field pea parents. ‘KS-225’. E-mail: koshendra63@gmail. It indicates the role of both additive and non-additive genet effects for controlling these traits (Table 1). number of pods per plant. * Author for Correspondence : Assistant Seed Production Officer. ‘KS-226’.S.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 113-116. 2009. Gene action. plant height. Green pod yield. shelling percentage and green pod yield per plant. India . The F0 seeds were advanced to get F1. ‘KS-195 × KS-225’. 2010 Genetic analysis for yield and yield traits in pea K. The present study was undertaken to understand the genetic architecture of yield and its components through diallel analysis. number of productive branches per plant. The ratio of s 2 gca/s2sca also showed similar pattern. ‘KS-136’. H. plant height. Observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants in parents and F1s and 20 plants each in F2s for days to flowering. ‘KS-225’. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for combing ability showed highly significant differences both for gca and sca for all the characters based on both the generations.com (Received: September. Cross combinations namely ‘KPMR-184 × KS-136’. days to maturity. The final experiment including 10 parents 45 F1s and 45 F2s each were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Vegetable Research Farm. Table pea MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10 diverse genotypes of field and table peas namely ‘Rachna’. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology. ‘Azad P-1’ and ‘Azad P-3’ were good general combiners for green pod yield based on both the generations. The recommended package of practices was adopted to raise a good crop. days to maturity. 114 Table 1. Source of variation Journal of Food Legumes 23(2), 2010 Analysis of variance for combining ability for yield and related traits in peas d.f. Days to flowering (no) F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 9 9 45 45 108 108 325.45** 332.40** 5.87** 8.13** 0.55 0.41 26.63 27.02 5.32 7.72 5.00 3.50 Days to maturity (no) 374.81** 348.65** 9.39** 12.20** 0.36 0.52 30.45 28.03 9.03 11.68 3.37 2.39 Plant height (cm) 16403.86** 12635.93** 1256.25** 516.30** 8.80 10.37 1262.30 1009.96 1247.45 505.93 1.01 1.99 Mean sum of squares Productive Pods/ Pod branches/ plant length plant (no) (no) (cm) 0.48** 0.48** 0.20** 0.06** 0.01 0.003 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.05 0.10 0.60 143.10** 64.08** 74.02** 7.85** 2.14 0.58 5.75 4.68 71.88 7.27 0.07 0.64 5.46** 5.05** 0.08** 0.16** 0.004 0.005 0.44 0.40 0.07 0.15 6.28 2.66 Developed ovules/pod (no) 3.00** 2.53** 0.46** 0.30** 0.006 0.006 0.21 0.18 0.45 0.29 0.46 0.62 Shelling percent Green pod yield/ plant (g) 2741.37** 2881.16** 761.23** 134.86** 14.33 8.30 165.01 228.85 746.90 126.56 0.22 1.80 gca sca Error σ2g σ2s σ2g/σ2s 40.14** 20.95** 9.29** 6.03** 0.02 0.02 2.57 1.41 9.27 6.01 0.27 0.23 ** Significant at P = 0.01 Table 2. Parent Estimates of general combining ability effects of the parents for yield and yield related traits in peas Days to flowering (no) F1 F2 7.05** 4.71** 6.29** -3.73** -4.64** -1.20** 0.21** 3.60** -3.64** -8.65** 0.03 0.07 Mean 71.40 64.50 68.83 48.27 45.23 52.27 56.10 61.93 46.70 32.37 F1 7.10** 4.85** 7.37** -4.35** -5.28** -2.04** 0.19** 4.21** -3.64** -8.42** 0.03 0.06 6.99** 4.29** 6.64** -4.04** -4.40** -1.61** 0.40** 3.55** -3.48** -8.34** 0.04 0.09 Days to maturity (edible pods) (no) F2 7.25** 4.85** 6.92** -3.65** -4.78** -1.57** 0.05 3.36** -3.97** -8.47** 0.04 0.09 Mean 104.83 97.50 101.67 81.20 75.37 82.50 85.97 92.17 76.83 62.40 F1 62.46** 43.26** 42.04** 12.55** -28.84** -22.72** -27.42** -13.23** -31.71** -36.41** 0.66 1.47 Plant height (cm) F2 42.62** 48.68** 44.25** 3.42** -21.49** -23.97** -20.86** -16.62** -29.27** -26.77** 0.78 1.73 Mean 203.67 184.83 180.97 98.37 86.00 85.63 93.70 92.27 64.13 37.47 Productive branches/plant (no) F1 -0.37** 0.36** 0.04** 0.07** -0.09** -0.07** 0.19** 0.09** -0.16** -0.07** 0.0009 0.002 F2 -0.12** -0.42** -0.02** -0.14** -0.04** -0.13** 0.21** 0.15** -0.23** -0.10** 0.0003 0.0006 Mean 3.00 3.70 2.63 2.23 2.90 2.73 3.53 3.23 2.60 2.93 Rachna KPMR-65 KPMR-184 Mutant of P-43 KS-136 KS-195 KS-225 KS-226 Azad P-1 Azad P-3 S.E. (g i) ± S.E. (gi – gj) ± **Significant at P = 0.01 Table 2. Cont….. Parent Pods/plant (no) F1 F2 0.96** 0.69** 6.89** 5.34** 1.80** -0.53** 3.27** -0.97** -3.94** -1.74** -1.43** 1.39** -0.57** -0.24** 0.25 0.93** -4.27** -2.24** -2.97** -2.64** 0.16 0.04 0.36 0.10 Pod length (cm) F1 F2 Mean -0.33** -0.52** 6.90 -0.88** -0.80** 6.33 -0.45** -0.39** 7.03 -1.19** -1.11** 5.27 0.71** 0.56** 9.27 0.08** 0.12** 7.93 0.49** 0.49** 8.63 0.60** 0.64** 8.90 0.49** 0.52** 8.67 0.48** 0.49** 8.97 0.0003 0.0003 0.0007 0.0008 Developed ovules/pod (no) F1 F2 Mean -0.47** -0.31** 5.83 -0.66** -0.72** 4.60 -0.41** -0.41** 4.93 -0.45** -0.52** 3.63 0.94** 0.62** 6.57 0.03** 0.06** 5.53 0.14** 0.24** 5.90 0.17** 0.22** 6.03 0.49** 0.48** 6.30 0.23** 0.34** 6.07 0.0005 0.0004 0.001 0.001 Shelling percent F2 1.31** -0.64** 0.80** 1.81** 0.53** -0.71** -1.81** -2.52** 0.71** 0.52** 0.001 0.003 Green pod yield/plant (g) F1 F2 Mean -6.44** -13.53** 81.47 -9.38** -4.45** 85.33 -11.74** -13.52** 78.50 -28.37** -29.07** 44.23 9.78** 7.40** 130.27 -0.74 7.84** 119.03 17.01** 13.98** 134.60 23.92** 24.20** 148.77 0.96 5.49** 118.77 5.00** 1.65 106.13 1.07 0.62 2.39 1.38 Rachna KPMR-65 KPMR-184 Mutant of P-43 KS-136 KS-195 KS-225 KS-226 Azad P-1 Azad P-3 S.E. (g i) ± S.E. (gi – gj) ± Mean 26.87 32.40 25.07 21.43 23.13 28.13 26.73 27.93 23.60 19.53 F1 2.60** 1.40** 0.68** 1.93** 0.18** -0.77** -2.71** -2.91** 0.40** -0.80** 0.001 0.003 Mean 53.30 53.30 55.67 54.03 50.90 47.80 45.03 48.23 52.80 51.33 **Significant at P = 0.01 Singh et al.: Genetic analysis for yield and yield traits in pea Table 3. Ranking of top five desirable crosses for yield and yield related traits in peas sca effect Mean value gca status P1 P2 Character/cross Rachna x Azad P-3 F2 KPMR65 x Azad P-3 Rachna x Azad P-3 KPMR65 x Mutant KPMR184 x Azad P-3 Mutant x KS226 Pod length (cm) F1 KS195 x Azad P-3 Rachna x KPMR65 Azad P-1 x Azad P-3 KPMR184 x KS136 Rachna x KS225 F2 KPMR184 x Mutant Rachna x Mutant Rachan x KPMR65 KS225 x Azad P-3 KS195 x KS225 Developed ovules/pod (no) F1 KS136 x KS225 KS195 x Azad P-3 Mutant x KS136 KS136 x KS226 KS195 x Azad P-1 F2 KS136 x Azad P-3 Mutant x KS226 Azad P-1 x Azad P-3 KS195 x Azad P-1 KPMR184 x KS225 Shelling (%) F1 KPMR65 x KS225 KS195 x Azad P-3 KS136 x Azad P-3 Mutant x Azad P-1 KS225 x Azad P-1 F2 Rachna x KPMR65 KPMR184 x KS226 KS195 x Azad P-3 Mutant x KS225 Rachna x KS136 Green pod yield/plant (g) F1 KPMR184 x KS136 Rachna x KS225 KS195 x Azad P-3 KPMR184 x Mutant Mutant x KS136 F2 KS195 x KS225 KPMR184 x Azad P-3 Mutant x KS226 KS226 x Azad P-1 KPMR65 x KS226 115 Character/cross Days to flowering (no) F1 Rachna x KS195 Rachna x KS225 Rachna x Mutant Mutant x KS226 KPMR184 x Mutant F2 Rachna x KS225 KPMR184 x Mutant Mutant x KS195 Rachna x KS136 Mutant x KS226 Days to maturity (no) F1 Rachna x KS195 Mutant x KS226 KS195 x KS225 Rachna x KS225 KPMR184 x Mutant F2 Rachna x KS225 KPMR184 x Mutant Rachna x KS136 Mutant x KS195 Rachna x Mutant Plant height (cm) F1 KPMR65 x KPMR184 Rachna x KPMR184 KS195 x Azad P-1 KPMR184 x Mutant Rachna x KPMR65 F2 KPMR65 x Mutant Rachna x KPMR65 KS136 x KS225 KS136 x KS195 KPMR65 x KPMR184 Productive branches/plant (no) F1 KPMR184 x Mutant KPMR184 x Azad P-3 KPMR65 x KS225 KS195 x KS226 KPMR65 x Azad P-1 F2 KPMR65 x Mutant Rachna x Mutant Rachna x KS226 KPMR65 x KPMR184 KPMR184 x Mutant Pods/plant (no) F1 KPMR184 x Mutant KPMR65 x Mutant KPMR184 x Azad P-3 KPMR184 x KS136 sca effect Mean value gca status P1 P2 9.27** 45.17 H L 7.26** 5.58** 4.42** 4.13** 3.26** 37.93 31.60 36.77 28.93 31.20 H H H L L L L L L H 4.37** 3.41** 3.34** 0.10 2.73** 6.26** 4.30** 4.25** 4.24** 3.04** 55.93 58.90 54.53 51.30 54.80 53.37 50.63 43.20 50.53 49.20 L L L H L L L H L H H L H L H L H H H L 0.50** 0.35** 0.30** 0.27** 0.24** 0.59** 0.42** 0.41** 0.41** 0.38** 8.67 6.73 8.87 8.13 8.00 6.60 6.30 6.60 8.90 8.50 H L H L L L L L H H H L H H H L L L H H 5.01** 4.58** 4.49** 4.37** 4.20** 6.78** 5.46** 4.81** 4.46** 3.75** 85.93 81.17 79.53 88.80 84.70 83.27 80.57 80.40 73.07 82.60 L H H L L L L L H L H L L L H L H H H H 1.37** 1.35** 1.13** 1.10** 0.80** 0.22** 0.99** 0.89** 0.88** 0.66** 8.17 7.33 7.33 7.93 7.03 7.83 6.33 7.37 7.07 6.13 H H L H H H L H H L H H H H H H H H H H 34.76** 33.10** 32.80** 31.52** 29.21** 26.90** 24.13** 22.08** 18.79** 18.75** 195.47 216.33 57.70 168.00 221.43 158.80 200.77 69.17 69.33 207.77 L L H L L L L H H L L L H L L L L H H L 6.83** 5.96** 4.13** 3.95** 2.93** 3.76** 3.38** 2.49** 2.46** 2.40** 56.37 184.57 153.33 108.10 168.80 55.37 52.60 53.23 53.40 55.17 H L H H L H H L H H L L L H H L L H L H 1.05** 0.60** 0.54** 0.50** 0.49** 0.41** 0.38** 0.33** 0.30** 0.29** 4.57 3.97 4.50 3.93 4.10 3.67 3.10 3.33 3.67 3.10 H H H L H H L L H L H L H H L L L H L L 57.65** 44.20** 37.77** 36.68** 35.82** 18.02** 15.90** 15.44** 15.04** 14.05** 198.23 197.30 184.57 139.10 159.77 144.80 109.00 115.53 149.70 138.77 L L L L L H L L H L H H H L H H H H H H 19.30** 12.04** 11.30** 9.84** 62.27 60.10 48.03 45.60 H H H H H H L L 116 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2), 2010 not possible to pickup a good general combiner for all the characters. However, for days to flowering and maturity parents namely ‘AP-3’, ‘KS-136’, ‘Azad P-1’, mutant of ‘P-43’ and ‘KS-195’ showed significant negative gca effects along with less number of days taken. These genotypes might be useful for getting early recombinants. Parents ‘AP-3’, ‘AP-1’, ‘KS-136’, ‘KS-225’, ‘KS-195’ and ‘KS-226’ with significant negative gca effects were good general combiners for plant height and might be possessing favourable genetic system for reducing height in their progenies. For number of productive branches per plant, only three parents i.e. ‘KPMR65’, ‘KS-225’ and ‘KS-226’ possess desirable positively significant gca effects based on both the generations. For number of pods per plant ‘KPMR-65’ followed by ‘Rachna’, ‘KS-226’ based on both the generations; ‘KPMR-184’ and ‘Mutant P-43’ based on F1 generations possessed significant positive gca effects. Similarly for pod length; parents ‘KS136’ followed by ‘KS-226’, ‘AP-1’, ‘KS-225’, ‘AP-3’ and ‘KS195’, for number of developed ovules per plant six parents, ‘KS-136’, ‘KS-195’, ‘KS-225’, ‘KS-226’, ‘AP-1’ and ‘AP-3’; for shelling percentage ‘Rachna’, ‘KPMR-184’, ‘Mutant P43’, ‘Azad P-1’, ‘KS-136’ were found promising. For green pod yield, parents ‘KS-226’, ‘KS-225’, ‘KS-136’, ‘Azad P-3’ and ‘Azad P-1’ expressed positive and significant gca effects based on both the generations which may produce high yielding recombinants in their progenies and may be utilized in future pea improvement programme. Five top ranking desirable cross combinations selected on the basis of sca effect and per se performance have been presented in Table 3. None of the selected cross combinations exhibited significant and desirable sca/ per se performance in both the generations for all the characters under study. However, some crosses showed significant sca effect for other yield traits along with green pod yield in either of the generation eg. ‘KPMR-184 × KS-136’ having significant sca effect for green pod yield, pod length and number of pods per plant. Similarly ‘KPMR-184 × Mutant’ had significant sca effects for number of pods per plant, number of productive branches per plant, plant height, days to flowering and days to maturity (earliness) besides green pod yield. These heterotic crosses showed high × low and low × low gca status. The combination of high × low general combiners can produce transgressive segregants if additive effect of one parent and complementary effect of other parent works in same direction as also stated by Redden and Jenson (1974) in self pollinated crops. The cross combination showed that low × low general combiners might be produced due to non-additive gene effects and as such could not be exploited in self pollinated crops like pea but assumed that they can be intermated in F2 by any suitable design to produce transgressive segregants after breaking the tight linkage if any as also reported by Pederson (1974). In present study desirable and promising crosses like ‘KS-195 × KS-225’ and ‘KS-226 × Azad P-1’ in F2 generations showed high × high gca status for green pod yield per plant. These crosses might have asisen due to additive and/or additive × additive type of gene interaction which is fixable in nature and can be handled by simple pedigree or modified pedigree method as suggested by Brim (1966). Other yield contributing traits also showed such type of gca effects like ‘KPMR × Mutant’, ‘KPMR-65 × KS-225’ for number of productive branches per plant and number of pods per plant: ‘KS-165 × AP-3’, ‘AP-1 × AP-3’ for pod length, ‘KS-136 × KS225’, ‘KS-195 × AP-3’, ‘KS-136 × KS-226’, ‘KS-195 × AP-1’ (both in F1 and F2) for number of developed ovules per pod and ‘Mutant × AP-1’ for shelling percentage. It is also notable that majority of the crosses for yield contributing traits showing high sca effects and per se performance involved one parents of field pea and other of table pea genotypes. For utilization of genetic variation related to nonadditive or non-fixable in nature, population improvement programmes such as biparental mating followed by recurrent selection method of Frey (1975) and Rachie and Gardner (1975) would be more appropriate. REFERENCES Brim CA. 1966. A modified pedigree method of selection in soyeans. Crop Science 6: 220. Frey KJ. 1975. Breeding concept and techniques for self pollinated crops. In: Proceeding of International Workshop on Grain Legumes, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Pp. 257-278. Griffing B. 1956. Concepts of general and specific combining ability in relaiton to diallel crossing system. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 9: 463-493. Kumar Subhash, Srivastava RK and Ranjeet Singh. 2006. Combining ability for yield and its component traits in field pea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 19: 173-175. Pederson DG. 1974. Arguments against intermating before selection in self fertilized species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 45: 14716 2. Rachie KO and Gardner CO. 1975. Increasing efficiency in breeding partially out crossing grain legumes. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Grain Legumes, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Pp. 28529 7. Redden RJ and Jenson NF. 1974. Mass selection and mating systems in cereals. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Grain Legumes, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Pp. 345-350. Singh HC, Srivastava RL and Rajendra Singh. 2006. Additive, dominance and epistatic components of variation for some metric traits in field pea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 19: 170-172. Singh JD and Singh IP. 2003. Combining ability analysis in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16: 98-100. Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 117-120, 2010 Diallel analysis for nodulation and yield contributing traits in chickpea PREETI VERMA and R. S. WALDIA Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, India; Email: [email protected] (Received: July, 2010; Accepted: September, 2010) ABSTRACT The experiment consisting six genetically diverse chickpea lines and their fifteen F1s made in diallel fashion was conducted for combining ability analysis for nodulation and seed yield components. Genetic analysis revealed that both additive and non-additive genetic components of variation are important for inheritance of all the characters. However, the magnitude of non-additive (sca) variance was considerably higher than additive (gca) variance. The parents ‘HC 3’ for 100-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, nodule weight and root weight ; ‘HC-1’ for harvest index and plant weight ; ‘HC-2’ for number of nodules and nitrogen content and ‘H96-99’ for number of pods and leghaemoglobin content were identified as good general combiners. The cross combination ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘HC 3’ was the best for seed yield per plant, biological yield, harvest index and plant weight while crosses involving ‘H96-99’ and ‘HC-1’ as one of the parent were recorded as better combinations for leghaemoglobin content, nitrogen content and number of nodules. In view of parallel role of both additive and non-additive genetic effects determining the inheritance of different characters, their simultaneous exploitation through adoption of biparental approach/early generation mating is suggested. Key words: Additive genetic variance, Chickpea, Non-additive genetic variance The interpretation of the results from present diallel analysis are restricted to the specific materials used in the experiments as the parents and cannot be regarded as a random sample from any population. The results have been discussed in view of the most appropriate breeding strategies for the genetic improvement of agronomic characters in chickpea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A diallel set of crosses were made excluding reciprocals involving six diverse genotypes (chosen on the base of previously assessed nodulation ability) of chickpea viz., ‘ICC 4918’, ‘ICC 4993’ (non-nodulating), ‘H96-99’, ‘HC-1’ (medium nodulating), ‘HC-2’, ‘HC-3’ (high nodulating). The material comprising twenty one genotypes including 6 parents and their 15 F1’s were sown in a randomized block design with three replications during rabi 2004-05 at CCSHAU, Hisar. The row and plant spacing were 30 and 15 cm, respectively. Five random plants were selected from each genotype in each replication and observations were recorded for 13 characters viz., plant height (cm), number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight (g), biological yield (g), seed yield (g), number of nodules, nodule weight (g), nitrogen content (%), leghaemoglobin content (mg/g), harvest index (%), root weight (g) and plant weight (g). The nitrogen content was estimated by Kjeldahl’s steam distillation method (Bremer 1965) and leghaemoglobin content by Hartree (1955) method. The combining ability analysis was made following Griffing’s method (1956). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic differences among the genotypes for all the thirteen characters indicating thereby considerable amount of variability for all the characters thus, justifying the use of the material in the present study (Table 1). Analysis of variance for combining ability (Table 2) revealed significant general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) variances for all the characters studied, indicating the importance of both additive as well as non additive genetic components of variation in the inheritance or expression of these attributes. The importance of both types of gene effects has been observed earlier also in chickpea for seed yield and related attributes (Jahagirdar et al. 1994, Patil et al. 2006, Bhardwaj et al. 2009). The magnitude of the non additive (sca) variance was considerably higher Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly known as gram, is one of the most important leguminous crop of India, playing a crucial role in agricultural production due to its symbiotic potential to fix nitrogen in association with rhizobia. In India it is grown in 8.25 mha area giving an annual production of 7.05 million tonnes. (Chaturvedi 2009). In any crop production system high yielding varieties are must to harvest high yield despite other inputs, for breeding these varieties a defined breeding programme is to be followed. The choice of breeding method depends on the gene action involved in the inheritance of the characters. Diallel analysis developed by Jinks and Hayman (1953) and Griffing (1956) is one of the most potent technique for the evaluation of the varieties in terms of their genetic makeup as it provides information on the nature and magnitude of genetic parameters and general and specific combining ability of parents and their crosses, respectively. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to assess the nature of gene effects for nodulation and yield related components for deciding efficient breeding methodology following the diallel analysis. Present address : Agricultural Research Station (under MPUAT, Udaipur), Kota 324001, Rajasthan, India 333) SE (gi) 1.05** 0.042** 0.023 0.78** 78.10) -3.333) (27.103** 1.04 1.0972 (63.004 1.05** 0.22** 0.00) Nodule weight (g) Nitrogen content (%) Lb content (mg/g) -0.933) (19.200) 1. 1984 and Bhaduoria et al.333) -1.680 0.33** 1.200) -3.400) (7. Earlier studies also showed predominantly non additive genetic control for one or more of these characters (Bajaj et al.112** (0.518) 0.384 2.871 0. respectively Table 2. However.33) Seed Nodules yield (no) (g) -0. The estimates of gca effects (Table 3) showed that none of the parent evinced good gca for all the traits so it was difficult to pick good combiners for all the characters together because the combining ability effects were not consistent for all the yield components.338** 1.472 (65.043 4. 2009) reported additive gene effects to be more prominent for these characters in their material.129) (14.00) 0. the techniques used in analyzing the data and the precision of the experiment (Singh et al.005 2.05 and 0.00) (6.070) (2.004 19.036 0.019 0.92** 39. respectively Table 3.623) (1.018 Pods (no) Nodule Nitrogen Lb Harvest Root Plant weight content content index weight weight (g) (%) (mg/g) (%) (g) (g) 0.254 0.933) (99.849) 0.81** 2712.233) ) 5.014 (1.89** 3.271) -0.903) 0.028 (30.367) (23.79 0.198 0.065 0.041** -1. For number of nodules and nitrogen .326** (18. seed yield.148** (3. 2001.05 and 0.782** 0.40** 114.Biological Seed Nodules (no) seed yield yield weight (g) (g) (g) 67.743** (21.068** -11.47** 9489.027) 0.266** -0.016 1. Plant Secondary height branches (cm) (no) Mean Square 100.847) 0.775* 47.357** -0.195 0.109** -0.72** 0.61** 0.91** 1. The parent ‘HC-3’ was good general combiner for 100-seed weight.01 3.020 0.953) (0.433) (19.065) 0. respectively -0.214** 6. Source Analysis of variance for combining ability for thirteen characters in chickpea D.850** (18.118) -0.209 (18.565) 0.77) 100-seed Biological weight yield (g) (g) -1.095** (0.431** (17.562 0.393 than additive (gca) variance for all the characters indicating the preponderance of non additive genetic effects (dominance and epistasis) in controlling the expression of these characters.200) (74.429** (92.038 0.400) (34. Parents Estimates of general combining ability effects and the mean performance (in parenthesis) of parents for thirteen characters in chickpea Plant height (cm) -2. possibly because of negative association among some of the characters (Gowda and Bahl 1978).358** (3.F.983** (33.799** 0.05 and Pods (no) -3.843** 20.944** (80.681 (2.063 (2.667) 24.191) (14.333) 2.604 1.200) (22.800** -0.37 16. nodule weight and root weight while ‘HC-1’ was good general combiner for harvest index and plant weight. number of pods and leghaemoglobin content.471) (13.12 248.753) (1.555 *.388** (0.786** (18.962) ICC 4993 H 96-99 HC-1 HC-2 HC-3 -0.46** 0.023** -1.547** -1.591 27.01.322 -0. 2003.902) 0.013 (37.000) (2.868** 0.277** (16.654) 1.667) -2.56** 1.062 (132.00** 9.268) 0.004 0.144 (2.37 1.673 -1.544 4.764 (52.733) (15.73** 5.176) 0.200** (1.059 0.936** 11.667) (25.333) 4.F.013 0. ** Significant at P = 0.30** 10.137** (0.29** 4.466) 0.664** (18.033) (64.420) (1.86 Replications Treatments Error *.031 0.062 0.208 1. variation in the environment.248 1.774** 0.223) 1.000) (20.054 0.333) (40.196** -0.800) (32.500 (33.619 gca effects sca effects Error 5 15 40 55.433 2.429** (77.66** 1907.761** -2.503** 10. Bhardwaj et al.100) (0.133** (3.935** (0. Such disparities in the observations may arise from differences in the genetic constitution of the parental materials studied.067 0.00) Harvest index (%) Root weight (g) Plant weight (g) ICC 4918 -0.367) (15.547) (2.413) 0. This shows that genes for different desirable characters would have to be combined from different sources (Kumari 1999).0109 1.10** 3.001** 1049. Parents ‘ICC 4918’ and ‘HC-3’ showed high gca effects for number of secondary branches.067) 5.646** (41. ** Significant at P = 0.549 0.28** 0.70) -2.746 0.097) 0.355 20 149.04 9.12 5.533 (18.78 81.000) -1.667) Secondary branches (no) 4.361) 0.82** 308.07** 0. 1992).000) (55.106** (17.004 SE (gi-gj) 1.167) (74.842 -1.635** 3.54** 3582.07 0.80** 53.810** -1.012 0.34** 462.208** 1.667) (33.355 0.933) -0.01.667) 0.013** 4.653 (73. Muhammad et al.415** (15. The gca effects indicated that parent ‘H96-99’ was high general combiner for plant height.266 1.118 Table 1.288 (2.514** (12.338** 0.516 0.06** 44.333 0.20** 11.102** (3.890) (13.041** 40 29. Mean Square Plant Secondary Pods 100-seed Biological Seed Nodules Nodule Nitrogen height branches (no) weight yield yield (no) weight content (cm) (no) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%) 2 1.283) (2.240 (0.157 0.254 2.001 0.01.389** (62.317) 0.493 0.04 82.73** 21.266 -0.75** 466. others (Chander et al.086 (12.196 62.679 *.66) 0. Source Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). 2010 Analysis of variance for thirteen characters in chickpea D.00) (2.048** 0.992 9.89** 179. biological yield.016 Lb Harvest Root Plant content index weight weight (mg/g) (%) (g) (g) 0.02** 0.311** (33. **Significant at P = 0.936 0.646** 2.656** 1.353** -0.427 70.333) 0.029 5. 2002).23** 40. 996** 0. The high yield potential of cross combinations with high × low gca effects were attributed to interactions between positive alleles from good general combiner and negative alleles from poor combiner (Dubey 1975).358** H96-99 × HC-1 -10.080** -0.301** 0. Thus. The cross combinations viz.888** 2.978** -3.733 10.657** -0.089 Lb Harvest Root content index weight (mg/g) (%) (g) 0.846 HC-1 × HC-3 -0.047 Nitrogen content (%) 0.650** ICC 4918 × HC-3 -3.087 -1.760 47.871 H96-99 × HC-3 2.365 0.906 0. This suggests that high sca effect of any cross combination does not necessarily depend on the gca effects of the parental lines involved. the possibility of deriving purelines performing better than or as well as F1 hybrids in chickpea have been reported (Singh 1974).178** -3.805** 0.178 0.**Significant at P=0.022** 0. ‘HC-1’ and ‘HC-2’ were the best parents having high gca effect coupled with good per se performance not only for seed yield per plant but also for nodulation and yield components so these parents can be exploited for the development of improved lines of chickpea..179 10.817** 3.554** 0.909** 4.704** 13.465 -4.008 -0.012 19.688** 0. 1983). ‘HC-2’ showed high gca effects.957 -1.033 0.238 14.648** 0.073** 0.937 -10.427** 0.073 -1.781** 13. respectively .142** 0.672** 14. This suggest that a large proportion of non additive effects in self pollinated crops seems to be due to additive x additive effects and that selection be deferred to later generations (Singh et al. biological yield.350** 0.196 ICC 4993 × HC-3 4.287** -0.8103 12.116** -0.525 0.609** 0.446** SE (Sij) 2.004 -0.358 -2.241** 2. The per se performance of parents was also highly correlated to the estimates of gca effects thereby.061 2.378 Seed yield (g) 6.742 -7.618** 0.161** 0.814** -2..01.280** 3. This is perhaps the most rational breeding policy in pulse crops until hybrid varieties become a reality. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘H96-99’. These crosses would throw the desirable transgressive segregants if additive genetic system is present in the good combiner and complementary epistatic effects in F1 acts in the same direction to maximize the desirable plant attributes (Patil et al. An overall perusal of parental lines for general combining ability revealed that the high nodulating variety ‘HC-3’ was superior over rest of the chickpea parental lines for yield and component traits.686** -0.758** HC-2 × HC-3 -5.684** 2.304** -2.018** 0.221** -3. 1987).717** ICC 4993 × HC-2 5.834 Nodules (no) 0.839** 4.387 -3.621** ICC 4918 × H96-99 -7.132 -1. harvest index and plant weight.138** 6.210** -10.005 0.928** 1. 1992).863** 2.542** ICC 4993 × HC-1 -12.475 H96-99 × HC-2 2.859 -16.910** -0.143 0.093 1.050 0.970** 4. The genotypes showing good general combining ability for particular components may be utilized in component breeding for effective improvement in particular components.462** 0.512 -2.100 0.250** 0.595 -3.310** 0.036 1.05 and 0.166** 27.321 -1.531** -0.728** 0.239 -0.821 2. So these parents may be extensively used in hybridization programme.510 6.549** -0. a few of the superior crosses involved both of the parents with poor combining abilities.617** 3.511 -0. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘HC-1’ for number of nodules and ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘H96-99’ for nitrogen content.008** 8.359** -0.779 -3.116 0.144 Plant weight (g) -3.663** -5.134** -0.020** 23.055 0.345** 0.292** 0.344** -0. Preponderance of non additive gene effects for yield and yield components offers a good scope for the exploitation of hybrid Table 4.128** 44.854** ICC 4993 × H96-99 2.399** 0.277** 0.571** 5.004 3.038 ICC 4918 × HC-1 1.829 ICC 4918 × HC-2 6.226** 0.783** 27. The sca effects of hybrids (Table 4) revealed that 8 crosses viz.165 Nodule weight (g) 0.226** -2. It is evident that ‘HC-3’.858** 16.955** -0.353 0.113 -0.505** 17.038 0.Verma and Waldia : Diallel analysis in chickpea for nodulation and yield contributing traits 119 content.466 0.306 12.045 -2.083** 2. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘HC2’.613 2. It may be inferred from sca effects that most of the superior cross combinations for seed yield and related traits involved either both or atleast one parent with positive and significant gca effects which implies that additive x additive or additive x dominance genetic interactions respectively.984** 90. However.017 SE (Sij-Skl) 3.199** 112. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘HC-3’ was found to be the best for seed yield per plant. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘HC-1’.762** -2. Such cross combinations should be fully exploited for the isolation of higher yielding purelines.207** -0. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘ICC 4993’ for 100-seed weight and nodule weight.737** -40. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘ICC 4993’.445** -0.699 28. the sca effect of a cross was reflected through the gca of its parents which demands inclusion of atleast one good combining parent in producing superior hybrids. ‘HC-1’ × ‘HC-2’ for plant height. In view of such problems.655 -0.176** 2.156 0.520** -0.386** 0. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘HC-3’. But the practical production of hybrid gram is not biologically feasible due to small size and cleistogamous nature of the flowers and strong hybridization barriers.397** 4. ‘H96-99’.126 -0.386** 0.134** 0.129** 0.063 0. This Estimates of specific combining ability effects for thirteen characters in chickpea Biological yield (g) 26.264 0.008** 0.084 1.034** -0.887** -0. heterosis breeding may be rewarding for improving chickpea.050** 1.077 1.213** 6.939** -0.1156 2.926** 0.943** 1.368** 0.929** 2.681 1.879 0.022 0.048 0.510 7.790 -1.518** -0.281** 0.199** 26.014 -0.128** -0. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘H96-99’.628** 0.267** 43.596** 39.658 -18.762 9.829** -7.069 -0.964 Plant Secondary Pods 100-seed weight height branches (no) (no) (g) (cm) ICC 4918 × ICC 4993 -0.892** -0.105 3. are operating in the crosses studied.470** 4. ‘H96-99’ × ‘HC-1’ and ‘HC-1’ × ‘HC-2’ exhibited positive significant sca effects for seed yield per plant.538** 0.813** -0.228** 1.096 0. ultimately seeking improvement in seed yield itself (Singh et al.184** -35.543** -0.135 11.694 1.987 15.815** 5.650** -0.858** -20.016** 12.071** 3.088 0.893 0.095** 0. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘H96-99’ for leghaemoglobin content and root weight.004 0.656** 49. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘HC-3’ for number of secondary branches and number of pods.992 -0.041 0.251** -0.288** 0.101 -1.530 -3.173 -12.889 6. simplifying the selection of the parents based on the per se performance.063 0.750** -6.255** -1.687** 4.521 -2.666 SE (Sij-Sjk) 4.633** -0.545** 47. F1 s vigour and therefore.400** HC-1 × HC-2 8.799** -0.051 -0.938** 1.102 0.972** -0.292** 1.942 *. Pp. 1979. Griffing B. Progressive Agriculture 2 : 34-37. It can also be concluded from the data that genetically diverse and high combining parents should be used in formulating cross combinations. Regressions. Zaveri PP and Shah RN. ‘ICC 4918’ × ‘HC-3’. Chaturvedi SK. Breeding methodology for autogamous crops. Vyas P and Mishra N. 47 : 183-187. These could be expected to yield transgressive and stable performing segregants possessing enhanced yielding ability. 1955. Zubair M and Abdul G. Gene action and combining ability estimates for yield and other quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). 1960. in such cases. 2001. Bremer JM. Dubey RS.). Singh O. it is advisable to practice biparental mating in F2 among selected crosses by way of intermating the most desirable segregants alternately with selection to isolate superior genotypes or use of recurrent selection scheme (diallel selective mating system) to enhance the frequency of desirable recombinants with high yield potential (Joshi 1979. Sharma RK and Mani SC. 2003. Exploitation of heterosis in pulse crops. 1992). Journal of Agricultural Science 55 : 11-13. The analysis of diallel crosses of Nicotiana rustica varieties. Combining ability in chickpea. Heredity 10 : 31-34. 1975. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 7: 2124 . Salimath PM and Kajjidoni ST. a generation of intercrossing to increase the opportunity of recombination may become important (Singh et al. Chaturvedi SK. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43 : 152-156. Combining ability studies for grain yield and other associated characters in Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L. This will help in building the population from which desirable purelines could be developed simultaneously. Springer-Verlag. 2002. Breeding for cold tolerance in chickpea.)  New  BotanistInternational Journal of Plant Science Research 33 : 1-4. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39 : 567-578. 2009. Combining ability over environments in durum wheat.120 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). 1999. Jahagirdar J E. 2001. Sandhu TS and Sra SS. Variation in selected recombinant inbred lines of two crosses in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. Chander S. Jha SK. 2010 Bhardwaj R. Crop Improvement 28 : 236-243. Gene action for grain yield and agronomic characters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Ram K. 1983. Heamatin compounds. correlations and combining ability of some quantitative characters in chickpea. Genetic analysis of some quantitative characters in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. Muhammad A.). Sethi SC. 2006. with favourable sca estimates and involving atleast one of the parents with high gca would tend to increase concentration of favourable alleles. Berlin. Joshi AB. Ghodke MK and Kardile KR. 1974. Dasgupta T and Smithson JB. 1992. Dhari R and Kumar R. Kumari V. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. the hybrid combinations ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘HC-3’.). Chander S. 1953. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 62 (2): 259-260. Under such a situation where both additive and non additive genetic variances are important factors of inheritance. Therefore. Combining ability analysis in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Mishra DK. Patil RA. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The first author gratefully acknowledges Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for providing her financial assistance in terms of Senior Research Fellowship during the period of the study. Kulkarni SS and Gawande VL. Patil JV. 1984. Combining ability studies in chickpea. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 35 : 76-92. Selection by progeny testing as well as recurrent selection can then be used to evolve lines which may transgress both the combining parents. REFERENCES Bajaj RK. Thus. Journal of Research-Punjab Agricultural University 21 : 155-158. Genetics of yield and its component characters in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L. Nagaraj K. Bhaduoria P. 2009. Hartree EF.). If linkages are predominantly of the repulsion type. Singh KB. Annals of Biology 17 : 29-34. Annals of Agricultural Research 20 : 73-76. In: K Paech and MV Tracy (Eds. Trends in Biosciences 2 : 1-6. Genetic variability and correlation studies in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. 1997. . Patil JA. Linkage is another factor that complicates the problem in selection. Bakhsh A. Sandhu JS and Gupta SK. Genetic variability created through biparental mating in chickpea (Cicer arietinum  L. Jaiswal HK and Saha AK. Gowda CLL and Bahl PN. 2002. Pathak AR. Genetic analysis of agronomic characters in chickpea. Determination of nitrogen in soil by Kjeldahl method.) Pakistan Journal of Botany 35 : 605-611. Gowda CLL. Nagaraj et al. A generalized treatment of the use of diallel crosses in quantitative inheritance. Singh R. Bhullar GS and Gill KS. superiority of sca effects may be due to complementary type of gene action or involvement of non allelic interaction of fixable and non fixable genetic variance (Sharma and Mani 2001). a situation of great interest for breeding. 197-211. Awasthi NNC and Bhaduoria P. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38 : 245-251. Ram D. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 79 : 89790 0. Jinks JL and Hayman BI. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 34A: 731-808. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 83 : 956-962. 1978. Genetics of quantitative characters in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum  L. 1987.). Combining ability in cigarfilter tobacco. The results of the present investigation revealed the importance of both additive and non additive genetic effects for the different characters.). maximum grain production may be attainable with a system that can exploit both additive and non additive genetic effects simultaneously. Maize Genetics Newsletter 27 : 48-54. ‘ICC 4993’ × ‘H 96-99’ and ‘HC-1’ × ‘HC-2’ with high means.). Annals of Agricultural Research 18 : 420-426. 1956. 2002). 1994. finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn) is one of the important crops under rainfed farming and Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. The top dressing of N in finger millet and intercropping was given at the close proximity line of respective crop. 2010 Production potential of finger millet and Frenchbean intercropping under rainfed conditions of Uttarakhand RASHMI YADAV G.com (Received: January.2-1. wild apricot is found abundantly and its cake is a rich source of nutrients (2-2. 0. The treatment combinations comprised various finger millet + Frenchbean intercropping row ratio viz. Hill Campus. The soil of experimental area was silty clay loam in texture with pH of 5.B. The sowing of finger millet was done at plant geometry of 20 × 10 cm and Frenchbean was sown in the replacement series as per treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was conducted at GBPUAT.63 and 21. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology. finger millet + Frenchbean (1:1). Accepted: July. Intercropping also minimizes risk of crop failure and improves crop production in rainfed areas. available P 12.legume intercropping systems is the right option to take full utilization of resources of this area and to minimize the risk of crop failure. vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation in sub plot. finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) and farmers practice assigned to main plots and fertilizer management viz. respectively) followed by Vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation (20.30 q/ha during 2007 and 2008.. Among the treatments tried.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 121-123. Email: rashmiyadav74@rediffmail. NMR and B: C ratio was also higher with finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) intercropping. Frenchbean sole crop. application of recommended dose of NPK gave significantly higher grain yields (21.61 and 27. The research has clearly indicated that there still exist a lot of potential to enhance the productivity in rainfed areas which can be exploited by adopting suitable agronomic and resource management practices.8-1. whereas nitrogen was given as per treatments separately to both the crops. Frenchbean. Ranichauri. finger millet + Frenchbean (2:1).5% N. Yield and imbalanced use of fertilizers.) is also an important kharif vegetable grown for its tender pods and has great potential among other traditional crops of the region. an experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with three replications during 2007 and 2008 with various intercropping combinations in main plot and fertilizer levels in sub plot. FYM 7. Therefore. were taken in spilt plot design with three replications. Selecting suitable cropping system like intercropping will not only help in increasing production of crop but also increase crop intensity. finger millet sole crop. 2010) ABSTRACT In order to find out the best combination of finger millet + Frenchbean intercropping system and nutrient management practices under rainfed conditions.85 and 17. Intercropping. 1.3% P2O5. Intercropping is a potential agronomic system for maximizing crop production on dry lands over space and time in subsistence farming situations besides effective utilization of natural resources (Willey 1979). India. To overcome with these problems the cereal . during kharif 2007 and 2008 under rainfed conditions.77 q/ha during 2007 and 2008. The risk of crop failure is very high in this region because of purely rainfed cultivation. The study suggested that introducing a new crop like Frenchbean as intercrop with finger millet along with vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation can increase the production of finger millet + Frenchbean intercropping and it will also improve the socio-economic condition of the farmers as Frenchbean is used as a cash crop in the mid hills of North-West Himalaya. 1. So. the average productivity of finger millet (12 q/ha) and Frenchbean (10 q/ha) is quite low due to low soil fertility status . available N 215 kg/ha. respectively).5-1.07% S) which can be used as a good source of organic manure. Tehri Garhwal 249 199. 20/kg for Frenchbean). 7. it was considered important to evaluate the productivity of finger millet based intercropping with Frenchbean and its nutrient management under rainfed conditions of Uttarakhand. Ranichauri.28 q/ha during 2007 and 2008.0/kg for finger millet and Rs. recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (40:20:20). Hill Campus.5 t/ ha. In this region. Key words: Finger millet. finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) gave significantly highest grain (21. The system-wise finger millet yield equivalents were calculated based on market price of produce (Rs.6 kg/ha and 421 kg/ha of available K. respectively) than the sole crop of finger millet (16. However. Uttarakhand. Among the intercropping systems. the inclusion of Frenchbean as intercropping with finger millet may change the economics of the cropping sequence and meet out the need of the household with saleable surplus. Tehri Garhwal. LER was calculated by taking into consideration the yield of both crops.59 and 22. The profitability in terms of net return with benefit: cost ratio was calculated for various crop sequence row ratio Poor yields and uncertainty of production are twin problems of rainfed areas. respectively) which was at par with recommended dose of NPK.46 during 2007 and 2008. Finger millet variety ‘PRM 1’ and Frenchbean ‘Contender’ was taken for the evaluation.8% K2O. 2010. In Uttarakhand hills.8. Entire quantity of phosphorus and potassium was applied uniformly to all the plots. 97 1. 2010 using prevailing market rates for various commodities. Nutrient management significantly influenced the grain yield of crop and the application of recommended dose of NPK gave significantly higher grain equivalent yields (2159 and 2246 kg/ha during 2007 and 2008.55 1.32 1.29 1.61 1.53 1. respectively).45 1.31 Mean 1.63 and 21. Land equivalent ratio and monetary returns: On overall mean basis of 2 years.78 1.28 0. The economic feasibility of the systems was tested as net returns obtained.5 t/ ha CD (5%) 1.69 1. Pooled mean of Table 1.00 1.36 1. Within intercropping treatments.50 1. finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) gave significantly highest finger millet grain equivalent yield (2161 and 2730 kg/ha during 2007 and 2008.43 1.26 B-C Ratio 2008 1.122 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).61 1.61 1. respectively) which was statistically on par when the crop received 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients (Table 1).08 1. The highest LER was recorded in intercropping of finger millet with Frenchbean at 3:1 row ratio.00 1.52 1.34 1.65 0.29 Crops Finger millet Frenchbean Finger millet + frenchbean (1:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (2:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (3:1) Farmer’s practice CD (5%) Fertilizer Levels (kg/ha) Inorganic fertilizer Vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation FYM 7.35 1.66 1.35 1.9 7291 5694 4779 7160 10774 6414 815 9119 8397 5013 432. Grain yield as influenced by various intercropping combinations and nutrient management options under rainfed conditions Grain Yield (kg/ha) 2007 Treatments Finger millet Frenchbean Finger millet equivalent yield 1685 2090 1744 1785 2161 1825 347 2159 2063 1525 129 Finger millet 1777 687 1106 1699 1317 281 1380 1300 1064 84 2008 Frenchbean Mean finger millet equivalent Finger millet (kg/ha) equivalent yield 1777 2191 1945 2421 2730 2028 556 2246 2128 1857 191 1732 2142 1845 2103 2446 1877 465 2201 2096 1691 170 Crops Finger millet Frenchbean Finger millet + frenchbean (1:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (2:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (3:1) Farmer’s practice CD (5%) Fertilizer Levels (kg/ha) Inorganic fertilizer Vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each) +seed inoculation FYM 7. respectively) than the sole crop of finger millet (1685 and 1777 kg/ha during 2007 and 2008.27 1.91 0.58 1.00 0.20 1.71 1.39 1.99 .24 0. Treatments Land equivalent ratio (LER) and net returns as affected by various intercropping combinations (pooled over 2 years) Land equivalent ratio 2007 2008 Mean 1.41 0. This indicated greater biological efficiency of intercropping treatments (Table 2).71 1.21 1.00 0.31 0. 2007 and 2008 indicated that finger millet + Frenchbean in 3:1 row ratio fertilized with 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients produced the highest grain yield and it was statistically at par with the yield received under finger millet + Frenchbean in 3:1 row ratio receiving vermicompost + wild apricot cake + seed inoculation. This could be attributed to the yield recovery.47 1.99 1.29 0.2 7988 6413 5856 9761 13142 8899 808 9798 9599 5698 433. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grain yield: Amongst the intercropping systems.55 2007 1. statistically higher grain yield was noted in 3:1 row ratio (Table 1).42 1.02 1. intercropping of finger millet with Frenchbean increased the land equivalent ratio (LER) as compared to sole crops in the row ratio of 2:1and 3:1. The net return/ha and B: C ratio were highest with finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) intercropping.5 t/ ha CD (5%) 1685 664 954 1484 1297 352 1337 1173 1020 51 731 379 291 237 185 133 439 372 284 36 767 440 460 361 249 238 553 421 311 60 Table 2.20 1.00 1. respectively) followed by vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation (20.33 1.09 1.05 Net monetary returns ( Rs/ha) 2007 2008 Mean 6594 4975 3701 4559 8406 3928 825 8439 7194 4328 431.00 0.36 0.95 1.00 1. The yield of Frenchbean was greatest in sole stand than intercrop.94 1.48 1.28 q/ha during 2007 and 2008.42 1. land equivalent ratio achieved with the treatment.96 1.47 0. Competition and yield advantages.0 4.0 24.0 346. Available nitrogen content was significantly higher with sole crop of Frenchbean. N uptake and nutrient status of soil as affected by various intercropping combinations (2 years pooled data) N Uptake (kg/ha) 213.4 7. It will also improve the socio-economic condition of the farmers as Frenchbean is used as a cash crop under rainfed conditions of Uttarakhand.1 340.6 212.1 370 367 350 4. Potential area under soybean during kharif in Indiaan overview. however.05) .6 4.2 8.7 214.6 346.10 31. The available nutrients content were significantly higher with the application of recommended dose of NPK followed by vermicompost + Table 3.Yadav: Production potential of finger millet and Frenchbean intercropping 123 Nutrient uptake: From the data it is revealed that the nutrient status of soil improved with the introduction of Frenchbean with finger millet as compared to sole crop (Table 3). REFERENCES Gautam HC. Studies on pegionpea intercropping system.2 204. Field Crops Abstracts 32 : 1 -1 0 Treatments Crops Finger millet Frenchbean Finger millet + frenchbean (1:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (2:1) Finger millet + frenchbean (3:1) Farmer’s practice CD (5%) Fertilizer Levels (kg/ha) Inorganic fertilizer Vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each) +seed inoculation FYM 7.0 18.0 346.1 20. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13 : 7-10.1979.0 29. Basavaraja R and Nadagouda VB .5 t/ ha CD (P=0.2 221. Available phosphorus and potassium content of soil also showed similar trends.0 3. Shashidhara GB. 1989.0 25. Part I.4 338. Willey RN .9 215.2 322.6 Soil available nutrients (kg/ha) N P K 305. in small millet under shallow red soil.1 325 355 345 352 356 346 5. Intercropping. it was at par with finger millet + Frenchbean (3:1) than rest of the treatments.0 20.0 wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation but they were statistically on par when the crop received 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients.8 350.9 23.9 218. Agricultural Situation in India 40 : 821-824.6 320.1 219.5 215.its importance and research needs. (2000) who reported that the low yielding crop like small millets can be replaced by intercropping of millets with soybean to increase the crop profitability.6 0.0 25. 2000. It can be concluded that introduction of crop like Frenchbean as intercrop with Finger millet at 3:1 row ratio with vermicompost + wild apricot cake (50% N from each source) + seed inoculation can increase the production of finger millet and affect the nutrient status of soil. This corroborates the findings of Gautam (1989) and Shashidhara et al. 72. Thus. Sowing was done in rows spaced at 45 cm apart using a seed rate of 80 kg/ha.0 l).N. datura and tumba) in sub plots with three replications.0 kg). Jaisalmer-345001. Accepted: September.0.0 l/m2 recorded significant increase in growth and yield of groundnut. In view of the above considerations. these vegetations could serve as resource for supplying plant nutrients in agriculture. The foliar application of the sources was done twice on the groundnut leaves at 35 and 55 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.S. Panchgavya was prepared by thorough mixing of fresh cow dung (7. 1. neem.0 l/m2. The CGR.7 m t) of the world (Chandrasekaran et al.55% free CaCO3 with pH 9. cow milk (3. The control was run with tape water. The fermented panchgavya solution was diluted 15 times with water and applied near the groundnut plants in soil just after second irrigation at 25 DAS as per the treatments. E-mail: rnkumawat@rediffmail.) during kharif 2006 and 2007 at Jaisalmer. Jodhpur-342 003. In the existing technologies of organic farming where farm yard manure and compost are being used as sources of nutrient supply.com (Received: April. 2007) in groundnut production.0 l) and cow milk curd (2. RGR and NAR were recorded significantly higher with soil application of panchgavya at 2. Thinning was done at 10 days after sowing (DAS) in order to maintain plant to plant distance of 25 cm. information on use of panchgavya in combination with leaf extracts of endemic plants on groundnut is very meager. The pod. After a pre-sowing irrigation. a field experiment was conducted on the high pH soils of arid zone of India to examine the effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied plant leaf extracts on the growth yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. 215. Key words: Growth. structure and microbial activity of the soil had been restored) leading to low yield levels in initial years of cultivation (Natarajan 2002). productivity of soils falls during the transitory period (until fertility.0 and 3. lack of production technologies exclusive for organically produced groundnut has restricted the scope for exports. The leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica).0 kg). datura (Datura metel) and tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) plant leaf extracts in combination with panchgavya in 1: 1 ratio at 35 and 55 days after application recorded higher growth and yield compared to water sprayed control. RGR and NAR at 45-70 DAS and 70 DAS –harvest and pod.45 kg/ha available P.80 kg/ha available N.7 million ha) and 31% production (6. cow ghee (1. India. 6. however.78 kg/ha available K. 1 Central Arid Zone Research Institute. Groundnut. The improvement in dry matter accumulation and physiological growth in terms of SLW. The results of the experiment revealed that successive increase in panchgavya solution from 0 to 3. Panchgavya. Foliar application of neem (Azadirachta indica). The endemic plants such as tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) and datura . India is the second largest producer of groundnut accounting for 38% of the total area (7. Rajasthan.0 l/m2. haulm and biological yield were 85. CAZRI. 93 and 90 % higher than control with soil application of panchgavya solution at 3. 6. fresh cow urine (10.92 kg/ha available S and 7. However. The seeds were treated with Trichoderma viridae (6 g/kg seed) as prophylactic measure against seed borne diseases. S. it is imperative to develop technologies that sustain yield levels of all crops during the transitory period from the very first year.0 l) followed by fermentation for 20 days in an open plastic drum. Leaf extract. The sandy soils of the experimental field was shallow in depth (30 cm) having 0. Thus. haulm and biological yields were however recorded significantly maximum with foliar application of datura + panchgavya solution among sources of foliar application. datura (Datura metal ) and tumba ( Citrullus colocynthis) were prepared by mixing fresh ground leaves with cow urine in 1:1 ratio followed by fermentation. MAHAJAN1 and R. CGR. India has immense potential for exporting large seeded groundnut.08% organic carbon. India. Role of panchgavya in production of many plantation crops grown over wide agroclimatic conditions has been well documented in India There are reports indicated that efficacy of panchgavya solution enhanced manifold with the mixing of endemic plant leaves (Selvraj 2006). the groundnut cultivar ‘MA-10’ was sown in the second week of July in both the years.) is an important oilseed crop in India. KUMAWAT*. Rajasthan. Rajasthan during kharif 2006 and 2007 under irrigated condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at Central Arid Zone Research Institute. 2010 Growth and yield of groundnut in relation to soil application of panchgavya and foliar spray of endogenous plant leaf extracts R. Regional Research Station. present study was conducted to examine the effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied plant leaf extracts in combination with panchgavya on the growth and yield of groundnut in the desertic areas under irrigated conditions.S.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 124-127.2. MERTIA *Regional Research Station. Yield (Datura metel) grow naturally on the waste lands of Indian Thar desert producing lot of biomass of no values. Jaisalmer. 2010. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot-design with four levels of soil applied panchgavya (0.0 l/m2) in main plots and four levels of foliar applied sources (control. 2010) ABSTRACT In view of the cost effectiveness and eco-friendly characteristics of the panchgavya. The filtrates of leaf extracts were mixed with the filtered panchgavya solution in 1:1 ratio and diluted 30 times with water for foliar application. 2. ) Effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied leaf extracts on the dry matter accumulation of groundnut at different growth stages (mean of kharif 2006 and 2007) Plant dry matter at 45 DAS (g/plant) Stem Leaf Plant 1.05 0. SLW. The contribution of pods in the total plant dry matter increased from 31 % at 70 DAS to 43 % at harvest.39 0. Dry weights of plant parts were obtained after oven drying at 70o C for 72 hours.90 0.35 5.24 3. mean of kharif 2006 and 2007 (S0 = control (panchgavya).24 Plant dry matter at harvest (g/plant) Stem Leaf Pod Plant 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of panchgavya: The mean results of the two kharif seasons on dry matter partitioning are presented in Table 2.0 l/ m2 and S3 = soil application of panchgavya @3.0 l/m2 of panchgavya (Table 4).52 6.28 0. 93 and 90 per cent higher pod.25 6.13 0.40 5.14 12.41 17.11 0.44 11.27 0. The number of leaflets.18 4.05) Foliar sources Control (Water spray) Neem leaf extract + panchgavya Datura leaf extract + panchgavya Tumba leaf extract + panchgavya SEm± CD (P=0.46 1.37 10.0 SEm± CD (P=0. leaf and stem contributed 43 and 57 % in the total plant dry matter which remained only 22 and 35 % at harvest.68 9.10 0.16 2.10 0.90 34. Sources 125 Chemical properties of finally filtered and undiluted panchgavya and foliar sources Organic carbon (%) 1.45 26.68 7.90 1.08 0.44 20. pods as well as plant increased linearly with the successive increase in soil applied panchgavya from 0 to 3.78 0. crop growth rate (CGR).99 7.92 14.83 7.Kumawat et al. stem.0 l/m2 (Table 3) while SLW.09 0.17 0. Five plants in each treatment were uprooted manually for analysis of growth.04 3.39 0.01 0. Dry matter Table 2.44 5. per plant leaflets and leaf area. highest being with 3.09 0.39 5.98 19.99 2.36 6.29 5.81 14. leaf area and LAI per plant increased significantly with successive increase in panchgavya levels up to 3.02 8.28 0.70 34.90 12. The increase in the dry matter accumulation in the study Fig 1.65 0.90 7.43 2.76 4.38 11. The plants of the sample were separated into its component plant parts – leaves. The biological.11 0.71 0.09 22.32 0. At 45 DAS.67 pH Electrical conductivity (dS/m) 19.30 0.05 0. to determine shoot dry matter and its distributions.54 0.0 S3.45 2.69 1.: Effect of panchgavya and plant leaf extracts on groundnut Table 1.49 6.92 17.43 0.26 0.27 0.20 0.36 33.28 0. LAI.09 8.24 41.49 6.32 3.33 5.0 l/m2 at all the phenophases.0 l/m 2 recorded 85.43 4. CGR.16 0.80 32. S1 = soil application of panchgavya @1.14 2.82 18.42 4.71 54. S2 = soil application of panchgavya @2.73 2.34 10.29 14.58 0.72 17.35 4. RGR. Soil application of panchgavya at 3.05) S0= control (panchgavya).and leaf area was measured using the planimeter method (Milthorpe 1956). and NAR at all the observed stages recorded significantly maximum with 2. The leaf area index (LAI).11 8. specific leaf weight (SLW). The physiological parameters viz.82 3.03 21.92 3.49 21.05 0.26 26.91 17.15 0.60 1. Contribution of leaf and stem towards total plant dry matter production decreased with the progress in growth. Effect of soil applied panchgavya on yield of groundnut (kg/ ha).30 0.84 6.05 21.67 0. Biological yield and pod yield was computed from the plants harvested from net plots in each treatment. The increase in total plant dry matter production at 70 DAS coincided the pod formation stage in the groundnut.97 Soil application of panchgavya (l/m2) S0 S1. 1995).11 7. haulm and biological yield compared to control (Figure 1).0 l/m 2.09 0. Treatments accumulation in leaf.50 24.68 3.00 DAS as per treatments.25 0.43 17.44 1.0 S2.20 Nitrogen (%) 0. RGR and NAR were influenced by panchgavya levels.76 Panchgavya Neem Tumba Datura 4.79 0.67 13.99 2.86 3.24 Plant dry matter at 70 DAS (g/plant) Stem Leaf Pod Plant 4.13 49.0 l/m2 and S3= soil application of panchgavya @ 3.76 16.13 0.92 6.62 0.84 25. haulm and pod yields per hectare also responded positively to the increased levels of panchgavya.60 59.37 9.72 0.0 l/m 2.22 8.26 0. relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were calculated using formula as given in the literature (Gardner et al.01 6.30 10.75 6. CGR.83 0.40 27. stems and pods.37 22.63 23.61 8.56 62. S1= soil application of panchgavya @ 1.0 l/m2 .29 5.58 1.41 9.0 l/m 2. S2= soil application of panchgavya @ 2.81 5.0 l/m2.06 0.21 54..68 2.50 1.86 Phosphorus (%) 0.98 44.82 0. Thus increased dry matter of pods per plant with increased levels of panchgavya was evident. it was recorded statistically superior with datura leaf extracts at harvest. Effect of foliar application of leaf-extracts plus panchgavya on yield of groundnut (kg/ha) (mean of kharif 2006 and 2007) Effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied leaf extracts on the number of leaflets.30 0.22 1.07 1.10 2.02 0.19 1.35 2.10 S0= control (panchgavya). Foliar application of neem leaf extracts however had recorded significantly the highest dry matter accumulation in leaf and stem over other Table 3. Though foliar application of neem leaf extract recorded Pod yield (kg/ha) 5000 Yield (kg/ha) Haulm yield (kg/ha) Biological tield (kg/ha) 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Control (water spray) Neem leaf extract + panchgavya Datura leaf extract + panchgavya Tumba leaf extract + panchgavya Foliar application of leaf extracts + panchgavya Fig 2. 1962) and P in root rhizosphere.45 1.66 0.08 1.03 0.126 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). The foliar applied neem. RGR and NAR. S1= soil application of panchgavya @ 1. The number of leaflets.02 0. auxin.53 2. The increased nutrient supply (added or native) in turn enhanced rapid initiation of leaves and their expansion thereby giving higher leaf area.71 2.35) increases the solubility of the Ca (Freney et al.27 1.06 1.02 0. However. Effect of foliar applied sources: All the sources of foliar application recorded significantly higher accumulation of plant dry matter and its distribution compared to water sprayed control at all the observed stages (Table 2). panchgavya application increases the population of proven biofertilizers that play important role in the promotion of plant growth by secreting phytohormones.06 1.07 0. CGR. it remained at par with datura leaf extract in this regard during 45 and 70 DAS.03 0.51 1. RGR and NAR were recorded significantly higher with foliar application of datura leaf extract followed by neem and tumba both at 4570 DAS and 70 DAS –harvest (Table 4).0 l/m2 and S3= soil application of panchgavya @ 3. 2000).02 0.23 2.0 l/m 2.0 l/m2 . cytokinin and giberrelic acid (Mahalingam and Sheela 2003). Selvaraj (2003) also observed 36 % increased yield of frenchbean with application of vermicompost + panchgavya due to restoration of soil fertility with these sources.20 1. Treatments Soil application of panchgavya (l/m2) S0 S1 S2 S3 SEm± CD (P=0. The CGR.05) Foliar sources Control (Water spray) Neem leaf extract + panchgavya Datura leaf extract + panchgavya Tumba leaf extract + panchgavya SEm± CD (P=0. SLW. leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of ground nut at different growth stages (mean of kharif 2006 and 2007) Number of leaflets/plant 45 DAS 70 DAS Harvest 171 187 228 237 3 8 195 213 210 204 3 7 295 336 387 405 5 15 326 375 366 357 5 13 471 668 758 787 9 29 648 710 669 657 11 30 Leaf area/plant (cm2) 45 DAS 70 DAS Harvest 1056 1272 1446 1555 26 80 1181 1427 1387 1334 25 72 1291 1521 1880 1997 30 91 1465 1808 1737 1678 28 79 1825 2676 3254 3429 40 123 2588 3035 2817 2744 41 115 Leaf area index 45 DAS 70 DAS Harvest 0. S2= soil application of panchgavya @ 2. The improvement in number of leaflets and plant dry matter with application of panchgavya might have resulted into increased LAI. Foliar application of leaf extracts of neem and datura remained at par to each other in this regard except at 70 DAS-harvest where datura leaf extract recorded the highest RGR and NAR than other foliar sources.16 1. higher chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic rate which ultimately reflected by higher dry matter accumulation in the plant.86 0.16 2.98 1. essentially required for the formation and development of the shell of the pods. datura and tumba being at par with each other had statistically higher SLW than the control at all the stages of crop growth (Table 4).11 0.57 1. Though pod dry matter during pod formation stage (70 DAS) was recorded highest with neem leaf extracts. soil microbiology and reduction in soil pH and EC with the addition of panchgavya. The reduction in soil pH with application of panchgavya owing to low pH of the medium (4. Further.06 1. The bioactive substances secreted by beneficial microorganisms might have kept the opening of stomata for longer period (both under favourable and unfavourable conditions) leading to increased LAI (Xu et al. The increased dry matter and yield attributes thus contributed for higher pod and biological yield with panchgavya levels compared to control.88 1.29 0.40 0.52 2. 2010 was attributed to improved availability of micronutrients.05) foliar treatments. leaf area and LAI per plant at all the stages of crop growth was recorded significantly higher with foliar application of neem leaf extract than the other sources of application (Table 3). S2= soil application of panchgavya @ 2.018 0.13 0. In: abstracts of the UGC sponsored state level seminar on Indigenisation of India farming: Problems and prospects held at Gandhigram Rural Institute.16 26.93 5.363 0. Natarajan K. root nodule weight and plant nutrients which in turn increases the photosynthetic capacity of the plants.261 0.06 0. Buttrworths Scientific Publication.57 106.429 0. 2007. Thirukumaran K and Sathyamoorthi K. relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of groundnut at different growth stages (mean of kharif 2006 and 2007) 45 DAS SLW (mg/cm2) 70 Harvest DAS 4. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3 : 525-528.69 0.70 2. However.05 5.29 97.12 88. 2-5.365 0. Dike MC and Amatobi CI. The growth of Leaves. Panchakavya-Amanual.235 0.280 0.25 5.96 24.18 5.51 5.06 0.04 0. 2000.19 6.: Effect of panchgavya and plant leaf extracts on groundnut Table 4. Selvaraj N. Selvaraj N.05 0.03 0. pp. The higher dry matter accumulation in plant and its parts with neem. nitrate reductase activity. Ooty. Gardner FP. Milthorpe FL.0 l/m2 statistically higher haulm yield. Other India Press.427 0. Foliar application of datura leaf extract recorded 22 and 21 per cent higher pod and biological yields compared to water sprayed control. datura and tumba leaf extract in the study was attributed to higher chlorophyll content. The significant improvement in dry matter and photosynthetic source thus might have increased the physiological growth indices of the groundnut in the study compared to control.18 26.29 0. 1995. 2003. Deemed University.38 1.05) Foliar sources Control (Water spray) Neem leaf extract + panchgavya Datura leaf extract + panchgavya Tumba leaf extract + panchgavya SEm± CD (P=0.274 0. Plant and Soil 17 : 940-944.96 5. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 29 : 5-13. Somasundaram E.02 0. 127 Effect of soil applied panchgavya and foliar applied leaf extracts on the specific leaf weight (SLW).35 4. Goa.407 0.37 3.38 6.008 0. 2000). Besides. Oparaeke AM. Dasagavya: Organic growth promoter for plants.38 1.22 5. Influence of Varieties and Plant Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Confectionery Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L. Freney JR.0 l/m2 and foliar application of datura leaf extract at 35 and 55 DAS could be a best combination of treatments to get maximum plant dry matter.63 29. 1962.0 l/m2 and S3= soil application of panchgavya @ 3.08 NAR (mg/cm2/day) 45-70 70 DASharvest DAS 0. Wang XJ and Wang JH. Iowa State University Press.12 S0= control (panchgavya).59 0.75 0.78 6. 2003.54 26.95 0.65 1.262 0.55 5. 2001. Increased pod intensity per plant with application of neem leaf extract has also been reported by Oparaeke et al.17 CGR (g/m2/day) 45-70 70 DASDAS harvest 3.14 0. Effect of microbial inoculation on stomatal response of maize leaves.342 0. 2006. London. sources of foliar application (neem.65 27. (In) The Hindu. crop growth rate (CGR).).284 0.56 0.006 0.14 6.007 0.03 4. REFERENCES Chandrasekaran R.006 Treatments Soil application of panchgavya (l/m2) S0 S1 S2 S3 SEm± CD (P=0. Mapusa.18 RGR (mg/g/day) 45-70 70 DASharvest DAS 83.61 2.29 6. A review of certain aspects of sulphur as a soil constituent and plant nutrient. (2001) in cowpea.75 87.69 2. Journal of Crop Production 3 : 235-243 . Botanical pesticide mixtures for insect peat management on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L).23 5.19 3. nitrate reductase activity and root nodule weight with these leaf extract might be due to supply of more of plant nutrients to crop plants owing to higher N and P content of the medium used in the study compared to control (Table 1).47 28.43 4.24 6.003 0.31 96.15 4. Gandhigram.49 95. pod yield per hectare was observed significantly higher with datura leaf extract (Figure 2).60 2.04 0.255 0.67 2. Report on the work done on organic farming at Horticultural research station (Tamilnadu Agricultural University).395 0.002 0.14 5.85 6.25 98.30 0. Barrow NJ and Spancer KA. 61pp.06 0.84 4.05) 2.397 0.0 l/m 2.13 2.64 4. Physiology of crop plants.89 6. The higher chlorophyll content.05 0. 2002.75 4.34 4. 18.58 2. Production of plant growth regulators by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Xu HL.Kumawat et al.38 0. Mohamed MA. the role of datura in increasing growth and pod yield is not known and is a point of further exploration.78 0. datura and tumba) have many beneficial microorganism that maintain the opening of stomata for longer period both in optimum and adverse conditions during the crop growth which led to increased leaf area index providing stronger source for sink (Xu et al.20 28. Mahalingam PU and Sheela S. Pearce RB and Mitchell RL. growth and pod yield of groundnut on the high pH calcareous soils of the arid western India. India. pp.03 4.06 0.02 0.80 2.35 5. S1= soil application of panchgavya @ 1.93 6.022 0. The study suggested that soil application of panchgavya at 3. Tamil Nadu on 7-8 March 2003.93 4.237 0. 1956. Most of the applied P gets fixed and only 10-18% is utilized by the current crop (Subehia and Sharma 2002). Jobner. Nutrient uptake. The recommended dose of N (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus as per treatments were applied as basal. Phosphorus. Rajasthan.K. Udaipur. Accepted: August.8 kg available K2O/ha. Thus. Pattanayak et al. Besides. and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + dual inoculation with PSB + VAM produced significantly higher yield and uptake of N. India. Rajasthan. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology.plots. 40 kg P2O5/ha and dual seed inoculation with PSB + VAM significantly increased the seed and stover yield and uptake of N. YADAV* Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science. 268.in (Received: January. participates in synthesis of phosphate and phosphoproteins and takes part in energy fixing and releasing process in plants. Rajasthan College of Agriculture. Their activity was better reflected under FYM application (Qureshi et al. India . College of Agriculture. 5 t FYM/ha + dual inoculation with PSB + VAM. Key words: FYM. The treatments were replicated three times. phosphorus and biofertilizers on yield and nutrient uptake (N. Inoculants of efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and vasicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) which have established their capability in augmenting the productivity of pulses may fulfil the P needs considerably. 19. Udaipur 313001. S. Addition of FYM to these soils not only supplies the additional nutrients to the growing plants but also affects the availability of native nutrients from soil and chemical fertilizers due to release of organic acids and other microbial products during the decomposition (Stevenson 1967). P and K) by urdbean under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan. P and K by urdbean. Due to this chelating effect. Inoculation of phosphorus solubilizing micro-organism with legume crops has been found to substitute around 20 per cent P requirement by P solubilization (Singh et al.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 128-131. 2009). VAM and PSB + VAM) in sub. Combined effect of 5 t FYM/ha + 40 kg P2O5/ha. Net returns. The FYM was incorporated 20 days before sowing in the soil as per treatment. PUROHIT and B.6 cmol/kg of soil). 2005. This wide gap is minimized through the use of adequate and balanced fertilization. 31835) were obtained with 5 t FYM/ha + 40 kg P2O5/ha + dual inoculation with PSB + VAM followed by 5 t FYM/ha + 30 kg P2O5/ha + dual inoculation with PSB + VAM. 2010. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture with pH 7. Production of organic acids during decomposition of FYM lowers the pH due to which stable complexes with cations like Ca2+. Urdbean. 20. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at the instructional research farm of Rajasthan college of Agriculture.76 per cent organic carbon.18 (dSm-1) containing 0. 1998). 2010) ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during 2003-04 and 2004-05 on Typic Haplustept at Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology. VAM Urdbean (Phaseolus mungo L. The experiment was laid out at the same site during both the years in split plot design keeping FYM levels (0 and 5 t/ha) and phosphorus levels (0. Singh and Yadav 2008). Nitrogen and phosphorus were given through urea and diammonium phosphate.4 kg available N/ ha.8 and EC2 1. Maximum net returns (Rs. the present study was undertaken to study the effect of FYM. PSB.N. Jaipur 303 329. Its productivity is very low as compared to yield potential. The phosphorus fixing capacity of these soils is very high (15. P and K by urdbean. Significant response of legumes to phosphate nutrition has been reported by several workers (Namdev and Gupta 1999.) is important pulse crop of India. It is cultivated mostly on marginal lands in mono/ mixed cropping system without any fertilizers under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan. Fe2+ and Al3+ of greater stability and releases water soluble phosphates. Phosphours is an important mineral element for grain legumes as it helps in root development. Application of FYM @ 5 t/ha. 2010 Integrated phosphorus management on yield and nutrient uptake of urdbean under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan D. phosphacticum ) before sowing and VAM ( Glomus *Present address: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science.S. H. Mg2+.co. PSB. It is well known that vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi improve plant growth through increased availability of phosphorus by remobilization of fixed phosphate under low fertility conditions (Taraftar and Rao 2001). The seeds of urdbean were inoculated with PSB ( phosphorus megatherium var. 2009).S.L. the organic acid solublizes more P than inorganic acids at the same pH (Pattanayak et al. Udaipur to assess the effect of P application through different sources on yield and nutrient uptake by urdbean. RATHORE. FYM also maintains a congenial hydro-thermal regime for optimum crop production. Email: bly_soil@yahoo. Biofertilizers enhance soil fertility and crop yield by solubilizing unavailable sources of elemental nitrogen and bound phosphate into available forms in order to facilitate the plant to absorb them. 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha) in main plot and biofertilizers (untreated control.5 kg available P2O5/ha and 370. 62 7.78 P x BF 2.64 91.31 10.89 31.20 31.85 P x BF 0.71 7.93 76.85 FYM 0.686 Mean 0 Seed yield (q/ha) 7.38 19.07 16.81 79.76 52.56 20.02 25.65 17.56 5.37 5 t FYM/ha Phosphorus level (kg/ha) 20 30 40 60.43 5.61 10.16 78.77 51.92 19.92 46. phosphorus levels and biofertilizers on yield of urdbean (pooled over two years) No FYM Phosphorus levels (kg P2O5/ha) 20 30 40 7.04 21.93 8.83 0.47 20.05) Seed yield Stover yield 7.99 15.27 52.93 73.85 8.55 24.Rathore et al.22 P 0.: Integrated phosphorus management on yield and nutrient uptake of urdbean 129 fasciculatum) was drilled below seed just before sowing as per treatments.81 79.05 6.05 69.90 74.45 9.88 28.67 17. Application of phosphorus improved the nutrient availability in soil.374 8.58 11.71 16.98 15.179 0.61 19.00 52.11 BF 0.54 23.01 15.05 81.88 5. P and k uptake by urdbean (Pooled over two years) No FYM Phosphorus level (kg/ha) 20 30 40 49.41 21.53 5.01 0. P and K by urdbean (Table 1 and 2).64 13.25 9.00 0.23 FYM x BF 2.99 7.91 20.91 54.29 9.27 .52 74.29 to 24.33 4.15 0.77 K uptake (kg/ha) 21.06 47.50 8.61 23.24 61.03 25.26 17.51 18.48 4.23 13.07 10.47 16.27 7.25 22.80 9.51 8.276 0.24 82.93 86.22 0.14 17.50 20.66 7.54 5.13 20.22 5.14 5.75 5.39 65.20 20.08 8.90 4.78 10.36 32.76 24.67 8.58 23.80 53.00 21.72 6.57 P 1.03 8.54 Mean 0 N uptake (Kg/ha) 50.78 5.29 6.36 28.01 17.59 11.03 31.27 7.02 6.31 8. Treatments 0 Control PSB VAM PSB + VAM Mean Control PSB VAM PSB + VAM Mean CD (P=0.60 15.26 11.01 Stover yield ( q/ha) 15.41 0. The increase in uptake of N.34 84.75 54.74 4.33 30.75 28.86 kg P2O5/ ha in the first year and 20.93 8.49 54.13 15.82 4. 2003 and July 6.95 19.40 to 23.34 8.10 32.04 16.29 11.86 16.22 7.6 mm in 2003 and 2004.41 27.97 59.79 4.39 15.68 P uptake (kg/ha) 4.41 18. P and K due to application of organic matter could be attributed to higher availability of these nutrients and increased utilization of native P (Shrikanth et al.48 22.01 0.20 23.00 BF 1.54 23.26 21. Effect of Phosphorus: Application of phosphorus upto 40 kg/ha increased the seed and stover yield and uptake of N.40 21.58 70.93 7.7 mm and 569.04 14.11 10.16 62.14 60.14 21.59 21.35 55.54 29.18 19.00 25.64 58.77 FYM x P 0.17 7. respectively.95 61.52 22.11 0.56 28.15 10.54 5.195 0.45 27.72 17.04 24.04 6.91 8.86 5.79 9.22 20.94 5 t FYM/ha Phosphorus levels (kg P2O5/ha) 20 30 40 9.20 16.80 46. 2004.31 1.10 7.138 0.68 19.10 8. N.99 11.358 0.69 34. The total rainfall received during the cropping season was 465.30 9.18 8.09 17.93 35.85 9.21 Mean 64.17 22.63 22.32 5.52 20.79 5.95 7.29 9.57 72.48 6.22 8. P and K by urdbean and could be attributed to the release of macro and micro nutrients during the course of microbial decomposition (Singh and Ram 1982).79 52.14 19.81 69.69 17.37 5.46 15.42 7.13 9.83 14. resulting into greater uptake which might have increased the photosynthesis and Effect of FYM.15 0.68 7.264 the application FYM @ 5 t/ha increased the seed and stover yield and uptake of N.11 28.94 67.66 55.16 61.25 10.54 14.42 0.44 32.32 21.08 63. The available phosphorus of soil after harvest of crop under all treatments varied from 18.10 21.22 FYM 1.21 0.37 25.68 13.485 Table 2.86 7.42 21.94 6.43 13. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of FYM: Perusal of data (Table 1 and 2) revealed that Table 1.35 11. P and K contents in seed and stover were analysed as per standard methods and their uptakes was calculated by multiplying their contents and respective yield.41 55.43 58.88 5.46 30.05) N uptake P uptake K uptake 43.42 FYM x P 2.78 9.48 29.64 8.04 25.16 8.253 0.23 10. Treatment Effect of FYM and phosphorus levels and biofertilizers on N.76 23.50 8.529 Mean 9.94 70.66 12.72 6.46 15.88 11.39 3.96 10.09 58.16 FYM x BF 0.30 26.57 21.52 23.82 66.93 6.32 7. Sowing of urdbean was done on July 5. 2000).00 23.45 0 Control PSB VAM PSB + VAM Mean Control PSB VAM PSB + VAM Mean Control PSB VAM PSB + VAM Mean CD (P=0.55 kg P2O5/ha in the second year of study.343 8.11 8.87 4. 7 19565. Incorporation of FYM along with inorganic P increased the availability of P and this was attributed to reduction in fixation of water soluble P.01 24222. P and K uptake by urdbean and this combination was found significantly superior over other combinations.42 3. 31835.1 B : C ratio 2.7 27501. Qureshi AA.60 to 293.1 19176.8 21964. 2003. Plant and Soil 101 : 167-177. Chhonkar PK and Bala Sundram VR. P (19. FYM. In later stages. Similar results were also reported by Singh and Pareek (2003). Sureshkumar P and Tarafdar JC.27 kg P2O5/ha) and K (344.38 3. Treatments 0 No inoculation (control) PSB VAM PSB + VAM No inoculation (control) PSB VAM PSB + VAM 16668.75 40 0 Net returns (Rs/ha) 19565. Narayanasamy G. Economics: The maximum net returns (Rs.42 kg/ ha). 1999. Shrinivasmurthy CA. PSB or VAM alone. phosphorus levels and biofertilizers on monetary returns and B : C ratio of urdbean (mean of two years) No FYM Phosphorus levels (kg P2O5/ha) 20 30 18922. mustard and wheat crops.73 3. Shrikanth K. Direct and residual effect of phosphate rocks in presence of P solubilizers and FYM on the available P.17 3.40 3. vermicompost and fertilizers on properties of an Alfisol. combined effect of 5 t FYM/ha + dual inoculation of PSB + VAM and 40 kg P2O5/ha + dual inoculation of PSB + VAM gave higher seed and stover yield as well as uptake of N.08 40 24896.83 3. 2005. Nutrient balance and economics of integrated nutrient management in groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.5 2.1 31835. combined effect of 5 t/ha FYM and 40 kg P2O5/ha gave higher seed and stover yield and values of N. This study indicated that application of FYM @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg P2O5/ha along with dual inoculation of PSB + VAM was not only improved the productivity of urdbean but also gave maximum monitory benefits.9 2. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 48 : 496-499.84 2. P and K contents in grain of mungbean. These results are in line with the findings of Anil Kumar et al. Response of cereals to nitrogen in sole cropping and intercropping with different legumes. increased mineralization of organic P due to microbial action and enhanced availability of P (Varalakshmi et al. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 53: 9710 0.2 21554. In general.7 25332.).9 26706. Dual inoculation with PSB and VAM recorded highest values of all these parameters studied and proved its superiority to untreated control.3 27250.4 24515. Efficacy of biofertilizers with different levels of chemical fertilizer on pigeonpea. Namdev SL and Gupta SC.72 2. Growth.89 to 23. 2003. Interaction effect: Interaction effect of FYM and phosphorus on yield and nutrient uptake was found significant (Table 1 and 2). It might be attributed to the response of urdbean to the effect of nutrient management on account of balanced supply of inorganic P fertilizers.3 27940.3 3.88 translocation of assimilates to different parts of plants. yield and nutrient uptake as influenced by integrated nutrient management in dryland finger millet. FYM and biofertilizers. Thus. Crop Research 18: 1923 . Effect of Biofertilizers: Seed inoculation with biofertilizers proved superior to untreated control with respect to yield and nutrients uptake (Table 1 and 2).90 18817. Rao MR.4 23698. Siddaramappa R and Ramakrishnaparam. 2000.2 25376.6 2. Krishne Gowda and Sudhir K.7 30105.3 22484. The results clearly indicated that legume cropping helped to increase the available nitrogen.9 18086.88 and 3.93 2.8 18560.mustard (Brassica juncea L. dual inoculation of PSB and VAM improved N (282.10 3. . Madras Agricultural Journal 90 : 465-471.0 19900. P and K uptake which enhanced growth and yield of crop. 2005).5 20198. 2009. 1987.6 23272. 30105.61 kg K2O/ha) status of soil and ultimately increased N.08 3. Direct and residual effect of enriched composts.0 16924.23 3.3 3. In general. REFERENCES Anil kumar BH. more assimilates are diverted to storage compounds resulting into increased seed yield. respectively (Table 3). 2010 Effect of FYM.65 3. It may be due to sufficient supply of nutrients by applied FYM and P fertilizers (Rao et al.) .1 2.3 21303. Yadav and Jakhar (2001) and Singh and Pareek (2003) also found significant effect of phosphorus on yield and N. P and K by urdbean and these combinations were found significantly superior over other combinations.89 2.54 3.40 to 352.75 2.1 18784.87 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). PSB and VAM solublizes native phosphorus bringing more phosphorus to soil solution.3/ha) was recorded with 5 t FYM/ha + 40 kg P2O5/ha + dual inoculation of PSB + VAM combination followed by 5 t FYM/ha + 30 kg P2O5/ha + dual inoculation of PSB + VAM (Rs.42 3.70 2.23 2. (2003) and Singh and Yadav (2008).6 16956. Rego TJ and Wiley RW. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 57 : 536-545. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science 37 : 24-28.88 3.75.86 2.0 18534. Pattanyak SK. Rao SS. This might be attributed to nitrogen fixation by legume crop (Rao 2003).81 2.25 2. 1987).95 2.3/ha) with B:C ratio of 3. Sharanappa KT. organic carbon and viable counts of P solubilizers in soils after soybean.130 Table 3.18 5 t FYM/ha Phosphorus levels (kg P2O5/ha) 20 30 22228.94 3. New Vista in phosphorus research. In transactions. Response of clusterbean to Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium in an arid soil fertilized with nitrogen. In: Soil Biochemistry Vol I (A. yield and nutrient uptake of long duration pigeonpea under rainfed condition. . available N.D. Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizers on growth. Effect of organic matter on the transformation of inorganic phosphorus in soil science 30: 18518 9. 2005. 119. Organic acids in soil. P and K in sustaining productivity of groundnutfingernillet cropping system. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry 31: 90-94. MacLaren and G. Stevenson FJ. 2003.H. Singh RS and Ram H. Tarafdar JE and Rao AV. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 49: 751-755. Effect of tillage and phosphorus fertilization on yield and water expense efficiency of rainfed mungbean. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 53 : 315-318. 1998. 2002. 131 Subehia SK and Sharma SP. 1982. Perterson. 2001. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus applciation on microbial population in inceptisols of Varanasi Indian. 33 : 1-8. 2001.Rathore et al. Effect of integrated use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on organic carbon. Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizers on growth and yield of mungbean. Nutrient budgeting in a long-term fertilizers experiment.: Integrated phosphorus management on yield and nutrient uptake of urdbean Singh B and Parrek RG. pp. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 49 : 19319 4. Singh RS and Yadav MK. 2008. 1967. Journal of Food Legumes 21 : 46-48. Singh AK. 2002. Ram H and Maurya BR. Yadav BL and Jakhar SR. Ed) Marcel Dekker New York. Varalakshmi LR Srinivasmurthy CA and Bhaskar S. phosphorus and FYM. 17 th world congress of soil science held at Bangkok in Thailand from 14-21 st August. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16: 31-33. 2009. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. available phosphorus 14.1 mm was received during 2005 and 2006.5 and days to maturity were 70. days to 50% flowering were 43. which can be used to specify the most appropriate rate and time of specific plant growth and development process.0.e. seeds/pod. organic carbon 0. Heat use efficiency (HUE) for grain yield was computed following the method as described by Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L. The duration of each growth phase determines the accumulation and partitioning of dry matter in different plant organs as well as crop response to environmental factors. There was a drastic reduction in yield in case of August 5 sowing in both the years compared to July sowing.5 and 69. 42. Among genotypes ‘SML 668’ followed by ‘ML 1265’ consumed lesser days to attain 50% flowering and physiological maturity as compared to other genotypes during both the years. plant height. The crop is highly sensitive to environment. time of sowing shows remarkable influence on the growth and productivity of mungbean in kharif due to rainy season (Brar et al.S. H. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand. July 15. 1988). Plant to plant spacing was maintained at about 10 cm by thinning about two weeks after sowing. Early sowing resulted in absorbing sufficient amount of heat units in less time as compared to late sowings which acquired more days to mature during 2006 as compared to 2005 and resulted in accumulation of more growing degree days (GDD) as compared to first season. ‘ML 818’. 41. dates to maturity. respectively. growth. respectively. respectively. an experiment was planned and conducted on different dates of sowing on kharif mungbean genotypes. ‘ML 1265’ and ‘ML 1405’ matured in 69. Thermal indices growth is directly related to temperature and the duration for particular species could be predicted using the sum of daily air temperature (Wang 1960). The accumulated heat units (GDD) for each day were calculated for different phenological event as per the equation suggested by Nuttonson (1955). GILL* and POONAM SHARMA Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics. Genotype ‘ML 1265’ produced significantly higher yield than the other genotypes under late sowing of August 5. Genotype ‘ML 1265’ produced higher yield than ‘SML 668’ in both the years.0.0.6 days.0. The nutrient dose of 12.4 kg/ha and available potassium 318 kg/ha. 100-seed weight and grain yield were recorded. branches/plant.5 and 63. having pH 8. HARI RAM. Weeds were controlled by using pendimethalin @ 0. thermal requirement and grain yield of kharif mungbean genotypes GURIQBAL SINGH. GDD. All other agronomic practices were adopted according to the package of practices (PAU 2004). SEKHON.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 132-134.0 and 39. respectively at the time of sowing. July 25 and August 5) were kept in the main-plots and four genotypes ‘SML 668’. 15.K. there was a dire need to find out genotypes for late sowing according to heat unit requirement. Punjab Agricultural University. 2010) ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2005 and 2006 to study the effect of different dates of sowing on nodulation. Interaction between dates of sowing and genotypes for grain yield was significant in 2005. Temperature is the prime weather variable which affects plant life. Crop phenology is an essential component of the crop-weather models. ‘ML 1265’ and ‘ML 1405’ were assigned in the sub-plots. Therefore. 75° 52' E. and the climatic rhythm on the other and helps in realizing the potential yield (Singh and Dhingra 1993). 2010 Effect of date of sowing on nodulation. altitude 244 m) in kharif 2005 and 2006. India. Heliothermal units (HTU) are the product of growing degree days (GDD) and corresponding actual sunshine hours for that day. The duration of particular stages of . The optimum time of sowing ensures the complete harmony between the vegetative and reproductive phases on one hand. 67. Major et al. Ludhiana 141 004. Nodulation.com (Received: October.) Wilczek] is an important pulse crop of kharif season in India. growth and yield of four mungbean genotypes ‘SML 668’.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence application. using base temperature of 10oC. which has been employed to correlate phenological development in crops and to predict maturity dates (Nuttonson 1955. Sowing was done in rows 30 cm apart. 50% flowering and physiological maturity. K. Ludhiana (30° 56' N. 69. Heat unit concept is the agronomic application of temperature effect on plant. Therefore. Punjab. Photothermal units (PTU) are the product of growing degree days and corresponding day length hours for that day.2. On the basis of two-year mean values. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University. 25 and August 5 sowings. *Department of Agricultural Meteorology. The data on the effect of dates of sowing were lacking on the new promising genotypes of mungbean. E-mail: [email protected] mm and 446.5. so that these indices can be used as tools for characterizing thermal responses in different cultivars of mungbean. ‘ML 1265’ and ‘ML 1405’. ‘ML 818’. days to 50% flowering. HTU and PTU were accumulated from the date of sowing to each date of observation i. The data on nodulation.5 kg/ ha N and 40 kg/ha P2O5 was applied through urea (46% N) and single superphosphate (16% P2O5). Key words: Mungbean.29%. SML 668 was the earliest in maturity (60. In addition. Accepted: July. pods/plant. 1975).0 in July 5.5 days) whereas ‘ML 818’. The four dates of sowing (July 5. The total rainfall of 399. 65. 05) Plant height (cm) 2005 2006 Mean 75.7 27.3 NR 39.0 and 39. 65.5 25.3 60.68 5. However.8 22.56 3.7 16.75 10.8 20.8 5. During 2005.72 4.28 9. (2003) revealed that July 12 to 24 was the best sowing time for kharif mungbean.5 17.8 NR .86 8.41 3.38 5.4 18. significantly higher number of pods/ plant were recorded in July 5 and 15 sowing dates and both were statistically at par.0 45.9 57.94 3. 69. Treatment Dates of sowing July 5 July 15 July 25 August 5 CD (P=0.Singh et al.1 68.8 54.2 40.6 13.9 61.3 21.86 8.3 CD (P=0.5 61. respectively.8 65. in 2006.37 NS 9.3 July 25 NR August 5 15. In 2005.4 4.9 1.31 4.08 4. Treatment Effect of dates of sowing and genotypes on nodulation and grain yield in kharif mungbean Number of nodules/ plant 2005 2006 18. (2006) observed higher grain yield attributes of mungbean in the case of the Table 1.9 0.0 72.9 49. July 25 sowing had the highest HUE and resulted in highest grain yield. Fraz et al.6 2.2 58. Differences in seeds/pod due to sowing dates were found to be non-significant in 2005 while in 2006.2 1.5 and 63.07 4. 41.3 3.83 8.7 56.18 Seeds/pod 2006 Mean 10.1 21.15 4.52 3.1 1. During 2006.3 ML 1405 17. Branches/plant were not significantly influenced by sowing dates in 2005.71 3. July 5 and July 15 dates of sowing had significantly higher seeds/pod than July 25 and August 5 sowing dates.10 NS 4.: Effect of date of sowing on nodulation.53 0.47 10. In both the years. early sown crop availed more growing degree days (GDD). growth.99 NS 5. in 2006. 15. maximum pod/plants were recorded in July 25 sowing which was statistically superior to all other sowing dates.8 50.2 70.55 10.93 NS 5.1 2005 8.Not recorded Effect of dates of sowing and genotypes on growth and yield attributing characters of kharif mungbean 2005 14. nodules and their dry weight were influenced significantly due to dates of sowing (Table 2).00 4.38 5.62 4.58 3.63 11.3 ML 818 17.7 73. the different trend was observed due to occurrence of higher maximum and minimum temperature that probably accelerated the process of development and as a result duration of 50% flowering as well as physiological maturity was shortened by 2-3 days in case of first sowing during 2006 as compared to 2005.6 53.86 0.33 0.3 24.49 .5 69.1 3.08 4.5 14.6 Dry weight of nodules (mg)/plant 2005 2006 36. During both the years of the study.51 9.02 3. Two-year mean values of days to 50% flowering were 43.5 1.8 54.03 3.08 8.1 62.88 4.0 20.29 3.9 19.8 2.2 Branches/plant 2005 2006 Mean 5.40 4.48 9.75 3.2 Pods/plant 2006 Mean 23. In both the years. However. In 2005.01 4.0 60.32 5.05) 2.7 26.6 14.5 18.63 3.5 71.0.seed weight (g) 2005 2006 Mean 4. 42.1 17. thermal requirement and grain yield of mungbean genotypes 133 Rajput (1980) as below: HUE= Seed yield/Accumulated heat units RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of date of sowing: In both the years.14 0.08 5.86 NS 9.87 0. photothermal units (PTU) and heliothermal units (HTU) at physiological maturity and with each delay in sowing GDD.6 13.7 July 15 22.71 9.13 9.3 18. however. date of sowing showed significant effect on the grain yield of mungbean.38 0.1 20.1 67.43 0.5 1.6 12.05) 1.17 5. In another study.81 3. So early sowing resulted in absorbing sufficient amount of heat units in short time due to Table 2.7 18.3 40. number of nodules and their dry weight/plant were highest in the case of July 15 while minimum number of nodules and their dry weight were recorded in the case of August 5 sowing.51 4.2 15.8 ML 1265 19.3 4. There was a drastic reduction in the grain yield in the case of August 5 sowing.8 46. The 100-seed weight was found to be non-significant in both the years.3 CD (P=0. In 2006.23 crop sown in the third week of July than the sowings in third week of June and first week of July.85 0.4 62.4 50.90 4.43 100.9 3.0 43.2 Grain yield (kg/ha) 2005 2006 1111 1186 1282 983 108 1062 1078 1278 1145 106 1372 1488 1123 1063 119 1158 1272 1362 1255 63 Date of sowing July 5 13.36 5. Pod bearing was the least in the case of August 5 sowing date.95 5.9 45.7 56.13 5.6 1. days to 50% flowering as well as days to maturity were reduced in all the genotypes (Table 3).5 4.63 9.7 20.29 0.83 8.9 2.4 64. With delay in sowing.30 5.0 under July 5. sowing on July 25 gave significantly higher grain yield (1282 kg/ha) than July 5 and August 5 sowings but was statistically at par with July 15 sowing. July 5 and July 15 showed significantly higher branches/plant than July 25 and August 5 sowing dates.5 and days to maturity were 70.96 NS 5.3 43. Almost similar trend was observed for 50% flowering.12 9. with the result lodging was observed in July 5 and 15 sowings.43 5. There was linear decline in plant height with delay in sowing.6 3.10 3.50 3.0 36.06 9. due to good rains at vegetative stage the crop attained more plant height.7 Genotypes SML 668 14.36 NS 3. Singh et al.7 22.0.0.78 8.5 1.6 39.05) Genotypes SML 668 ML 818 ML 1265 ML 1405 CD (P=0. In 2005.9 49. 25 and August 5 sowings.30 9.13 5.5.95 0.98 3. significantly higher grain yield (1488 kg/ ha) was recorded in July 15 sowing which was statistically on par with July 5 sowing but significantly superior to July 25 and August 5 sowing dates.5 18.2 64.3 15. which caused reduction in grain yield.1 14. PTU and HTU decreased.67 3. the maximum plant height was recorded in July 5 sowing which was significantly higher than all other sowing dates (Table 1).18 10. 79 0.6% higher grain yield than ‘SML 668’ in 2005 and 2006. respectively. Though interaction was non-significant between dates of sowing and genotypes in 2006 yet the trend was almost the same as observed in 2005. 388. Washington DC.0 and 70. M-6. ‘ML 818’ and ‘ML 1405’ the 100-seed weight was 3. Data showed that ‘ML 1265’ was superior to other genotypes under late sowing (August 5). Higher numbers of nodules were observed in ‘ML 1265’ than in ‘ML 818’. Effect of daylength and temperature on soybean development. Ph.88 1. ‘ML 1405’ and ‘SML 668’ (Table 2). Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural University 30: 15715 9. Response of mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L. Gumber RK and Randhwa AS. Singh G. Similarly. Performance of genotypes: Among the genotypes ‘ML 1405’ was the tallest (67. HTU and PTU units and recorded higher grain yield as compared to other genotypes under study except ‘SML 668’. ‘ML 818’. Effect of sowing dates and planting patterns on growth and yield of mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L. Response of soybean crop to climate and soil environments. Genotype ‘ML 1265’ gave 20.88 0.92 1. 2003. 1988.83 0. Singh T and Dhingra KK.)] cultivars to time of sowing under South-Western region of Punjab. Genotypes ‘ML 1405’ and ‘ML 818’ were on par in yield. Wang JY. .04 0. REFERENCES Brar ZS. Nuttonson MY.29 g/100 seeds) due to its large seed size while in ‘ML 1265’. respectively.0 DAS under different dates of sowing. pp.50 and 3. 206. 50% flowering was observed 36.33 g. The highest number of pods/plant was recorded in ‘ML 1265’ during both the years. Dissertation.5.0 and 42. Interaction effects regarding dates of sowing and genotypes were significant in 2005. 1980.5. leading to comparatively better HUE for grain yield as compared to other dates of sowing. Ecology 41 : 785-790.00 1. 50% flowering occurred 43.11 0. Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). 70. ‘ML 1265’ and ‘ML 1405’. ‘ML 1265’ and ‘ML 1405’. Sekhon HS. Crop Science 15 : 174-179. Sandhu JS. Package of Practices for Kharif Crops of Punjab. 3.03 0.0 in ‘SML 668’.92 2005 50% Flowering Maturity Days AGDD AHTU APTU Days AGDD AHTU Dates of sowing July 5 44 880 6240 11870 72 1422 11184 July 15 42 858 6647 11406 69 1362 10951 July 25 41 825 7081 10795 64 1244 10258 August 5 39 759 6871 9738 62 1174 10370 Genotypes SML 668 36 718 5708 9514 62 1224 10134 ML 818 43 865 7014 11400 68 1330 10849 ML 1265 43 863 7002 11367 68 1315 10817 ML 1405 44 876 7135 11533 70 1352 11079 Treatment high temperature but late sowings (July 25 and August 5) acquired more days to mature during 2006 as compared to 2005 and resulted in accumulation of more GDD. ‘ML 1265’ was the highest yielder whereas ‘SML 668’ was the lowest yielder.00 0. Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural University 25 : 515-520. Rajput RP. July 15 sown crop recorded higher grain yield. Effect of planting dates and growth regulators on production of mungbean. Iqbal J and Bakhsh MAAHA. A critiques of the heat unit approach to plant response studies. It may be concluded that July 5-25 seemed to be the best time of sowing for kharif mungbean under Punjab conditions. respectively. Major DJ. Johnson DR. During 2006. 1960. ‘ML 1265’ attained lesser GDD.134 Table 3. Genotype ‘ML 1265’ was superior to others both under timely and late sowings. PAU. 68. GDD.0. 2010 Accumulated Growing Degree Days (AGDD). 1955. New Delhi. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 8 : 363-365.87 1. American Institute of Crop Ecology. Number of branches/plant and pods/plant were least in ‘SML 668’. two-year mean values of dates to maturity were 60. Ludhiana.D. Punjab Agricultural University. HTU and PTU was observed during 2005 as well as 2006. Singh SJ. IARI. Similarly.)] Cv . Fraz RA. Tropical Science 43 : 116-120. 2004. Genotypes differed significantly in the grain yield during both the years.97 0. This could be due to resource induced competition for attaining physiological maturity in sufficient accumulated heat units. ‘SML 668’ had the highest seed weight (5. high variation in days taken to reach different phenological stages and agroclimatic indices i.71.8 cm) in height (Table 1). On the basis of two-year mean values. The dry weight of nodules/plant was also higher in the case of ‘ML 1265’ than the other genotypes. 1993.85 2006 1. pp. ‘SML 668’ was the earliest in flowering (Table 3).3% and 17. ‘SML 668’ followed by ‘ML 1265’ consumed lesser days to attain 50% flowering and physiological maturity as compared to other genotypes during both the years.88 0.e. Effect of location and seed rate on three genotypes of mungbean. In different genotypes. Singh M and Singh G. 1975. 43. Accumulated Heliothermal Units (AHTU) and Accumulated Photothermal Units (APTU) at 50% flowering and maturity and heat use efficiency at maturity under different dates of sowing and genotypes 2006 50% Flowering Maturity APTU Days AGDD AHTU APTU Days AGDD AHTU APTU 18713 17650 15920 14676 15811 17159 16939 17351 42 42 41 40 37 44 43 40 837 851 798 776 791 877 829 791 5244 11468 69 5961 11317 69 5502 10453 67 6050 9946 64 5116 9842 59 6143 11536 72 6004 11360 68 5492 10444 70 1368 10815 18040 1346 9683 17437 1279 9495 16299 1213 9859 15130 1155 8741 14976 1380 10591 17660 1317 10108 16915 1355 10412 17356 Heat use efficiency (kg/ha/oC/day) 2005 0. Wheat-climate relationships and the use of phenology in ascertaining the thermal and photothermal requirement of wheat.5 cm) whereas ‘SML 668’ was the shortest (49.5 days after sowing (DAS) while in ‘ML 818’.84 0. This also resulted in comparatively better HUE for seed yield in ‘ML 1265’ over other genotypes. Tanner JW and Anderson IC. 2006. Email: ramarao_agrieco@yahoo. growth in production should mainly come from area attributing factors like assured supply of farm inputs and provision of remunerative prices.P.46 % of area and 6.31%) million tones of production during 2005-06.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 135-142. Therefore. The major pulses grown in India are pigeonpea and chickpea. RAMA RAO Regional Agricultural Research Station. Period-II (post-WTO) (1998-99 to 2007-08) and Overall Period (1988-89 to 2007-08). Anakapalle. which is a close approximation of the average year-to-year percentage variation adjusted for trend. The time series data for the period 1986-87 to 2007-08 on area. (Data for Hyderabad district is not available) three geographical regions of Andhra Pradesh viz.1] x 100 Estimation of extent of instability: The extent of instability is calculated by using Coppock’s Instability Index (CII). during the year 2005-06. Coastal Andhra. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Period-1 (pre-WTO) (1988-89 to 1997-98). In India. For calculating the CGR. Further. consumer and importer of pulses in the world. Accepted: September. N= Number of years.V. to identify the productivity clusters. log b Where. r = Compound growth rate. rice and wheat output has grown considerably and there has been a considerable lag in output growth of pulses and coarse cereals in India (Shah and Shah 1997). production and productivity of pulses. the findings of Hazell (1984) and Jayadevan (1991) revealed that the growth in crop production during the post-green revolution period has been accompanied with increased instability and yield fluctuation turned out to be the major source of production instability. but it was accompanied by high degree of instability.54 % of production to the total food grain of the country.). log V = Logarithmic variance.2. Growth performance of pulses production was high.2 million tones. Andhra Pradesh ranks fourth in pulses production with 1. Pulses accounts for 18. Rayalaseema. urdbean and mungbean. estimating the patterns of growth and magnitude of instability. 2010) ABSTRACT The present study was attempted to cluster the districts based on different criterion. t = Time variable in years (1. Key words: Clustering. Y= A. Coppock’s Instability Index (CII).. Analysis was conducted separately for each period. production and productivity were collected from various publications of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics. Growth. and decomposition analysis (change in average production) were employed for achieving the objectives. A= Constant b= (1+r).629 million tones. Log Y = Log A + t. Estimation of growth rates: Compound growth rates were estimated by fitting an exponential function of the following form.38 (10.18 million tones (593 kgs/ha of yield). instability.e. In algebraic form: CII = [Antilog log V – 1] x 100 [Log (X t  1 / X t ) – m]2 N –1 India is the largest producer.95%) million hectares of cultivated area and 1.22 million hectares with a production of 13. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Time series data on total pulses for 20 years from 1986-87 to 2005-06 was collected from published literature of Bureau of Economics and Statistics. to examine the extent of instability in production. The projected demand for pulses by 2020 in India is 27. Y = Area/production/productivity . . 2008. 2010 Performance of pulses during pre and post-WTO period in Andhra Pradesh: district wise analysis I.bt. Compound Growth Rate (CGR). Telangana and State as a whole.co..in (Received: November. and assessing the explanatory variables’ affects on pulses production in Andhra Pradesh. pulses were grown on 22. Pulses growth rates in area. While. 22 districts. Xt = Area/ production/ productivity in the year ‘t’. Visakhapatnam-531 001 (A.78 (7. CII and Decomposition rate. Hierarchical and K-Means Clustering. Production requirement of pulses in Andhra Pradesh as per ICMR recommendation (40gms/day) by 2020 is 1. In order to find out causes for these fluctuations.Y. Decomposition analysis.. Major pulses grown in Andhra Pradesh are pigeonpea. chickpea. whole period was divided into two sub periods resulting in the formation of three periods viz. to identify the growth and instability clusters based on pulses production and to assess the change in average production caused by exploratory variables MATERIALS AND METHODS The study pertains to all the districts i. an attempt has been made to study Log V = Where.3…n) The percent compound growth rate is calculated as below: CGR (%) = [(Antilog of ‘b’) . Decomposition analysis revealed that area effect was marginally higher than the productivity effect on the production differential. where as. So.42) were noticed in East Godavari. So.12 per cent (Coastal Andhra) and 5. L-L (Low-Low). During the period I.M-M. in production (-3.13 per cent (Coastal Andhra) and 10. While. These clusters were named as low (< 400). in production from –5.17%) and productivity (1. A = change in mean yield. lowest growth rates in area. growth rate was low in productivity (0. So. production (22. analysis was carried for the all the periods. whereas. Y = change in mean area. A . in area was recorded in Telangana.84%) and productivity (-3.61 per cent (Coastal Andhra) and 11. Then these three clusters were cross tabulated and resulted in nine clusters viz.86 per cent (East Godavari) and 7. six and five districts shown the negative trend in area. About range of growth rates. eight. nine (eight in Telangana) in area.17 per cent (Rayalaseema) and in productivity varied between –3. and presented in the form of 3 x 3 tables (tables 6.7 and 8). (2002) has stated that compound growth E (P)  A1 . Prakasam and Medak.46 per cent (Rayalaseema).03 per cent (Karimnagar) and 14. growth rates in area varied between 1. in productivity it was between -3.78 per cent (Karimnagar) to 18. whereas. Low (<20%).38%).97 per cent (Telangana) and 4. Out of 22 districts. production (3. So.. in area it varied from 0. production and productivity were registered in Rayalaseema. Further. highest growth rate in area (17.94) Rangi et al.89%). production and productivity were observed among the districts of Coastal Andhra region. Low (<2%). production and productivity were the highest in Rayalaseema.36 per cent (Kurnool) and in productivity growth rates varied from –5. range of growth rates in area was between -7.66 per cent (Rayalaseema) and in production varied from 3.. state as a whole. Medium (20-40%) and High (>40%).11%) and production (1. Further.17 pr cent (East Godavari). Y  Cov (A.47 per cent (West Godavari) to 14.Y) = changes in area and yield covariance RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth rates: During the over all period. and in terms of production instability (CII) into three clusters viz.LM.27 per cent (Coastal Andhra) and the highest was 6. growth in area had marginally higher effect on growth in production than by the growth in productivity. production and productivity respectively.03 per cent (Coastal Andhra) and 12.H-M.L-H.M-L.54%) (Table 1). Based on productivity: Hierarchical Cluster analysis given three clusters of districts..49%) were moderate.136 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).37 per cent (Kadapa).01%) were recorded respectively in Kadapa. Karimnagar recorded the lowest growth rate in area and production. Y  Y1 . growth rates in area varied between –5. Among the regions. Y = changes in mean area and mean yield.76 per cent (Rayalaseema). The change in average production E (P) between the periods can be obtained as follows: Andhra. 2010 m=Arithmetic mean of difference between the logs of Xt+1 etc. growth in area contributed more towards growth in production in Rayalaseema. state as a whole. Based on growth vis-à-vis instability: Hierarchical Cluster analysis classified the districts based on the production growth (CGR) into three clusters viz.43 (Coastal Andhra) to 14. whereas.49 per cent (Kadapa). So. five districts registered with negative CGR in area.53 per cent (Rayalaseema) and in productivity it was between –0.17%) and productivity (12. interaction between changes in mean yield and mean area and change in yield-area covariance (Hazell 1982). where as. in production they were from 0. medium (400-600) and high (> 600) based on yield (kg/ ha). growth in productivity (3.33 per cent (Kadapa).H-L. Two-stage clustering technique was employed by using the Hierarchical and KMeans Clustering techniques (SPSS 15 trial version) Hierarchical Clustering gives the number of groups to be formed. Clustering is the technique. six (two in Telangana) in productivity and seven (three in Telangana) in production has showed negative growth rates.17) was in Guntur. Among the regions. K-Means Clustering will decide the membership in each cluster. growth in area contributed more towards growth in production than by growth in productivity. Among the regions. Y) Where A1 . Clustering: Cluster analysis is a multivariate procedure ideally suited to segmentation application.09 per cent (Coastal Andhra).85%) than by growth in area (2.\ Decomposition analysis (change in average production): Change in average production between the periods arises from changes in mean area and mean yield (productivity). So.80%) contributed more towards growth in production (6. by growth in productivity in Rayalaseema. among the districts.61 per cent (Rayalaseema).0 per cent (Karimnagar) and 10. ranges of growth rates in area varied between -1.91 per cent (Karimnagar) and the highest was 18. in productivity the lowest was 2. During the period. growth rates in area (1. Medium (210%) and High (>10%). Among the districts. growth in productivity contributed more towards growth in production in Coastal Andhra and Telangana. which groups the objects of interest based on the proximities of the concerned character. A  A . pulses had shown high growth rate in area (1. Further.76 (Rayalaseema).M-H. production and productivity respectively. Where as. Cov (A. lowest growth rates in area (-3. and H-H (High-High) clusters.21 per cent (Kadapa). in production the lowest was -7. Thus.60%).3 per cent (Telangana). highest growth rates in area. in production it ranged between 1. For state as a whole. three. Y1 .51 per cent (Coastal Andhra) to 14.39 per cent (Telangana) to 5. the lowest growth rates in production and productivity were recorded in Coastal . Among the districts. six. growth in area contributed more towards growth in production in Coastal Andhra. whereas. Further. 55 1.54 -3.97 1.55 12. Reason may be due to effective implementation of Technology mission on pulses since 1990-91 in Andhra Pradesh and more importantly expansion of area of chickpea in rabi season.54 4.33 10.28 -0. Whereas.17 1.08 7.53 5.16 0.86 0.44 0.25 -0.20 -0.38 -2.17 1.59 -1. production (86.15 5.41 -2.44%) and productivity (13.58 -0.27 11.06%) and production (60.51 3.57 -0.41 4.00 2.25 2. in area (5.0 %).61 11.67 -1.18 2.98 3. the lowest instability in area (7. Compound growth rates of area.25 %) were recorded in Coastal Andhra.86 -2.18 8.55 4.31 %).65 2.09 3.03 14.41 -0.42 8.71 14.69 2. in 12 out of 22 districts.90 1.70 1.Rao : Performance of pulses during pre and post-WTO period in Andhra Pradesh: district wise analysis Table 1.53 %).68 4. Contribution towards production fluctuations was more by variability in productivity in all regions.68 -3.78 -0. in case of pulses acreage growth rate was found negative and non significant.38 %) and production (46.27 4. contribution of instability in productivity in relation to variability in area was more towards production fluctuations.02 -2.70 12.33 7.01 14.52 6.13 -0. in Chittoor (12. the lowest and the highest instability in area.71 %) as shown in table 2.01 4.92 -0.46 1.43 2.02 0.54 1.51 5.18 10.70 %).00 -5.85 7. in area (6. India and the world with least exception of 3 years period.61 0.35 -0.99 4.98 9.78 1.13 3. Among the regions. But.53 1.96 6.74 %) and productivity (13.49 per cent.30 7.17 -2.49 -0.58 14.22 1.38%) was same for the period of 1970-71 to 1998-99.39 7.70 6.53 0.46 %)and in productivity (12. production (168.95%) was in Coastal Andhra.56 2.91 4. During the overall period.36 5.49 10.62 4.84 -3. P = productivity rates for pulse production of India (1. Thus.74%) was noticed in Telangana.57 0. in production (17.09 5.47 7.25 %) were recorded in Kadapa.96 -3.44 1.18%) were in Telangana and in productivity (31.45 1.90 10.16 -0.12 7.20 0.55 17.04%) and productivity (39.03 7.74 -2. But.37 2.78 1.78 17.39 1. Extent of instability: Among the districts.25 -0.85 1.66 14.84 18.49 2.84 7.06 8.48 %) were recorded in Chittoor.07%) and world (1.70 2.18 1.92 -0.03 %) were recorded in Coastal Andhra. Chittoor and Prakasam and in Vizianagaram and Prakasam.79 0. PD = production.47 0.94 -0.99 0.00 8.60 9.40 -1.76 -5. whereas.11 P 0.42 5.38 Period-II (1998-99 to 2007-08) A PD P 0.44 %) and productivity (15.00 %) and productivity (14.54 Period-I (1988-89 to 1997-98) PD 10.02%) and East Godavari (86.86 5.17 10.57 5.76 -4.18 2.86 4.58 4.94 %) was observed in Telangana.84 -4. the lowest instability in production (12.34 2.17 2.83 0.75 4. Contribution towards production variability was more by area variability in Rayalaseema and by instability in productivity in Coastal Andhra and Telangana.37 18.56%).82 0.08 3.77 8.20 %) and East Godavari (86.36 11. During the period II.13 5.59 0.49 137 Districts and regions Srikakulam Vizianagaram Visakhapatnam East Godavari West Godavari Krishna Guntur Prakasam Nellore Coastal Andhra Kurnool Ananthapur Kadapa Chittoor Rayalaseema Ranga Reddy Nizamabad Medak Mahaboob Nagar Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karim Nagar Adilabad Telangana Andhra Pradesh A 10. production and productivity were respectively recorded in Visakhapatnam (4.33 1.72 -5.20 22.73 3.47 %) were recorded in Rayalaseema.49 10.55 9.09 2.17 0.72 13.05 12.14 -3.54 1.48 -7.76 3.57 1. The highest instability in area (42.44 -4.28 17.03 -1.37 13. the highest instability in area (83. In the present study compound growth rate for Pulses production during period I (1986-87 to 1995-96) in Andhra Pradesh was 1.30 3.96 1.15 3.89 10.43 1. the lowest instability in area (8. production and productivity of pulses in Andhra Pradesh during different periods Overall period (1988-89 to 2007-08) A* PD P 2.23 2.86%) and Srikakulam (35. the highest in area (32.02 1.77 1.34 3.30 2.89 % and 57.88 -1.61 -0.43 -3.90 0.85 3. Whereas.29 9.57 5.51 -3.42 11.64 -4.07 % and 52. production (15.19 1.47 -3.76 11.39 3. pulses production in post-WTO era (1996-97 to 2005-06) has showed tremendous growth (6.03 6. whereas. during the period I.01 -1.51 18. the lowest instability in production (13.09 10.57 1.62 2.79 3. production (21.96 -7.44 5.34 4.02 %) was in Adilabad.80 *A = area.48 0.86 -5.21 9.61 -0.53 2. the lowest and the highest instability in area (3.98 6. during the period I.40 -1.53 -2.99 5.88 -1.01 3.25 2.60 3.30 1.34 %) and productivity (63.70 0. Where as. .91 4.13 5.07 -0. Further.85%) that to more contribution from productivity than area. in present study.27 2.93 9.21 -0. The highest instability in area (13.78%) were recorded in Rayalaseema.25 % and 107.40 3.02 -2.73 %) were recorded in Coastal Andhra.72 1.34 1.94%) and in Khammam (7.89 21. it can be concluded that pulses production growth rate was same in Andhra Pradesh.39%) and productivity (40. During the period II.67 -2.80 -1.17 -3.81 %) were registered respectively in Adilabad and Kadapa.23 3.59 1.17 2.02 6.87 -0. During the overall period.99 -5.94 6. 22 19.12 29.64 64.20 12.29 50.02 42.23 A 7.73 61.06 5.13 60.34 99.51 Khammam 21.44 13.88 21.87 28.05 12. During the period II also instability in productivity (18.10 7.29 21.79 17.77 51.00 42. during the period I.90 Visakhapatnam 11.00 14.48 36.35 Vizianagaram 19.49 43. Further.48 168. pulses had instabilized growth.93 29.37 46.38 26. Thus.25 12.25 13.07 25.24 21.39 40.56 Rangareddy 11.06 %) had more influence on production fluctuations (6.53 West Godavari 38.65 46.61 8.02 13.27 32. production and productivity in Andhra Pradesh during different periods (values given are in %) Overall period (1988-89 to 2007-08) PD P 36.16 19.37 32.01 Warangal 18.46 52. Whereas. ten and nine districts were in low.92 57.85 18.11 48.22 46.95 53.13 Mahaboobnagar 25.26 17.03 43.43 91. Looking districts r regionwise.58 84.09 11.23%).94 3.96 36.80 14.89 9.19 30. During overall period.73 41.15 25.12 36.34 49.96 5.86 41.11 Cuddapah 83.52 18.18 7.89 Medak 36.80 86.20 39.00 22. Clustering Based on productivity: During the total period (Table 3) three.45 27.37%) than by instability in area (3.71 35.72 39.46 Rayalaseema 42.81 30.38 22.79 10. one Coppock’s Instability Indices (CII) of area.76 12. there was uniformity in some years except sharp dip in 2000-01 and rise in 2002-03.34 35.74 9.71 East Godavari 29.75 20.04 21.78 61. Low or Negetive PCOPP (Fig 2) revealed that there was negative trend in East Godavari and Karim Nagar. instability in production (25.77 40.05 32.02 13.71 55.85 15.69 50.78 Karimnagar 35. exploring and establishing the factors for high trend in Karimnagar and low trend in Adilabad in different years.41 71. P = A 35.45 23. Further.83 30.71 49.58 6.74 65.69 productivity Period-I (1986-87 to 1995-96) PD P 49.74 Andhra Pradesh 10. Above results helps as pointer for further research in developing region specific strategies.14 13.03 37.94 17.85%) than by instability in area (10.00 88.62 46.18 28.35 19. medium and high cluster groups respectively.94 86.10 11.95 Nalgonda 17.27 12. Table 2.74 59. two.23 39.73 31.14 12.25 72.63 Nellore 59.55 23.56%).34 63.40 57.30 47. it is clear from tables 1 and 2 that growth and instability are going together.70 35.13 Ananthapur 26.49 45.73 57.12 33. For example for Telangana region.34 125. it was accompanied by high fluctuations (This was clear in Table 5).71 14.29 18.31 20. Major reason behind this is.04 39.51 Prakasam 59. in his interstate analysis of growth and instability in pulses. Above results compelled to identify the high and low productivity level districts from each region and this was done in Fig 1 & 2 by taking one district from each region with low and high PCOPP (Percentage Change Over Previous Period).32 44.65 Kurnool 56.96 45.90 . From high PCOPP (Fig 1) it is clear that though high trend was there in Prakasam and Kadapa.89 38.75 49.03 102.71 Guntur 17.37 34.02 Telangana 8.48 10.71 46.68 17. variability in productivity has more influence on production variability than by area fluctuations.62 107.62 25.35 19.51 13.33 40.76 28.67 8.94 35. majority of pulses are being cultivated under rain fed conditions.95 26.23 Adilabad 5. stated that production of gram was found constant.64 Krishna 12.53 Chittoor 16. Shukla (1998).74 13. productivity variability (5. one.44 15.40 15.86 5.80%).138 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). 36% and 26% respectively towards state average production (825974 tones).41 36.09 12.86 13.00 % CII) during the overall period (1988/89 to 2007/08) was high.48 86.82 Coastal Andhra 11. The high.13 20.76 19.82 10.87%) has more influence on production variability (29.56 *A = area.50 54.65 16. results of present study revealed the production variability (25. Inter period comparison revealed that instability in area.96 15.57 3.14 13.16 11.35 30.00%) was more than productivity variability (14.49 29.65 15.57 12.98 34.97 7.58 37. That is to say.97 17. five and two districts in Coastal Andhra.85 59.33 39.55 28. State as a whole. medium and low cluster districts contributed 38%.47 42. PD = production. production and productivity during the period II was more than period I.68 6.78 25.39 21.71 40.77 Nizamabad 15.39 18.81 80.93 20.37 5.95 29.14 14.34 32.15 27.81 32.78 19.67%) and area fluctuations (10.79 22.59 18.35 10.38 6. Whereas.16 29.50 22.24 22.08 20.88 31.56 37.06 Period-II (1996-97 to 2005-06) PD P 18.07 61.19 16.87 Districts and regions A* Srikakulam 24. low stagnant trend was observed in Chittoor. 2010 Contribution towards production fluctuations was more by instability in productivity in Coastal Andhra and Telangana and by variability in area in Rayalaseema.61 22.88 17.78 42.38 26.47 19.07 16.77 4.16 40.17 13.97 17.77 11.98 40.00 14.25 31. productivity levels in the districts of Coastal Andhra are higher than Rayalaseema and Telangana. That shows the definite increase in the productivity levels of some districts over the time. State average production during total period was 825974 tones 1100 1000 900 Productivity (Kg/Ha) Kadapa Karim Nagar 700 East Godavari Chittoor 600 Prakasam Adilabad Productivity (Kg/Ha) Years 500 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 400 300 200 100 5 6 7 8 9 9 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -8 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 -8 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Years Fig 1. medium and low cluster groups respectively. So. medium and low cluster groups respectively. Productivity trends of selected districts with high PCOPP Fig 2.N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average % to state productivitya % to state productionb a Cluster-I (High) Name Yield Krishna 708 Guntur 699 Kurnool 603 Cluster-III (Low) Name Yield E. in period-II. it is clear that in period-I.N Table 4.Godavari 381 Vizianagaram 350 Ananthapur 342 Chittoor 265 Karim Nagar 398 Warangal 373 Nalgonda 333 Adilabad 283 Mahaboobnagar 276 333 69 26 139 38 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Average % to state productivitya % to state 51 26 productionb a State average productivity during total period was 518 kg/ha.Godavari 443 Srikakulam 429 Visakhapatnam 407 Nellore 384 Kurnool 513 Karim Nagar 428 Khammam 398 Cluster-III (Low) Name Yield Vizianagaram 330 Kadapa 414 Ananthapur 302 Chittoor 243 Nizamabad 387 Ranga Reddy 356 Warangal 331 Medak 327 Nalgonda 283 Mahaboobnagar 243 Adilabad 191 449 314 101 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Average 718 % to state 161 productivitya % to state 38 30 32 productionb a State average productivity during total period was 447 kg/ha.Godavari 439 Nellore 563 Ranga Reddy 458 Nizamabad 459 Medak 482 Warangal 416 Khammam 482 708 474 137 91 Cluster-III (Low) Name Yield Vizianagaram 369 E. Table 3. 30% and 32% of state average production was in high. 38%.N Productivity (kg/ha) clusters of different districts in period I (1986-87 to 1995-96) Cluster-II (Medium) Name Yield W. none and two districts in Rayalaseema and none.Godavari 469 Visakhapatnam 440 Srikakulam 432 Kadapa 576 Khammam 440 Nizamabad 423 Ranga Reddy 407 Medak 405 670 466 97 36 b Productivity (kg/ha) clusters of different districts in period II (1996-97 to 2005-06) Cluster-II (Medium) Name Yield Srikakulam 435 Visakhapatnam 473 W. Productivity trends of selected districts with low PCOPP . four and two districts in Coastal Andhra. b State average production during total period was 699573tones Cluster-I (High) Name Yield Guntur 732 Krishna 704 Table 5. two.Godavari 498 Prakasam 462 E. So. average production during total period was 952375 tones 800 Cluster-I (High) Name Yield Guntur 666 Krishna 713 Prakasam 733 Kadapa 692 Kurnool 737 State State average productivity during total period was 483 kg/ha. none. medium and low cluster groups. During pre-WTO period. a good amount (51%) was in high group clusters. three. respectively. Whereas.Rao : Performance of pulses during pre and post-WTO period in Andhra Pradesh: district wise analysis 139 and two districts in Rayalaseema and none. S. one and three districts in Rayalaseema and none. medium and low cluster groups. four and five districts in Telangana were in high. From Tables 4 and 5. productivity levels in the districts of Coastal Andhra are higher than Rayalaseema and Telangana. two and seven districts in Telangana were in high. Further.Godavari 319 Chittoor 286 Ananthapur 382 Mahaboobnagar 309 Karim Nagar 367 Adilabad 376 Nalgonda 384 344 66 23 b S. S. during post-WTO period. Productivity (kg/ha) clusters of different districts in total period (1988-89 to 2007-08) Cluster-II (Medium) Name Yield Prakasam 597 Nellore 473 W. five and four districts in Telangana were in high. two. six and one districts in Coastal Andhra. P* 27896 8704 4 - 11 Medak Prakasam Nellore Kurnool Kadapa - 0 44265 76691 11351 60868 21037 26 30 46 43 100 *A.Godavari Total % to state production** Instability clusters Cluster-I (Low) Name Cluster-I (Low) Chittoor Visakhapatnam Khammam % to state production of each group Cluster-II (Medium) Krishna Guntur Warangal E. if a small change in absolute values will be reflected highly in percentage terms.140 Table 6.5 49 19 32 100 *A.85% in P-I and P-II respectively for state as a Table 7. growth and instability. Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).P* 0 5303 1 32118 47271 15880 30383 6484 18. **State average production during l period-I was 699573 tones . Whereas. Where as. the most desirable combination is the district with high growth Cross tabulated growth clusters with instability clusters in period-I (1986/87 to 1995/96) Growth clusters (production in tones) Cluster-II (Medium) A.5 61. Nizamabad.5 19.. followed by 30% in high and 24% in medium categories.. But. That is to say that five districts viz. Based on growth vis-à-vis instability: Production growth was 1. from instability angle 46% of production base was in medium category followed by 43% in high and 11% in low categories. were slipped from medium to low productivity cluster groups. first from growth rates angle there was 46% of production base was in low category.49% and 6.P* 4543 12760 38938 7 0 111938 Srikakulam 33950 142108 Vizianagaram 20688 25814 43458 39 7 Mahabubnagar 26729 Nizamabad 14939 Ranga Reddy 25489 Nalgonda 30936 Ananthapur 21366 Adilabad 25753 0 17 46 24 Cluster-III (High) Name Karim Nagar W. Medak.5 12 19 Cluster-III (High) Name Nellore Srikakulam E. Looking in isolated manner (Table 6).P* 117497 Visakhapatnam 12728 150051 Ranga Reddy 19715 4481 41529 45 4 37377 Vizianagaram 20688 20140 25595 23029 15 3 11130 Prakasam 31345 Nizamabad 12120 Medak 24233 Adilabad 17149 1.P = Average production in total period for the respective districts. Then looking from both viz.Godavari % to state production of each group Total % to state production A.Godavari % to state production of each group Cluster-III (High) % to state production of each group Total % to state production A. point of concern is that productivity levels of 11 districts were stagnant. Ranga Reddy. Prakasam and Kurnool districts moved from medium to high groups. Nalgonda and Warangal moved from low group to medium group. whole (Table 1). It looks high but basic fact is that being pulses production base itself is low in the state. **State average production during total period was 825974 tones This shows the movements of the some districts from low and medium range to high range from period-I to Period-II. East Godavari and Karim Nagar. three districts Srikakulam.P* Name A. 2010 Cross tabulated growth clusters with instability clusters in total period (1988-89 to 2007-08) Growth clusters (production in tones) Cluster-II (Medium) A.P* Name A.P = Average production in period-I for the respective districts.Godavari Ananthapur Kurnool Kadapa Total % to state production** Instability clusters Cluster-I (Low) Name Cluster-I (Low) Krishna Guntur Chittoor Khammam % to state production of each group Cluster-II (Medium) Karim Nagar Mahabubnagar Warangal Nalgonda % to state production of each group Cluster-III (High) W. Whereas. 63 -153.88 -11.10 16.P* 35783 12792 36348 9 23559 39643 134166 21 26852 2 32 Total % to state Cluster-III (High) production** Name A.Godavari Guntur % to state production of each group Cluster-III (High) Ananthapur % to state production of each group Total % to state production A.22 20. all the districts moved from one category to another category from period-I to period-II. It reveals that growth and instability are going together.82 27.64 34.87 44.19 26.11 38. Looking through Tables 7 and 8.17 6.77 43.40 45. Looking from both (growth and Instability) 45% of production was in L-L category.91 Change in mean area 78.92 20.86 25.12 43.93 0.Rao : Performance of pulses during pre and post-WTO period in Andhra Pradesh: district wise analysis Table 8.38 -12.15 2. followed by 33% in high and 18% in medium category.70 10.57 36.95 7.87 8.57 1.87 3214.18 12.23 13.94 -3. But.68 -1264.P* Chittoor 4605 0 Krishna 106379 Karim Nagar 18416 Nizamabad 17758 15 Nellore 17399 Adilabad 34357 Warangal 26032 Ranga Reddy 31264 Mahabubnagar 33318 15 30 141 Instability Clusters Cluster-I (Low) Name Cluster-I (Low) Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Khammam % to state production of each group Cluster-II (Medium) Vizianagaram E.98 51.35 79.31 43.04 -0. opposite (bottom-left corner group) is most undesirable group.84 19.59 22.63 1.18 20.87 Sources of change (%) Changes in mean area and mean yield 1.36 1.21 1534.69 -168.78 45.31 4.40 -5.82 -416.49 155.78 82.29 4.67 109.95 -2545.54 0.34 -1. 62% of state production base was in low growth category.61 3.52 96.98 48. where as.P = Average production in period-II for the respective districts. followed by 19% equally in medium and high categories.85 38.44 2.P* 9 36 W.39 -3. 49% of the state production was in low category. Whereas..93 29.12 57.10 Districts and Regions Srikakulam Vizianagaram Visakhapatnam East Godavari West Godavari Krishna Guntur Prakasam Nellore Coastal Andhra Kurnool Ananthapur Cuddapah Chittoor Rayalaseema Rangareddy Nizamabad Medak MahaboobNagar Nalgonda Warangal Khammam Karim Nagar Adilabad Telangana Andhra Pradesh and low instability (top-right corner group).70 22.36 5.57 43.77 -9.53 7. Cross Tabulated Growth Clusters with Instability Clusters in Period-II (1996/97 to 2005/06) Grow Clusters (production in tones) Cluster-II (Medium) Name A.29 28.15 3.84 41.19 4.02 10.03 48. point of concern is that nearly 18% of production base is in M-H category.55 1.26 7.76 10.14 16. Components of change in average production in Pulses between period I and II Change in mean yield 12. There was 39% of production base was in L-M (low growth and Medium Instability) category.41 12.95 84.03 44.04 -146.54 204.40 7.21 27.59 20.79 52.75 -426.19 -74. Kadapa and Kurnool (HH).71 217. Khammam (L-L).31 43.12 Changes in area and yield covariance 8.93 40.72 76. followed by 19% in HH category. reveals that except three districts viz.10 47. Majority of the districts moved from low growth category to medium and towards high .27 56. in instability scenario.95 85. Followed by 26% in H-H category.Godavari 6278 Prakasam 122038 Kurnool 91353 Kadapa 35589 Medak 64298 Nalgonda 38843 38 55 38 100 *A.29 4.96 631.84 10.12 6. Tables 7 and 8 shows that in period-I (pre-WTO era).62 -325.88 8.80 4. **State average production during period-II was 952375 tones Table 9.30 2.10 -30. 91). Thus. change in mean area was higher in Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. Food grain production in India: a drive towards self-sufficiency. Growth and instability in pulse production. Present status and future prospects of pulses in India. Hazell PBR. Shukla ND. . Agricultural Situation in India 46 (4): 219-223. of which. and movement from top to bottom vertically like Ranga Reddy (from (M-L to M-H) etc. An interstate analysis.. Jayadevan CM. Economic Affairs 47 : 32-36. mean area and yield (7. Vizianagaram (from MM to L-M) etc. 1984. State as a whole. 1997. Most undesirable movement is in the direction from Top-Right corner (H-L group) to Down-Left corner (L-H group) like Nellore district’s movement from H-M group to M-H group. change in mean area and mean yield has equal destabilizing effect on average production differential between the periods I and II.78%). International Food Policy Research Institute. Among the regions. from period I to period II change in mean yield was higher than other components of change in Telangana. Artha Vijnana 39 : 219-239. effect of change in mean area (44. The highest mean area effect was recorded in Khammam (217. Shah D and Shah D. Instability in Indian food grain production. USA. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 66 : 302-311. in majority of districts (13 out of 22) mean area effect was higher than other components.54%) was noticed in Visakhapatnam. 1991. in thirteen districts change in mean area has more effect on average production differential than by other components of change (Table 9). where as. whereas. 2010 groups. Where as. Research Report 30. Washington DC. Other undesirable movements are from right to left Horizontally like Visakhapatnam (from M-L to L-L). Rangi PS. Decomposition analysis (change in average production): Among the districts. 2002.87%) was marginally higher than mean yield (43.P. the highest was in Coastal Andhra (85. That is. The fact established here is that growth and instability are going together. if production base is high generally then low instability at the cost of growth is desirable.12%) and area and yield covariance (4. in instability also same trend was observed. Further.12%). Instability in wheat production in M. Agricultural Situation in India 54 : 639-645. Jagdeep Kaur and Marsimran Kaur.142 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). Concern about movement from top-left corner to bottom-right corner and opposite direction depends upon production base. Sources of increased instability in India and US cereal production. at low production base high growth is desirable at the cost of fluctuations.10%). 1998. highest change in mean yield (3214. REFERENCES Hazell PBR. 1982. Genotypes ‘P 2005’.11** 280.60** 3.45** 222. ‘LFP 207A’. followed by ‘LFP 202’. ‘LFP 363’.(1987).01 0.31 32. It also provides information about nature of gene action and the relative magnitude of fixable and non-fixable genetic variation to follow up the sound breeding programme.89** 10. ‘LFP 305’.28** 23.29** 0.57** 19. (2006). ‘LFP 363’.26** 220. ‘EC 334160’ and ‘LFP 446’ have significant negative gca effects.84** 26.15** 160.72 1.66 0.74** 0.76 262. ‘KPMR 752’.70 0.26 Seeds/ pod (no) 0.81 Primary branches/ plant (no) 4.55** 1120. The line x tester analysis was adopted in the present study on fieldpea to gather information on general and specific combining abilities and estimating various types of gene effects involved in various quantitative characters. For days to flowering ‘DDR 23’. The data was subjected to line x tester analysis as per procedure given by Kampthorne (1957).24** 196.98* 55.17** 80. ‘NDDP 5-12’ and ‘LFP 210A’ have high negative gca effects showing their importance for developing dwarf pure lines from their progenies.11** 5.57** 2. Punjab Agricultural University.78** 43.99** 56.17 103. Accepted: August 2010) The knowledge of combining ability is useful in the selection of parents and hybrids which can provide superior progenies for the characters of interest. Kumar et al. The genotypes ‘DDR 23’.71** 9.02* 1700.06** 58.31** 0.13 0.06 5.62 2.16** 0.54 100-seed weight (g) 0.43** 1. The estimates of sca variances were much higher than the Table 1.12 135. For plant height.70** 1062.22** 1807.32** 554.01 0.96** 7.17 0.67** 3412.92** 699.52 1.32** 0.90** 5024. ‘EC 389374’.63** 1. Predominance of nonadditive gene action has been reported earlier for yield and its components by Kumar et al. ‘EC 385246’.60** 0.19** 151. Singh and Singh (1990) and Singh et al. Ludhiana-141004.49 3.30** 125. Analysis of variance.33 Source of variation Replications Parents Lines Testers Lines vs testers Parents vs crosses Crosses Lines Testers Lines × testers Error 2 gca 2 sca (2 sca/2 2 gca)0.00 0.67* 105.50** 1377.29** 0. The higher magnitude of sca variance as compared to gca variance has been reported earlier (Bhardwaj and Kohli 1998.13** 1. For days to maturity the genotype ‘DDR 23’. The average degree of dominance was also calculated as (s2 sca/2s2 gca)0.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 143-145.97** 0. ‘EC 385246’ and ‘NDDP 5-12’ have high significant gca effects indicating their usefulness for getting short duration recombinants.34** 0. Ludhiana during rabi 2006-07.33** 3.34** 0. 2006). ‘LFP 362’. For seeds per pod ‘LFP 413’. J.93 Days to maturity (no) 50. Observations were taken on five competitive and randomly taken plants on different traits (Table 2).91** 0.61** 917.99** 29. Singh and Singh (2003).68 1. whereas variation due to testers was found to be significant for all the characters except days to maturity and primary branches per plant (Table 1). ‘IFPD 5-8’. 2006).85 45. ‘LFP 446’.90 103.81** 2. E-mail: [email protected]** 31. ‘LFP 41’. genotype ‘EC 389374’ followed by ‘DDR 23’.057 1. 2009.71 25. SANDHU and JOHAR SINGH Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics.03** 280.06 Seed yield/ plant (g) 79.35 29.02 0.31 9.45 78. ‘P 289’.11 Plant height (cm) 160.S.41 0.58 8. Studies based on combining ability analysis have been made earlier in fieldpea to study gene effects and genetic worth of parents (Bhardwaj and Kohli 1998.86** 1962.11** 32. The average degree of dominance indicated over dominance for all the characters studied except plant height as their average degree of dominance values were greater than unity indicating predominance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. ‘KPMR 752’.22** 88. ‘LFP 202’.19 Pods/ plant (no) 520.5 1 22 19 2 1 1 51 19 2 28 82 .75* 112.96** 6. ‘LFP 207A’.95** 64.17** 25.00 1.68* 323.17* 2625.80** 84.com (Received: March. ‘PG 3’ and ‘HFP 8909’ appeared to be good general combiners for number of pods per plant.018 0.79** 1. estimates of combining ability variance and degree of dominance in fieldpea DF Days to flowering (no) 47.21** 8.5. Sixty F1 hybrids of fieldpea developed by line x tester mating design involving 20 diverse and homozygous lines of fieldpea and three testers (Table 2) were grown along with twenty-three parents in a randomized complete block design with two replications at Punjab Agricultural University.95** 284. ‘EC 334160’.40 10. Variation due to lines and lines x testers were highly significant for all the characters. ‘EC 502159’. ‘LFP 210A’ and ‘PG 3’ have shown significant positive gca effect for primary branches per plant.37 1.72* 3.40 1.21 2. gca variances for all the characters indicating importance of non-additive gene effects than additive gene effects. 2010 Short Communication Combining ability for yield and its components in fieldpea INDERJIT SINGH.27 1.00** 2. Kumar et al.22** 114.04 0. India.41** 21.64 2. 51* (31.52 (20.00) -5.75) -0.50) -0.73** (2.45** (17.58 0.56** (55.22 Days to maturity (no) 5.04 (140.50) -0.45** (26.21** (142.33** .00) -0.10** (21.18** -13.24** (52.01** (68.23 (2.00) 0.00) -1.61** (36.50) -0.50) 1.38** (4.75) -4.50) 1.00) 0.00) 4.15) 0.00) -1.50) 0.52** (21.05** (25.39 Primary branches/ plant (no) -1.78** 0.50) 0.04 (3.50) 0.61* (75.46 (110.43** (4.50) -11.41* (44.00) -1.89** (40.00) 0.11 1.99** 14.99** .00) -0.40* (4.75) 1.00) 0.42** (67.02** (24.42** 2.50) -22.50) 2.00) 0.23** .21 (140.45** (28.00) 1.77** (112.43** 1.43 Females (Lines) LFP 413 LFP 305 LFP 362 LFP 363 LFP 202 KPMR 752 IFPD 5-8 NDDP 5-12 KPMR 760 LFP 207A LFP 41 DDR 23 EC 334160 EC 502159 EC 385246 EC 389374 P 2005 (local collection) LFP 446 P 289 (Germplasm line) LFP 210A SE (gi) female SE (gi-gi) Males LFP 48 PG 3 HFP 8909 SE (gi ) males SE (gi-gi) Table 3.00) 0.15 (3.50) -8.46** (140.68** (77.50) 1.50) 0.45 0.80** (76.57** (1. Crosses showing significant desirable sca effects for eight metric traits in fieldpea Crosses DDR 23 x LFP 48 LFP 305 x LFP 48 P 2005 x PG 3 KPMR 760 x LFP 48 P 2005 x LFP 48 LFP 305 x LFP 48 DDR 23 x LFP 48 NDDP 5-12 x HFP 8909 EC 334160 x LFP 48 LFP 207A x HFP 8909 LFP 202 x HFP 8909 LFP 202 x LFP 48 EC 385246 x HFP 8909 EC 389374 x LFP 48 LFP 207A x HFP 8909 P 2005 x LFP 48 LFP 202 x HFP 8909 LFP 207A x HFP 8909 LFP 413 x HFP 8909 P 289 x PG 3 LFP 413 x HFP 8909 P 2005 x LFP 48 LFP 305 x PG 3 LFP 446 x LFP 48 LFP 202 x HFP 8909 KPMR 752 x HFP 8909 NDDP 5-12 x HFP 8909 LFP 207A x PG 3 LFP 202 x HFP 8909 EC 334160 x LFP 48 LFP 207A x PG 3 LFP 413 x HFP 8909 sca effects -10.82** (81.00) -1.85** (22.41** (33.11** (123.06 (2.53** (3.65** 0.00) 5.99** (82.16 Seed yield/ plant (g) -5.50) 3.40** (3.00) 0.00) -13.34* (79.39** (47.52** (24.50) -0.68** (54.50) 57.05 0.60) 0.20) -2.00) -2.85** -14.50) -5.50) -7.00) 0.89** 0.24** (12.58** (33.00) -11.47** 0.00) 6.50) 0.50) -1.92** (21.11 (24.00) -3.00) -0.00) -0.50) 1.99** (85.12* (3.00) -7.53** .89** (61.50) -0.00) 46.48 (19.55 (28.42** (22.77** (115.09 Pods/ plant (no) -9.75) 3.33** 8.00) 1.00) 0.16** (90.41** (33.45** (23.78** (119.2.00) -20.17** 29.60) -0.10 (2.12 (141.00) 0.00) 4.11** (132.82** (18.50) 0.50) 15.00) -0.79** (131.56* (53.50) -0.66** (79.10 (3.20* (3.07** (2.84** (78.39** (11.50) 12.00) -0.30) -0.82** (22.00) 0.19* (3.40 0.06** (70.39** (23.43** (77.89** (95.50) 2.00) -5.00) 19.00) -0.61** 2.00) 38.00) -12.82** (81.00) 4.99** (83.00) -0.40) 0.00) -0.4.00) 3.00) -11.72 2.80** (21.11** (27.57** (3.00) -0.50) 10.72** (20.00) -7.15) -0. 2010 Estimates of general combining ability (gca) effects of parents in fieldpea Days to 50% flowering (no) 1.40* (2.05** -22.27** (3.00) 0.00) 0.00) 8.41 (36.2.00) 0.43** (2.02 (16.00) 1.00) -16.12 -0.46** (140.00) -31.36** 16.50) -6.00) 0.00) -9.00) -9.00) 4.82** (19.00) -3.50) -16.00) 0.71** (146.63** (142.58) -0.63 (141.34 (80.02** (23.50) -1.2.19 1.38** (142.43** (2.50) 0.21** (143.55) 0.57** .50) -1.47** (72.00) -3.09** (3.23** (139.13* (141.10** (7.22** (37.15 -6.59** (49.77 1.13 0.76** (44.42* (33.18* (3.00) 1.80** 2.35) -0.476 (139.61** (30.00) 2.73** (2.89** (75.00) -0.60) -0.26** (60.50) 4.052 (1.00) 2.00) -18.00) 28.70** (56.11** (17.82** (82.42 (41.30** (4.00) 7.85** (24.10) -10.00) 2.38 (81.00) -0.99** (86.29** (143.25) -0.50) 11.22** (69.57** .11 (20.85** 2.17 3.91** (44.32** (1.17 0.50) -15.09 0.85** (25.00) 1.93** (3.50) 0.50) 5.00) -2.3.35** 12.40) -0.00) 5.12 (3.00) 0.50) 0.50) -11.68** (71.00) 1.50) 0.4.07** (1.22** (3.58** (23.50** (19.00) -23.50) 32.33* (74.2.68* (78.95** (17.00) -0.54** (143.25 0.29 0.99* (80.00) 2.00) 24.25) 0.00) 8.30) -0.00) 1.96**(119.44** (119.25) 0.00) -1.01 (3.54** (140.55* (24.73** (2.17 0.60) 0.55** -29.00) 0.00) -0.50) 9.35** (31.50) -2.03 (3.00) -0.80** (3.39** (58.05) -0.69** 19.05 100seed weight (g) 0.22** (16.50) 0.05) 0.07 (2.00) -1.00) 2.00) -0.20* (4.23** (65.07 (2.00) -0.50) -4.38** (3.55** (31.70 1.50) -0. Parents Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).69** 20.99** .50) 0.50) 0.22 Seeds/ pod (no) 0.11 (25.50) -38.18** (19.90** gca of parents HxL LxL LxH LxL LxM LxM HxM MxM LxL LxH LxH LxL LxM HxM HxM HxM HxH HxH LxH HxH HxL MxM MxH MxM LxM HxM MxM HxL HxH HxH HxM LxH Character Days to 50% flowering (no) Days to maturity (no) Plant height (cm) Branches/plant (no) Pods/plant (no) Seeds/pod (no) 100-seed weight (g) Seed yield/plant (g) .32** (3.08** (3.74** (37.43** 0.93** (23.65 0.08 0.09* (52.56** (57.75) 1.144 Table 2.71 (143.00) 3.74) -0.45) -0.17* (4.00) -1.50) 0.73** 46.25 Plant height (cm) -18.03 0.00) 39.24 -0.12 (140.00) 0.00) 0.06 (4.50) 1.50) -17.15 0.47** (81.68 (89.75) 1.10 (3.00) -1.06** 0.02 (4.08 (3.50) .41** (49.3.62** (22.89** 0.42** (42.50) -16.50) 2.25 (20.23** (7.30) 0.71** (146.00) 3.08 (48.20) 3.34 (84.89** (64.42 0.50) 0. ‘KPMR 752’ and ‘NDDP 5-12’ for 100-seed weight and ‘EC 334160’. ‘DDR 23’. ‘KPMR 752 × HFP 8909’. ‘PG 3’ and ‘HFP 8909’ were positive and significant and might be useful for identifying high yielding recombinants. ‘LFP 48’ and ‘KPMR 760’ for earliness. ‘LFP 305 × LFP 48’. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50 : 348-353. The gca effects of the genotypes ‘EC 334160’. ‘LFP 446’. ‘LFP 305 × LFP 48’. Crop Research. ‘IFPD 5-8’. Singh BB. ‘LFP 210A’. The genotypes ‘LFP 210A’. ‘LFP 413’. Singh UP. ‘EC 385246’. The desirable cross combinations included high × high and high × medium types of general combiners. 1998. Kumar S. ‘P 2005 × PG 3’ and ‘KPMR 760 × LFP 48’ showed significant desirable negative sca effects for days to flowering (Table 3). ‘LFP 207A × HFP 8909’ and ‘P 2005 × LFP 48’ with significant positive sca effects. For seeds per pod. ‘LFP 202’. Journal of Agriculture Science. ‘LFP 413 × HFP 8909’ and ‘P 289 × PG 3’ recorded significant sca effects as well as high per se performance for pods per plant. Combining ability analysis for some important yield traits in garden pea ( Pisum sativum L. For seed yield per plant the cross combinations viz. ‘EC 334160 × LFP 48’. ‘EC 389374 × LFP 48’.1987. Genetic analysis of yield and yield components in field pea. those crosses which involved one good combiner and other medium combiner could be exploited through selection followed by intermating of segregants in early generation. ‘KPMR 752’. ‘NDDP 5-12 × HFP 8909’ and ‘LFP 207A × PG 3’ showed significant and positive sca effects for 100-seed weight. Singh RM and Rai B. the crosses ‘LFP 413 × HFP 8909’. REFERENCES Bhardwaj RK and Kohli UK. ‘LFP 207A × HFP 8909’. ‘LFP 207A × PG 3’ and ‘LFP 413 × HFP 8909’ recorded the significant positive sca effects. ‘LFP 305’. ‘DDR 23 x LFP 48’ and ‘NDDP 5-12 × HFP 8909’ showed significant desirable sca effects alongwith desirable low mean values for days to maturity. ‘FP 289’ and ‘PG 3’ were found to be good general combiners. ‘LFP 305 × PG 3’ and ‘LFP 446 × LFP 48’ had significant positive sca effects for seeds per pod. 100-seed weight. Estimates of additive. ‘EC 389394’ and ‘LFP 48’ showed significant positive gca effects for 100-seed weight. dominance and epistatic interaction effects for certain yield characters in pea (Pisum sativum L. IOWA. The crosses ‘DDR 23 × LFP 48’.). 1957. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 19 : 173-175.). The crosses like ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’ and ‘EC 334160 × LFP 48’ for seed yield and crosses ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’ and ‘LFP 207A × HFP 8909’ for pods per plant with high sca involving parents with good gca can be exploited effectively by conventional breeding methods like pedigree selection. seed yield per plant and plant height. Singh MN and Singh RB. Srivastava RK and Singh R.). ‘IFPD 5-8’. ‘LFP 413’ and ‘LFP 207A’ for pods per plant. ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’ and ‘LFP 202 × LFP 48’ showed significant sca effects alongwith desirable low mean values for plant height. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16 : 98-100. However. The crosses ‘P 2005 × LFP 48’. ‘P 2005 × LFP 48’.Singh et al. 2006. Combining ability analysis in field pea (Pisum sativum L. ‘P 289’. Combining ability for yield and its component traits in field pea. ‘LFP 202’. ‘LFP 207A × HFP 8909’. ‘LFP 207A’ for seed yield per plant were found good general combiners. The cross combination ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’ was best for pods per plant. The crosses important for branches per plant were ‘EC 385248 × HFP 8909’. The crosses ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’. Singh JD and Singh IP. ‘LFP 413’ for seeds per pod. An Introduction to Genetic Statistics. The IOWA State University Press. The crosses ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’. The parents namely ‘DDR 23’. ‘EC 502159’. Kempthorne O. Hissar 15 : 245-249. . The crosses ‘EC 334160 × LFP 48’. 2003. ‘LFP 305’.: Combining ability for yield and its components in fieldpea 145 ‘KPMR 752’. 1990. Cambridge 109 : 67-71. ‘EC 389374’. ‘LFP 202 × HFP 8909’. ‘KS-136’. In the present study. seed number per plant. mutant of ‘P-43’ and six table pea varieties/strains i. All recommended practices were followed to raise a good crop. SINGH Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding.A. The material comprising four field pea varieties/strains i. Present address : A. (Singh et al. 2006). Accepted: October. Kanpur during rabi 2003-04. seeds per pod in F2 and for pod number.P. Sharma et al. number of pods per plant and harvest index in both F1 and F2 generations. number of productive branches and green pod yield in F1 and days to flowering and maturity in F2 only (for h2). B. ‘KPMR-65’.D. an attempt has been made to study the genetics and extent of heterosis of green pod yield and yield traits to isolate desirable recombinants involving field and table pea genotypes. 1986) The ratio of (h2/H2) was less than unity for all the *Author for correspondence. 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant (Singh et al. 2010 Short Communication Genetical analysis and heterosis for green pod yield and its components in pea K. Ten random plants in each of parents and F1s and 20 plants from each F2 per replications were scored for nine characters.C.. 2009. Kanpur-208 002. C. University of Agriculture & Technology. H. while (Mather 1955) pointed out that over dominance might be attributed due to epistatic interaction. negative allele complementary gene action or simply correlated gene distribution (Hayman 1954). Kanpur208 002. The final experiment comprising of 45 genotypes. Such characters are often controlled by large number of genes which individually have small effects. The components analysis of diallel cross were carried out following Hayman (1954).25 in all the characters in both F1 and F2 generations which indicated that positive and negative genes were distributed asymmetrically as also reported by Srivastava (1982). Partial dominance was also reported by Srivastava et al.e. E-mail: koshendra63@gmail.. In self-pollinated crops like peas. F1s and F2s alongwith their parents were sown in a Randomized Block Design in three replications at Vegetable Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology.com (Received: June. number of pods per plant. Similar findings were also recorded for most of the characters studied in pea (Koranne and Singh 1974. India . The proportion of positive and negative alleles in the parents (H2/4H1) was not equal to the theoretical values of 0. ‘KS-226’. ‘KPMR-184’.e. ‘Azad P-1’ and ‘Azad P-3’. The analysis of variance indicated appreciable genetic variability among the parents and hybrids for almost all the traits under study. days to flowering and maturity in F2. like positive allele.P. Singh et al. Over dominance of consistent nature was observed by component analysis (H1/D)1/2 for all the characters in both the generations except for days to flowering in F1 and F2 and days to maturity and pod length in F1 only (Table 1). Complete to over dominance was also reported for grain yield and its components by (Kumar et al. its exploitation is most important as the crop is significant both as grain and vegetables for the country like India. The estimate of h2 was positive for all the traits except days to flowering in F1 and green pod yield in F2 generation. was raised in crossing block and all possible combinations were made to obtain 45 crosses.Each plot consisted of five meter row length with spacing of 45 x 15 cm between rows and plants.S. SINGH and J. The heterosis on the other hand plays a significant role in improving any character of economic value. C. Yield is the end product of the action and interaction of a number of quantitative components. 2006. 2010) Information on gene action for yield and its components is pre-requisite for planning of an effective breeding strategy. ‘Rachna’. Thus in the present investigation.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 146-148.S. SINGH.S. 1964). node number up to the first pod and seed yield. Srivastava et al. the ratio of (4DH1)1/2 + F/(4DH1)1/2 – F indicated that the dominant alleles were more frequent than recessive ones for all the characters except for plant height. plant height. ‘KS225’. The estimates of F were positive and significant based on both the generations for days to flowering and days to maturity and for pod length in F2. (1986) for days to flowering. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology. 1986) for pods per plant. ‘KS-195’. The presence of over dominance might be due to linkage in F2 which caused an upward estimation of dominance from F2 population (Moll et al. Section of Seed and Farms. SINGH*. 2006). (1977) and Verma (1978).O. The above findings for these traits are in accordance with earlier reports of Koranne and Singh (1974). The environmental contribution to the variation of these characters is also appreciable. The significant and positive values of F and h2 indicated that dominant genes exhibited significant role in the control of these characters viz. pod length and harvest index in both F1 and F2 and node number of first pod formed. The study of the gene action of quantitative characters of economic value is essential to improve the yield potential. Conversion of partial dominance into over dominance might be attributed to gene combination. 94 14.90 1.87 -5.54** ± 1029.01 0.79** ± 7.87 1.11 ± 3.20 30.98 ± 4.33 8.22** 156. ‘KS-226/Azad P-1’.56* 0.00 0.94** 102. Contd….97** ± 10.16 0.23 1.83 ± 6.56 ± 0. which indicated that the inheritance of the characters was governed by one major gene group.44 ± 24.28 2.68 0. respectively character in both the generations except for plant height.03 0.97 0.23 1.23** ± 49.23 0.78 to 48.20 6919.95** 172.17 0. The remaining characters in their respective generations having higher value than unity indicated that more than one gene group was involved in the inheritance of these characters.07 6.66 2.17 0.08 0.44 ± 0.06 Days to maturity (edible pods) F1 F2 172.08 0.00 ± 0. ‘KS-225/Azad P-3’.64 ± 19.34 0.19 Developed ovules/pod (no) F1 F2 0.13 ± 0.43 ± 0. 2006.65** 4.18 0.65 0.69 0.54 2.36 1..63** ± 3.59 1.00** 0.66 ± 10.58 0.04 1.03 0.52** ± 2.21 0.34 130.50** ± 304.43 0.85** -2.29 0.04 ± 0.84 4.14 0.0.78** ± 4.13 2.78 184.19 1.14 ± 20. number of productive branches.66** ± 16.53 0.52** ± 6.00 0.88 ± 2.89 2.71** 152.07 ± 2.08 -5.01 ± 0.82** 1.94 0.63** ± 0. The crosses showing high heterosis also showed high inbreeding depression in F2 generations (25.26 4.71 -0.01 0.45 0.25 ± 4.64 10. ‘KPMR-184/ KS-136’.38** ± 0.79 0.28** 11.18** 0.49 ± 35.48 – 69.04 ± 0.06 ± 30.18 0.29** 2.04 0. ‘KS-195/KS-225’ and ‘KS-195/KS-226’ showed high economic heterosis for pod yield per plant with comparatively .95 0.: Genetical analysis and heterosis for green pod yield and its components in pea Table 1.07 ± 0.87 ± 0.01 ± 0. 1988).35 745.66 0.05 ± 0.34 0.35** ± 0.62** ± 8.11 2.60** 1008.90** ± 4.00 0.75 3.61 1.36** ± 9.22 ± 17.52 1.62 1.06 -0.82%) economic heterosis over ‘Azad P-1’ for green pod yield (Table 2).66** 120.83* Pod length (cm) F1 F2 1.47 31.13 2.19 1. few cross combinations namely.39%.22** ± 5.27 0.96 0.56 6582.00 -0. ‘KS-195/KS-226’.69 2108.80** ± 28.03 2376. ** Significant at P = 0.04 0.05 ± 398.35** ± 23.19 1.81 ± 214.20 0.23 0.09 -0.22 0.24 0.54 1. Estimates of genetic components of variation in F1 and F2 progenies for nine characters in pea Genetic parameters D H1 H2 h2 F E (H1/D)1/2 H2/4H1 (4DH1)1/2+F /(4DH1)1/2 – F h2/H2 ‘r’ t2 value Days to flowering F1 147.81 F2 3165.53 ** ± 4.80** ± 0.46 ± 53.37** ± 42.07 ± 0.18 2.33 ± 253.36 0.83 96.13 2.48± 4179.00 52.22 0.31 0.30 ± 28.24 ± 1.30 8775.71 1.55 ± 0.37** ± 550.15 0.22 1.86** 102.62 0.34 46.43** 2185.80 0.85** ± 701.50** 29.35 2.19 ± 0.13 1.64 189.88 107.18 0. (2005) also reported similar results.01 ± 1.17 0.19 0.69** ± 197.14** ± 19.15 ± 5.06 ± 0.16 16.18 ± 0.80 ± 91.19** ±0.32** ± 5. number of pods per plant and green pod yield per plant in F1 generation only.72 1. Cross combinations ‘KS 226/Azad P-1’.79** ± 0.79 13.14 ± 0.22** ± 2.37 34.89 ± 55.32 0.58** 0.1 0.67 0.21 2.29 5021.01 ±16.06 ± 0.00 0.23 0.91 3.41 ± 0.19** 0.91 0.20 147 Productive branches/plant (no) F1 F2 0.32 -0.71 200.78 0.16 0. Singh et al.48 ± 15.79** 647.01 0. Gupta et al.72 52.00 ± 0.07** ±2.70 6.12** ± 0.08 ± 0.41** ± 1211.04 0.73 ± 468.28** ± 172.20 -0.52 ± 1.63 3.17** 2030.34 -1962.80** 0.19 245.47 0.84 8.24 0.86** ± 4.82** 26.74** 201. ‘KS-195/Azad P-3’ and ‘KS-136/KS-225’ showed more than 50% (50.24** ± 0.49 ± 2.20 0.65 -2.14 1.16 0.37 ± 42.00 -0.12** 146.83 0.26 1.00 1.00 ± 0.19 2.11 0.01 -0.33** 1.05 70.68 ± 112.72 0.93** ± 142.18 5133.03 -0.11 ± 0.33 0.26 0.20 0. (2003) and Singh et al.79** 1.25 -11.49 ± 66.21** 5.56 3.05 and 0.43 1.75 ± 28. However.19 Table1.65** ± 368.24 *.72 F2 147.86** ± 0.13 3.17 0.27* ± 656.24 ± 0.35* ± 0.63** ± 92.44 0.66 1.40 0.29 -0.29 ± 0.54 2281.17 0.02 ± 0.08 ± 0.31 -1591.78 19.Singh et al.90 27.58 ± 7. The genetic system controlling these important quantitative traits showed a role of dominance as well as additive gene action (Kumar et al.60 -0.25 26.19* Harvest index (%) F1 F2 26.34 0.19 0.34 Green pod yield/plant (no) F1 F2 1002. Complementary gene interaction also seems to depress the ratio (Liang and Walter 1968).53 1.42 0.01.25 0.52 ± 1.47** ± 0.06 Plant height (cm) F1 3167.00 -0.01 2.71** ± 168. Genetic parameters D H1 H2 h2 F E (H1/D)1/2 H2/4H1 (4DH1)1/2+F /(4DH1)1/2 – F h2/H2 ‘r’ t2 value Pods/plant (no) F1 F2 11.73 -0.70 0.80** ± 2.74 0.43 0. Sharma RP. Ph. Kumar Subhash. IV. Mather K. Crop Research 6 : 239-242. ‘KPMR-184/KS-136’. Genetics 49 : 411-423. Nandpuri KS and Kumar JC. dominance and epistatic components of variation for economic traits in field pea. 1982. V IV. 1988.21** 55. these crosses also showed significant heterosis for other attributes with low inbreeding depression reflecting that more emphasis could be placed on these attributes during selection (Kumar and Tewatia 2005) were in view of above results.01 low inbreeding depression. Santoshi US and Singh HG.07** Inbreeding depression (%) 25. In: National Symposium of Recent Advances on Genetics and Plant Breeding Research in India. Indian Journal of Horticulture 34 : 157-162. Singh BB.D. Heterosis in pea ( Pisum sativum L. IV. Variability studies in tall and dwarf peas. V. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 : 757-764. Estimates of genetic variances and level of dominance in maize. Stability for synchrony traits in wheat. Heterosis in table pea. V IV. Lindsey MF and Robinson HF. Singh HG. ‘KS-195/KS-226’ and ‘KS-195/Azad P-3’ showed high economic heterosis and comparatively high inbreeding depression which might be due to non-allelic gene interactions as also reported by Jatasra and Paroda (1979) in wheat crop. 2006. Genetic analysis of yield and yield . Additive. Santoshi Singh U and Singh HG. III: Plant height. V. Kanpur University. Genetic analysis of yield and its components in table pea.A. Srivastava RL. VII IV. 2005. Verma HS. (1993). days to first flowering and plant height in pea. 1979. these crosses may likely produce some desirable transgressive segregants in advance generations as was also suggested by Brim and Cockerham (1961) and Singh et al.82** 66. dominance and epistatic components of variation for some metric traits in field pea.49** 30. C. dominance and epistatic components of variation for economic traits in field pea. 15-16. Top ten crosses for economic heterosis in pea Name of the cross KS-226 × Azad P-1 KPMR-184 × KS-136 KS-225 × Azad P-3 KS-195 × KS-226 KS-195 × Azad P-3 KS-136 × KS-225 KPMR-65 × KS-225 KS-225 × Azad P-1 Rachna × Azad P-3 KS-195 × KS-225 Economic heterosis (%) 69. Singh HC. Genetic parameters of breeding values in pea.48** 49. Singh HG. Ph. 1989. VI. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 19 : 173-175. Singh UP. Progressive Agriculture 3 : 95-98. Srivastava RL. Tyagi HN and Mishra LB. The increase in pod yield in these crosses might be due to gene interaction of which substantial part could be due to fixable gene effect i. 1955. BHU Varanasi. V IV. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 8 : 1447-1452. Diallel and partial diallel analysis of some yield components in pea. Additive.e. Combining ability for yield and its component traits in field pea. VI14. Moll RH. 1968.78** 48. VIII: Harvest index **Significant at P = 0. 1977. VII IV. V. Semwal BD and Srivastava JP. 1974. 1964. Genetika 18 : 3541 .96** 34.71** 27. 2005. V. ‘KS225/Azad P-3’.) Haryana Agriculture University Journal Research 34 : 27-33. Liang GHL and Walter TL. 1986. Singh GP and Singh AK. Thesis.52** 64. Heritability estimates and gene effects for agronomic traits in grain sorghum. Jatasara DS and Paroda RS. Kumar Manoj and Tewatia AS. Singh RM and Singh RK. 1961.90** 64. Koranne KD and Singh HB.D. V: Number of pods/plant.40** 50. Nov. Thesis. University of Agriculture and Technology. VI: Pod length. 0-26. 1989. VII I. VII: Number of developed ovules/pod.31** 42. 1978. REFERENCES Brim CA and Cockerham CC. Crop Science 1 : 189-190.00** 12. Mode of inheritance of yield. 2006. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 19 : 170-172. V IV. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39 : 378-382. Crop Science 8 : 77-80. IV: Number of productive branches/plant. Singh V and Srivastava RL. Further. Kanpur. V. VI. VII IV. The theory and analysis of diallel crosses. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 1 : 1-5.39** 38. The genetical basis of heterosis.11** 29. VII. number of pods. 2010 contributory characters in pea. Inheritance of quantitative characters in soybeans. Combining ability and heterosis for grain yield and some yield components in pea ( Pisum sativum L. Thus. Proceedings Royal Society of Botany 144 : 143-150.12** 39. Singh KN. Additive. Srivastava RL and Singh Rajendra. Srivastava RK and Singh Ranjeet.S. VI. Table 2. Cross combinations namely.77** 20. 1993. 2003. Genetic analysis of yield components in pea. 1954.). V I: Days to flowering.54** 37. additive type. Genetics 39 : 789-809. Hayman BI.148 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). 1986.33** Characters exhibiting desirable significant economic heterosis IV. Kanpur. Gupta D. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 44 : 294-298. Singh AP.93** 39. II: Days to maturity. Hence the logical alternative is to increase the usage of organic manures and biofertilizers. biological yield and grain yield were recorded. Improved nodulation was also observed in those treatments where Rhizobium was not applied but chemical fertilizers. growth and yield of lentil. seed was inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Bacillus sp. 100-seed weight. Rao and Patra (2009) have also stated that recommended dose of fertilizers has no effect on microbial proliferation and performance. In the treatment of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 20 kg N/ ha and 40 kg P2O5/ha was applied through urea (46% N) and single superphosphate (16% P2O5). chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers on symbiotic efficacy. Thus resulting in better root growth and consequently exploitation of greater soil volume for nodulation. PSB was also used. A field experiment was conducted during rabi (winter) season 2008-09 at the Punjab Agricultural University. organic manures such as FYM or vermicompost or through the use of biofertilizers such as Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). given in Tables 1 and 2 were tested in a randomized block design with three replications. soils are becoming deficient in macro as well as micro nutrients. Harvest index was calculated by dividing economical yield by total biomass production. Similar trend was also observed in terms of nodule dry weight. apart from Rhizobium. respectively. 2003) and Rhizobium inoculation (Singh et al. Rhizobium inoculation is known to improve nodulation in lentil (Chowdhury et al. farmyard manure (FYM) (Singh et al. Dry weight of the nodules and shoots were recorded by drying samples in an oven at 60oC for 72 hours. in these treatments. Due to intensive cropping systems. NAVNEET AGGARWAL and VEENA KHANNA Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics. seeds/pod. Punjab. pods/plant. Number of nodules/plant were counted and then dried to get nodule weight/plant. 2010 Short Communication Integrated nutrient management in lentil with organic manures. the information on integrated use of organic manures. 2000). Net returns as well as B: C ratio were also worked out.com (Received: July.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 149-151. Chemical fertilizers and organic manures (FYM and vermicompost) were applied as per the treatments just before sowing. However. which could be due to improved plant growth (root as well as shoot) with age. data on plant height. The organic matter content in the soil is declining which also affects the soil microflora. PSB is known to solubilize the native phosphorus (El-Sayed 1999) and enhance its availability to the plants. chemical fertilizer or biofertilizer was applied (Table 1). 2009 when the crop was exposed to very low temperature under Punjab conditions . Increased nodule biomass was recorded when combinations of chemical and organic fertilizers was used. Weeds were managed manually by hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60 DAS. Furthermore. The treatments which had received Rhizobium inoculation recorded significantly higher number and dry weight of nodules than those where no Rhizobium inoculation was done. Five plants were sampled 90 DAS for measuring shoot dry weight. No infestation of any insect pests or disease was observed and therefore no chemicals were sprayed. India. Lentil is known to respond to applications of nutrients (Singh et al. The cultivar ‘LL 699’ was sown on 22 November 2008 in rows 22. symbiotic parameters and yield of lentil are meagre. At maturity. as also observed in the present study. Accepted: September. The period of 60 DAS occurred on 22 January. 1998). chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers on the growth.5 cm apart using a seed rate of 35 kg/ha. Chlorophyll content in the leaves were measured at 90 DAS as per the method described by Witham et al. More pronounced effects of Rhizobium and PSB in the presence of added fertilizers have been reported (El-Sayed 1999).30%) and available nitrogen (110 kg/ha) and medium in available phosphorus (15. In Rhizobium + PSB treatments. Nutrient requirement of the crop can be met by supplying nutrients through chemical fertilizers. Email: singhguriqbal@rediffmail. Ludhiana to study the effect of organic manures. Punjab Agricultural University. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand with pH 8. This increased availability of the phosphorus might have helped in better nodulation. The organic manures are known to decrease P adsorption/fixation and enhance P availability. Ludhiana 141 004. 2010. each @ 500 g/ha seed using minimum amount of water. All data were subjected to analysis of variance.0 and testing low in organic carbon (0. The results showed that all the treatments significantly enhanced the number and dry weight of nodules as compared to the control where no organic manure. Prior to sowing the inoculated seed was shade dried for about one hour. 2010) Nutrient application is essential to improve growth and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). (1971). Data on number and dry weight of nodules/plant were recorded 60 and 90 DAS by digging five plants from each plot. The number of nodules and their dry weight was higher at 90 DAS compared with 60 DAS. FYM or vermicompost were applied alone or in combination. chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers GURIQBAL SINGH. 2000). Ten treatments.2 kg/ha) and potash (295 kg/ha). 0 16.710 2.0 22. Nutrient applications generally Nodule dry weight (mg/plant) 60 DAS 32.6 15. FYM @ 5 t/ha is known to increase the grain yield of lentil (Singh et al.8 17.18 Control (no organic manure.50 2. numerical increases over the control were observed in the case of plant height and 100-seed weight.06 3.8 19. shoot weight and chlorophyll content in lentil Nodules/plant (no) 60 DAS 11. 2001).0 Control (no organic manure.9 33.63 NS Grain yield (kg/ha) 947 1134 1035 1005 1181 1135 987 1270 1141 1129 172 Biological yield (kg/ha) 2963 3175 3128 2939 3410 3292 2869 3833 3668 3363 542 Harvest index (%) 32.800 2.3 16.3 39.7 90 DAS 14. Plant height.2 34.7 Shoot dry weight (g/plant) 90 DAS 2.12 3.4 1.2 37.8 45. chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers. seeds/pod and 100-seed weight were not influenced significantly by different treatments.66 2.3 4.37 3. Pods/plant and plant height of lentil are known to be improved with he use of Rhizobium inoculation + N + P2O5 (Chowdhury et al. However.9 15. which could possibly be due to the presence of effective native rhizobia in the soil where lentil crop had been grown during previous years as well.9 38. on whole crop area basis improvements in these parameters seem to be quite meaningful.7 52.05) .5 1.13 3. though the differences were non-significant on a small unit basis (per plant for shoot dry weight and per gram leaf weight for chlorophyll content).5 NS 100-seed weight (g) 2.27 3.6 37. Treatment The application of RDF increased the grain yield of lentil significantly (19.77 3.6 35.150 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2).0 40.4 1.40 2.6 33.50 2.9 NS Pods/ Seeds/ plant pod (no) (no) 44.9 1.7 33.2 25.5 41. However.321 2.14 3.465 2.1 60.43 2.73 2. So the better nodulation recorded at 90 DAS compared to 60 DAS could be due to improved plant growth with age as well as better environmental conditions in terms of warmer temperature.90 3.50 2.0 14.1 36. Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB did not increase the grain yield significantly over control.0 25.05) Table 2.9 37. 1998) and of Rhizobium inoculation + P2O5 (Singh et al.5 1.790 NS Effect of INM on nodule parameters.2 51.2 16.50 2. However.4 33. Furthermore. High grain yields of lentil have been reported with the combined use of Rhizobium + phosphorus (Singh et al. Treatment Effect of INM on plant growth.8 13.21 3.0 20.418 2.915 2.5 38.0 26.6 34.23 3.3 39.35 3.5 90 DAS 35.40 3. The application of FYM @ 5 t/ha or vermicompost @ 2 t/ha tended to increase the grain yield over control. chemical fertilizer or biofertilizer) RDF (20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha) FYM 5 t/ha Vermicompost 2 t/ha RDF + FYM 5 t/ha RDF + Vermicompost 2 t/ha Rhizobium + PSB RDF + Rhizobium + PSB FYM 5 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB CD (P=0.57 3.5 54. the increase was not significant.6 NS Net returns (Rs/ha) 19310 24020 21550 20550 24930 23450 20410 28000 24630 24170 968 B:C ratio 3.26 3.4 1.0 18. Shoot dry weight and chlorophyll content increased with application of various organic manures. It has been reported that Rhizobium inoculation may not always have significant effect on grain yield (Bhatt and Chandra 2009). Similar effects were observed in case of biological yield. chemical fertilizer or biofertilizer) RDF (20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha) FYM 5 t/ha Vermicompost 2 t/ha RDF + FYM 5 t/ha RDF + Vermicompost 2 t/ha Rhizobium + PSB RDF + Rhizobium + PSB FYM 5 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Rhizobium + PSB CD (P=0.2 36. 2003). Pods/plant was significantly improved with the application of various nutrients through different sources either singly or in combination over the control (Table 2). 2010 and a month later (90 DAS) on 22 February as the temperature increased.1 31.22 3.1 52.680 2.0 1.4 1. Table 1. manures contain high amounts of organic matter which increases the moisture retention of the soil and improves dissolution of nutrients particularly phosphorus.5 34.9 36.9 20.8 55.8 40.3 24.7%) over control treatment (Table 2). FYM or vermicompost and biofertilizers (Rhizobium + PSB) tended to increase the grain yield further over their sole applications.4 1.3 37.9 39. which could be due to the combined and synergistic effect. Integrated use of RDF.3 45.5 46.890 2.4 1.8 39.53 2.30 3.1 34.1 35.0 35.21 NS Chlorophyll content (mg/g fresh weight of leaves) 90 DAS 1. Rhizobium + PSB with inorganic as well as organic nutrient sources enhanced the grain yield.8 18.8 1.9 47.6 3.6 51. yield attributes and yield of lentil Plant height (cm) 32.910 2.6 2.8 36.05 3.4 37.6 2.30 3.3 38.1 33.49 0. however. the improvement in nodulation was also observed.9 47. 2001).0 60. REFERENCES Bhatt P and Chandra R. Effect of Rhizobium. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16 : 116-118. Rao DLN and Patra AK. growth and yield of chickpea. yield and sulphur utilization by lentil ( Lens culinaris ). El-Sayed SAM. phosphorus and FYM application on growth and yield of bold seeded lentil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 57 : 51353 0. Effect of sulphur. 2001. vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus on the growth and yield of lentil ( Lens culinaris ) and fieldpea ( Pisum sativum ). Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 33 : 258-262. depending upon the resources available with the farmers. Soil microbial diversity and sustainable agriculture. 1998. Singh ON. Huda S and Ali M. Environment and Ecology 19 : 40-42. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 70 : 491-493. Newaz MA. sources of nutrient could be selected. 5156 . Egyptian Journal of Soil Sciences 39 : 175-186. Effect of seed rate. Chauhan CPS and Gupta RK. FYM 5t/ha or vermicompost 2t/ha produced similar seed yield of lentil. Therefore. New York. chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers 151 tended to improve the harvest index. growth and yield. Samanta SC. The results showed that the application of RDF. . pp. Van Nastrand Reinhoed Company. 1971. 2000. Chlorophyll absorption of spectrum and quantitative determination. Singh G. Sekhon HS and Sharma P. 2009. phosphorus and inoculation on growth. Response of lentil genotypes to cultural environments on nodulation. 1999. Sharma M and Dash R. Baidyes DF and Delvin RM. Witham PH. Influence of Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on nutrient uptake and yield of lentil in the New Valley (Egypt). Interaction effect of Mesorhizobium ciceri and rhizospheric bacteria on nodulation. Chowdhury AK. Journal of Food Legumes 22 : 137-139.: Integrated nutrient management in lentil with organic manures. Net returns as well as B: C ratio improved with the application of nutrients through various sources.Singh et al. Singh YP. In: Experimental Plant Physiology. 2009. 2003. India . respectively. seed priming was done * before sowing of lentil seeds which were broadcast using a recommended seed rate of 50 kg/ha (Ali et al. resulting in good establishment. Ali et al. Gupta and Bhowmick 2005). pods/plant and seed yield in the first year (2003-04). Availability of soil moisture is must at the time of sowing seeds for their proper germination. better drought tolerance and more yield of crop plants (Solaimalai and Subburamu 2004). A basal dose of N: P2O5: K2O: S @ 20:40:20:20 kg/ha was given at 3 days prior to lentil sowing in between the rows of rice crop plants. Better performance of crop plants under seed priming treatments could be attributed to their good establishment (Solaimalai and Subburamu 2004). West Bengal. Pre-sowing soaking of seeds with KH2PO4. India.6%. better emergence and early establishment (Saha and Maharana 2005). organic carbon 0. Other recommended practices (Bhowmick et al. BHOWMICK* Pulses and Oilseeds Research Station. Berhampore 742 101. seedling vigor and root growth early in the season. respectively. the key factor to better utilize the residual soil moisture on rice-fallows. As per the treatments. Information on the effect of planting time and seed priming in rainfed lentil under this system is scanty. and four levels of seed priming viz.0 m above MSL. however.) 712 102. whereas the previous rice crop was fertilized with N: P2O5: K2O @ 60:30:30 kg/ha and harvested on November 28 and 19 in 2003 and 2004.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 152-153. recorded in the crop sown at 15 DBRH during both the years of study (Table 1). 2010. Time of planting had a significant influence on plant stand. therefore.30%. 2010) Lentil is mostly planted after aman (kharif) rice as a relay (utera or paira) crop in major lentil growing areas (Das and Das 1998. Higher plant height. There is a limited scope for agronomic manipulation under rice-utera system though it has potential for increasing cropping intensity in considerable areas that remain idle after aman rice (Rautaray 2008). Regardless of seed priming. Chinsurah (R. Saha and Maharana (2005) also advocated sowing of utera crops at about 2-3 weeks before harvesting of rice preferably at dough stage. Na2HPO4. India. Murshidabad. (2005a) also reported that seed priming in water for a short period of 2 hours and non-priming were equally ineffective as small seeded lentil having a hard testa would require a longer time for water to reach the cotyledon and embryos. whereas no significant difference in respect of all the parameters studied was recorded in the second year (200405). highest seed yields were. etc.com (Received: April.6. Sowing at 7 DBRH did not show any remarkable improvement in growth and yield attributes along with seed yield (Table 1). compared with no soaking. available P2O5 67 kg/ha and available K2O 117 kg/ha. 2005) were followed meticulously to raise the crop. the present investigation was initiated to identify a suitable planting time and seed priming method for enhancing yields of lentil under utera cultivation. Keeping this background in view. E-mail: bhowmick_malay@rediffmail. Data on plant height. 2005b) in the standing aman rice crop without any land preparation. 2005a). Accepted: September. 2010 Short Communication Effect of planting time and seed priming on growth and yield of lentil under riceutera system MALAY K. located at 23°55/ N latitude and 88°15/ E longitude with an altitude of 19. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam having pH 7. better plant stand and more number of seeds/pod as well as 100-seed weight were also registered under these treatments which ultimately exhibited yield advantages of 30. West Bengal.0 and 19.S. or simple water was earlier reported to improve seed germination. Beldanga. no seed soaking. Use of sprouted and KH2PO4 soaked seeds recorded significantly the highest number of pods/plant. Next in order was soaking of seeds in water. The crop variety Subrata (WBL 58) was used for study. Seed priming is another technology to obtain better plant stand and high crop yield (Ali et al. registering an average of 13. Individual plot size was 4 m x 3 m. seed soaking in water for 6 hours. seed soaking in 2% KH2PO4 solution for 6 hours and sprouted seeds were tested in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. respectively.7% higher seed yield over no soaking. A two-year field study was conducted during rabi season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at the Pulses and Oilseeds Research Sub-station. Hooghly. West Bengal. This might be due to the fact that sowing at 15 DBRH could enable better and earlier establishment of lentil seedlings because of an adequate availability of soil moisture which otherwise would quickly be depleted once the rice crop was harvested. Seed yield and most of the yield attributes differed significantly due to various seed priming methods during both the years of study (Table 1). Treatment-wise harvesting was done on March 11-17 and 9-16 in 2004 and 2005. Present Address: Rice Research Station. 7 and 15 days before rice harvest (DBRH). Timely planting is. Two different times of planting viz. yield attributes and seed yield were recorded at harvest. Murshidabad. yield attributes and seed yield of lentil under rice-utera system during 2003-04 and 2004-05 Pods/plant Plant height (cm) Plant stand (‘000/ha) 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 36.0 34. Rautaray SK.1 Seed yield (kg/ha) 2003-04 2004-05 1162.2 34.1 NS 100-seed weight (g) 2003-04 2004-05 1.4 51.05) Seed priming No soaking Water soaking KH2PO4 soaking Sprouted seeds S. Productivity and economics of rice based utera crops for lower Assam.D.9 0. Sarker A. Production potentiality and economics of rainfed winter paira crops after transplanted kharif rice in West Bengal. Crop diversification through paira ( utera ) cropping with rabi pulses.5 40. it can be concluded that sowing of properly primed (either sprouted or KH2PO4 soaked) seeds at 15 days before rice harvest would be a promising low-cost technology for growing lentil in rice-fallows under rainfed utera condition.8 804. Gahoonia TS and Uddin MK.3 77.7 1099.7 64.1 NS 1. Das NR and Das AK.0 NS 1.6 34.2 49. Journal of Lentil Research 2 : 54-59.1 0.6 1.0 37. SATSA Mukhapatra – Annual Technical Issue 9: 43-60.5 22. Aich SS.7 1210.2 1. Seed hardening for field crops .8 1265.0 84.6 1.0 33.A viable technology option for rainfed shallow lowland of coastal Orissa.7 1078.2 790.7 77.7 0.m± C.1 53.9 0. 2008.3 841.8 1.0 NS 1. Gupta S and Bhowmick MK. Rahman MM. Bhowmick MK. NS: Not significant Thus.1 NS 1.9 2.0 928.1 0.0 NS 48.8 1018.6 54.6 72. 2004. from the above study.9 36. Aich A. Indian Farming 54 : 8-9 & 10. 2005b.8 1.2 848.3 1006.0 57. Treatments Planting time 7 DBRH 15 DBRH S. Ali MO. 2005. Sarker A.1 4.5 739. 1998.0 28. Shrivastava MP.9 0. Lathyrus and Lathyrism Newsletter 4 : 28 – 33. Solaimalai A and Subburamu K.m± C. 2005.5 56. Advances in Agricultural Research in India IX : 77-81.5 42.2 1126.6 120.9 1. REFERENCES Ali MO.2 2. Improvement of lentil yield through seed priming in Bangladesh.D.7 940.5 0.1 DBRH: Days before rice harvest.3 1329.8 1130.0 1. 2005a.05) 153 Effect of planting time and seed priming on growth.8 1174.1 6.6 NS 981.0 0. Journal of Lentil Research 2 : 64-68. Utera cultivation .8 0. 2005.7 1.6 73.9 33.9 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.E.5 4. (P=0.8 0.7 39.4 2.7 NS 34. Scope of growing lathyrus and lentil in relay cropping systems after rice in West Bengal.5 62.3 13.4 46.1 3.6 2. .8 1.1 1.3 855.7 1.3 Seeds/pod 2003-04 2004-05 1.8 2.E.0 69. (P=0. Saha S and Maharana Monalisa.0 0.2 1232. Journal of Food Legumes 21: 51-52.8 19.0 NS 657.0 NS 1.9 36.6 33. Agricultural Reviews 25 : 129-140.0 734. Lentil as a relay crop in rice field: a key technology for lentil production in Bangladesh.A review.9 773.8 20.2 33.9 0.9 2.Bhowmick: Effect of planting time and seed priming on growth and yield of lentil under rice-utera system Table 1. Rahman MM and Gahoonia TS.6 1.5 NS 32. Gupta S and Man GC. India.9 1.8 1. Panwar and Sharma (2004). Rajasthan College of Agriculture.8 per cent) was also noticed in early sown crop over late sown crop. respectively. RATHORE. The nitrogen and phosphorus content in seed (3.96 kg/ha). Urdbean varieties sown at onset of monsoon (7th July) recorded maximum seed yield (1185 kg/ha) when compared to crop sown on 27th July (20 days after first sowing). amino acids. Suitable urdbean variety. haulm yield and nutrient content and uptake (N. P). The results agree with the findings of Singh . Higher nutrient uptake in Barkha over T-9 and TAU-1 is attributed to long duration and higher seed yield. Higher seed yield of urdbean from early sown crop was also reported by Singh and Singh (2000). 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5/ha + Rhizobium + PSB and 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha) with three replications.18 kg/ha.co. respectively) over T-9 (74. Data were collected viz. Rajasthan College of Agriculture. 20 days after first sowing) and three levels of fertilizer (0 N + 0 P2O5 + Rhizobium + PSB.58 per cent) and TAU-1 (3.23 and 0.8 kg/ha) contents. There was considerable increase in the values of yield attributing characters (number of pods/plant. The higher seed yield of Barkha over other genotypes is attributed to better yield components (number of pods/plant.25 and 0. plant height (cm). number of seeds/pod. DASHORA and M. Accepted: September. optimum sowing time and fertilizer sources are the key inputs for getting higher yield under this region. 2009. Higher harvest index (34. Among varieties.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 154-155. Singh and Singh (2000) and Yadahalli and Palled (2004) also reported similar results.75 kg/ ha) and P uptake (13. Udaipur 313 001.1 per cent. There were 18 treatment combinations consisting of three urdbean varieties (Barkha.N. Similarly. The soil was higher in available nitrogen (340.e. Udaipur during kharif 2006. Urdbean is being grown by the farmers of Southern Rajasthan in recent years in place of traditional pulses like greengram and cowpea because of its higher market value. Experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design. The soil of experimental site was clay-loam in texture with pH 8. This means a favourable soil and climatic condition are made available for the expression of genetic potential. respectively) were obtained by the onset of monsoon sown crop over late sown crop.5 kg/ha) and high in potassium (292. Yadahalli and Palled (2004) and Yadahalli et al. E-mail: sanjay_1707@yahoo. Significantly higher N and P content in seed (3.) is an important pulse crop grown in different parts of the country.1kg/ha). A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm. two dates of sowing (7th July i. sowing at optimum time is an important non-monetary input that results in considerable increase in the seed yield under rainfed conditions. Seeds were inoculated as per treatments and sown in row spacing of 30 cm. seed yield. Barkha recorded significantly higher seed yield (1103 kg/ha) compared to T-9 and TAU-1. 2010 Short Communication Effect of sowing time and fertilization on productivity and economics of urdbean genotypes S.S. medium in phosphorus (21.8 kg/ha and 13.01 kg/ha) were obtained by the onset of monsoon sown crop over late sown crop. onset of monsoon and 27th July i. (2006).17 and 0.25 and 0. number of seeds/ pod and 1000-seed weight) in onset of monsoon sown crop compared to crop sown late (27th July).58 per cent. made in this study to optimize the agronomic management practices for enhancing urdbean productivity under sub-humid southern plain and Arawali hills agroclimatic zone of Rajasthan. This is mainly attributed to better conditions for nutrient availability in early monsoon period and leading to higher biomass production (seed and haulm yield) by onset of monsoon sown crop over late sown crop.40 kg/ha and 10. The increase in seed yield of Barkha over T-9 and TAU-1 was to an extent of 9. Doses of N and P2O5 were applied as basal according to treatments in the form of DAP and urea. The crop sown on 7th July registered 45 per cent higher yield over crop sown on 27th July. Variety Barkha obtained significantly higher haulm yield (2254 kg/ha) over T-9 (1818 kg/ha) and TAU-1 (1694 kg/ ha). It is rich in protein.in (Received: March.8 per cent and 23. 2010) Urdbean (Phaseolus mungo L. MPUAT. The onset of monsoon sown crop (7th July) got adequate soil moisture particularly during its flowering and pod filling stages in August and September months as a result of rainfall. Among the agronomic practices of field crops. TAU-1 and T-9).70 kg/ha and 8. The higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were also significantly obtained by Barkha (87. Rajasthan. 1000-seeds weight. number of seeds/pod and 1000-seed weight) (Table 1). L.K. number of pods/plant. urdbean sown on 7th July recorded significantly higher haulm yield (3415 kg/ha) over 27th July (2432 kg/ha). respectively. vitamins and minerals. An effort was therefore. KAUSHIK Department of Agronomy.83 kg/ha) and TAU-1 (66. The higher seed yield in onset of monsoon sown crop can also be attributed to higher values of yield components over the late sown crop. significantly higher N uptake (89. India.53 per cent). Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology.6 per cent. This is due to longer maturity period of Barkha (85 days) over other varieties.e. respectively) were higher in Barkha over T-9 (3.1. Similarly. 44 40.25 3. yield.50 TAU-1 22.51 CD (P=0. Response of urdbean genotypes to dates of sowing and phosphorus levels in Northern Transitional Tract of Karnataka. Similar results were reported by Singh and Singh (2004) and Kumar and Elamathi (2007).56 6.24 Fertilizer sources 0 N : 0 P2O5 + Rhizobium + PSB 19.69 3.05) 0. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19 : 68268 4.52 0. (2004) and Yadahalli and Palled (2004).53 0.09 0.29 NS NS 3.89 2.58 2.). Effect of sowing dates and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of black gram genotypes.50 41. Mevada KD and Chotaliya RL.18 0.20 40.02 0. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17: 215-219.96 20 41 0.40 1.05) 0. Annals of Agricultural Research 21: 456-458.86 3.56 77.89 43.60 0.94 38. seed rate and row spacing on yield and yield attributes of bold seeded mungbean during spring summer season.18 0.23 0.19 0.58 0.02 Nutrient uptake (kg/ha) N P 87.05 0.18 7889 8. This mainly attributed to lower gross returns and high cost of cultivation in this treatment combination as a result of considerable reduction in urdbean yield due to moisture stress and pest attack. yield components.12 0.11 41.20 0.458 7.22 0.81 66.12 0. The minimum benefit cost ratio (1. .22 3.71 7480 10.35 0. it can be inferred that urdbean genotype Barkha performed better than other genotypes.23 0./ha) followed by Barkha sown on 7th July with 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 /ha + Rhizobium + PSB. Effect of nitrogen levels and Rhizobium application methods on yield attributes.75 3.15 0. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 17: 143-144.20 1087 2119 3.11 SEm+ 0. Haulm: Rs. 2004. Net return were maximum in Barkha sown on 7th July with 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha (38672.55 Rs. nutrient content and uptake (N and P) of urdbean were obtained significantly higher with 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha over 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5/ha + Rhizobium + PSB and 0 N: 0 P2O5 + Rhizobium + PSB. However. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 17: 89-90. 135/q and Singh (2000).28 8244 0.186 0. However a lowest net return was realized by the urdbean variety TAU-1 sown on 27th July with 0 N: 0 P2O5 + Rhizobium + PSB (Table 1). sowing with onset of monsoon (7th July) and 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 found superior than other practices in southern plains and Arawali hills of Rajasthan.18 2. nutrient content. 3000/q. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 17: 45-46.: Effect of sowing time and fertilization on productivity and economics of urdbean genotypes Table 1.15 0.96 7920 10.14 41.83 7874 0.66 13.38 0.01 7890 8.004 1. Singh DK and Singh VK.52 0.17 3. 2007.18 0. 2004. Yadahalli GS and Palled YB.37 0.74 1032 1938 3.59 4.01 1.36 CD (P=0. This can be attributed to higher urdbean yield in these treatment combinations over others.27 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5/ha + Rhizobium + PSB 21.98 7900 14.67 20 DAFS* 20. 1103 896 1005 20 57 1185 817 16 40 2254 1694 1818 41 117 2230 1614 34 83 13. Singh AK and Singh VK.02 4.22 4.07 0.Rathore et al.10 0. 2000. Yadahalli GS.14 0.02 0.39 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha 23.68) was obtained in the urdbean variety Barkha sown on 7th July with 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha. COC: Cost of cultivation.09 0. yield and economics of urdbean ( Vigna mungo L.22 41.33 4. Thus. Patel et al.59 4.97 7909 0.50 COC Net return B/C ratio Varieties Barkha 22. 2006.59 57 117 0.05 0. Patel JJ.08 T-9 21.23 0.26 5. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3: 179-180.56 62.30 0. This is mainly due to higher net returns as a result of higher seed yield over other treatment combinations.25 3. dates of sowing and fertilizer sources Pods/ Seeds/ Plant Pod (no) (no) 1000seeds weight (g) Seed Yield (kg /ha) Haulm yield (kg/ha) Nutrient content (%) N P 3.66 - 28244 21304 24724 641 1819 30691 18824 523 1286 21392 25675 27205 641 1819 3.19 SEm+ 0.50 Seed: Rs. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen management practices on rainy season urdbean under late sown condition. uptake and economics of urdbean as influenced by genotypes.09 0.51 *DAFS: Days after first sowing.70 74.34 0.01 0. The seed and haulm yield. Higher benefit cost ratio (4.48 64.57 89.25 3. Panwar R and Sharma BB. Selling price.32) was obtained in urdbean variety TAU-1 sown on 27th July with 0 N: 0 P2O5 + Rhizobium + PSB which can be attributed to minimum net returns as a result of drastic reduction in urdbean yield and relatively higher cost of cultivation in this treatment combination.02 0. Response of summer mungbean to dates of sowing and levels of fertilizers.05) 0. Growth and nitrogen uptake pattern of promising urdbean genotypes under different sowing dates and planting densities during rainy season.85 0. 2004.83 5. 2004.25 3.18 CD (P=0.66 86.00 SEm+ 0. Treatments 155 Yield components.34 Sowing time 7th July 22.39 3. Palled YB and Hiremath SM.18 885 1710 3. REFERENCES Kumar A and Elamathi S. Effect of planting date. S. These genotypes were planted in randomized block design with three replications at Regional Agricultural Research station. SKUAST-J. . The recommended agronomic packages of practices and plant protection measures were followed for raising the crop successfully. The chickpea genotypes with better biomass partitioning and mobilization efficiency will be suitable for cultivation in the rainfed. leaves and roots was higher in PUSA1103. Among genotypes. Five plants were taken out randomly from each plot with roots by digging of soil and thereafter thorough washing of roots was done under gently running water. There was no rain during the growing season. Rajouri during rabi season 2007-08 and 2008-09. percentage of total dry matter accumulation in stem. 2010) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. namely irrigated and rainfed. respectively. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of 3 m length with row to row and plant to plant spacing of 40 x 10 cm. making terminal drought stress a major constraint to productivity. However. Chickpea plants attained the maximum plant height and rooting depth at full bloom stage (Table 1). SINGH*. Rajouri 185 131. The height of shoot and root length was measured from soil surface (crown position) to terminal point and the tip of root. stem and other reproductive plant parts (seeds/pod) was done at two growth stages i.435 ha remains unutilized during r abi season in most parts of the intermediate zone and foothills of the Shivalik ranges in subtropical rainfed area of Jammu region especially after the harvest of long duration rice and maize crops. The plant parts were dried at 700C temperature till constant weight. respectively.. MISHRA and A.B.e. It is generally grown on stored soil moisture. Tandwal. As the temperature during sowing time varies in different growing areas of Jammu province due to variable agro-climatic conditions so there is a requirement of chickpea genotypes that can perform well across these regions. India. 2010 Short Communication Effect of different soil moisture regimes on biomass partitioning and yield of chickpea genotypes under intermediate zone of J&K ANJANI KUMAR SINGH. leaves and stem was 20. the influence of water deficit on distribution of assimilate depends on stage of the growth and relative sensitivity of various plant organs to water deficit..in (Received: January. followed by leaves indicate that chickpea needs strong stem to bear more number of pods through increased branching and higher leaf area to produce more food to fill the pods. 2004).co. the present investigation was conducted with the objectives to identify suitable chickpea genotypes that can perform well under water deficit conditions and can be used as substitute of wheat crop in rice-wheat or maize-wheat cropping system and to increase the production of rabi pulse in the region. Moisture stress reduced the plant height significantly but the reverse was true for root depth. SINGH. Recording of biomass in leaves.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 156-158. the plants of PUSA1103 were the tallest followed by BGD-72 at full bloom stage. at full bloom and physiological maturity for all the genotypes under different environments. A. India.) is most important pulse crop in the Indian sub -continent. (SKUAST-J). S. Chickpea can be a good alternate crop under these conditions to encourage double cropping in otherwise mono-cropped area.24 per cent of total biomass. However.K. PUSA-1053. 33. Plants were taken randomly from each replication for recording growth parameters. Accepted: August. These findings are in concomitance with the earlier observations (Ahlawat 1990. leaves. with respect to biomass accumulation. stem. On the other hand water deficit is another constraint in the area during crop growth.P. The experimental material consisted of 10 cultivars obtained from IARI. the roots of PUSA-1053. Seed and biological yield were recorded from individual plants. PUSA-1108 and PUSA-362. SKUAST-J. The development of moisture stress leads to a wide range of changes in plant processes like diversion of biomass to undesirable plant parts. Each genotype was sown under two environments. At full bloom stage. The statistical analysis for different parameters and yield was done as per standard procedures. PUSA-1103 and PUSA362 were statistically at par and penetrated significantly deeper in the soil profile than the roots of other genotypes at full bloom stage. The average of five plants in each replication was worked out for each treatment. the biomass allocation in roots. AWNINDRA K. pods and root for recording observations on partitioning of biomass. After washing plants were separated into different parts viz. Singh 1995). *Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The dominating role of the stem. Among the genotypes. Therefore. A considerable area of about 43.78. The contribution of stem and leaves increased to total biomass because of less pod development at the time of full booming stage. Rajouri 185 131. New Delhi. E-mail: anjaniiari@yahoo. SHARMA Regional Agricultural Research Station. SINGH. Greater proportions of photosynthates are allocated to pods and seeds when the crop is stressed after flowering or when raised completely without irrigation (Deshmukh et al.15 and 37.K. Yield attributes were recorded from five plant samples taken from each plot at harvest. 2010. 2) 1.08 Pod 7.7 53.8 35.4 1.69).3 7100.5 2966. number of effective pods/plant.49(25.8 58.6 445.3 19.5 52 7.1 14.6 Environment Irrigated Rainfed CD (P=0.21 1.5 52.3 571.98(33.6 8266.55(44.3) 3.1 4.9) 1.2 31.4) 1.86(20.8 0.1 1.4) 3.1) 2.4) 2.30(36.49(25.94(37.6 6950.19(32.9) 0.6) 0.6 0. seeds/pod and 100.6 1600.5) 3.5 32.9) 1..1 1.6(14.4 24. The mild moisture stress did not affect the biomass partitioning in chickpea but severe moisture stress reduced the allocation of biomass to seeds.1 21.8 32.2 25.1 28.54(18. pods and root in spite of increase in root length over irrigated control.5 42.9) 5.3 7450.6(15.3) 1.15(20.6 668.41) and total biomass (0.8 30.0) 2.8) 7.50(33.13(13.34(39.49(43.55(29.0(66.9) 1.91(18. Effective Seeds/ 100-seed Seed Biological Harvest pods/ pod weight yield yield index plant (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (g) (%) 67.5 41.1 24. only few pods were formed in each plant resulted in more adversely reduced seed yield than the biomass accumulation.7 67.09(33.7 22.67) and biological yield (0.1) 1.4) 10.32 4. the highest association was recorded with number of pods per plant (0.16(25.2 37.6 21.6 2016.5 59.0 24.2 29.67(50.5 49.3) 3.: Effect of soil moisture regimes on chickpea productivily Table 1.6) 2.2) 0.06(13.3 4.6 1.31(23.5) 6.9) 2. Among the yield attributes.7 3.3 19.9 51.38(16.5(6. Seed yield at harvest had significant positive association with plant height (0.7) 1.94(37.511 3.4 0. However. Therefore.68(27.8 20.5 29.3 1316. Among the genotypes. Similar reduction in yield attributes under rainfed condition has been reported by Rahman and Uddin (2000) and Kashiwagi et al.5 18.0) 0.3 1.5) 6.21(35.7 24.59 Full bloom Dry weight/plant (g) Stem Leaf Root Pod Plant height (cm) 57. Similar genotypic variation in yield and its attributes in chickpea under moisture stress have already been reported (Kashiwagi et al.9) 0.9) 1.4 25.6 Root depth (cm) 74.28 7.0 2008.78(8.9) 0.0 9441.4 37.68(33. Plant height (cm) 59.7 67.5) 2. Yield attributes viz.18(40.17(29.68(10.5 2. Treatment Environment Irrigated Rainfed CD (P=0.Singh et al.3 6.74(18.91(27.5(39.3(6.0) 1.1 40.3) 4.8) 1.8) 0.31 3.7 1. seed yield and harvest index were recorded in PUSA1103.6 80.68(12.81) with seed yield.1) 2.05) Genotypes PUSA-1103 PUSA-1105 PUSA-362 PUSA-1108 PUSA-391 BGD-72 PUSA-1003 PUSA-256 PUSA-372 PUSA-1053 CD (P=0.2) 1.9) 1.02(6. The dry matter accumulation in vegetative parts (leaves and roots) decreased at harvest as compared to full bloom stage due to mobilization of biomass to the active sink (pods).77(12.1)* 3. the biological yield had highest association (r=0. At full bloom stage.4) 7(40.45(16.2) 1.70(18.9) 2.0 10283.2 39.2) 4.36(15.6 3.33(23.66(53.2 52.7 1.2 24.32 *Values in parenthesis are per cent contribution to total biomass At harvest.62(15.2 4.6) 3.9) 5.08 26.8) 3.2) 2.07 Root depth (cm) 42.95(5.1 46.9) 2.2 33.5 1.53(15.2 27.7) 6.77(13.36) 0.4) 2.2 1.5(11.2 41.4) 2.1) 2.07(25.7 31.36(17.6 8333.77(41.7 AT harvest Dry weight/plant (g) Stem Leaf Root 1.40).9) 2.05) 157 Biomass partitioning of chickpea genotypes at full bloom and harvest stage under irrigated and rainfed conditions.7) 3.8 1.8 64. with seed yield.77(18.5) 10.3 0.3 7516.9 33.4 45.04(43.05) Genotypes PUSA-1103 BGD-72 PUSA-1053 PUSA-1105 PUSA-372 PUSA-1108 PUSA-362 PUSA-1003 PUSA-256 PUSA-391 CD (P=0. these associations further increased over full bloom.34(39.6 1816.56(38.2 6.8) 6.2) 6.62(13.95(32.97(18. at harvest. However.86(26.1) 2. Significant positive association with biomass partitioning in plant parts indicated that higher biomass yield and its maximum partitioning in pods brought about positive improvement in seed yield of chickpea under moisture stress condition.3) 3. At harvest.2 29.9 23.1 97.3) 2.3) 1.3 2016. Treatment 1103 and seeds per pod were recorded in PUSA-1105 and PUSA-372.5 50. (2006a).9) 1.1) 3.0 8158.17(26.0 8000.3) 3.18(25.5 7.9) 2.3) 1.8 70.5 47.61(43.2) 8.4) 1.1 5.1 1.4) 0.21(12.78) 1.53(34.7 24.61(41.32(16.2 18. Yield attributes of chickpea genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions.62(13.0 1683. However.15(38.3 3.7 2058. 2006b).6 55.09(21.7) 1.0) 0.2 51.6) 3.1 27.8 21. the highest pod density and 100-seed weight were observed in PUSATable 2.56(45. Lower harvest index was recorded among all the genotypes in severe moisture stress in environment indicating that the vegetative growth (source) was relatively less affected than the sink.8 1.1) 2.8(8.255 4.09(33.3 73.77(11.5 21.5(39.67(16.1) 2.4) 2.2) 1.0 9116.1) 5.8) 5. moisture stress reduced accumulation of dry matter in different plant parts significantly.7 1.48(18.3 27.33(31.7) 1.03(33.7 25.2 28.13(13.8 42.1 7.1 13.27(29.2 1900.seed weight along with seed and biological yield and harvest index decreased significantly with increased moisture stress (Table 2).73).1 77. the functional rooting depth decreased as compared to full bloom (Table 1).9 30.9) 4.05(7.3(6.4 23.5 93.99(23.2 31.0) 3.4 3.5) 1.8 4.8) 1. Omar and Singh (1997) reported that plant height had the highest direct effect on biomass yield and consequently to higher seed yield.3 0.0(66.3 1.6 340.8) 1. chickpea showed significant positive association of seed yield with plant height (0.6) 2.05(33.2 41.76(49.6 27.61(41.4 54.05) . the seed yield of PUSA-1103 and BGD-72 were statically at par and significantly higher than all the other tested genotypes.2 40.28(24.0) 2.9) 7.2) 3.3) 5. The associations of biomass partitioning in different plant parts with seed yield at both the stages were observed.2(35.47(31.2) 0.4) 7.4 22.6 2116.68(12.2 23.37 2.0 6541.5) 3.5) 1.62(13.1) 6. The maximum biomass.1 22.4) 2.6 2225. HAU. Krishnamurthy L. Vincent V  and Serraj  R.). Crouch JH and Serraj R. India. Chandra S. Krishnamurthy L. Thesis. flowering and maturity studies. 2010 Kashiwagi J. Effect of long term water deficit on some aspects of chickpea physiology. International Chickpea and Pigeon pea News Letter 4 :14-15.Sc. M. 1997. Mhase LB and Jamadagni BM. 1990. 2000. Ecological adaption of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. Legume Research 23 : 1-8. Deshmukh DV. Response of kabuli chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus. REFERENCES Ahlawat S.158 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). Field Crops Research 95: 171-181.  2006a. Rahman LSM and Uddin ASM. Singh S. . Kashiwagi  J. Hissar. Upadhyaya HD.Sc. Omar M and Singh KB. M. Haryana Agricultural University. Thesis. India. Hissar.) to water stress -2 grain yield. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 17 :47-49. harvest index. Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for drought tolerance. 2006b.    Genetic  variability  of  droughtavoidance root traits in the mini-core germplasm collection of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. Variability of root length density and its contributions to seed yield in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. Krishna H. 2004. Increasing seed yield in chickpea by increased biomass yield.) under terminal drought stress. 1995. Euphytica 146 : 213-222. and PGPR inoculants at the rate of 20 g/kg seed and liquid inoculants at the rate of 4. 60. 2010 Short Communication Co-inoculation effect of liquid and carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium ciceri and PGPR on nodulation. & T. Grain and straw yields were recorded at final harvest. Different inoculants influenced the plant dry weight significantly at different intervals. available P (18 kg/ha) and available K (285 kg/ha) with pH 6. roots were washed off to remove the adhering soil.9% and nodule dry weight of 12. and PGPR recorded more nodule number of 15.0 to 27. or PGPR alone in nodulation due to synergistic interaction among them as reported earlier by Chandra and Pareek (2002). and PGPR were better than carrier based inoculants in root nodulation (Table 1). Liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. E-mail: rc. A.61 %).1% over uninoculated control at different crop age. we compared the performance of carrier and liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. Uttarakhand. uninoculated and fertilizer (20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha) control. which gives competitive advantage to the inoculated Mesorhizobium sp.2% and nodule dry weight of 22. nutrient uptake and yields of chickpea PRATIBHA SAHAI and RAMESH CHANDRA Department of Soil Science. N and P content in finely grind grain and straw samples were determined following methods as described by Page (1982) and N and P uptake were computed.0 m following randomized block design in 3 replications. A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2007-08 to compare the performance of liquid and carrier based inoculants of Mesorhizobium ciceri and PGPR (Pseudomonas diminuta) in chickpea at Crop Research Centre of G. low in available nitrogen (175 kg/ha). These inoculants suffer with major drawback of short shelf life resulting in inconsistent performance under field conditions. Dry weights of nodules and plants were determined after drying to constant weight at each interval. Dual inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp.0) in 1: 2 ratio. The experimental soil was sandy in texture. more plant dry weight over .3 to 68.6 to 66. Carrier based inoculants were prepared by growing Mesorhizobium sp. These medium in 50 ml portions were inoculated with a 1 ml fresh inoculum of the Mesorhizobium sp. Mesorhizobium ciceri (LN 7007) was obtained from Department of Microbiology. The liquid inoculants of these microorganisms were prepared using modified YEM and nutrient broths of compositions as described by Sahai and Chandra (2009). in chickpea under field conditions. in YEM broth for 72 h and PGPR in nutrient broth for 48 h and then mixing the broths separately with sterilized charcoal (pH 7.1% and 11. Hisar and Pseudomonas diminuta (LK-884) from Pulse Microbiology programme of AICRP at Pantnagar. and PGPR gave significant increase in nodule number of 20. nodules were removed from roots and counted. and PGPR (Pseudomonas sp.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 159-161.1 to 98. Seed was treated with carrier based Mesorhizobium sp. Pantnagar.8% and 30. The cost of production of carrier based inoculants is also high. and PGPR.7 to 35. alone and in combination. was done by mixing the required quantity of both the inoculants at the time of seed treatment. 2010) Seed inoculation with bio-inoculants of rhizobia. Results indicated that liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. B. G. The carrier and liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp.B. + PGPR with either carrier or liquid inoculants was slightly better over Mesorhizobium sp. growth and yields. Carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. Treatments comprising inoculation with carrier and liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. except at 60 DAS. PSB and PGPR in pulse crops is recommended to ensure adequate root nodulation. P.6% and 31. The Mesorhizobium sp. Liquid inoculants have been claimed to provide solutions to some of these problems associated with the carrier based inoculants. Five plants from each plot were randomly uprooted along with a soil core at 30. CCSHAU.pantnagar@gmail. U.2% and 3. Such beneficial response of liquid inoculants on nodulation in chickpea was also reported by Gupta (2005) and may be attributed to better survival of inoculated organisms in rhizophere applied as liquid inoculant.2%.0 ml/kg seed.85 and EC 0. College of Agriculture. 2007). wherever required.1 to 71. being energy and labour intensive process (Somasegaran and Hoben 1994).8 to 83.4 to 46.7% and 36. 2009. and PGPR. medium in organic C (0. Pantnagar 263 145. The crop was raised following recommended agronomic practices. India.2 to 30. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. recorded 30. 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Liquid inoculants being the new innovation in biofertilizer technology. Carrier based inoculants are currently being produced in the country.com (Received: October.4 m x 4. Dual inoculation.38 dS/m.3%.) separately.1 to 169. was grown for 72 h and PGPR for 48 h at 28 ± 1°C in incubator shaker so as to reach the culture to the stationary phase. respectively over carrier based inoculants at different intervals. It has been reported that liquid inoculants formulations promote cell survival during storage and after application to seed and also provide protection to microbial cells under extreme conditions such as high temperature and desiccation (Brahmprakash et al. alone or in combinations. The experiment was laid out in plots of 2. N-fixation. Accepted: October. Carrier based inoculant of Mesorhizobium sp.53 5.38 94.0 108.+ PGPR Liquid inoculant Mesorhizobium sp.881 1. and PGPR gave significant increase in grain yield of 16.0 and 47. were comparable in grain and straw yields as observed earlier also by Chandra and Pareek (2007) in urdbean and mungbean and Gupta (2005) in chickpea.4 and 19.361 0. Effect of carrier and liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp.9 27.39 88.05) 30 DAS 6.82 7. respectively.1 and 5.1 65. Liquid inoculant of Mesorhizobium sp.4 98. The increase in plant dry weight may be due to better crop nutrition as a result of N-fixation (Gupta 2005).831 16.958 1.0 60.732 4.0 13.+ PGPR Liquid inoculant Mesorhizobium sp. 2010 Table 1.12 4.+ PGPR Liquid inoculant Mesorhizobium sp.8 15.828 1.7 98. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.984 1.0 22.1 54.54 5.9 88.970 NS 4.0 14.2 and 51.00 41.204 1.86 6.311 16.7 to 66.0 to 57.231 15.0 11.12 7.40 51.1 26.45 6.7 28.3 25.29 4.823 1.3 13.891 1.4 30 DAS 20.571 3.5 11.5 8.774 2.1 % in N uptake and 20.8 16.74 87.325 5.5 16.4 102.05) 30 DAS 0.3 8.05) Grain 57.1 81.7 96.47 uninoculated control.34 3.3 14.0 68.5 % and numerical increase in straw yield of 18.3 10.0 22.806 Yield (kg/ha) Grain Straw 1898 2824 2060 3167 2213 2269 2315 2222 2292 2338 298 3343 3380 3611 3403 3426 3699 NS Table 3.5 and 21.1 and 62.88 1.7 % and 19.5 17. and PGPR on nodulation at different crop age Treatment Uninoculated control 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha Carrier inoculant Mesorhizobium sp. Effect of carrier and liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.70 2.8 94.7 % over uninoculated control (Table 2). and PGPR alone inoculants.0 12.5 10.3 9.6 Nodule dry weight (mg/plant) 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS 43.99 1.369 0.9 26. Similar increase with carrier inoculant of PGPR were 53.5 104.704 13. Carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp.0 13. These inoculants of PGPR also showed increase of 18.8 % and numerical increase in straw yield of 20. resulting in more N-fixation (Brahmprakash et al.6 91.5 14.160 Journal of Food Legumes 23(2). respectively (Table 3).060 Plant dry weight (g/plant) 60 DAS 90 DAS 1. Their combined inoculation further improved the plant dry weight over respective Mesorhizobium sp.4 23.+ PGPR CD (P=0. The liquid and carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp.3 % over uninoculated control.099 120 DAS 9.855 1.4 and 44.4 .7 Nodule/plant (no) 60 DAS 90 DAS 12.34 7.289 0. liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp.7 % .8 95.381 0. respectively (Table 2). and PGPR gave significant increases in grain yield of 17.460 5.30 7.92 59.50 52.5 Table 2.62 72.2 % and 28. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.0 80.137 17.28 96.3 20.8 19. This may due to higher nodulation with liquid inoculant of Mesorhizobium sp.2 33.5 14.2 % in plant dry weight over the uninoculated control at different intervals.8 12.9 74.6 and 19.3 9.25 4.9 35.20 17.162 15.21 73.364 0.21 15.8 120 DAS 8. gave slightly more N uptake of 6.7 40.376 0.2 107.+ PGPR with carrier or liquid inoculants was slightly better than their respective inoculants alone. however the increase was non-significant. respectively.349 0.0 1.22 99.86 7.9 28.0 5.9 75.2 5.368 0.1 and 20.0 14.3 14.3 24.648 15. and PGPR inoculants on N and P uptake by chickpea Treatment Uninoculated control 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha Carrier based inoculant Mesorhizobium sp. 2007).8 4.855 5. Dual inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp.91 Phosphorus (kg/ha) Grain Straw 5. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.591 6.+ PGPR CD (P=0. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.9 77. Similarly.6 77.14 54.19 4.4 22.135 5.0 12.8 16.75 Nitrogen (kg/ha) Straw 35.1 % in P uptake by grain and straw. recorded significant increase of 43. and PGPR on plant dry weight at different crop age and yield Treatment Uninoculated control 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha Carrier inoculant Mesorhizobium sp.3 4. Effect of Mesorhizobium sp.28 63. PGPR Mesorhizobium sp.03 82.+ PGPR CD (P=0. Gupta SC. Chemical and microbiological properties (2 nd ed). Handbook for Rhizobium. 2009. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 18 : 4042 .4 % by grain and straw. Somasegaran P and Hoben HJ. Journal of Food Legumes 20 :80-82.8 and 2. 2007. 1982. 2005. inoculants under different storage conditions. The results are in agreement with the findings of Gupta (2006). who also reported positive response of dual inoculation on N and P content and their uptake due to better nodulation and N-fixation. Madison.7 and 19. 2002. nevertheless were at par with carrier based inoculants in grain and straw yields. + PGPR as carrier or liquid inoculants further improved the N and P uptake. Dual inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp. Journal of Food Legumes 22 (4): 28028 2. 2007. Gupta SC. methods in legume-Rhizobium technology. New York. + PGPR as carrier or liquid inoculants gave advantage over their individual inoculation. and PGPR though recorded better nodulation and nutrient uptake. Girisha HC. Liquid Rhizobium inoculant formulations to enhance biological nitrogen fixation in food legumes. Wisconsin USA. Comparative performance of liquid and carrier based inoculants in urdbean and mungbean. . Dual inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp. Liquid inoculant of PGPR gave significantly more N uptake of 6. 2006.0 % by grain and straw over its carrier based inoculants. and P uptake of 7. 1994. REFERENCES Brahmaprakash GP. Page AL. ASA and CSSA. and Pseudomonas sp. Navi Vithal. Methods of soil analysis. Part II. Effect of Rhizobactaria in urdbean and lentil. Chandra R and Pareek RP. Shelf life of liquid and carrier based Mesorhizobium sp. Effect combined inoculation on nodulation nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea in Vertisol. pp 1158.. Spinger Verlag. respectively. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 54 : 251-254. It can be concluded that liquid inoculants of Mesorhizobium sp. Journal of Food Legumes 20 : 75-79. Chandra R and Pareek N. Laxmipathy R and Hedge SV. respectively. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 15 : 152-155. Evaluation of liquid and carrier based Rhizobium inoculants in chickpea. Inc.Sahai and Chandra: Effect of liquid and carrier inoculants of Mesorhizobium ciceri and PGPR on chickpea 161 % and P uptake of 3.1 percent by grain over its carrier inoculants. Sahai Pratibha and Chandra R. per cent defoliation was lowest in the plot treated with lufenuron @ 30 g a. Lufenuron @ 30 g a.73 19.i. litura was noticed right from last week of October to last week of November. litura in blackgram at Regional Agricultural Research Station. Observations were recorded on total number of defoliated leaves/plant on five randomly selected plants in each plot before spraying and 7 days after spraying. MALATHI Regional Agricultural Research Station.37 32.i.04 1.60) (26. oilseeds. Treatment Dose (g a.30 13. 2006.64) (21..65 12./ha (Table 1)./ ha.12) (31.02) 12.61) followed by thiodicarb @ 750 g a.06 0. endosulfan 35 EC @ 525 g a.57) * * 1. with defoliation in the range of 19.58 14. Lufenuron @ 25 g a.02 (23. Warangal . /ha (12.70) NS * * * 0.01%. viz.33 25.77 to 22./ha recorded 11.02) (34.12) (22.05) *Significant at P=0../ha.95 2. Accepted: September.64) (20. Each treatment was replicated three times.70 31.506 007. present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of an IGR. lufenuron 5EC @ 20. 2000. Seven days after I spraying./ha. E-mail: [email protected] parentheses arc-sine transformations 7 days after Cumulative IVth spray mean of sprays 30. less hazardous to the environment (Vadodaria et al.88) 23.98 28.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 162-163./ha./ha with 16. 2010) Tobacco caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura Fab.19 1.18) 16. etc are major limiting factors in their use. Spodoptera litura in blackgram Per cent defoliated leaves Pre 7 days after 7 days after 7 days after treatment Ist spray IInd spray IIIrd spray 13./ha (14.6 Yield Kg/ha 1443 1707 1757 1750 1582 1546 1171 * 63.64 (21.37 16.i.00) 15.11 22. Efficacy of lufenuron on tobacco caterpillar.99 (23.13) (28.i.33 (21.00 17.77 19. litura is known to infest blackgram from preflowering to pod development stage and causes considerable yield losses especially during September to February. Blackgram is an important pulse crop which is mainly cultivated as a rabi crop under rice fallows in certain areas of Andhra Pradesh. Ranga Agricultural University.30 per cent defoliation and was significantly superior over all other treatments after the second spray.97) (31.00) 34.57) (34.71 0.94 Lufenuron 5 EC Lufenuron 5 EC Lufenuron 5 EC Thiodicarb 75 WP Quinalphos 25 EC Endosulfan 35 EC Untreated control F-Test SEm + CD (P=0. quinalphos 25 EC @ 250 g a.67 27. Four sprayings were taken up at 10 days interval starting from the initial notice of the pest. 2006.05.79) 17. litura were studied.98 (20.73) (30.56 16. thiodicarb 75 WP @ 750 g a. Several chemical pesticides to control S.66) (20.26) 13.60 22.73 24. harmful effects to non-target organisms.G.60 24. however.28) 25.38) (27.19 (35.i. India.73) (29.5 0.i. In this context. Kuldeep and Rahman 2004). S./ha. Incidence of S./ha.i.01 34. quinalphos @ 250 g a. The plot size was 28 m2.26 (22.57 21.57 12. 2010 Short Communication Bio-efficacy of insect growth regulator against tobacco caterpillar in blackgram S. Field trial was laid out in a randomized block design with seven treatments viz.27 1.36 (29.07 (21.00) 13.com (Received: January.65) (27. Significant differences were found among the treatments subsequent to spraying. lufenuron (Cigna 5 EC) against S.24 (24. Figures in .66) (31.79) (19. The experiment was conducted with the test variety WBG-26. Quinalphos @ 250 g a.16 per cent defoliation was equally effective as thiodicarb @ 750 g a. Warangal during rabi.72) (26.16 24. Acharya N.54 2. Spacing adopted was 40 x 10 cm.01 27. were at par with each other. 25.i. problems like build up of resistance to insecticides.66) (23. cotton and vegetables (Seema Rani et al.22) 15.96 19. endosulfan @ 525 g a.35 (23.73) 22.58) (24.36) 14. Therefore.i./ha maintained consistency in recording Table 1.80 29.i.75) (23. were considered to be appropriate. The experiment was sown on 27-0906 and harvested on 20-12-06. which are selective in action. followed by thiodicarb @ 750 g a.95) (35. Andhra Pradesh./ha.28) (28.i.76) (30.46) (23./ha and lufenuron @ 20 g a.42) (26.52 3. 2010.) is polyphagous in nature and causes considerable damage to pulses. The data on defoliation (%) due to larval feeding was computed./ha and an untreated control.63 16.20) (30.i.04 (28.03 32.i. 30 g a.i. Lufenuron @ 30 g a.00 (30./ha) 20 25 30 750 250 525 - following all recommended agronomic practices in deep black soil under irrigated conditions.91) (34.86 (33.67 22.i. insect growth regulators (IGRs) inhibiting chitin synthesis in insects. 2002).61 11.56) which were at par with each other.42) (33.i. Untreated control plot recorded lowest yield among all treatments. He reported that per cent pupation and adult emergence were severely reduced. . Kuldeep. Kuldeep et al.Malathi: Bio-efficacy of insect growth regulator against tobacco caterpillar in blackgram 163 lowest defoliation subsequent to all sprays (11.i. Goel BB and Gupta GP./ha (1757 kg/ha) and thiodicarb (1750 kg/ ha). Patel CJ and Patel UG. It is concluded that. Indian Journal of Entomology 66 : 287-292./ha and lufenuron @ 25 g a. 2002.57%) and was superior over all other treatments throughout crop period.i.i. Mean defoliation over all the sprays indicated that lufenuron @ 30 g a. Maisuria IM.30 to 13.i. Growth and development of Spodoptera litura Fabricius on different host plants. Seema Rani./ha were equally effective. 2004. litura under laboratory conditions. Vadodaria MP. Effect of sublethal doses of lufenuron against Spodoptera litura Fab. Pestology 24 : 11-14. Data taken on plot yield revealed that highest yield was recorded in the plots treated with lufenuron @ 30 g a. Annals of Plant Protection Science 16 : 216-219./ha with 16. (2004) reported that lufenuron (Match 5 EC) suppressed growth and development of S. 2004. 2000. Highest defoliation was observed in untreated plot throughout the crop period.24 per cent defoliation was the next best treatment.i./ha with 12.i. Patel RB. REFERENCES Kuldeep and Rahman MA. Impact of insect growth regulators (IGRs) on natural enemies of soybean caterpillar. Insect Environment 10 : 92-94.i./ha reduced defoliation by S./ha and thiodicarb 75 WP @ 750 g a.litura and increased the yield and can be used as effective measures against S.64 per cent defoliation was significantly superior over other treatments. Insect growth regulator (IGR) – a new tool in the management of Helicoverpa on cotton in Gujarat. Rahman MA and Ram S. and Spilarctia obliqua Walk. Quinalphos @ 250 g a. lufenuron 5 EC @ 30 g a. litura in blackgram ecosystem. Thiodicarb @ 750 g a. 26 (0. Shanower et al. 2010) Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L.91)) 0..05) = 0. Singh and Singh (1990) reported that no definite conclusions could be drawn about the relative susceptibility of pigeonpea genotypes to pod fly damage because of staggered flowering and variation in pod fly abundance over time.91) 0.75 m (15 m2) and the row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance were 75 cm and 10 cm.76 0.36 (0.56 (1.33 (0.46 (0.95) 0.40 (0. PARAS NATH and P.97) 0. 2010 Short Communication Population fluctuations of pod fly on some varieties of pigeonpea RAM KEVAL.S.05) = 0.57 (1. of which pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) is important pest. However. Melanagromyza obtusa on long duration pigeonpea during 2007-08 and 2008-09 Maggots/10 pods (no) Periods (standard week) 8th S.77) 0.21) 0.97) (0. 2003.09 Difference between varieties and periods (CD: P=0.89) 0. Identification and cultivation of cultivars which are less preferred by pod fly have number of advantages. Nath et al.17 (0.57 (0.W. pigeonpea are low to moderate. The population buildup of pod fly on six long duration varieties of pigeonpea was studied during kharif seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. but most widely in south and southeast Asia. 21th March 0. The population of pod fly was recorded by observing 10 pods selected randomly out of 100 pods picked up from 5 selected plants from each replication.27 (0. 7th Feb 0.90) 0.93) (0.83) 0. Uttar Pradesh.03 (1.26 1.05) = 0.27 .97) 0.85) 0. 14th Feb 0.46 (0. Since levels of resistance to these pests in the cultivated Table 1. 14th March 0.36 (0. ‘MAL-27’.03) (1.46 (0.27 (0. st th 21 Feb 28 Feb 7th March 0.87) 0. More than 10.26 (0.13 (0.78) 0.16 (0.05) 0.) is grown throughout the tropics.01) 0.W. E-mail: [email protected] (0.43 (0.36 0.17 (0.80) 0.63 (1.03) (0.20 (0.W 10th S. All the data recorded were subjected to statistical analysis as per the factorial randomized block design procedure.) Millsp.5 Difference between varieties (CD: P=0.) (Lateef and Reed 1990.30 (0.23 (0.9) 0. 2008).92) Figures in parentheses are transformed value x  0.91) (0.000 germplasm accessions have been screened for pod fly resistance (Lateef and Pimbert 1990).10 (0. It is one of the major grain legumes in the semi-arid tropics (Nene and Sheila 1990).92) 7th S.89) Average 0.91) (0.40 0.81) 0.13) 0.33 (0. 31st Jan 0. Varanasi-221 005. 2010.33 0.86) 0.35 (0.77) 0.96) 0.W.81) 0.W.60 1.33 (0. Banaras Hindu University. The peak population of pod fly irrespective of variety was in 9 th standard week and Pooled data for population of pod fly.20 (083) 0. largly due to insect pests’ damage. The pigeonpea cultivars used for study were ‘NDA 5-25’.90) = 11th S.13 (0.60 0.80) 0.92) 12th S.81) 5th S.20 0.W.12) (0.W.96) 0.17 (0.11 Difference between periods (CD: P=0.21 (0.20 (0. More than 200 species of insects feed on this crop.47 (0.50 0. Accepted: September.88) 0.27 (0. Varanasi.85) 0.40 0. it is important to identify pigeonpea cultivar that permits slow growth or lesser population buildup of pod fly. ‘MAL-13’ and ‘MAL-20’. Banaras Hindu University.86) 0.93) 0.73 (1.10 (0.43 (0.84) 0.20 (0.28 (0.82) 0.81) 0. The first incidence of pod fly was observed in the 4th standard week on 24th January and remained active till 12th standard week in all the varieties.32 (0.17 (0. The plot size was 4 m x 3.W. in addition to ubiquitous pest. ‘KAWR 92-2’. Pigeonpea yields have remained stagnant for the past 3 to 4 decades.90) 0.04) 0.37 (0. India.37 (0.79) 0.43 (0.99) (1.95) 0.23 (0.31 (0. particularly for an eco-friendly management of pigeonpea. 1999.80) (1. 24th Jan 0.82) 0.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 164-165.com (Received: April.95) Variety NDA-5-25 PDA85-5E MAL-27 KAWR92-2 MAL-13 MAL-20 Average 4 th S.95) 0.66 (1.11) 0. respectively.01) 0.W.77) 0.83) 0. DHARMPAL KERKETTA.03) (1.2 (0.43 (0. ‘PDA 85-5E’.86) 6th S.06 (.03) (1.47 (0.81) 0. Kumar and Nath 2003. The experiment was conducted with 3 replications and 6 treatments following factorial randomized block design.60 0.92) 0.94) (0.11 (0.47 0. SINGH Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology.20 (0. Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.83) 0.97) (1.48 0.83) (0.23 (0.96) 0.86) 0.30) (1. 9th S. Kumar et al. Losses due to pod fly damage have been estimated to be US$ 256 millions annually. where it is preferred source of vegetable protein. Indian Journal of Entomology 52 : 320–327. pp. Pest complex and their population dynamics on medium-late variety of pigeonpea Bahar. Pp. The search for host plant resistance to Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea and pigeonpea at ICRISAT Summary proceedings of the First Consultative Group Meeting on Host Selection Behaviour of Heliothis armigera . Kumar AL and Nath P. 1999. 1990. . Annual Review of Entomology 44 : 77–96. Screening of certain pigeonpea cultivars sown at kharif and rabi crops against tur pod bug. In The Pigeonpea. In: S. Singh HK and Singh HN. 1990. The present findings are in agreements to the reports of Kumar et al.R.). L. Singh PS and Keval R. The population in various standard weeks was found in order 9th > 8th >10th >7th > 11th > 6th > 12th > 5th > 4th during both the years. CAB International. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16 : 150-154. Study of the succession of insect pest associated with pods of pigeonpea under sole and intercropping system. Lateef SS and Pimbert MP. Andhra Pradesh.33 maggots/ 10 pods).27 (0. Indian Journal Environment and Ecoplan . Romeis J and Minja EM. Wallingford.57 maggots/ 10 pods). The highest mean population of pod fly was recorded in NDA5-25 (0. 1990. 193-242.46 maggots/ 10 pods).28 maggots/ 10 pods) and the lowest in KAWR 92-2 (0. Clavigralla gibbosa and pod fly. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16 : 169-170. MAL. PDA 85-5E (0. making it unfit for egg laying resulting in reduction in population. Lateef SS and Reed W. India. Hall and V. Singh B and Kumar N. 2008. The pod fly population variation in different cultivars may be due to pod character which either attracted or repelled the pod fly for egg laying. Insect Pests of Tropical Food Legumes . Y. 2003. Insect pests on pigeonpea. Singh (ed. pp. K. MAL13 (0. followed by MAL-20 (0. Nath P. REFERENCES Kumar S. it declined due to maturity of grains (Table 1).31 maggots/ 10 plots). 25–28. Melanagromyza obtusa. Shanower TG. (2003) and Nath et al.21 maggots/ 10 pods) during both the years. ICRISAT. New York.: Population fluctuations of pod fly on some varieties of pigeonpea 165 thereafter. Pigeonpea: Geography and importance. The meteorological factors such as temperature and humidity affect the physiological condition of the plant as a whole and particular high temperature dried the pod. Nene. S. Assessment of pod damage caused by pod borere complex in pre-rabi pigeonpea. Sheila. 15 : 455-461. D. 1990. (2008).Keval et al. ed. Nene YL and Sheila VK. 2003. John Wiley and Sons. Insect pests of pigeonpea and their management. Singh RS. Patancheru. l14. Plant Breeder PAU. S. 14. Singh Principal Scientist. MULLaRP IIPR.K. Rajasthan Dr. Venkatesh Senior Scientist Crop Production Division. Principal Scientist. K. Bangalore Dr.K. 15. Meghalaya Dr. Professor. Kanpur Dr. CPBM Division. Panjab University Chandigarh Dr. Kanpur Dr. Dr. Kanpur Dr. Kanpur 16. M. S. 13. Singh Professor B. 9. Crop Production Division IIPR.K.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 166. Kanpur Dr. Bhattacharya.P. 6. 4. P. Statistics & Computer Application IIPR. Dixit Senior Scientist PC Unit. A. Mumbai Dr.. Varanasi Dr. Sarvjeet Singh Sr. 3. IIPR. Devraj I/C Agril. Crop Protection Division IIPR. IIPR. Chaturvedi Head Crop Improvement Division. Anup Das ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Barapani. Kanpur Dr. Kanpur Dr. Reddy Senior Scientific Officer BARC. Dr. Durgapura. Sharma Khandawa Road Indore Dr. . 7. N.S. 12. Jaipur. Harsh Nayyar. Ganeshmurthy Principal Scientist IIHR. Kanpur 2. 8. S. S. Ghosh Head Crop Production Division IIPR. Kanpur Dr.U. M. IIPR.D. Retd. S.H. Gupta Associate Professor ARS. Dr. 5. 10. Mahaveer P. Trombay. IIPR. 11. 2010 List of Referees 1. Narendra Kumar Senior Scientist. G.S. A. Ludhiana 17.C. Mohapatra Senior Scientist Crop Protection Division. Durgapura. It was further decided that Fellowship would be awarded every year and members can apply directly for such award (recommendation from parental university/Institute would not be required). Dr N D Majumder assured the House that concerns of the members would be rapidly addressed. it was decided that: (a) out of the three. 3500 for life membership. and (b) all the three publications must have NAAS journal rating at or above par with Journal of Food Legumes. The House also approved the Annual maintenance cost (~Rs. ISPRD NWPZ Local Chapter. 2010 General body meeting of the Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development was held at 10. 50000=00) of the website for the succeeding year. 2500 to Rs. Secretary (ISPRD) informed the House about the preliminary discussion with private companies for creation of facility for online submission and processing of research articles for the Journal of Food Legumes. 3000 for library subscription. It was decided further that the manuscripts approved for publication would also bear their date of receipt and date of acceptance from the forthcoming issues of the Journal (2010). (b) from Rs. He appealed the House to extend whole-hearted support to the Executive for meaningful solutions to their genuine problems. Dr (Mrs) Rekha Mathur (ARS. Director (IIPR. Ludhiana) would be conducted by the Local Chapter in consultation with the Central Unit after the expiry of the term (3 years). In the last. ISPRD . l l l l l l l In his Presidential address. The General body approved hike of fee: (a) from Rs. Jaipur). Dr N Nadrajan. l At the outset. IIPR) addressed the General Body. 2010. PALAMPUR (H.0 hr on May 18. Ludhiana) presented details of audited financial reports (income-expenditure status) of the Society for the year 2009. The election of the Office bearers (President. However. The House retained the criteria of 5 years and 3 publications for the award of Fellowship to the members of the Society. General body approved the proposal for creation of such facility (which would include creation of separate website and its subsequent annual maintenance) and associated one time cost of about Rs. 250 to Rs.) ON MAY 18. 2500 to Rs.com. 350 for annual membership. The house expressed concern over the pending manuscripts of previous years. 2010 PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL BODY MEETING OF THE ISPRD HELD AT CSK HPKV. one paper must have published in the Journal of Food Legumes. four pulse scientists namely. Secretary (ISPRD) proposed vote of thanks to the Chair and all the respected members of the Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development. PAU. Dr B B Sharma (GBPUA&T. and (c) from Rs. Kanpur) were felicitated by the Society for their contributions in the field of pulses research and development. Secretary and Treasurer) of the Local Chapter (NWPZ Local Chapter. Pantnagar). the latest issue of which could be viewed at www. Dr N Nadrajan (Co-Patron of ISPRD & Director. The House was informed about online display of Journal of Food Legumes. Sd/ (A K Choudhary) Secretary. Kanpur) & Co-Patron (ISPRD) presided over the meeting. Secretary (ISPRD) put before the House recommendations of the core committee of the Executive regarding fee hike for annual/life membership and library subscription. 1.indianjournal. At last. Secretary (ISPRD) presented details of the status of manuscripts for the official Journal (Journal of Food Legumes) of the Society. PAU. The result of the election would be endorsed by the Central Core Committee. Secretary assured the House to process those manuscripts on priority basis.P.5 lakh. Dr Jai Dev Singh and Dr Vijay Shankar Singh (CSAUA&T. Dr (Mrs) Livinder Kaur (Treasurer.Journal of Food Legumes 23(2): 167. . the institute where the research was carried out.). Language of publication is English (British). including spaces required for figures. Sokal RR and Rholf FJ.. India. figure legends and figures. method of investigation. the following information should be given: the title of the paper. In: SA Farook and IA Khan (Eds). authors are requested to go through the latest issue of the journal. Tandon HLS. Each figure. Mutation breeding in blackgram. the present addresses of the authors (foot note) and of the corresponding author (if different from above Institute). Water and Fertilizers (ed). 4000/. according to the following examples: Becker HC. If there are two references..isprd@gmail. Stability analysis in plant breeding. India. Botanical and zoological names. While preparing manuscripts. Thesis. Photosociological studies on calcarious plants of Bombay.. Premier Publishing House. 1993. India. 1988. Kanpur 208 024. The name of varieties or genotypes must start and end with single inverted comma (e. the name(s) of the author(s). When preparing your text file. 1980. authors will be charged Rs. References The list of references should only include publications cited in the text. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization.com Manuscript must be submitted through e-mail. experimental material. Manuscripts for short communications should not exceed 3000 words (3 printed pages. Ph. tables and list of references. Plant Breeding 101: 1-23. 143 pp. the bibliographical reference is made by giving the name of the author(s) with the year of publication. aim). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. the SI-system should be employed. The text should be prepared using standard software (Microsoft Word). references. result and conclusions.. They should be cited in alphabetical order under the first author’s name.g. Units. Authors will be solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their contribution. Biological names should be given according to the latest international nomenclature. San Francisco. Zinc deficiency in Indian soils and plants. India. Besides author(s) is required to submit a certificate that the paper is exclusive for Journal of Food Legumes. abstract. then it should be separated by placing ‘comma’ (e. New Delhi. the year of publication and the complete title. Maximum length of abstract is 175 words. Any correction requested by the reviewer should also be integrated into the file. ‘IPA 204’. arrange them in alphabatic order. INTRODUCTION. short communications and review articles by renowned scientists. Key words .D. At the head of the manuscript.000 words.. abbreviations and nomenclature For physical units. Breeding Food Legumes. data collection. 1953.. India Email: secretary. Mungbean. Fertilizer Association of India. Yield data should be reported in kg/ha. Up to 10 key words should be added at the end of the abstract and separated by comma. ‘Priya’. and with 4-cm margins with page and line numbers. Bombay University. Takkar PN and Randhawa NS. Tandon 1993). Becker et al. Tables and Figures Tables and figures should be limited to the necessary minimum. Format Every original paper should be divided into the following five sections: ABSTRACT. Please send your manuscript to following address: Secretary ISPRD Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kalyanpur.g. Satyanarayan Y. Subheading must be bold italic and Sub-sub heading normal italic. Length Manuscripts should not exceed a final length of 15 printed pages. do not use automated or manual hyphenation.. You should also submit a hard copy of your manuscript for our official record. . Pp 13-15. purpose.. One copy of the revision together with the original manuscript must be returned to the subject editor or Secretary. and bibliographic entry must have a reference in the text.. 2nd Ed. . 15-16 October 1980. text. Mumbai. In the text. Manuscript file including tables must be in MS Word and Windows-compatible and must not contain any files other than those for the current manuscript. covering all areas of food legumes research. Lin SC and Leon J. The submitted paper must be one complete word document file comprising a title page. table. listing all authors. Hyderabad.per photograph. Indian Lead-Zinc Information Centre. and REFERENCES. You must supply an E-mail address for the corresponding author. 1989. Methods of Analysis of Soils. 1988. Please do not import the figures into the text file.g. Pp 103-109. unit names and symbols. . Biometry. If references are of the same year.Instructions to Authors Journal of Food Legumes (formerly Indian Journal of Pulses Research ) publishes original papers. The main title must be capital bold. Correct language is the responsibility of the author. Plants. Authors are required to provide running title of the paper.. Manuscripts must conform to the Journal style (see the latest issue). 5. Key words must be arranged alphabatically (e.. The abstract should contain at least one sentence on each of the following: objective of investigation (hypothesis. tables. double spacing) and Symbol font for Greek letters to avoid inadvertent character substitutions.e. please use only Times New Roman for text (12 point. Freeman. New Delhi. with not more than a total of 2 figures or tables). EMS. Please submit reproducible artwork. Path coefficient. gene designations and gene symbols are italicised. The manuscript should be typed on one side of the paper only. It is essential that figures are submitted as highresolution scans. 1981. Gamma ray.. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The paper should not have been published or communicated elsewhere. After having received your contribution (date of submission). there will be a review process before the editorial board takes decision regarding acceptance for publication.). In: Proceedings of Seminar on Zinc Wastes and their Utilization. i. double spaced. Mutations.. Singh DP. otherwise arrange them in ascending order of the years. For printing of coloured photograph. army printing press www.armyprintingpress.com Lucknow (0522) 2481164 .