Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations Udoamaka F. Ezuruike n, Jose M. Prieto 1 Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is Received 15 November 2013 now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of Received in revised form herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby 26 May 2014 carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on Accepted 26 May 2014 the available evidence on the species' pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their Available online 12 June 2014 therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare Keywords: system. Diabetes Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic Nigeria databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants Ethnopharmacology used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Herb–drug interactions Nigeria. ‘Diabetes’ and ‘Nigeria’ were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then ‘Plant name – WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy accepted or synonyms’, ‘Constituents’, ‘Drug interaction’ and/or ‘Toxicity’ for the secondary searches. Results: The hypoglycemic effect of over a hundred out of the 115 plants reviewed in this paper is backed by preclinical experimental evidence, either in vivo or in vitro. One-third of the plants have been studied for their mechanism of action, while isolation of the bioactive constituent(s) has been accomplished for twenty three plants. Some plants showed specific organ toxicity, mostly nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic, with direct effects on the levels of some liver function enzymes. Twenty eight plants have been identified as in vitro modulators of P-glycoprotein and/or one or more of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, while eleven plants altered the levels of phase 2 metabolic enzymes, chiefly glutathione, with the potential to alter the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of plants used in diabetes management so as to ensure a more rational use. By anticipating potential toxicities or possible herb–drug interactions, significant risks which would otherwise represent a burden on the country's healthcare system can be avoided. & 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 1.1. Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 1.2. Traditional herbal medicines in diabetes management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 2. Ethno-pharmacological data collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 2.1. Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Abbreviations: AAN, aristolochic acid nephropathy; ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; CYT P450, cytochrome P450; DPP-IV, dipeptidyl peptidase IV; GLP1, glucagon like peptide 1; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; IDDM, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; P-GP, P-glycoprotein; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; STZ, streptozotocin; WHO, World Health Organization n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 44 2077535871. E-mail addresses:
[email protected] (U.F. Ezuruike),
[email protected] (J.M. Prieto). 1 Tel.: þ44 2077535841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.055 0378-8741/& 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). 858 U.F. Ezuruike, J.M. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 2.2. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 3. Pharmacological evidence and its clinical implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 3.1. In vivo hypoglycemic activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 3.2. In vitro pharmacological evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 3.3. Bioactive compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 3.3.1. Nitrogen containing compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 3.3.2. Terpenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 3.3.3. Phenolic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 3.3.4. Hydroxylated compounds including sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 3.4. Clinical studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 4. Toxicological evidence and considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 Appendix A. Supplementary information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 1. Introduction 2009; Ogbera et al., 2007, 2009). In the presence of these, the number of prescribed drugs increases to an average of four per day 1.1. Diabetes for each patient (Enwere et al., 2006). This need for the chronic intake of a large number of drugs with their attendant side effects Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high in addition to their high costs which is often borne by the patients blood glucose levels. This is either as a result of insufficient themselves is the identified reason for non-adherence to therapy endogenous insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells (other- amongst diabetic patients. As a result, patients often have recourse wise known as type-1 diabetes); or impaired insulin secretion to alternative forms of therapy such as herbal medicines (Yusuff and/or action (type-2 diabetes). type-1 diabetes is an autoimmune et al., 2008). disease characterized by T-cell mediated destruction of the pan- creatic beta cells. In type-2 diabetes, there is a gradual develop- 1.2. Traditional herbal medicines in diabetes management ment of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, strongly associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle (Zimmet et al., A number of reviews on medicinal plants used in the manage- 2001). Due to a higher incidence of the risk factors, the prevalence ment of diabetes in different parts of the world (Bailey and Day, of diabetes is increasing worldwide, but more evidently in devel- 1989; Marles and Farnsworth, 1995), as well as those used oping countries. Current estimates indicate a 69% increase in the specifically in certain regions, such as in West Africa (Bever, number of adults that would be affected by the disease between 1980), Central America (Andrade-Cetto and Heinrich, 2005) and 2010 and 2030, compared to 20% for developed countries (Shaw Asia (Grover et al., 2002) exist. These reviews have highlighted the et al., 2010). dependence of a large percentage of the world population on Administration of exogenous insulin is the treatment for all traditional medicine for diabetes management. This is also corro- type-1 diabetic patients and for some type-2 patients who do not borated by the WHO fact sheet (No. 134), which estimates that achieve adequate blood glucose control with oral hypoglycemic about 80% of the population in African and Asian countries rely on drugs. Current drugs used in diabetes management can be cate- traditional medicine for their primary healthcare (WHO, 2008). gorized into three groups. Drugs in the first group increase It also recognizes traditional medicine as ‘an accessible, affordable endogenous insulin availability. These include the sulphonylureas and culturally acceptable form of healthcare trusted by large such as glibenclamide, the glinides, insulin analogs, glucagon-like numbers of people, which stands out as a way of coping with peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) the relentless rise of chronic non-communicable diseases in the inhibitors. The first two members of this group act on the midst of soaring health-care costs and nearly universal austerity’ sulfonylurea receptor in the pancreas to promote insulin secretion. (WHO, 2013). GLP-1 agonists and DPP-IV inhibitors on the other hand act on the Ethnobotanical surveys of plants traditionally used in diabetes ileal cells of the small intestine. The second group of drugs management in different parts of Nigeria have been carried out enhance the sensitivity of insulin. This includes the thiazolidine- (Abo et al., 2008; Etuk and Mohammed, 2009; Gbolade, 2009; diones, which are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator- Soladoye et al., 2012). These medicinal plants are used either alone activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and the biguanide metformin. as a primary therapeutic choice, or in conjunction with conven- The third group comprises the α-glucosidase inhibitors such as tional medicines. On an average, approximately 50% of diabetic acarbose, which reduce the digestion of polysaccharides and their patients visiting hospitals in urban cities like Lagos and Benin have bioavailability (Chehade and Mooradian, 2000; Sheehan, 2003). used some forms of traditional medicine during the course of their All the existing therapies however have limited efficacy, limited disease management (unpublished results of field work conducted tolerability and/or significant mechanism based side effects by first author). Unfortunately, clinicians are either unaware of (Moller 2001; Rotenstein et al., 2012). their patients' herb use or the identity of the herbal product being Despite the existing pharmacotherapy, it is still difficult to taken. To complicate matters further, herbal practitioners are attain adequate glycemic control amongst many diabetic patients usually unwilling to divulge the identity of the constituents of due to the progressive decline in β-cell function (Wallace and their preparations to patients. Most patients are also not interested Matthews, 2000). In Nigeria, polytherapy with two or more in finding this out as they consider herbal preparations to be hypoglycemic agents to achieve better glucose control is common ‘safe’; thereby making it difficult to ascertain if the herb may have practice (Yusuff et al., 2008). There is also a high incidence of a significant contributory role to the efficacy or failure of the diabetic complications and hyperglycemic emergencies (Gill et al., treatment. U.F. Ezuruike, J.M. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 859 In a systematic review of herbs and supplements clinically used from primary research papers (as indicated in Table 1). These for glycemic control, Allium sativum, Aloe vera and Momordica are tabulated according to their accepted Latin Name (based on charantia were the only identified plants used in Nigeria. http://www.plantlist.org). Synonyms are included for plants which This inclusion was however based on clinical studies carried out were not identified with their accepted names in the primary outside Nigeria (Yeh et al., 2003). This indicates the lack of research paper. For each of the identified plants, the family name, information about the clinical use (or monitoring thereof) of common name(s), identified region of use in diabetes manage- plants in diabetes management in Nigeria, despite widespread ment, experimental evidence of activity (where available), other traditional use. medicinal uses, plant part(s) used, traditional method(s) of pre- In line with the increasing importance of traditional medicine paration, identified active constituent(s), other relevant phyto- in various healthcare systems around the world, the WHO Tradi- chemical constituents, as well as data on interaction and toxicity tional Medicine Strategy has recently been updated. ‘The goals of studies are included [Table 1]. the strategy for the next decade (2014–2023) are to support Out of the 115 plants reviewed in this paper, only twelve of Member States in (a) harnessing the potential contribution of them have no experimental evaluation of their blood sugar traditional medicine to health, wellness and people-centered reducing effects, either in vivo or in vitro. In selecting studies to health-care; and (b) promoting the safe and effective use of be included, priority was given to investigations carried out with traditional medicine by regulating, researching and integrating samples collected in Nigeria. Certain publications were not traditional medicine products, practitioners and practice into included if the study design of the experimental evidence health systems where appropriate’ (WHO, 2013). was not appropriate enough for validating the effect of the plant, Given that diabetes is now considered as one of the main such as the absence of a suitable control or the use of improper threats to human health in the 21st century (Zimmet et al., 2001), doses. Two-thirds of the identified plants with experi- there might be an even greater reliance by diabetic patients in mental evidence for their biological activity involved samples Nigeria on herbal medicines used in its management. Unfortu- collected from Nigeria. For the remaining one-third, although the nately, pharmacological and toxicological evidences validating the studies were not carried out with plant samples sourced from safety and efficacy of these medicinal plants are not readily within Nigeria, these were still included, as the experimental available. The objective of this paper is to collate as much as evidence could provide some information validating their use in possible, available information about medicinal plants tradition- diabetes management, since they are widely used in Nigeria. The ally used in diabetes management in Nigeria. In doing so, we aim ethnobotanical research carried out on Moringa oleifera provides a to promote the rational use of these plants based on pharmaco- rationale for including information from studies carried out in logical evidence for their therapeutic use and their toxic/interac- different countries, as some of these locally available plants could tion profile. have been initially sourced from elsewhere (Popoola and Obembe, 2013). In-vitro experimental studies as well as phytochemical studies carried out on the plant species regardless of the source of 2. Ethno-pharmacological data collection the plant samples were also included. These together could provide more insight into the biological activity(s) of the plant, 2.1. Method which would in turn help to promote a more rational use of the plant in diabetes management, either in the presence or Information about medicinal plants traditionally used in the absence of other co-morbidities. For completeness, reports management of diabetes in Nigeria was obtained from published on the antioxidant properties of many of the identified plants papers and texts on ethnobotanical studies, as well as those have been included as this has become a popular parameter investigating the effect of plant(s) used in diabetes management, in assessing the beneficial effects of a plant in diabetes in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified management. as Nigeria. A literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 was carried out using ‘Diabetes’ and ‘Nigeria’ as keywords for the primary searches; and then ‘Plant name – accepted or synonyms’, 3. Pharmacological evidence and its clinical implications ‘Constituents’, ‘Drug interaction’ and/or ‘Toxicity’ for the secondary searches. 3.1. In vivo hypoglycemic activity In order to highlight medicinal plants traditionally used in diabetes management with the potential for integration into the Reducing blood sugar level is the classical clinical target in all healthcare system, not all identified plants were included in this forms of diabetes. Thus, the in vivo sugar lowering effect of paper. Only those with (1) more than one reference to its use in putative hypoglycemic plants is therefore a premise to infer their diabetes management in Nigeria based on ethnobotanical studies potential clinical efficacy. In vivo validation also provides an were retained; and/or (2) experimental evidence in one or more indication of the relative toxicity of the plant. Although most diabetes experimental models validating its activity. This review is herbal medicines have a long history of traditional use, only their therefore not exhaustive for all the plants used traditionally for experimental validation at known doses may give a clearer idea diabetes management in Nigeria. about its safety and efficacy, in line with the objectives of the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy (WHO, 2013). 2.2. Results Ninety six out of the one hundred and fifteen plants here reviewed have been evaluated in various in vivo animal models Data for one hundred and fifteen plants traditionally used in of diabetes, mostly using alloxan and/or streptozotocin (STZ)- diabetes management in Nigeria were obtained, either from previ- induced diabetic animals, which are the most frequently used ously conducted ethnobotanical studies (Abo et al., 2008; Aiyeloja animal diabetes models worldwide (Fröde and Medeiros, 2008). and Bello, 2006; Ajibesin et al., 2008; Etuk and Mohammed, 2009; These chemical agents are cytotoxic to the β-cells of the pancreatic Gbolade, 2009; Igoli et al., 2005; Lawal et al., 2010; Ogbonnia and islets, generating a state of insulin deficiency (akin to type-1 Anyakora, 2009; Okoli et al., 2007; Olowokudejo et al., 2008); or diabetes) with subsequent hyperglycemia (Szkudelski, 2001). The Quercetin glycosides.01% (L. 2011) glycosides (Arapitsas. 2010). Analgesic. Acanilol A and B (Ahmadu 2003) et al. SW. Seeds Oraedu. 1996). Linoleic and Myristic digitata L. Hypaphorine. Abrusosides (H). Fevers. Dihydroxy 2008) Skin lubricant. Epicatechin. P-gp (Deferme et al. Arachidic and Linoleic acids. Grains Ose-orji (I). 1995). Malaria. rats (Monago and Precatorine. of the extract in Caco-2 extract of the leaves Anti-microbial. Kuka NE. decreased the integrity glucose reducing effect spasms. Maceration. oral metformin STZ induced diabetic rats Dysentry vegetable Oligomeric catechins. Root. Maceration Lai. 2008) 3 Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Gum arabic. 2011) with chronic dosing (Ilic seed extract decreased blood et al. 100 and 200 mg/ Abortifacient.F. Nneminua seeds produced a dose Contraceptive. β-1. of the monolayer and ( 450%) in alloxan-induced 2005). Stimulant. Adansonin. Ojuologbo SW Inhibited α-amylase and α. Anti.) Delile Egyptian thorn fraction of the methanol sterility. procyanidins. Leaves. J. antioxidant effects (Vadivel Rheumatism. Immune. Bark.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 1 Abelmoschus Malvaceae Okro/Okra. Anti. D. Abrin-Toxic component (L. Abelesculin (Kondo and Yoshikawa. (Ib) dependent decrease in STZ... Palmitic.3-D-glucans (Sheu and Water soluble fraction esculentus (L. Seeds. β- amyrin palmitate. Lauric. 2013) 5 Aframomum Zingiberaceae Alligator Atare (Y)... Oto. 2003) berebere (I). Fruit. absorption in-vivo (Sabitha et al. 860 Table 1 Medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes in Nigeria. Caprylic. Trigonelline Epicatechin. amylase and α-glucosidase Inflammation. activity (Adefegha and Oboh. kg aqueous extract of the Cough. Constipation. 2-heptanol (Ukeh and liver function enzymes 200 & 400mg/kg aqueous Analgesic Umoetok. Root Maceration extracted from the Caffeic acid (Vadivel et al. of CsA indicating n-butanol fraction (Tanko et Polygalloyltannin (Jigam possible inhibition of al. 1. Stearic. 2010).. pepper. pulp.. Asthma. 2011)§... Abruquinones (Kuo Idonzakara et al. SW 100 mg/kg of the methanol Anti-sickling. Decoction.) Jequirity beans (Y). Gonorrhoea. Conjuctivitis. of paradise Citta (H) enzymes. Seeds Decoction Androstene steroid cell monolayers produced greater blood Hypertension. 3A5 and 3A7 enzyme Schum. Elevated levels of 2012) conditions.. seed and peel powder modulatory. Antifungal. Ila (Y). Capric. seeds decreased 2011). melegueta K.. (Khatun et al. 1971) (Nwanjo. Fruit acids (Eteshola and (Fulani) decreased blood glucose Inflammation. Leaves Tincture 6-paradol (Ilic et al. Male Leaves. Maceration. Stigmasterol (Refaat et al. Oleic. Catechin and gallic acid Co-incubation of 0. Lupenone. Inflammation. and Trihydroxy flavan-4- Nutritive value one glycosides.. (Chaubal et al. Ulcers. 2011) Antioxidant effects of the Quercetin. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Deters et al. Kaempferol (Singh the secretory transport diabetic rats than the et al. 2012). Citral... food cinnamic derivatives. 2003). Seed Decoction. Rhamnogalacturonans U. 6-Gingerol. Hydroxy of the fruits decreased Moench Kubewa (H) decreased blood glucose in Spasms. Stem bark. Aphrodisiac. S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. α-amyrin. parasitic. β- sitosterol. 2008). Gossypol (Al- Wandawi. Seed. 1991). Insect repellent. 1983) 2 Abrus precatorius Leguminosae Cat's eye.M. (Kirsten et al.. induced diabetic Trigonelline.) Lady's fingers Okweje (I). Anti. Antioxidant Diarrhoea. Isorhamnetin glycosides. Abrine induced diabetic rats Anemia Nwodo. Cold/ blood glucose et al. 2011). derivatives (Malan. 2007). Myristic. 2010).. glucosidase enzymes and Convulsion. 2010) (Ghosal and Dutta...8-cineole.. Epicatechin diabetic rats (Tanko et al. Syringic acid. Bokki extract of the stem bark Galactagogue. Linalool. 2010) 4 Adansonia Malvaceae African baobab Ose (Y). 2005). Infusion. levels by 51% in STZ-induced pyretic. 6-shogaol. Fruits. activity (Agbonon et al.. Myricetin and aqueous extract of the leaves Kaempferol and their (Tsumbu et al. Leaves. Ezuruike. Ursolic acid. Insomnia Pinitol (Chaubal et al. tree (H). Inhibition of Cyp 3A4. 2013) et al. Skin 2-heptyl acetate. 2010) glucose in alloxan-induced . Oleic. 2008). 1989). Pods.. Bagaruwa (H) NC 50 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate Anti-parasitic. Anti-infective. SS 100 and 200 mg/kg of the Infections. SW Inhibitory effects on α. levels in alloxan (Choi et al. 2010) 6 Ageratum Compositae Goat weed Imi esu (Y). β- fraction of the aqueous sitosterol. lipid levels and liver 861 . effects of glycosides. Gonorrhoea.. Myricetin (Lanzotti.. High Cloves Anti-diabetic S-allylcysteine sulfoxide Components of aged Ayo-ishi (I).) Mull. administered for 30 days Vermifuge. 100. SE 200–300 mg/kg aqueous Hypertension. β-caryophyllene. Stem bark. NC 100. Stomach effects of (SACS). 2002)... General debility.. its glycosides. decreased blood glucose Hypertension sulfoxide isolated S-methylcysteine levels in alloxan-induced from onion in sulfoxide (SMCS). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant diabetic rats (Adesokan et al. Liver Seeds. Significant decrease in disorders. Precocene I and II.. decreased blood glucose Stigmasterol. 2009)§. Gallic acid. 2011) 8 Allium cepa L. SW. Luteolin. 1990). Cadinol. Diosgenin. 2006). Quercetin and (Nyunai et al. garlic extract did not Tafarunua (H) decreased blood glucose ache. Urata njele the aqueous extract of the Antimicrobial.. rats and glucose-loaded rats Emetic Coumarin. Taxifolin. SW. rats. Tumours. Kaempferol 200 and 400 mg/kg of the and its glycosides. α- bergamonene (Okoye et al. Caryophyllene. Fresh Juice Eugenol. Anti-microbial from garlic in Eruboside B. Limonene. Eugenol.Arg. Osokpo (I) blood glucose levels in STZ. administered 200. Skin Leaves extract. Acetyl extract of the leaves aleuritolic acid. SE. (I). Fevers. Amyrin. N-feruloyl glucose. sulfoxide isolated products. 2003) dependent decrease in serum Myricetin. Amaryllidaceae Garlic Aayu (Y).. U.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Ulcers. 2011) Polyhydroxy flavones (Okunade. STZ-induced diabetic Diarrhoea. 2007. Whole plant.. parasitic. ethylhexyl) phthalate 2012b) (Mavar-Manga et al. Sativosides. Cough Ellagic acid (Banzouzi et 800 mg/kg of the n-butanol al.. Quercetin. Apigenin. S-allylcysteine Allicin and its breakdown produce significant levels in alloxan-induced Hemorrhoids. Sitosterol.. Allixin. cineole. Analgesic. leaves decreased blood infections.. Friedelin. (Greenblatt et al. Gitogenin. Rheumatism.8- conyzoides (L. induced diabetic rats Polymethoxylated and (Egunyomi et al.. Root its glycosides. (Lamikanra et al. Nanocosaine. Amaryllidaceae Onion Alubosa (Y) SE 100 and 300 mg/kg aqueous Convulsion. Thonn. SS. Echinatine. β- ethanol extract of the shoot sitosterol. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 levels in normal and alloxan Lycopsamine. 2002) 7 Alchornea Euphorbiaceae Christmas Ipa (Y). Quercetin and (Schumach and Upia (Ige). β- diabetic rabbits and restored alloxan-induced chlorogenin (Corzo- decreased levels of diabetic rats Martínez et al. 2012) Ascalonicoside. Linalool. Encecalin derivatives. extract of the cloves cholesterol... Uwanwe (Es). Vitamin B6 Cytochrome P450 (Eyo et al. Analgesic. Ezuruike. Infusion Ocimene. 2012a. Oleanolic acid. 1995) Tropeosides.M. S-methylcysteine Cepaenes. Protocatechuic acid induced diabetic rats Purgative. inhibition of diabetis rats after one week Asthma.) L. Allyl sulfides. hepatoprotective effects Infections. 2011). antioxidant enzymes (Sheela et al. 2008). Kaempferol. 2008). 1977). α-pinene. Di(2- (Mohammed et al. Ebegho. 1995) Proto-desgalactotigonin. Bulb Anti-diabetic Quercetin and its extract of the bulb Rheumatism. (Markowitz et al. 400 and Gonorrhea. 2006) 9 Allium sativum L.. edore (Bi) glucose levels in both normal Anti-spasm.. J. (Olaleye and Rocha. Apigenin. Anti. Triisopentenyl guanidine. 250 and alloxan-induced and B12 (Corzo-Martínez enzymes in vitro 500 mg/kg ethanol extract of diabetic rats et al. Leaves. et al. 2007). Insecticidal. the cloves administered for (Sheela et al. 1. 200 and 300 mg/kg of Wound ulcers. Diuretic. Daucosterol. 2007). SS Antioxidant activity and Wound. (Ogunmodede et al. and in humans 14 days produced a dose.F. Decoction Alchornoic acid (Kleiman cordifolia bush Mbom (Ib). Possible nephrotoxic congensis Engl. β-amyrin De Wild. Echitamidine (Kucera et al. 2008) of hyperglycaemia in alloxan. Nuts resorcinols (Cardols).M. Lupeol. between adjascent decreased fasting blood Guinea worm. Sitosterol Australian Maceration (Faparusi and Bassir. Emodin.. Anti-infective Tincture. Boonein (Adotey et al. Malaria. Ahun (Y). fever bush 1972). extract/exudate administered Immune booster. 12-methoxy levels in normal mice tubotaiwine and its 12- (Ogbonnia et al. Stem bark. Decoction. 2003). Malic (Akinmoladun and Akinloye. Anti. α-amyrin and its esters. 17-O. improved insulin tolerance β-carotene. 2008a). acid. 2012) 12 Alstonia Apocynaceae Pattern wood Egbu ora (I). creatinine levels in Alstonia congensis bark and Akuammicine and its 12. Causes an opening of Burm. with the enzyme (Nwanjo. Cinnamic induced diabetic rabbits acid ester. Loganin. 2008) 11 Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Stoolwood. 2010) Arthritis.F. SW. 1989) 13 Anacardium Anacardiaceae Cashew Kasu (Y). Diuretic. Fevers. Leaves. Maceration (Anacardic acids). Ursolic acid. effects. 6-Alkyl salicylic acids occidentale L. β. 2008a).. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 1 mg/ml aloe vera whole gel Acemannan.. Infertility. 8-C-glucosyl derivatives administered to insulin of aloediol. et al. Anugustilobine-B-N- oxide (Caron et al. Aloe emodin. potential to increase U. Akuammidine. J. levels (Pérez et al. 2006).) Asparagaceae Barbados aloe Ahon erin (Y) SE 150 mg/kg of the dried pulp Skin diseases. Isorabaichromone. Nα-formyl-12-methoxy echitamidine. Barbaloin.. Decreased (Y) hydroethanolic extract of Hypertension acetyl nor-echitamine. Echitamine. Alstonia Awogbo ahun 1:1 mixture of a Analgesic. Anthranol. Anti. Ascorbic acid. SWc In vitro antioxidant effects Malaria... the tight junction to STZ-induced diabetic rats Wound ulcers. Astringent. transport. Root. Voacangine. Stem bark Decoction. Leaves Maceration Nor-echitamine. 2010)§. Diethylhexyl epithelial cells thereby glucose levels and improved Amenorrhoea phthalate (Choi and increasing paracellular the levels of the antioxidant Chung. Veracylglucan A. 1972)... In vitro antioxidant effects Akuammidine. Β-amyrenone. Echitamine. Skin Stem bark. 5-alkyl Kanju (H) mitochondria (Tedong et al. 2012) Angustilobine A and B. Isoaloeresin polyphenol-rich gel extract D. (Hamman. sitosterol. Egbu (I) (Akinmoladun et al. Aloetic acid. Aloin.. Seco angustilobine A and B. 862 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Aloeride. normal mice (Ogbonnia Xylopia aethiopica fruits Methoxy derivative. NC Stimulated glucose uptake in Cough. C2C12 myoblasts and rat liver infections.. Leaves Juice extract Mannose-6-phosphate. Kaempferol. 2000). Sashu (I). resistant mice for 4 weeks noreugenin. oral drug absorption extract prevented the onset Isobarbaloin. Quercetin (Sultana and Anwar. 2006) levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Eidi et al. 200 mg/kg methanol helminthic 3-alkyl phenols . acetate. Seed. Decoction. Devil tree. 2007). aloesol. Aloesin. decreased blood glucose Tubotaiwine. 2006)§ 10 Aloe vera (L. 2008). SW Administration of 1 g/kg of a Malaria. methoxy derivative.. 2007)§ Myricetin. parasitic. Lupeol and its esters (Rajic et al. α-tocopherol and fasting blood glucose (Hamman. Ezuruike. Tumours. B and C. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant function enzyme levels and tyrosine. 350 mg/kg of a Neoaloesin A. Echitamidine. N-feruloyl increased serum insulin tyramine (Lanzotti. (Awah et al. Laxative. Nα-formyl echitamidine (Oguakwa. 1984).f. Arabinogalactan. (L. Cadinene. (H) decreased blood glucose Hypertension. Alkyl esters. 100–800 mg/kg Lindo et al.... Whole plant Lupen-3β-yl eicosanoate. Leaves. Infertility Ferulic acid (Tsopmo et al. 2005) 2011)§ Linalool.. Anomurine. Stem.. Anomuricine. β-caryophyllene. 2004). Cadinol (Fournier et al. (I) dose of 400 mg/kg improved parasitic Caffeic. Bark. 1999). Decoction. diabetic mice (Manosroi et 2009) al. 2006)§ Hydroferuloylglucose. Oleic levels in both fasted normal acid and Linoleic acid and STZ-induced diabetic rats (Trox et al. 1980). 1998). Epicatechin. 2005). Inflammation. Methanol Asimilobine. Zeaxanthin. decreased β-cell microbial. Anti. 2010) dose dependently (Ojewole. Quercetin and its 863 .. α-amylase and α-glucosidase al. Antioxidant effect (Aliyu et al. J. α- extract of the stem bark tocopherol. Coumaroylquinic. Anti. Decoction Anisopusine. Feruloyl glycerols (Ma et al. Chlorogenic.. 2002). increased serum Lactagogue.F. Annonaine. the CNS.. aqueous and methanol β-carotene. Leaves. Phellandrene. Dehydro gingerdione. Anti. Gingerdione. improved glucose uptake in Coumaroylglycerols. fruit and infusions of glucose.. 200 and 400 mg/kg Analgesic. Insecticide Stigmasterol (Leboeuf et coreximine and (Adewole and Caxton. Kashe zaki aqueous leaf extract parasitic. Scyllitol. Dicaffeoyl glycerides. but less potent (Carmen Zafra-Polo et al. Humulene. insulin resistant HepG2 cells Ferulic acid glucuronide. 2006). N. Stearic acid. 1993)§ 14 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Pineapple Ogede oyinbo SW The ethanolic extract at a Inflammation.. decreased blood glucose Thiamin. Tricin. Inhibits α-glucosidase and aldose reductase enzymes (Toyomizu et al. 2009) 16 Annona Annonaceae Soursop.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant extract of the stem bark (Cardanols). al. Coclaurine. NE 100. Procyanidins. Acetogenins as well as the enzymes.. U.. acetogenin annonacin than acarbose (Kumar et al. Leaves. Ananaflavoside B and C.E. present in the plant extract of the leaves inhibits Nornuciferine (Hasrat et (Lannuzel et al. SE 100 mg/kg aqueous leaf Hypertension. Chronic intake of the muricata L. 100– 400 mg/kg of the aqueous stem extract decreased blood glucose in normal rats (Sani et al. Ezuruike. (Champy et al... Infusion. as well as acids. Fruits Bromelain.. 2011). Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 2003). Root Fruit juice Coreximine (Lannuzel et the plant is thought to insulin. insulin sensitivity in diabetic P-coumaric and Caffeic dyslipidaemic rats. levels in alloxan-induced microbial. al. Ananasate. Rheumatism. (Xie et al. 2002). Oleic. Reticuline. 1997).Br... 2007) 15 Anisopus mannii Apocynaceae Sakayau (H). Emetic. 1993). Sapi sapi (Y) SW. Anti. Gallic acid. Anti. attributed to induced diabetic rats Analgesic. Seeds. Stigmast-4- diet prevented the onset of en-3-ol and Stigmast-4- hyperglycaemia (Olatunji et en-3-one (Alexander- al. Sedative.. acid. bring about damage and possessed convulsant. NW. Caffeoylglycerols. Lutein. Caryophyllene oxide. Linoleic and P-coumaric neurodegeneration in antioxidant effects in STZ parasitic. reticuline alkaloids Martins. Custard apple extract decreased blood Cancer.M.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no.) Merr. Anti. 2-methyl-5- administered to rats alkyl resorcinol (Toyomizu alongside a high-fructose et al. Fruit. 2010). γ-tocopherol. . Anti.. Ellagic acid.M. Analgesic.. Tumours. Myrcene. Risk of AAN albida Duch. SW Hypoglycaemic effect of 100– Purgative. Roemerine (Es). Wound. ay organ toxicity diaphragm (Okine et al. Stem-bark Decoction Castalagin. Leaves Sweroside. Antioxidant effects (Potchoo et al. Sitosterol interact with Cyt P-450 well as increased glucose (Leboeuf et al. NE. Infusion. Anti. normal and alloxan-induced Anti-ulcer. Roemerine. Diuretic. (Aristolochic acid gourd Paran funfun Inflammation. Oleic acid. SW extract of a herbal bacterial... 2013) 21 Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae Dutchmans Duuman SW. 6-hydroxy et al.) Giant fern Ayin (Y). Gallic acid. inflammation and levels after 2 h in alloxan.. Skin Rhizome Aristolochic acid A. ADD-199 did not induced diabetic mice. Leaves. Sitosterone.F. 1990). kaempferol and its glycosides (Nawwar et al. Akpakoro or SW extract decreased blood Inflammation. glucose levels in alloxan. Ursolic acid. 864 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. (Potchoo et al.. (Atawodi et al. Quercetin. Stem-bark Fagaramide (Abuh et al. Sitosterol. (Okokon et al. Stem. NW. α-phellandrene. Djalonensone.. Flavogallonic acid toxicity of the aqueous Guill. Sexual disordes Stigmasterol. Bornesitol. Decoction Sweroside. 1999) 18 Anogeissus Combretaceae Axle wood. inhibited P-gp mediated Gwander-daji preparation ADD-199 Erectile dysfunction.. SW hepatoprotective effects Hemorrhoids. Columbin (Nok et al. Uvuru (I). induced diabetic rats (Etuk acid.8-cineole (Fournier et al. Stem-bark. Isoquercetin (Nyarko et al.. Anti. interacts with P-gp and Ndaweewu other plants decreased Hemorrhage 1995). Atara (I). 2012). U. r 111 mg/kg ethanolic root Anti-microbial. Z-ocimene. Abo (Y). 1995). 1998). Aristolactam. 2009) P-comaric acid (Kone et al. Anti. Catechin. 2011). Putaa (H) induced diabetic rats Fevers. apple (I). Dose-dependent leiocarpus (DC.. Isocorydine. Kaurane enhances vinblastine (F) plasma glucose and increased diterpenes.. 1. Roots. Convulsions. Anti-parasitic.. nephropathy) (Heinrich (Y) infections. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant glycosides. NW venom. Anti-microbial. Ezuruike. Root... NC.. 1995) the hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves and stem bark as well as hypoglycaemic effect of 1 g/kg of the stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Olubomehin et al. cytotoxicity (You et al. Gastrointestinal upsets djalonensis A. SEb. Protocatechuic acid 2007) and Mohammed. 2012) 17 Annona Annonaceae Wild custard Uburu ocha SS.. 1980). 100 mg/kg of the aqueous Anti-parasitic. Argentinine. 2008).. Antioxidant and Anti-parasitic. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 plasma insulin in STZ. xanthones (Chapelle. α and β-pinene. Chlorogenic acid. 2013) 20 Anthocleista Gentianaceae Cabbage tree Kwari (H). 2012). Annona senegalesis and three bites. Opa oro (Y) 800 mg/kg aqueous extract in infections. Sitosterol. Aristolic acid. 2008)§ Cadinol. Alpha Lichexanthone (Onocha et amylase inhibitory effects of al. 2005) 2005)§. 2012) 19 Anthocleista Gentianaceae Cabbage tree Sapo (Y).. Decoction 2005). Limonene.. leaf extract in rat lungs Marke (H) 200 mg/kg aqueous extract sickling Leiocarpan A and B characterised by decreased blood glucose (Aspinall et al. Decoction Djalonenol. J. 1969). Vogeloside. Skin Root. Snake 8. as Linoleic acid. and Perr. 2008). Leaves. isozymes nor produce uptake by isolated Rutin. Tetraoxygenated rodents (Abuh et al. 2009) . Leaves Zafra-Polo et al. SSc. Anti-parasitic.. Roots.8-Bisdihydrosiringenin. Asthma... Caryophyllenol. Epicatechin. Syringaresinol (You et al. Emmenagog. pipe.. Orin-odan or NC. Ogoganto containing the roots of Wound-healing. (Tchacondo et al. (Shuaibu et al. vogelii Planch. 2011) Chev. Catechin. Chlorogenic lesions (Agaie et al. Rh-123 efflux (Ezuruike (H). Stem-bark. NW. Malaria 1990). 1974) Hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves and stem bark produced o 50% alpha amylase inhibitory effects (Olubomehin et al. Linalool. et al. Hill duutse (H). healing. Decoction Acetogenins (Carmen Stem bark extract senegalensis Pers. NC.. Aristolochic acid D. Indian Dogonyaro SS. C Risk of AAN (Heinrich et repens Mill. 500 mg/kg ethanol tetrasulphide. C and C-beta-D- glucoside. Nimbin. Stigmasterol.. Root identified as the al. 1994) 22 Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae Snake wort.. Anti-microbial. Abafe (Y) NW. Stem bark Decoction Aristolochic acids I. aristolochic acid A.7-Di-O-α- glucose levels in alloxan. 2002) induced diabetic rats (Akinola et al. al. anti. Sitosterol (Choudhury and Haruna. Ezuruike.. 1999). decreased blood glucose Isomargolonone. II. Maceration Rutin and Quercetin. Mahmoodin..M. Rheumatism. 1999)§. effect in alloxan. Margolone. Antioxidant effects (Taofeek. Epicatechin. 2008). Wound. SW 25 mg/ml ethanolic leaf Anti-parasitic. Aristolactam I-beta-D- glucoside (Michl et al. Leaves Roots. Snake bark isolated from the ethanol and p-coumaryl cell monolayers decreased blood glucose as bites. 1988) (Barakati et al. Laxative. Gallocatechin.F. Myricetin and Various pharmaco-toxic indica A. 3. trisulphide and used therapeutically. 2009) Aphrodisiac beta-D-glucoside. Root. GIb (Biswas et al. Magnoflorine dosing of goats with the U. toxic than edible alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Anti-parasitic. 1993). Anti. mustard seed oil and produced a synergistic Catechin. Fruit. 500 mg/kg aqueous microbial. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant spasmodic. NC. Purgative methanol extract of alcohol. 2004). GIa. 2011. pancreatic lesions in STZ. Bark. Seed. 2011) induced diabetic rats and insulin stimulatory effect in INS-1 cells (Alade et al. Quercetin-3-O- monandra Kurz Napoleon's al. Aristolactam I-beta-D-glucoside Campesterol. 2012) 26 Bauhinia Leguminosae Camel's foot Kalgo (H). Leaves. Risk of AAN (Heinrich et bracteolata Lam. Stem. Pesticidal Pods.. STDs Aristolone (Lajide et al. of 14 and 24 ml/kg in 400 mg/kg hydro-ethanolic problems. Jaundice. Nimbolide. Ogwu extract increased insulin pyretic. levels and improved GIIIa. SW Antioxidant effects (Argolo et Post-natal hemorrhage. al. 2003). chiroinositol Esters of p-hydroxyphenyl of the extract in Caco-2 Schum. 1 g/kg stem bark Anti-microbial.. Syn: extract of the leaves Inflammation. diabetic rats (Abo and Jimoh.. Quercetin rutinoside (Aderogba et plume extract decreased blood Inflammation. Anti.01% thonningii Abafe (Y) SE. Decoction Kaempferol glycosides effects were seen with akom (I) release from the pancreas Anti-ulcer. NW. Sodium nimbidinate. Neem oil with an LD50 (Chattopadhyay. Leaves. 1983) 23 Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae Akoigun (Y) SW. Gadau kuka SS Skin infections. Anti. Malaria.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Azadirachtin. IV. lilac (Y). 2007).. 2010) 25 Bauhinia Leguminosae Pink orchid.. IV.. Cyclic margin of safety when amygdalina (Ebong et al. 2011) 24 Azadirachta Meliaceae Neem. and more decreased blood glucose in healing Gedunin.. Seeds Aristolactam A (Kumar et al.Juss. N-acetyl aqueous leaf extract nornuciferine. 2006). SW 2011). Birth wort (H) helminthic. Gum (Chattopadhyay. Decoction Aristolochic acid I and II. Aristolochic acids I. Infusion Quercetin. Aristo red. Ringworm. (þ )-pinitol. BmoRoL and 2004) hyperglycaemic BmoLL lectins (Souza et al. Roots. respectively.. Gallic acid.. J. rats and rabbits extract of the leaves Inflammation.. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Insecticide (El Tahir. bioactive rhamno pyranosyl induced and glucose loaded constituents for the quercetin (Menezes et al. Hemorrhoids. Co-incubation of 0. Chronic Analgesic Stimulant. 1991). and D. Decoction D-3-O-methyl Epicatechin. Stem-bark. SS Hemorrhoids. suggesting a narrow effect with Vernonia Epigallocatechin. (Gandhi et al. Leaves. Liver Nimbidin. resulted in toxic effects β-sitosterol (Chakravarty culminating in death et al. Kaur-16-en-19-oic decreased the integrity 865 . GIIa. II. Aphrodisiac. Anti-venom.. 2009).. 1988) extract of the leaves Margolonone. . kidney and lungs normoglycaemic dogs 1991) Vitamin E (Ponnusamy et (Jewell and O'Brien. Chalcones. (Y). Anti. of Cyclosporin A (CsA) Abatan. Malaria 8. Gonorrhea. Bixaceae Lipstick tree. β- amyrin. parts hydroxy-6(E). Acetylenic Polyacetylenic needle. Luteolin and its glycosides.. 1997).. Leaves. Gallic acid. Quercetin. Aphrodisiac. 2008). Anti. 2003) (Asuzu and Piliostigmin (Ibewuike et Nwaehujor. (Kaur et al.. Fibrosis. Rhamnetin. extract of the leaves in Benzopyrandiol and triol alloxan-induced diabetic rats derivatives (Maillard et al. Griffonilide. Roots. Infusion glucosides: 3-β-D.. Vermifuge. Quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Quercetin and its glycosides. coat extract has been Achiote plasma insulin levels and Analgesic. Aerial glucopyranosyl-1. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Piliostigma well as improved serum lipid the stem bark acid. Osun-buke NE. 2008). Vanillin. Centaurein (Lima Silva et al. The carotenoid Bixin. Sulfuretin. Hemorrhoids. 1986) U. P-coumaric acid. 2000)§ Wound ulcers. 2011) 30 Bixa orellana L. Fruit Quercetin. Kaempferol glycoside. Caffeoyl hydroxy-6(E). Salicylic acid. Black C57BL/Ks-db/db mice. Centaureidin. Caryophyllene. Ferulic glucopyranosyl-1. (Aguh et al. Campestrol.. al. octadecanoate. Aje (Y). 2013) 1991) 29 Bidens pilosa L. leaf extract acetone (Gutierrez et al. (H) 2011). 866 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Compositae Spanish Abere-oloko SW Acetylenic glucosides Anti-cancer. the secretory transport diabetic rats (Ojezele and glucose levels in 1999). Chlorogenic triyne (Ubillas et acid. quinic acids. Anti-microbial.. Maceration Hyperoside. liver.. Farnesyl shown to induce Cyt insulin binding to blood Jaundice. Lupeol. β- sitosterol. Labd-13-en-8-0l-19. Kaempferol- glucose in both normal 3-O-glucoside (Aderogba glucose-loaded rats and et al. Anti-pyretic. . Friedelin. Kaempferol glucose levels by methanol (Compaoré et al. Anti-tumour. Anti. Stem-bark.. tetradecene.. P-coumaric acid. SW Antioxidant effects Anti-microbial.. grass. 2011) 28 Bauhinia Leguminosae Jirga (F). 2011)§ Protocatechuic acid (Anju et al. jack 2 diabetes model (Ubillas et Anti-parasitic. Bixa plant. 2009. Caffeic acid. Humulene. Norbixin. Skin inhibitory effects of Bixin.. tetradecene-7. SE 80 mg/kg of the seed coat Anti-microbial. Ferulic 400 mg/kg) decrease in blood Inflammation acid. 1997). NW. foot tree (Y) 500 mg/kg ethanol root Anti-tumours Flower Kaempferol-7-O- extract decreased blood rhamonoside. 2013) al. isolated from the and formiate. Diuretic. orchid. isoscutellarein its acetate. Leaves. 2011). Seeds Decoction Aldose reductase Apocarotenoids. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 27 Bauhinia Leguminosae Yellowbell Jinga (H). Quercitrin. Uhie (I) glucose levels and increased infections. SW. Dose dependent (200– healing.. a type Inflammation. alloxan induced diabetic rats Isoquercetin.11.Esculetin. parasitic. Lectins. Wound Root.. β-tocopherol. Seeds. Diuretic. NE Antioxidant effects (Aliyu et Anti-infective. (Deferme et al. extract decreased blood parasitic. 2011) alloxan-induced Quercitrin. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. J. tomentosa L. quercetin ethers. α- tocopherol. al. Leaves. Carotenoids (Okwute et al. P450 enzymes in the corpuscles in Purgative. Camel Abafe-pupa (Aderogba et al.. 2-β-D. Pyrocatechin. C-methyl indicating possible diabetic rats dose.. Colic.. 2000) Apigenin and its glycosides. Compaoré et al. Needle (Y) decreased blood gucose in pyretic. Kaurane diterpenes (Martin et al. Eugenol. Geranylgeranyl and isolated from the seed Annatto.12-triyne and Protocatechuic acid. Isoquercitrin.M. Rutin. rufescens Lam.10.9. of the monolayer and thonningii profile in alloxan-induced decreased blood oic acid (Baratta et al. Ezuruike. Snake bites (Terashima et al.F.. Roots. Decoction. C-methyl inhibition of P-gp dependently kaempferol ethers. acid.. Matsatsagi al. 2011). Quercetin. compounds. P-hydroxybenzoic acid. . Stem Infusion. Hypoglycaemic Hypoglycin A. acute or chronic toxicity when pre-treated.. although responsible (H). Leaves effect of hypoglycin B (Hassall et al. 2011). sleeping time. other constituents of leaves (49 μg/ml) produced Ishwarane. Ezuruike. Rutisin.. 2011) 867 . Hypoglycaemic Myricetin-3-rhamnoside. Iralodan (Y). (Hochst. β-carotene. bark. cells (Ezuruike et al. induction of Cyp 1A and 2011)§ Gallic acid.. SE 100 and 200 mg/kg aqueous Inflammation. 2011) cineole. 2001). No observed and alloxan-induced rats tumour Quercitrin. 1991). Sitosterol. Palmitic. Lutein. Sapindaceae Ackee apple. Sherratt. Migraine. Ellagic acid. Stem Decoction Delphinidin.M. 3-O. fruit was observed glutamyl-trans-α-L. rats and glycine. extract of the leaves microbial. Glyclyglycine. and methanol extracts of the thrush. Diglycylglycine (Fowden degeneration and dogs and pigeons and Smith. Fruits....Koenig Breadfruit tree Ishin (Y). Seed constituents have Cryptoxanthin. Stigmasterol et al. Root. 1999). SW. 1967) 32 Bridelia Phyllanthaceae Ira or SW. Quercetin-3. Taraxerone and produced good (Pegel and Rogers. Apigenin (Iwu.. neohesperidoside (Addae. Okpu ulla (I). enzymes (Owiredu et improved glucose tolerance 1989) epigallocatechin (Cimanga al. 1981) hyperglycaemic effects (Fernandes et al. Ila (Nu) normoglycaemic rats (Saidu Epilepsy. Diuretic.. 1983). Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Tirimanna. for the hypoglycemic et al. Leaves. Ferrugin. Gallic acid. Root Decoction effect of a mixture Quercetin-3-glucoside. 2011) 31 Blighia sapida K. Stigmasterol.. Also daily Quercetin-3. Oleic and Linoleic important role in the enzyme (Ponnusamy et al. 2002. 1-α-terpineol. intake or high doses up as an infusion lowered blood Myricetin-3. of quercetin-3.8- al. Administration in fasted rabbits Myricetin. 2001) rats (Bakoma et al. 2012) Anti-emetic. NC Aqueous root bark extract Wound ulcers. interaction with Cyp of the root for 4 weeks and Munenge. might indicate possible of 250 mg/kg ethanol extract (Addae-Mensah O-methyl myricetin. 2000). Radical hydro-alcoholic (Rashid et al. SE 250 mg/kg of the methanol Oral gargle. 1969). neohesperidoside. 1954. 1954). 5-β- pregnene. Mensah and Achenbach. Rh-123 efflux in Caco-2 Kirni or Kizni leaves decreased blood Anti-microbial... Liver diseases. 2003). 1. Kaempferol. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant (Russell et al. Oral Leaves. Capric. Hypoglycin Hypoglycin A and B in D. Iranje. Gutierrez et al. 1968). 2011) in high-fructose fed Wistar et al.. Ola (I) glucose levels in normal rats Hemorrhoids. 2005)§.... 1957) Mitra. seed extract play an human pancreatic amylase Stearic. Snake bites in rabbits. α- caryophyllene oxide.F. γ-L. Anti. et al. 2012). hypoglycin A and B Hederagenin and its respectively in mice glucosides (Garg and (Chen et al.) Baill. due to severe fatty acid mice but not cats. Quercitrin. Gwanja-kusa decreased blood glucose in Laxative. (H). 2011). A and B from the Glycyl-L-alanine. 2008). Bark. Inhibited P-gp mediated ferruginea Benth. to 5 g/kg. Epifriedelinol alloxan-induced diabetic rats Taraxerol. α-pinene. Pyrogarrol. However glucose levels of type-2 rhamnoside glucopyranoside and its aqueous extract of the diabetic patients in a clinical isolated from the 5-demethoxy derivative leaves prolonged study (Iwu. doses 4 50 mg and and its fructoside. Gallocatechin-(4-O-7). also been found to Zeazanthin. Anti.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Quinoline (Green et al. 1986) 150 mg/kg for Oleanolic acid. glycogenolysis (Hassall with lethality at Blighinone. Bixin as well as Methanol extract of the Polyprenol. Phytol (Raga et annato dye from the inhibitory effects against al. (carboxy cyclopropyl) effect can lead to death monkeys. pentobarbitone induced scavenging effects (Cimanga extract of the leaves methyl quercetin. (100 and 200 mg/kg) Anti-parasitic.. 2011) 33 Bridelia Phyllanthaceae Sweet berry. J. Malaria.. the unripe fruit. 2B enzymes in rats (De- Isoscutellarein (Terashima Oliveira et al. 1985). Methyl bixin possess opposing U. Tetra. Camphor. leaf Ugoagu (I) decreased blood glucose in Dysentry Friedelin. Linalool. in rats after 6 months intake of 15 mg of the extract glucoside and Vitexin. SW. antioxidant effects (Adika et Camphene.... Jaundice. β-peltatin-5-O-β-D. Anti-parasitic. 1983). micrantha Coastal golden Ogaofia (I). bark Caffeic acid. which et al. al. acids (Silva et al. Tumfafiya decreased blood glucose in Hypertension. 2010) U. Stigmasterol. benzoic acid.. Astragalin. Purgative.and β- amyrin and their acetates. Calotroprocerol A.. Ezuruike. Maceration. CP-P (Apolipoprotein A-1) (Samy et al. Anti. Anti-cancer. Asthma. 2012). Taraxasterol. al. the plant are capable of Dryand. Calotropain. P-coumaric (McKenzie et al. Uzarigenin. Calactin. (H) alloxan-induced diabetic rats. (Y) extract of the fresh leaves Analgesic. caution should be 2005)§. Coroglaucigenin. Anti. cinnamic acid. causing death in Swallow wort. Bryophyllol. DI and 2007) DII. 2009). 2008c). Procerain (Juncker et al. J. effects (Olaleye and Rocha. Amyrin (Oliver-Bever. Proceroside.M. Calotroposide. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 34 Bryophyllum Crassulaceae Africa never Ewe abamoda SW 400 mg/kg of the aqueous Hypertension.. Life plant. Pseudo- taraxasterol acetate. Leaves. Glutinol. Calotoxoside. Quercetin glycosides. β- anhydroepidigitoxigenin and its glycoside (Shaker et al. mammals at high Mudar content and produced Convulsions. syringate. Calotropursenyl acetate. of the plant are being the root decreased blood pyretic. increased hepatic glycogen parasitic.. Anti. Anti-parasitic. Myricetin glycosides. milkweed.. Bomu-bomu SW.) die.. Abortifacient. ulcers. β-sitosterol. after daily oral dosing of the leaves in normal fasted Friedelin. Calotropoceryl acetate A and B. Bryophyllin A and B. 4-hydroxy bufadienolides plant both normal and STZ. Anti. Bryophollenone. Anti. Significant decrease in Hypoglycemic effect of Sedative. Diarrhoea. Stem bark. Uscharin. Poultice Calotoxin. 250 mg/kg of cancer. 1986)..F. Ascleposide. acid.. (E)-octadec-7-enoic acid (Ibrahim et al. Latex. Calotropterpenyl. Antioxidant hydroxy ethyl carbonate. 2009)§. serum ALT levels in rats 500 mg/kg aqueous extract of microbial. Bryophynol. Stigmasterol. Calotroprocerone. Diuretic. Leaves. Flavone-40 -O-β-glycoside. Bryophollone. concentration thus antioxidant effects (Roy et al. glucose levels in STZ-induced Leprosy Calotropfriedelenyl 2009) diabetic rats (Bhaskar and acetate. Isorhamnetin (Gupta and Banerjee. B and C. Hydroxy Bryotoxin A. 2012) 35 Calotropis Apocynaceae Sodom apple. 2005). exerted when extracts different solvent extracts of Hemorrhoids. NW 400 mg/kg dried latex Inflammation.. C induced diabetic rats Insect bites. Caffeic acid. Risk of cardiac glycoside pinnatum (Lam. Stigmasta- dienol (Afzal et al. 2012) . Root. of the leaves (Ozolua et induced diabetic rats Epigallocatechin-3-O. FII. Cardenolides present in procera (Aiton) Giant (Y). Uscharidin. 868 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Bryotoxin A. Calotropin. Juice extract Syringic acid. microbial. Protocatechuic acid. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Ogbonnia et al. Skin infections. Flower Calotropa H genin. Patuletin and glycosides Taraxasterol. Flower 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy poisoning due to the Oken Resurrection produced hypoglycaemia in Inflammation. 1987). B. Epoxy dihydroxy methoxy cardenolide. Phosphoenolpyruvate. (Ojewole. Cough. α. 2011)§ glycosides. Kaempferol In vitro antioxidant effects glycosides. Convulsions Ferulic acid. 2010). 2-propenyl-20 - Ajay. 2 g/kg aqueous extract glucose-loaded and STZ. ingested (Juncker et al. Voruscharin. Calotropin FI. Wound cinnamic acid.. Luteolin. Malaria. Caffeoyl delayed the Gwanda (H) in normal rats (Adeneye and Purgative. Physcion. 2006)§ diene-octadecanoic acid (Dastagir et al. Carpasamine. amylase inhibitory activities Antimicrobial. Leaves. β-carotene. Epiafzelechin and stem bark produced a dose Rheumatism. improved serum lipid levels Hypertension.15- octadecatrienoyl) glyceryl- β-D-galactopyranoside (De Marino et al. (Schweiggert et al. Chlorogenic and as it increased the INR to 50 g carbohydrate) to type P-coumaric acids. Aqueous extract an increase in serum insulin (Canini et al. Fistulin. hexoside. 2012). hastened that of decreased blood glucose in Abortifacient. 2001).. I and its methyl ester. Anti. Caricin. 12- U. gentibioside. 2003)§. SS. blood glucose levels in 2010) Chrysophanol. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 activity (Rau et al. Caco-2 cells (Oga et al. hypoglycaemic activity Olagunju..14- alpha and gamma agonistic diene octadecamide. et al. Contraindicated in 2012)§. Malaria.. L.M.. Aryl glucosides. Ezuruike. from the stem bark Rhein. Manonmani et al. 100–400 mg/kg of the Anti-microbial. Quercetin (Miean and the fruit powder in a high fat Carminative. Leucoperlagonidin Golden 2002. Cancer. 2008). and antioxidant effects (Oboh Inflammation. Hexane extract of the Hemorrhoids. β.. Ose (I).. Isoharmnetin. Capsidiol. Dehydrocarpaine I and II. Ethanol and ethyl acetate induced diabetic Rhamnetin -3-O- extract of the bark decreased raats (Daisy et al. Catechin.. Loliolide. Kwon et al.. Asin (Es) 2007). Luteolin.. Kaempferol. Oxylipin. Choi. Blumenol C glucoside. Protocatechuic acid leaves in alloxan- bekee or decreased blood glucose and Hemorrhoids. 2 diabetic patients produced dimethoxy coumarin 1997). 9. Fevers. NW. Wound hexose-deoxyhexose. Antivenin. Sennoside A shower 2005). 2007). Fruit Infusion Caffeoyl and Aqueous extract of the Okworo SW aqueous seed extract parasitic. Procyanidin B2.F. increased the its 3-O-β-D- dependent decrease in Jaundice activity of glucose glucopyranoside. alloxan-induced diabetic rats Fistulic acid.7. Juice extract deoxyhexoside.. 2006) 37 Carica papaya L. (Maniyar and Bhixavatimath. (Nirmala et al. 400 mg/kg healing. Tropaeaoline (Krishna et al. Syn: Capsicum pepper wewe (Y). Dyspepsia. Myricetin. 2013) Carpaine.. Mental Rutin. 2008)§. SE Alpha glucosidase and α. of the leaves inhibited levels in the patients (Fatema Papain. Peptidase A and B. Phosphatidylcholine. Choline. enzymes in STZ. Capsianocide VIII. 2007). Leguminosae Indian Aidantoro (Y) SW In vitro antioxidant effects Liver disorders.. V. al. Catechin isolated Fistucacidin. Bird Ata or Ata SW. effects of different parts of Lysozyme. 2011. Kaempferol... name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 36 Capsicum annum Solanaceae Chilli. Stimulant Mohamed. Hemorrhoids...Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Myricetin. Ulcers. III.. 2009). Analgesic. gucose levels and and B. 2008) 38 Cassia fistula L. 3-O-(9. Fruit Decoction Capsaicinoids L. Quercetin. patients taking warfarin 602 g of the fruit (equivalent 2010). metformin (Fakeye et alloxan-induced diabetic rats fertility. Carposide. 100 mg/l fruit 2001). Incorporation of 2% of Dysentry. Lycophene. Pods. Administration of Convulsion (Rivera-Pastrana et al. of a patient (Shaw et al. Anti. Caricaceae Pawpaw Ibepe (Y). Apigenin.. Alpha tocopherol insulin levels (Islam and (Ching and Mohamed.12. Astringent.. cryptoxanthin. J. diabetic rats increased serum 2008). Ferulic and Caffeic acids. Gallic acid induced diabetic rats Okwere (I). microbial. 5. frutescens L. 3-formyl-1- 869 . pulp. Latex Vegetable. STDs. Purgative. Chymopapain A. laburnum. Leaves. Decoction. (Luximon-Ramma et al. Ortho hydroxyl extracts possessed PPAR N-benzyl 16-Methyl 11. Anti. 2006). 2012) the unripe fruit (Oboh et al. Stem-bark decreased plasma derivatives. Kaempferol.. B P-gp efflux activity in et al. IX. of glimepiride but aqueous extract of the leaves Sickle cell anemia. Antioxidant and C. Seed. disorder. Seeds. CAY-1 diet given to STZ-induced (Stergiopoulou et al. Barkono (H). alloxan-induced diabetic rats metabolizing Epicatechin. Ocoteine. Pronuciferine. Trihydroxy trimethoxy flavone-3-O-α- L-rhamnosyl (1-2)-O-β-D- U. Furfural derivatives.8% Hemorrhoids. 2005). Lupeol (Kanth et al. Vanillin. Yangambin. Decoction Epiafzelechin (Kpegba et Traditional use of the DC. Xanthone glycoside. Scopoletin. 2 and 3. 2010) cancer. NE. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant (Malpani and Manjunath. Anticoagulant. Aurantiamide acetate. 1998). Cassythidine. Stem-bark al.M. Syn: Woevine (H). Dys. SS. 2008). 870 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Myricetin and plant is associated with Drumstick tree Margaje (F). Impotence. Root.. Actinodaphnine and mice and decreased (Id) (Ezeigbo and Asuzu. In vitro antioxidant effects Veterinary. Anti. Hexacosanol. O-methyl flavinatine. 2005).8-dihydroxy- 6-methoxy-3-methyl anthraquinone. hydroxy-8-methoxy 2012) anthraquinone. Cassythidine. Leaves. 1968). Margaa (H). Obidah et al. 2005) plant (Toma et al. Liver and (Y) Inflammation.. cancer and non-cancer Cathafiline. Dried parts (Cassythine) and O-methyl extract of the whole Cassytha Sulunwahi bark to alloxan-induced Hypertension. laburnum. Isoboldine. β-sitosterol and Stigmasterol and their D- glucosides (Chang et al. plant increased americana (F). 2011).. aqueous extracts of menorrhea Stigmasterol (Tamboura et various parts of the al. GIT side effects (Maiga Aridan-tooro Convulsion. Lysicamine.. plasma ALP levels In vitro antioxidant effects Hemorrhage Cassythicine. Non-selective Nornuciferine. 2011)§ Dicentrine. Thalicminine.. Cathaformine. Lectins CSL-1. NC. Citreorosein. Diuretic. Cassyformine. 2012). Filiformine. Cassyfiline 250 mg/kg aqueous filiformis L. cholesterol levels in Otetebilete blood glucose levels by 46. Biochanin A. 2009. 2007) (Mythili et al. et al. J. . Whole plant Decoction. Malaria. Quercetin 3-O. Ezuruike. 2011) 39 Cassia sieberiana Leguminosae African Ukosei (Es). Stepharine. Leucopelargonicol. NW. Isovanillin. Syringaresinol. N-methyl actinodaphnine. Bulbocapnine. Anti... (Awah et al. Diasyringaresinol. Cassamedine. Rumfar-gada SE. Tetrahydroxy dimethoxy flavone-3-O-α-arabino pyranoside. parasitic. 2002) Predicentrine. 2012) Antimicrobial. β- Sitosterol. Fatty acids. 3β- hydroxy 17-norpimar -8 (9)-en-15-one (Bahorun et al.. cell lines (Stévigny et al.F. 2009) 40 Cassytha Lauraceae Love vine. Phytol. Chromones and Benzyl derivatives (Danish et al.. before meals Neolitsine.. Cyclopropenoid fatty acids. methanol extract of the stem Uterotonic.. (Babayi et al. β-sitosterol.. Launobine cytotoxicity to both (Cava et al. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 glucopyranoside. diabetic mice decreased Aphrodisiac. NC Administration of 600 mg/kg Anti-parasitic..... Betulinic acid. kidney toxicities of Analgesic. Isorhamnetin. are chewed cassyfiline. rhamnoside (Asase et al. Epicatechol. 1. Cassameridine. and β-pinene. Seeds. Anti-microbial. Myrtenol inducers and inhibitors (Asnaashari et al. Lochnericine.) G. 2001)§ et al. Colds. O-methyl cassythine.. cotyledon given to alloxan. Ezuruike. Antibiotic. Pleurosine. Cinnamic. Anti. Stem. o. Asthma. Cherry (Y). Cassythic acid.. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 effect of metformin but not Hypertension pentadecanyl octa-dec-19. Tetrahydroalstonine. (0. Myricetin-3- induced diabetic mice for Inflammation. renal cells (Levêque and methane methanol (1:1) Coumaric. Serpentine. Vanillic. Flower. 2005) 871 .. of Cyt P450 enzymes Isoswertisin. 2008) 41 Catharanthus Apocynaceae Madagascar 250 mg/kg methanol extract Cancer. Leurocristine (Vincristine). Benzoic identified as P-gp diabetic rats (Nammi et al. Malvidin and while vincristine and blood glucose levels in Petunidin (Piovan and vinblastine have been normal and alloxan-induced Filippini. 2007). parasitic. Reserpine. Nicotinic acid (Tsai et al. Miscarriage. Vincarodine.and β. Oroma (Guimarães et al. Catharicine. Hydroxy showed a prophylactic action tyrosol. its oxide. 2007) extract of the aerial parts Ferulic acids. Insect Whole plant. Catharanthine.. ajmalicine and increased the hypoglycaemic healing. Leaves. 6-O-α. 2005). 1962) 42 Chrysophyllum Sapotaceae African star Agbalumo SE. Akuammine. Sitsirikine. against STZ-induced Quercetin. Carosine (Svoboda et al. Phenylalcohol glycoside. The Michael 2011). 2007).. Roots octacostriene-10. been identified as nigue (Es). Anti-parasitic al. Bergamottin and other aurantiifolia (Y). 2010)§ loss. albidum G. Hemorrhage. methylene-n. 2011) glucose levels (Olorunnisola et al. Vindoline..and p. 500 mg/kg dichloro.. vinca alkaloids are of the fresh leaves of the glucosides and 3-O-(6-O. Analgesic. SW 100 and 200 mg/kg hydro.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no.. Anacardic acid. Sore throat. Diuretic. rhamnoside (Adebayo et 7 days decreased serum microbial. Fruit. Linalool and its in citrus fruits have Swingle Igbopin. 3-Epibetulinic acid. (Baumgart et al. 2005).) nkilishi (I). β-Sitosterol (Usia et al.. Root 2006). serpentine isolated U. Citral.Don apple. metabolized by Cyp3A4 plant gave a dose dependent p-coumaroyl) glucosides and 3A5 enzymes. Syringetin hyperglycaemia in rats and glycosides (Mustafa and increased the activity of Verpoorte. Malaria. Ursolic some glucose metabolizing and Oleanolic acids (Usia enzymes (Singh et al. Wound 10-β-D-gluco pyranoside. kaempferol. Udala (I) ethanol extract of the seed Hemorrhoids. from the aerial parts glibenclamide (Ohadoma and enoate.5–1 ml/kg) decrease in of Hirsutin. Decoction Eleagnine. Anti. bark. Weight Fruit Juice extract α. Juice extract (Chung et al. Leaves. Vindolinine. Anti-cancer. 3-O. terpineol. Leurosine. substrates in canine 2003)§. Arthritis oxide. Vinblastine. Cancer. 2008) 43 Citrus Rutaceae Lime Osan wewe SW In vitro antioxidant effects Worm expeller. J.. acid derivatives. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Quercetin and Kaempferol glycosides. Limonene and furanocoumarins found (Christm. Perivine.. Ajmalicine. on Cyp 2D6 of human glucose levels in alloxan. Caffeic and Jehl.18-diol.M. Ascorbic acid (Idowu et al. α. 2007).. n. liver microsomes of induced diabetic rats and Expectorant. Decoction Hexamethyl-15-hydroxy Potent inhibitory effects roseus (L.. Virosine.F. P-cymene. Gallic. Salutaridine. 2010).Don periwinkle of the leaves decreased blood stings. Isorhamnetin. Isofiliformine. Lochnerine. Leurosidine. 2005).. Bergapten has been Osbeck (Y). J.M. Rheumatism methoxy propiophenone. Meranzin. (Oboh and Ademosun. plasma glucose at doses Abortafacient. dihydroxybergamottin or. synephrine (Calapai et (Ibibio) accumulation (Campbell et Limonin. especially in patients with Nobiletin.. U. Ezuruike. Pulp 3. cardio-toxicity due to (H). Stigmasterol (Shalaby et al. cause severe diarrhoea Bitter r 50 mg/kg in fasted Infections. RC tea given daily antranilate. 2001). Baala. Malaria.7. Citric. enzymes (Malhotra et oyibo (I). HbA1c levels o 7. Juice extract. Cucurbitacin E. Cough bark. in animals with cucumber normoglycaemic and 3. Egusi NW. Oloma decreased serum glucose twigs Tangaretin.7- L. Oedema. misra (F). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant arabinopyranosides of vitexin and isovitexin (Veitch and Grayer. Risk of Babban lemu 2 model db/db mice and also (Fugh-Berman and Myers.F. Oleic acids.5. Synephrine. extract of the rind decreased Anti-tumour. Decoction Limonene. Bergamottin. Imperatorin. Infusion. 3A4 (Malhotra et al.40 . Hyperin. Rind. 2011) and Malic acids (Arias and Ramón-Laca. Lemun Free and bound phenolics Mamesin. shown to induce Cyp (I). Octopamine. I. Xanthotoxin. Seville orange ganinganin the fruit and Rauvolfia probems.40 -dihydroxy-30 . 5. β-sitosterol. diabetic patients decreased Neohesperidoside. Bergapten. 2006) 45 Citrus sinensis (L. Didymin. J.5. Imperatorin. Isopimpinellin. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Hexenone.. Linalool. Ntom decreased tissue lipid 2004). SW Saponin fractions of aqueous Constipation. Kaempferol. Stem. 5-geranyloxy- 7-methoxycoumarin.. 1-methoxy-cyclohexene.. Umbelliferone. Rutin. Linoleic. 2010)§. Leaves Fruit. have been shown to Schrad. Limettin.) Rutaceae Orange Osan mimu SWa Antioxidant effects Fruit. Oroma (Guimarães et al. Infusion Bergapten. fasting and post prandial Naringoside. β- sitosterol. Palmitic. Leaves. 6.. mortality at doses . Bergapten and 6. trihydroxy-3. Seed Juice extract Psoralene. Myricetin.. Umbelliferone. Eriocitrin. Ascorbic (Campbell-Tofte et al. 4. Cancer. Seed. Bergapten. 2011) 44 Citrus aurantium Rutaceae Sour orange. Narirutin. Ijaganyin vomitoria foliage (RC tea) Fibroids.8-dimethoxypsoralen. 1999) al. levels in diabetes type dihydroxybergamottin al. for 4 months to type-2 Hesperidoside. Bitter apple. Decoction 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosides. Osan SS 875 mg of a mix of extracts of Weight loss.3% Rhoifolin. inhibit Cyt P450 (Y). 2011) 46 Citrullus Cucurbitaceae Egusi melon. Neoeriocitrin. Bergamotene (Sandoval-Montemayor et al. glycoside. 872 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no.6-dimethoxy glucosidase inhibitory effects flavone.. 2012).7- trihydroxy-3. plasma glucose levels Sinensetoside. Hesperidin. Poncirin (Peterson et al.. 2006). Corylone. Naringin. 3-methyl- 1. K and L Extracts of the plant colocynthis (L. Methyl al. 4. Stem.) Desert gourd. GIT Fruit. 2011). Root. Neohesperidin. Rutoside. Caryophyllene oxide. extracted from the dried fruit Quercetin and its 2001) Alimo (Es) peel exhibited potent dose. 2011) Hesperidin. Nerol.2-cyclopentadione.. Rutin.6-dimethoxy flavones (Shalaby et al.7- dependent α-amylase and α. Purgative. Isoorientin.F. Hydroquinone.. Luteolin. Vanillin hexosides. Salicylic acid-O- hexoside. 2011) glucosides. Saligenin and Isolariciresinol glucosides. Ezuruike. al. 2011). Feruloyl sugars. al. 1997).. 8-O and 6-O-p- hydroxybenzoyl isovitexin and its glucosdie (Maatooq et al.. Colocynthosides A and B. 2009)§. levels when pre. Rutin. Protocatechuic acid effects (Tlili et al. 2012. and Nakai melon decreased blood glucose pulp Lycophene. p-coumaric acid glucoside. Caffeoylhexose. Antioxidant 2006). Wound ulcers.and β- administered to normal high carotene. Linoleic.. Aviprins. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant alloxan-induced diabetic dihydroxypropiophenone. Kalahari (Y)... Isoorientin.. 2013a)§. Shikonine. Calodendroside. Salicin- 2-benzoate. Citrulline.. 2009). Ferulic acid hexosides. Phytofluene. Cyp P450 enzymes STZ-induced diabetic rats fed Helicid. Hispidulin 7-(6-E-β- coumaroyl-β-D glucopyranoside (Salama. Arachidonic. 2002) glucopyranosyloxy) benzyl alcohol (Yoshikawa et al.7- dimethoxyflavan. 2-(nonan-8- one) 4-methoxy- quinoline. Isovitexin. Palmitate. 2008) glucopyranoside. ζ.4- methylenedioxy-5. Naringenin..) Mats. Ajugol. Plasma glucose levels Khekadengoside E. J. microsomes (Barth et al. Neurosporene.M. Isovitexin. Oleic. of the fruit were co- (Sebbagh et al. Sinapic acid glucoside. Leaves. 2012) 47 Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Water melon. Caffeoylshikimic acids. Tumours Seeds. Isorhamnetin. and pancreatic β-cell mass Hexano cucurbitacin I Possible inhibition of were restored to normal in 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Phloroglucinol glucuronide. Z 200 mg/kg (Shafaei et rabbits (Abdel-Hassan et al.. and Hamidi.. Glehlinoside C. Guna (H) extracted from the seeds Anti-bacterial. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 2007). 2- (nonan-8-one)-(1H)-4- quinolone. Khoshvaghti 2000)§. when ethanolic extracts an 8% colocynth oil diet Isosaponarin. 2012). 4-(β-D. Decoction Cucurbitacin E (Thunb. Leachianol G. Lutein. Taxifolin.. U. Egusi bara 50 mg/kg globulin proteins Laxative. Icariside. (2S)-3. Phytoene glucose fed rats (Teugwa et (Perkins-Veazie et al. 30 -O-methyl ether. Kaempferol. 873 . Fruit (Abdelwahab et al. Chrysoeriol Apigenin. al. Linolenic. Benzyl incubated with rat liver Antioxidant effects (Kumar et and 4-hydroxybenzyl β-D. Stearic and Myristic acids (Sebbagh et al. .. 3-hydroxy- choles-5-en-7-one. Isoquercitrin (Sakakibara et al. Stem. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Dihydrophilonotisflavone. Octadecadienoic acid. Ethanol extract of the olitorius L. Cascarilla Purgative.15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester. Quercetin-3-galactoside. 4. 874 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Obtusoside. Tetramethyl tetraentetracosanoic acid.Beauv. N-(2- hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl) . 2012a) 50 Croton lobatus L. Fruit. Leaves. Ezuruike.. Eru Alamo (Y) SW Wound ulcers.7-dien-3-ol. Geranylgeraniol. Isovitexin. inhibited Cyt P450 3A4 enzymes (Oboh et al. Dicaffeoyl quininc acids. 1999) (6-malonyl galactoside).. U. Leaves. Caffeoyl and Dicaffeoyl quinic derivatives. Cholestan-5. Leaves Juice extract Catechin.. Malaria. SW Antioxidant effects (Atawodi Stimulant.. Decoction. Diuretic. Picrosides. aerial parts of the plant mallow amylase and α-glucosidase Cystitis. Jew's Ulogburu (I) leaves inhibited both α. Anti. 2010) al. bark decreased blood glucose infections. Euphorbiaceae Lobed croton. Tumours. Chlorogenic acid (Lagnika et al.. SW Methanol extract of the Purgative. bark. Ergosterol. Capsugenin-25. 2007) 500 mg/kg of the suppressants. Seed acid Tiliroside. 2013) 48 Cola acuminata Malvaceae Kolanut Obi agada (Y). α- tocopherol (Azuma et al. 9. Quinnic and (Adediwura et al. (Abu-Reidah et al.. Chlorogenic acid. Rutin. Kaempferol glycosides.. Procyanidin B1 and B2. Ascorbic acid. Coumarin. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 1996) 49 Corchorus Malvaceae Long fruited Ewedu (Y). J. 2012a) Quercetin-3-(6-malonyl and 3A7 (Agbonon et Antioxidant effects (Azuma et glucoside).) Schott Orji (I) et al. Cimifugin. Dysentry Vitexin. Respiratory Caffeine (Atawodi et al. Appetite Nuts. Stems. al. Betulinic acid..5-O-dicaffeoylquinic. diabetic rats after 21 days parasitic Chlorogenic. Theobromine levels in alloxan induced Hypertension.5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid. 2003). 1999). Quercitrin. jute. Corchorusides A and B. 2009). Caffeic acid and Isorhamnetin (Oboh et al. Catalposide.. Epicatechin. Cholestan-3-one. Lobaceride. 2009). Quercetin derivative (Ola et al. Hyperoside. Measles Quercetin-3-glucoside.M. (Niemenak et al. (P. Isoquercitrin.. Analgesic. 2007). 3-(4- methoxy phenyl)-2- phenyl acrylic acid.F. 2008)..12. and Endl. Seeds Decoction 3. Tetramethyl-hexadeca tetraenyl ester.30- O-β-diglucopyranoside (Phuwapraisirisan et al.. methanol extract of the stem Aphrodisiac. Quercetin-3. 2011) Tannic acids (Odebode. 2009). Linalool. Antioxidant effects (Agbor et al. Geraniol. Flower. Orientin..M. 1A2. Zingiberaceae Turmeric Atale pupa SW. 2011) Limonene. α- al. α-Ocimene. inhibitors based on Chlorogenic acid. 2007). plasmid cDNA (Appiah- increased 2 h after ingestion Terpinoline. Anti. 2C9 and 2005)§.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 1999). Terpineol. Jaundice. Sedative. Aqueous extract did not citratus (DC. 1. and citral were Swertiajaponin. Nche produced a dose dependent Inflammation. 2007). 875 Salicyaldehyde. Luteolin . transfected with human subjects were significantly p-Methylacetophenone. Cinammonaldehyde.. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Schumach. an in-silico acid (Cheel et al. Myristic when pre-administered to seeds acid. Cough. ar. Seed. Pesticide. 2010)§ γ-Curcumene. 2D6. Curculigine.and Methanol extract of the (Wickenberg et al. and grass. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant benzamide (Chabert et al.. (Adeneye and Agbaje.F. Palmitoleic acid. Cancer. Fruit Juice extract. Myrcene. Stearic acid (Kapseu in blood glucose levels et al. Jaundice. Aracchidic cause a significant decrease acid. Ogiri (I) extracted from the seed Indigestion... Leaves. Rhizome. Carvacrol. mannii Naudin African melon (Y). 2008) Bisaboline (Leela et al. Curculigine (Cometa et al. Rhizome.. Fever. et al. Fruit Curculigoside. Valeric.. CYP 3A4 activity in Ta mice as 0. high glucose fed rats did not Palmitic acid. turmerone (Kuroda et al. reductase rhamnoside. Β-amylase (Dicko et al. rhizome enhances P-gp α-Zingiberene.. myrcene Isoorientin. Ezuruike. Aroma... Pilosidine. Sickle cell. and β-Pinene.. 2007).. Citral. 3A4.8-Cineole. Decoction Curcumin. 1998). Donkey's ear Purgative. Roots curcumin and Ar.. Infant colic Powdered Linolenic acid. Bisdemethoxy Methanol extracts of rhizome incorporated in the Inflammation. Obesity. α. Linoleic acid. α-Caryophyllene.) (Y). efflux activity but ar-Tumerone. 2011) Infertility. Plasma p-Cymene. Phellandrene. 1995)§. NC Ethanol extract of the Peptic ulcer.2–1 g/100 g Malaria. U. 2005) 52 Curculigo pilosa Hypoxidaceae Golden eye Epakun SW Antioxidant effects (Sofidiya Anti-microbial. α Escherichia coli insulin levels of healthy and γ-Terpinene. activity in Caco-2 cells Ihumibo (Es) fasting plasma gucose levels Malaria. Athlete's Infusion. Juice extract identified as aldose Isoorientin 20 -O.... Egusi-itoo SW 50 mg/kg of globulin proteins Anti-microbial.. Pilosidine (Palazzino et al. Thonn. 2005. Infections. α. 2012) after oral administration to Cancer. et al. (Oga et al. Opong et al. Isoscoparin. Cuurcumin and effect compared to control Depression Tetrahydrocurcumin (Pari its decomposition and showed PPARγ binding and Murugan. Caco-2 cells (Hou et al. (125–500 mg/kg) decrease in foot. 2007). 2002). Cimbopogonol. SE Aqueous extract of the leaves Oral thrush. 2006) 51 Cucumeropsis Cucurbitaceae White melon. curcumin inhibits it Dehydrocurcumene. Ferulic acid and Ferulic aldehyde (Appiah- Opong et al. 2B6 enzymes in (Selvam et al. 2013a)§. 2005) therapy Pinene.. Leaves Decoction. 2007) 54 Cymbopogon Poaceae Lemon grass Koriko-oba SW. (Hou et al. Antioxidant effects β and sesqui-Phelandrene. Vanillic acid.) Engl. Methyl heptenone. STDs Nyasicoside. Caffeic normal rats for 42days Diuretic. Nyasicoside. Anisaldehyde. Oxobisabolene. inhibit P-gp efflux Stapf awula (I).. of 6g turmeric powder Thymol. approach (Vyshali p-Coumaric acid. Vanillin.. Demethoxy the rhizome inhibits diet of type 2 diabetic KK-Ay/ microbial. Oleic acid. Decoction Piloside A and B. J. Geraniol.. Ocimene. produced a hypoglycaemic Hypertension. Epilepsy. 1993) (Teugwa et al. 2000). α products inhibited CYP activity (Kuroda et al. 2005). curcumin. Roth et al. Hypertension. 2001) 53 Curcuma longa L.. Citronelal. Myrcene. Antioxidant effects (Cheel et Insecticidal. acid. Fruits. 3.. Tria and Dotriacontanol. formulation (Adikwu et gum administered alone or en-15-oic acid. 1970). Pinitol. NC 200 and 400 mg/kg aqueous Anti-microbial. Maje SE. glucose levels and increased Delphinidin. Citronelol. Diarrhea. 100 mg/kg of the dihydroxy clerodan-13Z.M.. Pheophorbides-a.. dihydroxyclerodan-13E. bark extract decreased blood parasitic. Hemorrhoids. Catechol. Forest Eepin or SWa 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of Analgesic. Spasms.. Gallic acid. 2011). Menthol. Maceration Daniellic acid. Ezuruike. 1. and Perr. Quercitrin for 21days decreased blood dehydrate. 2011) Cadinene. alloxan-induced diabetic rats α-and β-Hunulene. Homo-orientin. Wound ulcers. 3. Incorporation of microcarpum Ogbogbo (Y). Ozabwa aqueous leaf extract Inflammation. 250 mg/kg aqueous extract of Sickle cell Orientin. (Iwueke et al. Fruit.4. Sickle cell. Fuco- and sitosterol (Negrelle and Gomes. induced diabetic mice Fevers. 5α. Rutin. Ofo (I) glucose levels in normal and Hemorrhoids. 3. Latex O-glycerol acetate. Bornesitol. Myristic and Linolenic acids (Igwenyi and Akubugwo. Myrcene. Malaria. Seed powder en-15-oic acid. effects in STZ-induced γ-quinide.8α(2. J. Decoction Glycerol-1. Decoction. 2004) 56 Detarium Leguminosae Taura (H). Caffeic acid.. Root. Myoinisitol (Akah 2004) et al. containing 400 mg/kg Copalic acid (Cavin et al. 200 and 400 mg/kg Analgesic. 3. SE. Coumarin. Elemicin..8-Cineole.. Antioxidant effects (Muanda Humulenol. (H). . 2008). Ascorbic acid the activity of various glucose (Muanda et al.. 1-naphthalene acetic-5- carboxy 6octahydro trimethyl acid. Anti. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Rolfe) Hutch..Table 1 (continued ) 876 S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. metformin showed good 2006). their derivatives.. Kaempferol.3-dilinolein. Linalool. Octa and Hexacosanol. acid.. 2010).4. Anti. Sitosterol. Quercitrin (Ahmadu et al. release from the al. -b and lead to toxic injury in levels in obese zucker rats Arrythmias. 100 mg/kg of the gum Guill. a mixture of the root with Quercitrin. Catechin. Chlorogenic acid.. tablets enhanced drug mice after 3hrs (Manosroi et Diarrhea en-15-oic acid. High doses of the Vahl sandpaper Opoto (Y). Aphrodisiac. Hydroquinone. Bark.4-Epoxyclerodan-13E. Root.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant and its 6-C and 7-O- glycosides. diabetic rats (Adikwu et al. 1-naphthalene acetic-7- oxo-octahydro tetramethyl acid (Aquino et al. Germacrene (Schwob et al. 2010). al. 2007) 55 Daniellia oliveri Leguminosae African balsam Iya (Y). the leaves given for 30 days Hemorrhoids. Apigenin. Leaves. metabolizing enzymes in Caryophyllene oxide. Protocatechuic levels in normal and alloxan. blood glucose reducing Stigmasterol. Molluscicidal. Tumours. Seeds. NE 100. Quercetin. p-Coumaric (Manosroi et al. 2004) incorporated in a tablet 2-oxokolavenic acid. NE. Lupeol. Stem bark (Haeuser et al. Humulene oxide. 2011 ). 1992) 57 Ficus exasperata Moraceae Fig tree. extract into metformin alloxan-induced diabetic Impotence. Campestrol. 2012). Roots oxokovalenic acid). 2011). Oliveric acid U. Leaves. ethanol leaf extract can Ogbu (I) decreased blood glucose Hypertension. et al. Quercimeritrin. Arthritis.F. Myristoleic. Gum. Quercitrin that of Sacrocephalus latifolius glucosyl. Narcissin. β-Selinene. and Dalziel (I) decreased blood glucose infective. antibiotic (Esimone et kolaviron is due to GB1 and Kolanone.... Geranial. enzymes (Olaokun et al. GIT vegetable of the methanol Terpineol. 2009) 60 Gongronema Apocynaceae Bush buck Utazi (I). Amentoflavone.. 2011). Caryophyllene and 2013). Diarrhea.and α. Ezuruike. 1990a) Apigenin-5. p-Cymen-9-ol. 2008) amylase and α-glucosidase xylene. 2007)§ 59 Garcinia kola Clusiaceae Bitter kola Orogbo (Y). U. Root Maceration....8- Arokeke (Y). Agbi-ilu (I).. Ulcer. STDs Sabinene. Garcini. Manoyl oxide (Onayade et al. Sickle ether. extract of the leaves Purgative.. Apigenin 40 -methyl ofloxacin altered the reductase enzyme activity cell ether.5 mg/ml of the acetone Malaria. Conrauanalactone. β- glucosidase & α-amylase bisabolene. Diarrhea. (Aniagu et al. Anti. Garcinoic acid (Mazzini et al. α- Utasi (Ef) diabetic rats and increased protective. GB2. Possible testicular.M. SE 100 mg/kg kolaviron Cold symptoms. and hepatic toxicities at Chinese produced about 30% microbial Zingiberene.. levels in STZ-induced Inflammation. 2013). eudesmol.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. GB2 in normal and STZ. Fruit Root. Child Pyropheophorbide.. 1. Hepato. serum (Iwu et al. α- reversed nephrotoxic effects Cancer. Alpha glucosidase flavanone (Iwu et al.. Maceration Kolaviron-Mix of Garcinia biflavanone (GB) Pre-ingestion of the Heckel. Diarrhoea. improved glycaemic control Linalool. Limonene. Phenylacetaldehyde. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 inhibitory effects (Kazeem et Globulol (Oladosu et al. Insomnia.. N-methyl pyrimidine (Ahmed et al.7. Benzaldehyde. SE. hyperglycaemic β-Pinene. J. 24-methylene Pharmacokinetics of induced diabetic rats cycloartenol. α and β-Pinene. 2010) 58 Ficus thonningii Moraceae Loin cloth or Cediya (H) SW 0. α-copaene. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant and spontaneously Abortafacient. Stem. 2012). Decoction Benzaldehyde. Aphrodisiac. Manniflavanone. Food effects of fractions Cineole. 1998). 2010). et al. β-Caryophyllene. (Bafor et al. 1978). α-Terpineol. as disorders. 250 mg/kg aqueous extract of 1. 2002) Methyl heptenone. lung Blume Wild fig. α.40 -trimethyl to the administration of well as inhibited aldose Poison antidote. ciprofloxacin in rabbits (Adaramoye and Adeyemi. Anti. Liver Seed kolaflavanone (Iwu (Cotterill et al. pharmacokinetics of the Hypoglycaemic effect of 1982). Madumaro or decreased blood glucose parasitic. Geraniol. Infusion The anti. Eczema. 2013) Antioxidant effects 2009) (Abotsi et al. Phytol. 2008) the ethanol stembark extract in STZ-induced and normal diabetic rats (Musabayane et al.. α. administered with the inhibitory effect of GB1 1990b). Anti.F.. kolaflavanone seeds by ten healthy Namiji-goro in normal and alloxan Dysentry. liver and kidneys hypertensive STZ-treated rats birth. Cycloartenol.and β. Hypertension. 1990a). Dose dependent blood Isocaryophyllene oxide glucose lowering effects of (Ogunwande et al. β-Caryophyllene. al. doses Z 500 mg/kg banyan inhibitory effects against α.. Terpineol. SW.and latifolium Benth. GB2 and 1.. SS Ethanol extract of the leaves Anti-microbial. 877 . GB1.. β-caryophyllene. Stem-bark. et al. the leaves in fructose-fed rats β-ocimene. Camphene.8-cineole. seed extract (Esimone (Antia et al. Lavender lactone. and Infections. β-caryophyllene. α.. 2012) (Adewole et al. Pain. α-thujopsene. Isocaryophyllene. al. Stem-bark pinene.. Methyl phenylacetate. volunteers 30 min prior (H) induced diabetic mice.and β. decreased blood sugar levels microbial. Leaves. Benzaldehyde. Leaves. Linalol. β-Myrcene. (Taiwo et al. β-Farnesene. β-Patchoulene. Fevers. Fisetin (Iwu and Igboko. σ. SW. 2007). of STZ (Adewole et al.. was altered when co- 2006). 2010) Linalol and its oxides. α. Ela-owu (Y). The action of GS4 on Gypenosides XXVIII. Snake Gymnemasaponins I–V. 1990b. Chewing extract of the stem Aromadendrene and its metabolizing enzymes stick. 2002) lupenyl acetate as allopyranosyl-(1-4)-β-D- U. a low MW component Obesity. Fevers glucose loaded rats δ-Cadinene. Maceration tannin (Chan et al. Leaves. 2009) (Chrysanthemin) (Hanny. (Ugochukwu and Babady. Adenine.. (Ibibio).. α-Humulene. 3-O-[6- extract in alloxan-induced in INS-1 cells led to deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- diabetic mice (Ogundipe et the isolation of α. Genin K acetate.and β- pinene. γ-bisabolene. (Sinsheimer et al. OSAs increased plasma Gymnemosides A–E insulin levels in-vitro and in (Porchezhian and humans through a direct Dobriyal. NW Aqueous extract of the leaves Gonorrhea. Choline.) of the aqueous extract of the Ulcer. 878 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. α. Gossypol. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 150 ml of a (1:1:1) decoction bioactive oleoandropyranosyl-17β- mix of the leaves of Vernonia constituents mardenin. (Persaud et al. Skin and its acetate (β-amyrin glucose levels and increased infectionsAsthma. insulin release in rats.. Ocimum (Adebajo et al. Anti-sweetner. Gymnemagenin or Genin L R. Condensed hirsutum L. Germacrene. . Owu of only 17% in alloxan. 2013) Lupenyl acetate.. Anti-plasmodial Gymnemanol.. Methyl palmitate 100 mg/kg of the methanol stimulating effects (Edet et al. produced a non-significant Sore throat. Ulcer. lupenyl mardenin and 3-O-[6- et al. (E)- Hypoglycaemic effect of In vitro glucose Phytol. Ebe-oru induced diabetic rats (Etuk Cyanidin-3-β-glucoside (Bi) and Mohammed. Gossonorol β- bisabolol (Elzen et al. and leaves in hydrate. 1993) OGTT (Ejike et al. J. Ex Sm. (Shanmugasundaram et al. Root Decoction. Dysnetry. Ugochukwu and cinnamate and deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- Babady.and γ-Eudesmol. derivative). stimulatory effect (Al. Br. Betaine. MW extract of the leaves Gurmarin. and 12-O-acetyl-3-O-[6- gratissimum and Gongronema 2013) deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- latifolium decreased baseline allopyranosyl-(1-4)-β- blood glucose levels when canaropyranosyl]-17β- preadministered to normal marsdenin (Schneider subjects 45 min before an et al. Analgesic.... sylvestre (Retz. Lupenyl cinnamate. 1 and 2 diabetic patients Inflammation.. Diuretics. 1980). β-Sitosterol. Leaves. insulin release is by increased XXXVII. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant activity of glucose problems. 2011. Anti-microbial. Gymnemasins A–D. 1990a. Gossypetin glucosides. 2003). Gymnemic acids A–D Romaiyan et al. 2003) and β-amyrin canaropyranosyl-17β- Antioxidant effects (Fasakin cinnamate. allopyranosyl-(1-4)-β-D- al. Baskaran et al. (Ige). bites. Type Hepato-protective. A high Oleanane-type saponins. 1978). leaves decreased blood Laxatives. Eto-ofo blood glucose lowering effect Uterine fibroids Quercetin glucosides. Limonene. membrane permeability Gymnemasides I–VII. LXII and LXIII. LV. 2013) 61 Gossypium Malvaceae Cotton Auduga (H). 11-O-acetyl- amygdalina.and β-amyrin cinnamate (Adebajo et al.. 1980) α.. Roots Infusion Gymnemic acids I-XVIII.. Gymnamine.. Genins G and J. 2005). 1970). β- caryophyllene and its oxide. 2010)§.F. 1990)§.M. 1999)§. Myrcene. 1985) 62 Gymnema Apocynaceae Cow plant SE GS4. Spathulenol. Ezuruike. Lupeol (Ekundayo. 2003) as well as the α.. Malaria. Laxative. an irreversible Odunkun (Y). Antioxidant helminthic.and 4-Ipomeanol produces (L. Quercetin zucker fatty rats D-glucopyranosyl). Homoorientin (in vivo) glucose levels in alloxan. Dehydro- 2011).. and decreased Peonidin-3-O-[2-O. Stigmasterol. imhibition of Cyt 3A4 Dankali (H) 400 mg/kg) decrease in blood Analgesic. Chlorogenic. Lupeol. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) acida Tul. Whole plant. levels (Ludvik et al. an isolated Benzoic. microbial.. Anti. fructose and dexamethasone. Tritricontane (Manni and Sinsheimer. Tumours.. Daily ingestion (Terashima et al. 2009) 2008). acid. Aldose reductase Non-. 2004)§. Purgative. aqueous extract of the cortex glucopyranoside 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (Shuichi and Abe. Infusion (Sofidiya et al. STDs. (Alvarez-Diez and glucose in normal and STZ. J. Gastric ulcer. Pseudo- Schum.5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid. 3. parasitic.. Amino al. hydroxy isocorymines) 2012) (Adejuwon et al. Anti. Analgesic. Anti. Myricetin. of the butanol extract Umbellamine. Bark. Ezuruike. p- in improved FBG and HbA1c inhibitory effect of Coumaric. Segunoside (Ajala and Coker. patients for 3 mths resulted glucosidase Caffeic. Aqueous extract of the seed Labour induction. of 4 g by type 2 diabetic 1991). kg (Ezeigbo and Asuzu. 1965) 63 Hunteria Apocynaceae Mkpokiri (I). Leaves. Immune Strictosidinic acid (Ajala et induced) (Adeneye and booster. 2011).. 1967). 3. Fruit Maceration. Kaempferol. Mono.F. β-Sitosterol. decreased the post. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Antioxidant effects (Kang et Leucine. Zheng. (Sofidiya et al. Sickle cell.O-caffeoylquinic acid. 2009). Ikirydinium A. acid. Trimethylamine oxide. Decoction. (Carvalho et al. Adeyemi. 2011). 2000)§ from the root (Chlorogenic acid). Decoction. Isoleucine (Sinsheimer and McIlhenny. al. Enache (Id) NW leaves decreased blood parasitic. Anti-fertility.. Huntrabrine 3 diabetic models (alloxan. Sinapic. Analgesic. Diarrhea.. Isocorymine. Antioxidant effects Insecticidal (Igoli and Alexander. whole plants produced a microbial. Penoidin (Montilla et al. 2004) induced diabetic rats (Olowu extract of the leaves glucosides of Cyanidin and et al.M. Ekimako (I). dose-dependent (100– Wound ulcers. Hemorrhoids dicaffeoyl quinic glucopyranosyl-β-D.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 4. Bark Infusion inhibitory effects of Diacylated structures of 3. (50–200 mg/kg) Obesity. Oleic acid 2010). phthalate. di-O-caffeoyldaucic acid. Hymenocardine (Pais et al.. U. O-(2-O-β-D. Gallic. Epicatechin.) Poir. SE. induced diabetic rats at doses Dysentry. Friedelan-3-one. Juice extract. Roots Infusion akuammigine. Abeere (Y). Caffeic acid (Islam et 879 . 2002) O-caffeoylquinic acid. effects (Adejuwon et al.5... Ursolic umbellata (K.. Erinincin. Alpha 2011). Condruitol A.4- di. Hentriacontane... absorptive glucose Abereamines 1-4 concentration in alloxan. Pulp. Gentisic.4. 2010). acid isolated from glucopyranoside)-5-O-β-D. Erin or produced a dose-dependent pyretic. Anti. hyperinsulinemia in obese (6-O-E-feruloyl-β. Methanol extract of the Anti-microbial. Seeds. Leaves Maceration. NC. Arthritis. Nonacosane. Corymine.) Hallier f. 2010). ellagic acid and 3. methochloride.. Fruit. An alkaloidal fraction isocorymine. Ulcers. Anti. Serpentine. Anti. 2012)§ butyric acid. Bark. Hypertension Acetylcorymine. Catechin. Anisic and Improved glucose tolerance anthocyanin Cinnamic acids.5-di- (Matsui et al. Erinin. Betulinic between 250 and 1000 mg/ Malaria. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Osu (Bi) hypoglycaemic effect in Dys-menorrhea. 2012) 64 Hymenocardia Phyllanthaceae Heart fruit Janyaro (H). 1968) 65 Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae Sweet potato Ji-oyibo or SW Aqueous extract of fresh Anti-proliferative.5- administered 100 mg/kg/day 6-O-E-caffeoyl-β-D. Eripine. 3. 2012). Valine. (delactonized 14-isopropyl induced rats (Adeneye et al. Chewing Heudelotinone. Di and daily to STZ-induced diabetic Tri-methyl ellagic acid and rats decreased blood glucose. Palmitic. root bark of the plant Jatropherol 1. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant al. Euphorbiaceae Pignut plant. in alloxan induced diabetic Phospholipase D (Liu et al. Wound Curcin. 2009)§ Antioxidant effects (Donfack et al. Hardwickiic improved lipid profile and acid. (Abdu-Aguye et al. 2011) 250 and 500 mg/ Abortifacient. mango for 1 month resulted in microbial. ferulate. Cancer. Seeds. Mono. .. Leaves.. Coumaroyl resulting in death at 2010)§ 100 mg/l ethanol STDs. Analgesic Root ellagic acid. Lapalapa (Y). high doses in mice extract of the stipe showed Skin diseases. 2006) Quercetin rhamnoside. Jaundice.. children. SW Daily intake of a dikanut Dysentry. and idu decreased blood glucose Convulsions. Stem. γ and δ activities (Rau Molluscicidal. Botuje or SW Antioxidant effects (Igbinosa Purgative.. Eicosadienoic. Ellagic acid. fasting blood glucose levels 2004). (Agbonon et al. Decoction 3-Friedelanone. Galloyl and lactate dehydrogenase ellagic acids. Anti-parasitic. Curcacycline A (van den Ingestion of the seeds Physic nut. 2003).. Betulinic gabonensis African supplemented diet (4g/day) Liver disorders. Stem-bark. Tetradecyl 1986) et al. Anti-microbial.. Inflammation. Owulo extract of the leaves pyretic. Insecticidal. adiponectin. Methyl gallate.. 2010. 2006)§ 250 and stick. 2012) 67 Jatropha curcas L.... Trimethyl ex O’Rorke) Baill.. lungs and stomach diabetic rats (Mishra et al. 2010) Heudolotione.. Diuretic. Awah et al. Diosmetin (Sun and Chen. Caffeic acid.. Scopoletin and 3. Scopaletin. Ethanol extract of the Acetoxyjatropholone. Nobiletin. their hematological hydroxy phorbol. Irregular menses.. inhibited Cyt P450 3A4 Curcosones A-E.. and pyruvate kinase enzymes Kaempferol glucoside. Methoxyanthraquinone. 1990) U. Ellagitannins. SS... Podocarpatriene 450 mg/kg of the aqueous Sciatica. 3-β-acetoxyursolic decreased blood glucose acid (Donfack et al. and Onajobi. 1995). indices (Oluwole and Riolozatrione. Administration of 10 mg rats (Aladodo et al. bark (Staubmann et al. Lipase and dehydration in Barbados nut (H). 1999).5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (Terashima et al. et al. Paralysis and Podocarpatrienone extract of the roots decreased (Ravindranath et al.. of the seeds daily to rats Stearic and Eicosenoic resulted in changes in acids. and 3A7 enzymes Palmarumycin. Curcain (Osoniyi hemorrhage of the liver. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 2 g/kg administered 2 ce Ellagic acid. 2012) Overweight volunteers given the seed extract in a randomized double-blinded study had decreased blood glucose. 880 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Fruit. Root Berg et al. Bush by type 2 diabetic patients Hemorrhage. 1991) 66 Irvingia Irvingiaceae Dikanut. (Ozolua et al. 12-deoxy-16. Leaves. levels (Adamson et al. caused severe vomiting Purging nut. Anti. Ogbono (I) SE. Ezuruike. of the methanol extract Oleic.M. Esterases. Linoleic. their glycosides. Bolarinwa. 2013) 2010). leptin and C-reactive protein levels and improved plasma lipid profile compared to placebo (Ngondi et al. Jatrophol. Anti. Caniojane. J. acid. PPARα.F. 1997) Jatropholones A and B. Wound ulcers. 2010). (Aubry-Lecomte mango. levels in alloxan-induced healing. 2002). 2 and 3. Binida zugu kg of the hydro-ethanolic Hemostatic. Seeds. oleanolic acid. Latex. Oleanolic acid. Curcamide. SC Leaves Decoction. 1. Maceration.. moderate inhibition of α. khayalactone. Coumarin compounds U. Jaundice. Lagos Oganwo (Y). 3α. Rutin. 7-deacetyl khivorin. 1-O-deacetyl-6deoxy A herbal tonic A. Kigela africana deoxy. 2001). 2006) Insecticidal 1-O-acetylkhayanolide B 881 . β-sitosterol. Khayalactol. Ellagic acid. Quercetin senegalensis African Ono (I). Anti. Okpen (Es). Anti.Chev. 2009) Aqueous extract Khayanolide A and B. Infusion deacetyl-2α-hydroxy extracts of the stem Wound healing khayanolide E. Leaves.7α-dideacetylkhivorin. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Abdelgadir and Van Staden.7- dideacetylkhivorin. Esters of 6-deoxyswietenolide (Adesogan and Taylor. modulated the activity destigloylswietenine of fat liver Cyt P450 acetate.F. SS. 1970) 69 Khaya Meliaceae Dry-zone or Oganwo (Y). 7-deacetoxy-7- oxogedunin. 3-O-detigloyl-3-O- acetylswietenine. khayanolide E. and its Rhodamine-123 6-hydroxy derivative. An extract of the bark in Fevers. Jatrophalone.Stem bark. Methyl ivorensate. 3-acetyl. amylase activity in-vitro Hypertension. Procyanidins (Desv. rhamnoside. Khivorin. Uracil. Jatrogrossidione derivatives.. NW buffer solution produced parasitic. Caffeoyl aldehyde. Decoction (Atawodi et al. Methyl mediated efflux of angolensate. 7-deacetylgedunin. Swietenine. 2009). Swiemahogin. Pyrrolidine. Jatrophadiketone. Swietenolide acetate.) A. modulates P-gp 2009a). NC Arthritis. Proceranolide and its n-butyric derivative (Vanucci et al. Daucasterol. Stigmasterol. Jatrophalactone.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Methyl 6-hydroxyangolensate. barks of Khaya ivorensis. SS. Infusion.M. Ago (Ig) (Funke and Melzig. Syringaldehyde. 2013) 68 Khaya ivorensis Meliaceae African. 2012) 3-deacetylkhivorin.3. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Spirocurcasone. mahogany Madachi (H).Juss. Anti-tumour. Stem bark.7- trideacetylkhivorin.. 3-O- acetylswietenolide (Abdelgaleil et al. Seeds Maceration.. Anti-tumour. 3. β-amyrin. Fissinolide. of the stem bark Khayanoside (Zhang et al. J. enzymes (Martey et al. Seneganolide. Tomentin. 1992). SW.. or Red Ono (I) parasitic.. SW. microbial. 1-O. NC. Jatrophalactam. Anti. containing a mix of mahogany anemia. Taraxasterol. 11α. Fevers. Sickle Cell. Sitosterol. Catechin. Mitragyna stipulosa and acetoxy-2α-hydroxy-6. 3-deacetyl khivorin. (Ezuruike et al. Ezuruike. 2 enzymes GST and DDT 800 mg/kg) of the ethanol Excessive ejaculation. β-quercitrin (Olmo et al. 2001). 2009) 1998).. Geranyl isobutyrate. 2011).and deficient patients induced diabetic rats Tumours. the bark produced only a 4% Khayanolides D and E. 2007). Mexicanolide. Lelle SW Alpha glucosidase inhibitory Wound infection. Laali (Y).. activity of cytochrome enzymes (Dasgupta et al. (H) effects of the ethanol extract microbial. Splenomegaly. mice for 21days priest al. resulted in hemolytic (Inawati and Winarno. Germacrene D.. al. the oil extract of the seeds Methyl angolensate and its decreased blood glucose 6-hydroxy and 6-acetoxy levels by 20% after 2 h. Ezuruike. 2. 3-acetyl-7-keto khivorin. 2003) extract of the leaves for Emmenagog. skin lesions in G6PD sugar levels in alloxan. 6-deoxy destigloyl swietenine. 2. Lawsoniaside. 2011)§ Farnesene.M. 3-deacetyl khivorin (Govindachari and Kumari. the ethanol extract Xanthones. 2009). Tuberculosis. hydroxy-1-oxomeliac-14- U. Seneganolide. STDs. anemia (Kök et al. β- Elemene. 2-hydroxy mexicanolide. Linalool.3- dihydroxy-3- deoxymexicanolide. . Topical application to 2 weeks decreased blood diseases... Methyl 1α-acetoxy tri hydroxyl-2α-methoxy- 2β. Cadalene. formation of 4-glucosyloxy b5 reductase enzyme 2003)§ Daily administration pyretic. Scopoletin. Methyl cinnamate (Oyedeji et al. Benzaldehyde. Mehndi. β-Ionone. both in alloxan. Anti. Anti. Vomifoliol.6- (Momoh and Muhammed. 1. 2003). Mohammed. henna leaf extract to Egyptian's of the leaves (Prashanth et parasitic.. α. Hexenol. Methyl 1α-acetoxy tetra hydroxyl-3-oxo- tricyclomeliac-7-oate. In vitro (Sultana et Fatope. γ-Terpineol. 2001)§ Increased activity Nervous disorder. Isophytol... dihydroxy fissinolide. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Antioxidant effects (Atawodi enoate (Khalid et al. 14β-epoxy tricyclomeliac-7-oate.. 3β-hydroxy- 3-deoxymexicanolide. Ulcers. Anti. while B and C. Diarrhea. Jaundice.. 2002). 1988).Leaves Decoction Lawsone and gallic β-Sitosterol glucoside. 882 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Terpinolene. Skin (Siddiqui et al. Coumarins.. 1997) 70 Lawsonia Lythraceae Henna plant. Analgesic.2-dihydroxy. 2009) Lawsonicin. δ-3-Carene. Administration of inermis L.F. et al. Hepato. Luteolin resulted in increased of in-vivo antioxidant Arthritis. 1998). Lawsonadeem (Dasgupta et al.. decrease in blood glucose Khayanoside (Nakatani et levels after 2 h (Etuk and al. 2008)§ In vitro antioxidant Menorrhagia Isocaryophyllene. acid isolated from Gallic acid. Isoplumbagin. 2005).. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of (Zhang et al. Methyl-3β-acetoxy-6- induced diabetic rats. 3β- hydroxy-3-deoxycarapin. J. Bisabolene. (Hsouna et al. Sickle cell. inhibited the glucosides. Abortifacient. constituents of the plant Eugenol. δ- Cadinene. glycated protein naphthalene (Takeda and and the phase of graded doses (100– protective.. which derivatives (Abdelgaleil et increased to 60% after 8hrs al. Methyl 2004) effects of isolated salicylate. Fissinolide. Naphthalene. Khayanolides A. of the aerial parts Lalioside. Leucorrhoea. 2002) Caco-2 cell lines (Chieli extract of the leaves Violaxanthin dibutyrate.F.. Xanthophyll human liver inhibitory activity of the palmitic and myristic acid microsomes (Rodeiro et methanol extract of the esters (Pott et al. 2000). Scopoletin. Isoscopoletin.. Diarrhoea. Gbaguda or SE. risk of metabolic syndrome Galactosyl diacylglyceride.. Epicatechin. (Kamalu. 24β- ethyl cholest-4-enol. Fruits Gallocatechin. Palmitic and Stearic acids.. Anti. Stem bark extract of the L. β. and 3A4 enzymes of Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Neochrom. STDs. Tapioca Ege (Y). dose-dependent effects of the ethanol extract Anemia. of the leaves decreased blood Inflammation. Mangiferin and Isomangiferin gallate (Schieber et al. Lupeol. Berardini et al. Methyl of the plant showed Alpha glucosidase inhibitory Asthma. LeavesTubers Decoction β-Sitosterol glucoside. 2005) 72 Manihot Euphorbiaceae Cassava. al. but not helminthic. Esculetin. 1991). Acacetin. Arachidic. 2003). Malaria Mangiferin.. cyanidin (Arogba. Scabies. Gallic acid. Analgesic. Although intake of a esculenta Crantz. Propyl gallate.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. shown that it only Carotene (Bayoumi et al. bark extract also levels in alloxan-induced violaxanthin. β. Lawsoshamim.. 2010)§ Scopoletin. Behenic. Insomnia. Laxanthone I. cassava tuber rich diet Syn: Manihot or Abacha (I). Benzoic acid propyl ester activity in HK-2 and 2001)§ 200 mg/kg aqueous (Núñez Sellés et al.. gallate. Rhamnetin-3- O-glycoside. et al.. Akpu leaves in diet decreases the Burns. 2011)§ Scopolin. Apiin. mangiferin and glucose levels in normal and microbial. Hennadiol. Lawsone (2-hydroxy 1. Anti. effects for Cyp1A. Betulinic acid..and trans. Leaves Stem. Benzoic acid. 3. modulation of P-gp of the bark (Prashanth et al. p- Coumaric acid.. 2D Mohammed. Esters of Lawnermis acid (Chaudhary et al. Linolenic.. Catechin. experiments have (Tsumbu et al. J. has been implicated in utilissima Pohl Rogo (H) in Type-2 diabetic patients Galactocerebroside. Cosmosiin.. Apigenin glycosides. Kernel. norathyriol as well as in STZ-induced diabetic mice Menorrhagia. 2-methoxy-3-methyl naphthaquinone. 2010)§ and its glycosides. 2011) glucoside. 2009) The stem decreased blood glucose Carotene.4-naphtoquinone). aqueous extract of the leaves Ayapin. Gonorrhea. Oleic. Ezuruike.. Fraxetin. aggravates diabetes in 883 . Stigmasterol. Quercetin Raveesha. Ulcer Stigmast-4-en-3-one. U. 2001) Hypertension. 2003. Ellagic acid. II and III. pancreatitic diabetes Antioxidant effects of the Scoparone. Hennatannic acid. showed inhibitory diabetic rats (Etuk and Luteoxanthin. 2010) Trihydroxy acetophenone and naphthalene gluco- pyranosides (Hsouna et al. Umbelliferone. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Mannitol. Esculin. constituents (Aderibigbe et al. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Betulin. the aetiology of (Mvitu Muaka et al. SW Increased intake of cassava Arthritis. n-butyl its metabolite glucose loaded mice. 9-cis.4-dihydroxy benzoic quercetin.M. bark. 2009) Mutatoxanthin.Decoction Tannic acid. 2011) 71 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangoro SS. plant. 2009) leaves (Yogisha and Isomangiferin.. acid. Esculetin. Antiooxidant effects (Badmus Kaempferol-3-O- et al. SE 1 g/kg of the aqueous extract Malaria. . and recombinant GSTs. Fruit. Whole plant plant decreased sitosterol glucoside glucose fed and alloxan.. produced hypoglycaemic Goyasaponins.. Cucurbitacins. 2009). Anti. plant are co- transport into L6 myotubes Cucurbitanes.. MAP et al. 2008) Abortifacient fasted. Maceration. 2010) Bitter melon Ebe isiugwu SS Malaria Root Juice extract (Bi) 74 Momordica Cucurbitaceae Ejinrin-wewe SS 500 mg/kg aqueous leaf Malaria.. glucose levels in normal. Ulcer. cyanide content (Soto- and 40 -O-rutinoside. Stearic. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 2010). 884 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Myristic. et al. Ezuruike. 1 mg/kg foetidin 5. NW 10 ml/kg of the fruit juice Anti-helminthic. Erythrodiol. Oleic. as well as the activity of insulin levels and the Inflammation. Lauric.. Momorcharins. Linamarin. Luteolin. Burns. norcucurbitacin (Lee et al. Ascorbigen. 2009). Capric. Linoleic and Linolenic acids (Paul and Raychaudhuri. Octa. glucoside. Daddagu diabetic rats for 10wks Weight loss. Myristic. 2D6 islet cells. 2009)§ polypeptide. 1980). hypoglycaemic effect treated rats compared to Momordicines. β- induced diabetic rats Hypertension. levels of normal Hydroxyfriedel-6(7)-ene- (Osinubi et al. Esters.. 2004) Several Cycloartenols. Root. has been observed control. Ebe SW. (Es). 2010) Amentoflavone (Ola et al.. Dysentry. norcucurbitacins. Oleic.. Linoleic.. Daily administration of Anti-fertility.. U. Octadecanoic acid. Cyanidin and low-protein diets Delphinidin 3-O-(6″-O-α. high microbial. Galacturonic drugs (Nivitabishekam diabetic patients given and Pipecolic acids. Decoction isolated from the glucoside. J. Diosgenin. Gentisic.. (H) decreased blood glucose Abortifacient. Insecticidal. Malaria. organs due to high Rutin. Palmitic. Kaempferol-3-O. Vicine. human liver cytosols Bitter squash. Choline 1977) chloride (Olaniyi. There was Fevers. Caprylic. Caproic.. (Yessoufou et al. SS.F. 2010) Risk glucopyranoside) of toxic effects on (Byamukama et al. Anti. Foetidin. Leaves. 2006. cucumber. Flower. isiugwu (Bi). Colic Momordin. Anti. Manwa et al. Leaves. Seeds Juice extract Sugars of Cucurbitane leaves inhibited GST Bitter melon. 2009) extracts of the plant 30. Antioxidant effects alloxan-induced Stigmasterol-β-D- (Acquaviva et al. potentiated the jejunum in extract Momordicosides. Momordolol.25-stigmastadiene-ol- foetida (Y) extract decreased blood disorders. administered with (Ahmed et al. Charine. helminthic. but not Cyp 1A2. Palmitoleic. Lauric. β- Schumach. 1980) 73 Momordica Cucurbitaceae African Ejirin (Y). triterpenoids. when extracts of the the extract increased glucose Cucurbitins. Alcohols and Aqueous extract of the charantia L. enzyme in both rat and Bitter guord. known anti-diabetic clinical studies in type-2 Elaeostearic. Cucurbitacins (Chen et al. Momordenol.M. Kuguacins. 2009). Skin Trinorcucurbitacin. blood glucose (Marquis et al. 2013) rats (Marquis et al. 1990). 1977). . Ferulic acid. Multiflorinols. Decoction. Charantosides. GIT Fruit. Blanco and Górniak. P-insulin effects (Leung et al. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Arachidic. In vitro. Behenic and Lignoceric acids (Raja and Ramakrishna. rhamno pyranosyl-β. Karela levels and increased plasma infections. 2008) A the brush border vessicles of Momordicilin. Palmitic. Lotaustralin (Ogunsua.. and 3A4 (Appiah-Opong decreased glucose uptake by Charantins. Stem. Penta. Urakhanye extract to STZ-induced microbial. 5 μg/ml of Cryptoxanthin. but not 3-one. Goyaglycosides. Cyp 2C9 supersomes number of insulin positive Purgative. . 9-Hexacosene (Githinji et al. amino-pyrine Administration of 2 ml/kg of Hypertension. and its -2-O-β-D- gbolo (Y) amylase and lipase enzymes parasitic.f. Malaria. Ricinoleic. Roots. Memory propacin. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 2005).. 2011)§ Analgesic..Quercetin glycosides.7β- epoxy-8-epi-splendoside. 2-hydroxy-4- (Hook. 2011).. D-primeveroside β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D. Yüce et al. Caco-2 monolayers did Tahitian noni juices for 1-methoxy-2-formyl-3..... 2006. Propacin. Arthritis.7β-dihydroxyl- cucurbita-5. and Nilsen. Rutin. Wound healing. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 loss.F. 2001).M. Tumours.) Skeels African ginger orAghuma did not show any inhibition dysfunction. L-asperuloside. Asperulosidic. against pancreatic alpha Gonorrhea. Anti. anthraquinones.8-dihydroxy coumarin (Patnam et al. 3β. 2002 ). Maceration effects of the 1-O-octanoyl-β-D-gluco hepatitis (Millonig et al. Hexanoic acids diphosphoglucuronosyl by the 5th day post 2008) (Sang et al. mulberry. Anti. 6-methoxy-7. . Isirigun SW Aqueous extract of the roots Infertility. Root Infusion. from the butanol glucopyranoside (Wang et N-demethylase (APND) the fruit juice extract twice a Tuberculosis fraction of the al. hepatocytes both the methanol extract of roots Caproic. Anti. Loliolide (Neergaard et al. β-D-primeveroside glucopyranose. α and β-amyrin acetate (Watcho et al.23. the activity of uridine fasting blood glucose levels mice. Flower. Hemorrhoids. (Kamiya et al. the aqueous fruit extract Anti-microbial. 6-methoxy-7- hydroxycoumarin. 2005). Colds and Flu.. Nordamnacanthal. glucopyranose-(1-6)-O- (Etoundi et al. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde..Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 2005. Acubin. β-D-xylopyranoside spasmodic. increased the activity of and Verma. Mrzljak et al. 2000). enzyme of rat liver 2011)§ Antioxidant effects for Alizarin. (Mahfoudh et al. Scopoletin. Ezuruike. digoxin flux indicating prophylactic action against Citrifolinoside. Morenone-1 and 2.. indica decreased blood Inflammation. Immune Leaves damnacanthol-3-O. no modulation of P-gp alloxan-induced diabetes in Proxeronine (Wang et al. Cancer 5-chloropropacin. (Koorbanally et al. Bark. Citrofolinin A and glutathione-S- day to STZ-induced diabetic methanol extract at and B. 2010). 2000). Hypoglycemic 6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl). 6α- 885 hydroxyadoxoside.. 2009) 75 Mondia whiteii Apocynaceae White ginger. Caprylic and In vitro and ex vivo and ethyl acetate extract of Ursolic acids. 5-methoxy Inflammation. Decoction... enzymes and decreased in a significant decrease in induced diabetic Physcion. 2012) 76 Morinda Rubiaceae Indian SW 300 mg/kg of a mixture of Malaria. Anti.25-trien- 19-al. juice and digoxin in 150mg body weight of Morindone. β-sitosterol. Noni juice extract induced diabetic rats (Kumar Ulcers.3-methylbut-3-enyl 6-O. 2008) 6.. Kaempferol-3-O-β- D-glucopyranoside (Odeleye et al. Fruits. 2013) glucose levels in alloxan. not change the net 4 weeks resulted in a hydroxy anthraquinone. 2009) plant (Zin et al.. J. Decoction methoxy benzaldehyde orGbolo. transferase (UGT) administration (Nayak et al. Isovanillin. 2002)§ Rubiadin and its 1-methyl Co-incubation of noni Administration of 1ml/ ether. 2010)§ depressant. by noni juice (Engdal rats (Horsfal et al. Stigmasterol.8-dimethoxy-3-methyl anthraquinones 1-O-β- rhamnopyranosyl(1-4) β- D-glucopyranoside. pyranose and 1-O. and lucidin 3-O-β. Stems.. booster. Squalene. Erectile Stem. Octanoic. 2008). Kaempferol and transferase (GST) rats for twenty days resulted 100 mg/kg in STZ.. Risk of liver injury/ citrifolia L.hexanoyl-β-D. Noni alongside that of Coccinia helminthic. 6β. U. . monolayers of Caco-2 STZ-induced diabetic rats Wound ulcers. 2007)§ glucopyranosyl)benzyl]-1. Morindacin (Kamiya et al. tolerance in both normal spasmodic et al. 2012) (Olajide et al.15-dimethyl morindol.Cyt b5 enzymes as well Antioxidant effects O-α-D-glucopyranosyl as the antioxidant (Siddhuraju and Becker. Eze ogwu (I) methanol extract of the Anti-parasitic. Dried leaves derivatives from glycosides. Alizarin-1-methyl ether.. line INS-1 (Francis Niazirin. Oleanolic acidAqueous extract dose Benth. SW. Isoquercitrin... of the drumsticks Konamarade wistar and spontaneously rhamnopyranosyl) phenyl increased the activities (F) type-2 diabetic GK rats acetate. 2006) 1. 2003) (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) phenylacetonitrile. 6-hydroxy- anthragallol-1. N-[4-(β-D. high glucose Inflammation. the methanol acid. Hypertension. Vanillin. of hepatic Cyt P450 and (Ndong et al.. liver microsomes igbale or 2009)§ 200 mg/kg of the leaf disorders. thiocarboxamide. Pods Infusion. 5. inhibited Cyp3A4 egbu (I). β. Analgesic. 2008) Gbogbo-nise powder improved glucose stimulant. 2005). Roots. Anthragallol-1. SW Administration of the Malaria. SE.. Ewe. leaves moderately Oruwal (Lawal et al. digoxin across levels in both normal and menorrhea. 2012) inhibited Cyp3A4 and 3A7 enzymes respectively (Agbonon et al. Ezuruike. NC decreased blood glucose parasitic. cells (Oga et al. and 300 mg/kg (Jaiswal et al. Anti-cancer. Aqueous extract and Purpuroxanthin. (Monera et al. Insomnia. NC. 77 Morinda lucida Rubiaceae Brimstone tree Oruwo (Y). Oruwalol. (Cimanga et al. GR (Bharali et al. ml) inhibited the P-gp dependent (50-400mg/kg) Laxative.. ethanol extract of the Digitolutein. Soranjidiol. Leaves. 4-[(β-D.M. 2010) 0. Nordamnacanthal. Leaves. Anti. U. Hypertension. 1999) Munjistin. Deacetyl asperuloside. testosterone in human (Igala). Rutin (Ndong et al. GPx and 2003)§ glucopyranosyl)-(1-3). Asuperlosidic acid.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Borreriagenin.F. fed and STZ-induced diabetic Anemia.. Decoction Ursolic acid. pyretic.. Immune pancreatic β-cell Zeatin. Dehydro methoxygaertneroside. 886 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Damnacanthal. Anti...3-dimethyl ether. Anti-microbial. Diuretic Rubiadin. mediated transport of decrease in plasma glucose Jaundice. Purgative. 2004) Methyl 2. stimulated insulin Rhamnetin. Lucidin. Anti. Stem. Niazicin A. β-sitostenone. Aqueous extract of the leaves Antimicrobial. 1-O- phenyl-α-L-rhamno pyranoside. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Deacetylasperulosidic acid.5 mg/ml aqueous extract of the leaves inhibited the activity of the recombinant GST M1-1 enzyme by 470%. dependently (1-20mg/ leaves produced a dose helminthic. Morindin. Chlorogenic extracts of the leaves tree. 4-hydroxymellin. Anthragallol-2- methyl ether. extract of the fruits 2007).4-(α-L. Morindone-5- methyl ether. 2008) 78 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Drumstick Zogale (H). GIT release from the sitosterol. orHorseradish Okwe-oyibo NW. hydroxylation of Gergedi rats at doses between 100 Aphrodisiac. Moringa or Okochi levels in normal.enzymes GST. Diuretic.3-dimethyl ether. but not those of rat and human liver cytosols (Appiah-Opong et al.. Isolated benzyl Quercetin and Kaempferol Aqueous and methanol Lam. Oligo. bark Methylether alizarin. J. Methyl N-(4 [(40 -O-acetyl-α-L- . Anti. Hydroalcoholic extract (Y). 8. Maceration 1978). α-acetyl increased plasma insulin amyrin.4R)-2-hydroxy diabetic rats and increased methyl-3.4-dihydroxy the number of β-cells in the pyrolidine-N- islets of the pancreas propionamide.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 2″. the plant inhibited Cyt alloxan-induced diabetic Inflammation. 2012) defatted ethanol extract of alpha glucosidase Mahaninebicine. the intestinal mucousa as Roseoside II. microbial (Nomura et al. while chloroform parasitic leaves decreased Byakangelicol. 2001). galactopyranosyl- 2008)§ Ingestion of the leaf calystegine B2.M. Steppogenin-40 -O- β-D-glucosiade. Xanthotoxin. Anti. 2C9.10- . methyl p- hydroxybenzoate.. Moracin M (Zhang et al. Cyclomorusin. 2011)§ Eudraflavone-B Antioxidant effects (Yen et hydroperoxide.. microsomes (Pao et al. Powdered Administration of Indicolactone. Emollient. Oxy al. Infusion. Isomorusin. 2D6 and 3A4 (Adebajo et al. 887 diabetic rats and Antioxidant (Dineshkumar et Bismahane. sucrose fed rats (Oku et al. activity in human liver dissacharidase enzymes of Scopolin. Mulberroside A. β. 2005) dose-dependent Bismurrayafoline. Diarrhoea. extract of the leaves U. Kuwanons K and L showed an insignificant (Hansawasdi and Kawabata. glucose levels.. 1-Deoxynojirimycin or 2006)§ 400 and 600 mg/kg Moranoline and its ethanol extract of the leaves derivatives. Isogosferol.. Stem leaves as mahanimbine indicolactone.) Spreng. Sweet neem and leaves did not Stimulant. levels (Tanabe et al. glucose tolerance and Mulberroside C. Seed. Gosferol. Fruit. J. Skimmin.. O-methyl the leaves in STZ-induced inhibitory effect mahanine. They extract of the stems and blood glucose Isobyakangelicol.. Leaves. 2001).F.6β- extract by KK-Ay mice as part dihydroxynortropane of the diet decreased blood (Asano et al. Bark Decoction. P450 enzymes in rat rats. 2009b) 80 Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Curry tree. Mahanine. decreased blood glucose Calystegin B1 and B2. 2007) 79 Morus alba L. spice. Ezuruike. SW Methanol extract of the stem Dysentry..3R. Hypoglycaemic effect of alpha amylase and Euchrestine B. Compound A (Taro et al. Anti-venom. Isomahanine. 1983). O-[20 - hydroxy-30 -2″-heptenyl oxy)]-propyl undecanoate. 2012) well as decreased post. Anti. leaves as well as significantly decrease blood Hypertension. 4-O-α-D- (Mohammadi and Naik. improved Moralbanone... Anti... Cyp 3A4 enzyme against rat and human Isoquercitrin. 1997).. also showed dose- isolated constituents levels in STZ. enzymes (Pandit et al. Lechianone G (Du et al. dependent inhibitory decreased glucose mediated induced diabetic Byakangelicin (Adebajo effects against Cyp 1A2. isolated from the Anisolactone (Adebajo et isolated constituents of glucose levels in normal and microbial. 2000). insulin release from INS cells rats and had a and Reisch. Benzyl D. Leaves. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl] carbamate. Decoction petroleum ether al. 3β.3″-epoxy Methanol extract of the (L. dose dependent (2– 2006)§ The leaf extract carotene. liver microsomes. A sodium chloride mulberry effects of the aqueous extract Laxative. Kuwanon S. NW.. Neobyakangelicol. glucopyranoside (Doi et prandial glucose levels in al. Morusin. 1996). Fagomine. Methyl N-4- [(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) benzy] carbamate.. Moringine. α-tocopherol 6 mg/ml) inhibition of showed inhibitory effects (Yen et al. levels in STZ-induced (2R. Astragalin. 2003). 1996)§ dihydromorusin.. Moringinine (Anwar et al. fraction of the Phellopterin. Moraceae White Alpha glucosidase inhibitory Anti-helminthic. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 of the leaves in Caco-2 cells Molluscicidal. Campesterol. Dose et al. Linolenic and Oleic acids. 2005). 2003) dependent hypoglycaemic II. Murrayaquinone-A. 1999). Emenolone (Luis et al.. PIII (Ningappa and Srinivas.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant effects (Arulselvan and al. 2013) Koenimbine. Bispyrayafoline increase in glucose (Tachibana et al. 2002) . 2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) naphthalic anhydride. 2010) At a tetrahydro dihydro Subramanian. 1975). U. 1. 2000). 24-ethyllophenol (Ghosal. 2009) and STZ-induced (Singh and Sanwal. Sitosterol effect of the methanol extract gentiobioside. Leuco-anthocyanidin (Lewis et al.F.. pharmacokinetics if co- al.. Fruit As a meal. Myo- of the mature fruits in inosityl-β-D-glucoside. Trimethyl-5α. control (Dinesh Isomahanimbine. utilization in 3T3. 2007)§ concentration of tetramethyl bis(4-methyl- 1 mM. 2006). Adewunmi. 1993).10bR)-8-hydroxy- 3-(4-hydroxy phenyl)-9- methoxy tetra hydro naphtopyran. L1 cells compared Grinimbine. 2003) Citrostadienol. 2008) 81 Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Plantain Ogede (Y). 1972). 1983). PI.. Ayaba (H) decreased blood glucose (Knapp et al. with untreated Murrayanine.6(E)-dien-3- one (Jang et al. III and IV. methanol extract of the root Ulcers Juice extract ergost-24(28)-en-3β-ol present in the plant has sapientum L.. Murrayazolidine. 24-methyl quinolone antibiotics. Myristic.. Hypertension. Mahanimbilyl and Grinimbilyl acetate. Mahanimbilol. Leucocyanidin. combination with the leaves cycloartanol. α.M.4aR. diabetic mice (Ojewole and Cycloartenol... Polyvalent cations L. Irenolone. 14α-methyl cyclo-5α.7- bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) hepta-4(E). Rel- (3S. et al. Linoleic. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Murrayazoline. Syn: Musa Banana Abrika (I). Bicyclomahanimbiline (Adebajo et al. complexes with diabetic rats singly and in Cycloeucalenol.. 2003). 1985).. 888 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. PII. normal and STZ-induced Sitosterol. Ezuruike.. Polyphenol oxidase (Yang et al. J. 31-nor cyclo thus affecting their of Coccinia indica (Mallick et laudenone.. 2007)§. as well as in vivo cholesta-dien-3β-ol (Dutta administered (Nwafor antioxidant effects. Mahanimbine (Adebajo et al. mangniferin 3-pentenyl)-bipyrano showed 2-fold carbazole. Hydroxy anogorufone. been shown to form levels in alloxan (Adewoye et glucan phosphorylase non-absorbable al..2-dihydro- trihydroxy-9-(4-methoxy phenyl) phenalene. Sitoindoside I. Kumar et al. SW 250 mg/kg aqueous and Anemia. 1. Girinimbilol. Lauric.. Murrayacine. Palmitic. p- a (1:1:1) decoction mix of the Cymene. (Ajibade et al. vegetable Cirsimaritin. ex Benth. glucuronide. Quercetin-3- O-rutinoside... caused dose-dependent neonatal STZ-induced Analgesic. amygdalina. Kaempferol 3-O. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Aguiyi et al. (400–3200 mg/kg) diabetic rats (Oguanobi et al. Anti. SWa. Caffeic acid. Anti. Xanthomicrol. Methyl isothiazole. Dimethyl disulfide and trisulfide. 1985) 84 Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae African locust Iru (Y). Indole. Trimethyl oxazole. 2010).) G. Wound rutinoside. Food al. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside.. Caffeoyl derivatives. 2006) helminthic Homogalacturonan. 2-Pentyl furan.. other catechin derivatives in alloxan-induced diabetic plasmodial. African basil. Ugba SW Diet supplementation with Hypertension. 2009) 83 Parinari Chrysobalanaceae Mobola plum Ebere (Y) Significant blood glucose Malaria. Myricetin- 3-O-rhamnoside. SS. γ-Murolene. Rosmarinic OGTT (Ejike et al.Don beanSoumbala (I). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 82 Ocimum Lamiaceae Scent leaf. subjects 45 min before an Cichoric acid. Kaempferol- 3. Quercetin- (Ogbonnia et al. Catechin-O- (H) resulted in 460% decrease in microbial. 2012) glucose levels in normal and (Grayer et al. Cold symptoms. 2000). Anti. Efirin (Y).. 1997). markers effects (Akinmoladun et al. Isothymusin. Limonene..8-Cineole. Infusion Epicatechin. Snake venom. J.. Anisole.. Nchonwu (I). Root.. alloxan-induced diabetic rats Thymol. of hepatotoxicity 2010) (Awah and Verla 2010) repellent. SE. kg of the aqueous ethanolic STDs. Nevadensin (Ola et al. extract of the leaves Mint Daidoya (H) tolerance in normal and parasitic. (Tala et al. Infant colic Vitexin. Luteolin 5-O. Kaempferol-3- O-glucoside. Insect Vicenin-2. α-Copaene. 1. Anxiolytic. 2013). rats (Odetola et al. 15-Oxozoapatlin and its curatellifolia lowering effects of 250 mg/ Epilepsy.. Luteolin..M.4- Dihydro-2-methyl 889 . Root. Onaolapo and of the leaves decreased blood Quercetin 3-O-glucoside Onaolapo. the aqueous and methanolic Analgesic. 400 mg/kg methanol extract helminthic. Hemorrhoids.F. leaves of Vernonia Geraniol.. 2000) 150 ml of Cirsiliol. Anti. preadministered to normal 2001). Oleanolic acid (Njoku et Aqueous and ethanol gratissimum L. Dysentry. Myricetin-3-O-galactoside (Coradin et al. Leaves Infusion. gallate-O-glucuronide and fasting blood glucose levels Fevers.. 4. normal subjects when Spathulenol (Vieira et al. NW the leaves improved glucose Anti-microbial. Isovitexin. Arabinogalactan. 2012. α-Camphene. Anti. Quercetin-3-O- rhamnoside. Ocimum γ-terpinene. Ezuruike. Leaves. enzyme levels. 2008b) 3-O-glucosyl galactoside. γ- blood glucose levels in Selinene. 1996). increase in AST and ALT 2012) In vitro antioxidant healing.. U. 2013) acid. and 7-O-glucosides. Quercetin-3- alloxan-induced diabetic rats O-arabinoside. Malaria. gratissimum and Gongronema Terpinolene. γ-terpineol. Toothache. Rhamnogalactans and Xylogalactans (El-Zoubair. latifolium decreased baseline Methylchavicol.4-di-O-glucoside and glycoside. bark 13-methoxy and 13- Planch. 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of Diarrhoea. Eugenol. Seeds. Kaempferol- 3-O-rutinoside. Diarrhoea. Anti-cancer hydroxy derivatives (Lee extract of the seeds in et al. Bark Gallocatechin-O- Dawadawa extract of the seeds (6 g/kg) Inflammation.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Rutin. (Jacq. Inflammation. Pyrazine derivatives. γ-Caryophyllene. Hepato.. and protective effect on 2005). α. Epicatechin-3-O-gallate. 2001)§ Kumar and Kuttan. (Appiah-Opong et al..2.and β-pinene.. Dropsy. glucose levels of rats fed a cholesterol. activity of Cyp3A4. Persin ((Z. 1-O-galloyl-2. Hypoglycaemic effect of the Hypertension.and β-cubebene. 2006) Dose ulcers. enzyme supersomes dependent (150-600mg/kg) Analgesic. 3A5 and 3A7 and leaves showed a dose. Corilagin.. (Foo. Isoferuloyl alkanoyl glycerol.. (del Refugio Ramos et al. acid. 2009) 12. Leaves. 1993). 2010) decrease in fasting blood Jaundice.. α-humulene. and 3A7 enzyme Eben high-cholesterol diet (Brai et Inflammation.. 1995). 2002)§ No Phyllanthin. Gallocatechin. Diarrhoea. Infusion Akuammicine Pseudo-akuammidine. Amariinic (Agbonon et al. digalloylglucopyranose. Astragalin. Hypo. al. Gallic Cyp3A4.. Anti. Spathulenol (Ogunbinu et al. 1. extracts of the aerial Carry me seed. et al.. Whole plant Decoction Geraniin.2. 4-O-methyl-epi- gallocatechin. Amariin. Wound nonadecane derivatives. Epi-dihydrophaseic acid β. Sabinene. Eyin olobe (Y) SW Antioxidant effects of Fevers. Gastric dehydro hexahydroxy whole plant inhibited (Adeneye et al. Valencene. Repandusinic acid plasmids as well as GST levels by methanol extract in A. Gastric ulcer. Feruloyl lignoceryl glycerol. glucopyranoside. Epigallocatechin-3-O- gallate.4-trihydroxy supersomes (Agbonon mbakara (Ef). constituents (Londhe et al. stembark extract . Alligator pear Ube oyibo (I).. Dotriacntanyl observed with the for 1 week as a substitute to docosanoate. (Ouoba et al. Kidney disorders diphenoyl glucopyranose the activity of Cyp 1A2. 2006) Hypertension. 2006) 87 Apocynaceae Akuamma Abere (Y).. 1.. Quercetin-3-O.. Analgesic. Anti. 2004). isolated from the Akuammiline. D-glucoside.4-trihydroxy heptadec- of the seeds in normal and Arthritis. SS Administration of 10 mg/kg Anemia. glycosidic fraction (250mg/ Anesthesia.6. 400 mg/kg of the plant Osu-igwe. 2010) Piya (H) effect of the aqueous extract healing. J. 2002). Trimethyl pyrazole. Malaria. 1. 2008) α-amylase inhibitory Anti-viral.. 2007) 86 Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Pick-a-back. 3A5 or Ipia (Y). 2006) confirmed in vivo (Hari drugs (Moshi et al.Z)-1- pancreatic islet cells (Edem et (acetyloxy)-2-hydroxy- al.. Ringworm. Caryophyllene oxide. 16-ene and heptadec-16- alloxan-induced diabetic rats Insecticidal yne derivatives (Abe et al. Diuretic.4.Seeds. Ezuruike. parts of the plant Black catnip effects (Ali et al. Hydroxy leaves inhibited the Igba or Apoka for 8weeks decreased plasma Hypertension. evidence of a hypoglycaemic phyllanthin. Cancer. Epigallocatechin (Tringali et al. Aqueous and Ethanol amarus Stone breaker. Geraniinic 2C9.. Triacontanol methanol extract and their oral hypoglycaemic (Ali et al. Gonorrhoea. Root. High Bark. 2007) Hypoglycaemic Convulsions. Rutin. Fruit abscisic acid β-D-glucoside.. inhibited the activity of Aqueous extract of the seeds microbial. 1995) α. Inflammation. human liver cytosols (Raphael et al.. 890 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant thiazole. cis-γ. Aqueous extract of the glucose levels of normal rats protective. 2005).and δ-cadinene. Phyllanthusiin D (Yeap enzyme in rat and alloxan-indued diabetic rats Foo. Lupeol. Amarulone.M. aqueous extract of the leaves microbial. Cough.15-heneicosadien-4- one) (Oelrichs et al. 2D6 and 3A4 kg) decrease in blood sugar acid B. effect on Cyt P450 NIDDM patients taking 25 g Ursolic acid. Quercetin 2008) The inhibitory effect was observed with (Rajeshkumar et al. Ube bekee or SE. Germacrene D. acid. dependent (200–1000 mg/ elaeocarpusin. 2000) U. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 85 Persea americana Lauraceae Avocado pear. β- caryophyllene. Ethanol extract of the Mill. Ferulic acid.F. Oleanolic enzymes was also of the powdered extract daily acid. Oral inhibitors (Guasch lupeol (Fannang et al. Root.. NW 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of Malaria. α. Angustoline.. 2008) U. al. Pneumonia. Angustine. Purgative Yohimbine. 19-epi. Hypertension. rats (Kouitcheu Mabeku 2010). 2010) Bever. Jaundice. effects characterized by and H. of isosandwichine stigmasterol. SW. Reserpine. the leaves decreased blood Anti-infective. Leaves methyl strictosamide human serum albumin. xylose and arabinose perbenzoates. et al. 21-O-ethyl which could in turn Nauclea latifolia induced diabetic rats but not Infertility strictosamide aglycone. A. 2011) 89 Sarcocephalus Rubiaceae African peach Ubulu inu (I) SE.Bruce.. SE. Bark.. Glycerol and D-Erythriol 891 .F. 2011) 88 Rauvolfia Apocynaceae African or Asofeyeje (Y). the leaves in normal and AsthmaTrypanosomiasis Seeds. chloroform extract Melinosime.Durand SS alloxan-induced diabetic rats Fruit rind stimulated glucose Picra-phylline. root potential DPP-IV acid. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 glycoside (Jacques et al.. Stem. Maceration. 2007) uptake in 3T3-L1 Akuammigine. In silico prediction Lupeol. the fruit and Rauvolfia Sedative. blood vessels (Fakeye et extract of the leaves et al. Anti-parasitic. Skin Leaves Powdered and ajmaline as acid.. Anti. 21-O. Quinovic to the oral or intraperitoneal acid-3β-O-α-L-rhamno administration of 2 g/kg pyranoside. Palmitic decreased serum glucose infections. antioxidant effects (Teugwa deoxyakuammine. Decoction. Ezuruike. 1986). Root.Durand Otosu (I) NW. protein bound drugs if effect of 200 mg/kg ethanol 19-O-ethyl angustoline.. Stem-bark. of the seeds Picracine... SS 875 mg of a mix of extracts of Mental disorders. 2012) 2011). extract of the fruit rind levels in STZ-induced Picraline. RC Naringin (Campbell-Tofte tea given daily for 4 months et al. kg) of the methanol extract of Jaundice. 2012) (Abreu and Pereira. Syn: glucose levels in alloxan. 2008) In vitro pyranose. Rheumatism. decreased tissue lipid Aphrodisiac. β-Sitosterol (Gidado et al. Picratidine. 10. Nauclefine. necrotic damage (Okonta and Aguwa. glucosidase inhibitory effects Scopoletin. 2005). 3β-hexadecanoyloxy- levels in diabetes type parasitic. Hypoglycaemic effect in Penta-O-benzoyl-α-D- alloxan-induced diabetic rats fructo furanose. Tetra-O- antioxidant effects (Awah et benzoyl-β-D-fructo al. Ajmaline.. type-2 diabetic patients. 2006) Serpentine In a pilot clinical study in Apigenin rhamnoside.. Akuammidine. Sitosterol. J. 2001). 2013) preadministered to rats prior naucleidinal. Betulinic snakeroot Wadda (H) vomitoria foliage (RC tea) Snake bites. aglycone. Quinovic acid- glucose and alpha 3β-O-β-D-fucopyranoside. Strictosamide binds to latifolius (Sm.. 2011) decreased post prandial and fasting plasma glucose levels with greater effects seen in patients with HbA1c levels o 7.. Stem-bark. Coumesan et al. accumulation (Campbell et Ajmalicine. availability of highly 2005) Anti-hyperglycaemic Angustidine.. ψ-akuammigine administered daily for diabetic mice and In vitro (Okunji et al. Hypertension. NC..and β-D- pyranose forms of glucose. Alstonine. β- vomitoria Afzel.M. 6 weeks elevated AST. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Picralima nitida Mkpokiri or SW. al. Root. co-administered (Pu et extract of the leaves Naucleidinal. 2012) pyranose. Akuammine. Indian Akanta (I).3% (Campbell-Tofte et al..Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 2 model db/db mice and also infections. 2004) Methanol decreased blood glucose Picranitidine. ALT and GSH levels in et al. al. Maceration Strictosamide. Penta-O- and icreased activity of benzoyl-β-D-fructo glucose metabolising furanose. congestion of hepatic 300 mg/kg hydro-ethanol adipocytes (Shittu Akuammicine (Oliver.) E. affect the bio- normal rats (Gidado et al. Penta-O- enzymes (Iwueke and benzoyl-β-D-fructo Nwodo. Ursolic acid. produced hepato-toxic (Stapf) T. Alstonine. 2013b)§ Burnamine (Shittu et al. 2010). of antioxidant enzymes 2002)... Pesticide. scutellarin... 2004. aqueous extract of the leaves Abortifacient. 2008) 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy well as decreased levels benzoate (Jayasekara et al.. increasing expression and Dulcidiol. 6-methoxy flavonoid rich fraction of the benzoxazoline (Hayashi et aqueous extract of the aerial al. Scoparinol. Seeds Infusions. Scopadiol decanoate. Scoparol (30 -O-methyl broomweed (H). Root. 1990). levels and protected against Sorbifolin (Ahmed and diabetes induced oxidative Jakupovic. Lumiflavin kg aqueous extract (H). Glutinol. Sedative and C.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant perbenzoates. effect in STZ-induced diabetic Benzoxazolinone.. Scopadulciol. Scopadulcic acid A Bibimbelemo hypoglycaemic effect in and B (Hayashi et al.5. increased plasma insulin Betulinic acid. 2004)§ A Acacetin. for 45 days produced a dose InflammationAnalgesic. Methyl intra-peritoneally for 14 (I) dependent (50–800 mg/kg) microbial. Plantaginaceae Sweet Roma-fada NC Administration of the Anti-infective. Betulinic acid (Yinusa et al.5-dihydroxy. (Costa et al. 4-epi- translocation of the GLUT4 scopadulcic acid B. Infusion. Scoparoside Mesen. as well as a disorders. the whole plant also 1990).. Latha et al. Tetra-O- benzoy-fructo furanoside (Abreu et al. Benzyl salicylate. bark Leaves. 2007) hypoglycaemic effect of the hydroxy benzoate). Amellin (Oliver-Bever. stress (Latha and Pari. (Ahsan et al. Methyl vanillate. rats. receptor (Beh et al. 2001). Gastric 1986).. Analgesic. 2009). Tinctures. Scopadiol (Ahsan et al. side.6-dihydroxy rats administered 2 mg/ magunguna activity in-vitro (Funke and Anti-pyretic. 1988) U.F. Adrenaline. Inflammation. alkaline and acid normal and STZ-induced methoxybenzoate. J... Dulcinodal.7. Scoparic acid A. 2006) Dose. 2012) 90 Scoparia dulcis L. 2012) 91 Securidaca Polygalaceae Violet tree. HIV. 1992). days (Dapar et al. Quercetin (Beh et al.6. Apigenin. 1996). Sickle cell. Aiya (I). Ezeogwu Melzig. Elevated levels of serum aqueous root bark extract in Methyl-2-hydroxy-6. Benzyl. 2010) . hepatotoxic effects in Fresen violet Uwar slight inhibition of α-amylase Cough. Dulcinodiol. SE An extract of the root in Erectile dysfunction. Hispidulin (4. paraben. Convulsions salicylate (Methyl-2. mesen gogoro dependent (150–450 mg/kg) Anti-tumour.7- trihydroxy-6-methoxy flavone) (Osei-Safo et al. Iso-dulcinol.8-penta (Ajiboye et al.. Powders benzoate. Methyl 2. the liver and kidney 2. B (Ef) after an OGTT. Ezuruike. Stem. Whole plant Decoction luteolin). produced a hypoglycaemic Dulcinol. plant increased glucose Noradrenaline (Freire et uptake in cells possibly by al. Bronchitis. SW. Securidaca such as GSH and SOD in xanthone (1. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Ij) alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Friedelan-3-one. Methyl Nephrotoxic and longipedunculata Rhodesian Sanya or buffer solution produced Arthritis. Tumours. Leaves. (Y)Ndiyang decrease in glucose levels Hypertension. Anti.. Luteolin. (Pari and Venkateswaran. 2002)§ 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of Scopadulin (Hayashi et al... (glycosyl scopanol). Decoction. Ipeta (Y).. 1991).3.M. P-coumarin. 2003). NE. phosphatase levels as diabetic rats (Ojewole. 892 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 2010)§ Scopanolal. β- sitosterol-β-D-gluc. 2004). Leaves.4- dihydroxy-7-methoxy xanthone. p-cymene. Ferulic. Chlorogenic. 2004) microbial. α-resorcylic. 0. Senegenin. 2008). and Ringworm (Mensah et al. 1998) 93 Senna alata (L. ethyl salicylate (Adebayo et al. P-coumaric acid. Aphrodisiac.5- di-O-caffeic acid. et al.) K. 1. Alpha glucosidase Linalool.. kaempferol and its Daucosterol.. Measles. Apigenin (Muanda et al. 2007). 2D6 and 3A4 2013) Adenine. Inflammation isolated from the Dalbergin. Elymoclavine.8-cineole. 1. Caffeic acid. Leaves. healing.6.. Bark the flavonoids sitosterol. Dehydroelymoclavine. β-D-(6- sinapoyl)- glucopyranoside. Senegenic acid. supersomes but not 2C9 Sennosides. 2006). 4. J.M. Quercetin. Vanillic. 3. α-cadinol. as al.) Leguminosae Ringworm Asunwon SW De-fatted methanol extract of Purgative. Homoprotocatechuic. Cassiaxanthone. Pentadecanal. 2010) 92 Secamone afzelii Apocynaceae Secamone. Coumaric. Ezuruike. inhibition of GST levels in STZ-induced Hypertension.5 mg/ml aqueous Roxb. Purgative. 2. Candle oyibo (Y) the leaves gave a slight dose. Pods.5-tri- O-caffeoyl quinic acid. Decoction. p-hydroxyphenylacetic.Schum. α-terpineol. Protocatechuic. α. Caffeic. its 3-O-gentiobioside and 2008). Eczema. Cinnamic acid. Sinapic acid (Meyer et al..7 tri-O. p-hydroxybenzoic. well as inhibited Cyp (Varghese et al. Ringworm.6-dihydroxy xanthone.. rat liver cytosols and normal rats (Palanichamy et methanol extract of methyl ellagic acid. Methyl salicylate. Gallic acid. 2. Colic. Snake Flower. Stigmasterol. 2009). p.3. Epicatechin. Ailu (Y) SW In vitro antioxidant effects Hemorrhoids. Anti. 1A2.) bush dependent (100–400 mg/kg) bites.. Chlorogenic acid. extract of the leaves alata (L. Stems. hydroxybenzoic acid.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. showed 470% decrease in blood glucose Constipation. Synapic. Analgesic. β. O-hydroxyphenylacetic and Salicylic acids (Nowak and Kawka..F. Juice extract inhibitory effects of Borneol. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant methoxyxanthone). 3-O-gentiobioside dimethoxy bezoquinone. 6-methoxy salicylic acid and its methyl ester. recombinant GSTs. 1988)§ the leaves Torachrysone. Alarone. STDs Syryngic... Pruritus. Root. plant Dysentery. Stem. (Appiah-Opong et al. Wound Whole plant Gentysic.7-dimethoxy xanthone. Securidacaside A and B (Stevenson et al. enzymes in human and diabetic rats but not in infective.. 2-hydroxy-1. Cassia plant. Anti. β-D-(3- sinapoyl)-fructofuranosyl- α-D-(6-sinapoyl)-gluco pyranoside (Meli Lannang U.. Maceration Alpha tocopherol (Mensah (Roem. Syn. 893 .4. Alatonal. Rutin. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 et al. Schult. 1. Kaempferol.and β-pinene. 2009) Constipation. Chrysophanol.. Vitexin. diabetic rats (Verma et al. Alquinone. Anti-microbial. Occidentalins... glycosides from senna of the islet cells of the Obtusifolin. animals (Vashishtha et al.) or Rai dore leaves 6. Aloe- emodin and its 8-O-β- glucoside. β-sitosterol (Yadav et al. Pods. Lupeol. Rere (Y). Apigenin.2-dihydroxy-7. Chrysophanol.M. myoencephalopathy in (I) produce any hypoglycaemic Hepato-protective. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. (Cassia (H).. 1. Rhein. the diet of STZ-induced Purgative. Cassiamin A. Syn: Cassia glucose levels by 53% in Gonorrhea.1- bi-4. Xanthorine. Germichrysone. Anti. Analgesic.8- dihydroxy anthraquinones.40 -tri methoxyflavon-5-O-β-D- allopyranoside. Matteucinol. Heartburn. Chrysophanol. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 anthraquinones (Hennebelle et al. Metterucinol-7-O-α-L- rhamnoside. (Vanderperren et al. Rhamnosides.. obtusin. 3. Ingestion of the seeds occidentalis (L. 2009) Possible risk effect of 200 mg/kg aqueous Linoleic.3. 7-methyltorosachrysone. 2010) 94 Senna Leguminosae Coffee senna Sanga-sanga NW. Apigenin (Okpuzor et al. SW Incorporation of the dry Inflammation. GIT acid.25% by weight into pyretic. Physcion and its 1- O-glucoside. Seeds Emodin. Ezuruike.40 .. Physcion. Pinseline. Chrysophanic children and is also effect after 9 days of Insecticidal. Oleic. Adenine. Anti.F. Naringin. Malaria. (Etuk and Mohammed. Root. and II. . N-methyl morpholine. Quercetin. (beans) has been shown Synonym. physcion. J. Malaria. administration of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Singueanol-I goratensis alloxan-induced diabetic rats Convulsions. Luteolin. 894 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Linolenic and of renal impairment extract of the leaves was Lignoceric acids. Chryso. Isochrysophanol. Helminthosporine. Wound Cassiamin A. Aurantiobtusin. known to be toxic to treatment (Swanston-Flatt et ailments Chrysoeriol. 1. Questin. Leaves.20 -dimethyl anthraquinones. Chrysoeriol-7-O- and Rhamnetin-3-O. 1. 2010) 95 Senna singueana Leguminosae Golden Runfu (H) 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of Inflammation. Chrysarobin. Aloe-emodin. 2009). Decoction Achrosin. Funiculosin. 2005) 2010)§ Rubrofusarin.5. to cause acute hepato- occidentalis) Akede-agbara diabetic mice did not tumour. anthraquinones as well as partial restoration Kaempferol.(2″- O-β-D-manno pyranosyl)- β-D-allopyranoside. 2009) In vitro antioxidant effects (Akinmoladun et al. 1989)§ Hypoglycaemic Galactopyranosyl.. Singueanol. Methylgermitorosone. Germichrysone. shower the leaves decreased blood Analgesic..8-trihydroxy-2-methyl U. Rhein. Leaves Decoction Torosachrysone. 7-methyl (Delile) Lock. al. Cassiolin. Campesterol.8.50 -tetrahydroxy- 2. Occidentalols. with chronic observed in both normal and Islandicine. fat diet followed by 0. Benzyl O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D- glucopyranoside. Syphillis. 2006) (Lin et al. Stigmasterol. 1988) misnamed glucose levels in both normal Hypertension. 1988). 2011)§ 250 mg/kg Pelagornidin. In addition. Roots Juice extract (Gbile and Adesina. Ezuruike. Fevers. Ursolic acid. Gentisic. antioxidant effects (Afify et Luteolin. Anti-viral.. Astragalin. prior to an oral glucose Kaempferol. Snake bites. Stigmasterol- food consumption β-D-glucoside. 2011)§ In vitro acids. β-sitosterol. Kaempferol glucosides.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. inhibitory effects (Farrar et Anti-microbial Infusion acid.M. al. Ferulic (Chung et al. rats. Leaves. Veratric. Caffeic. (Sudheesh et al. Solanum and STZ-induced diabetic fungal. β-resorcylic. condiment...o. effect of steroidal Aubergine Mafowo. Homogentisic and 895 . 2013) solasoline. 2012) 96 Solanum Solanaceae Garden egg Osun (Y). Fisetinidin. extract decreased weekly Incanumine.. Fruit Soup Polyphenol oxidase (Fujita Possible inhibitory melongena L. serum glucose and increased Gallic. 2001) 98 Sorghum bicolor Poaceae Sorghum Okababa or SW In vitro protein glycation Malaria. Benzoic. 2012)§ Protocatechuic. Trans-p- leaves to normal volunteers coumaric acid.and 1% sorghum meal (Park et al. Juice extract Solanidine (Keeler et al. Cholesterol receptors in rats fed a high (Awika and Rooney.. m-coumaric. Analgesic. SE. Vanillic. Procyanidin B1. 1999) Low Sedative.. Leaves. α. sensitivity due to increased Sitosterol. Taxifolin. Sinapic (L. 2003) 97 Solanum Solanaceae African Igbagba or SW. Solasodine. Lubiminol. p. SW The root and fruit extracts Convulsions. 2009) acids. expression of PPARγ Campesterol. Syringic.. 2012) Improved insulin Eriodictoyl. Quercetin. serum insulin levels in Chlorogenic. alkaloids like solanidine bomonu (I) glucosidase inhibitory effects Skin diseases. Solamargine. Delphinidin on drug transport due and In vitro antioxidant tonic (Nagase et al.. Anara (I) (200 mg/kg) decreased blood Flatulence. 2000b) Solavetivone.. α-solamargine multi-drug resistant (Sánchez-Mata et al. al. Poroporo (Y).5% and 2004).. J. Leuco- pelargonidin (Gebrelibanos. to interaction with effects (Nwanna et al. Isorhamnetin glucosides.) Moench. Khasianine (Musabayane et al. Eggplant. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Administration of 50 g of the Chlorogenic acid. Quercetin glucosides (Lin et al.. incanum L. Naringenin. Anemia.. Fevers. β-sitosterol. Epicatechin gallate. caudatum) Jero (H) α-glucosidase inhibitors Luteolinidin. SS in vivo antioxidant effects Cholesterol. Luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside. cancer Stigmasterol. Diosgenin. Shaft Maceration. Leaves. Infusion... 1998). decrease in blood glucose Caffeic and Protocatechuic levels (Okolie et al. Rheumatism. STDs. Luteoforol. § (Sorghum Sorgum (I). (Kim et al... the fruit Carpesterol. 2001) Aethiosides A–C (Tagawa et al. Igba ijesu (Y). Apiforol. Prodelphinidin. Skin Campesterol. Yamogenin aethiopicum L.. 2008) Alpha amylase and Peonidin. Aethione (Nagaoka et al. Hepatitis Solasonine. protein such as P-gp 2010) (Lavie et al. Lubimin. Anti. Lubiminoic acid. Fruit. Cyanidin and sorghum extract decreased Apigeninidin derivatives.F. p- diabetic but not normal rats hydroxy benzoic. α-amylase but high α. Colic.. tolerance test produced a Isoquercitrin. 1990) U. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant ulcers. Digestive 1990). Adenosine. and Tono. (30 . methanol extract (1g/kg) of Abortifacient.. Child birth. 2009a) 101 Stachytarpheta Verbenaceae Ncha aji (I). Jaundice. 2010) (Olorunnisola and 2009) Pre-administration of Analgesic. SW. GIT caffeoylhydroxycitric acid Ngulungwu fraction was observed in disorders. 2-O- Tsada (H).. Skin ethyl-O-α-L- al. Pyrogallol. SE In vitro (Nia et al. 2007) 250 mg/kg of a ulcers. 110 Z-heptadecadienyl)- (Fred-Jaiyesimi et al. well as increased GSH levels in normal high glucose breasts. mombin L.. 2004) and Hypertension. Isocolumbin. SE. Hesperetin. Hypersoid.8. Stachytarpheta angustifolia 2012b) and fruits of Xylopia aethiopica administered for 30 days produced a hypoglycaemic effect in . Rheumatism. Fibleucine (Moody et al. Quercetin. Anti-cancer. Biochanin A. Ekundayo. 6-(100 Z- In vitro antioxidant effects heptadecenyl)-salicylic (Akinmoladun et al. Purgative.) Vahl (H). Leaves.. Kaempferol. 2012a.. 2012) 99 Sphenocentrum Menispermaceae Akerejupon SW.. 2013) the aqueous extract of the Anti-helminthic.. 6- (150 Z-heneicosenyl)- salicylic acid (Corthout et al. Diarrhoea.. 2011). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant t-cinnamic acids.3)-β- herbal mixture (Okudiabets) Cataract.. decreased the elevated (Olorunnisola and Afolayan. and ASP enzymes as root decreased blood glucose Aphrodisiac. Leaves Columbin. 6-(120 Z-nona decenyl)-salicylic acid. (Corthout et al. Malaria.F. Rutin. Afolayan. Sickle cell. α-Pinene. Fruit. α-sitosterol (Fred- Jaiyesimi et al. 2006). Hesperidin. Fruit Decoction Geraniin. J. Pelandjuaic acid. β- carotene.M. 2011) 100 Spondias Anacardiaceae Hog plum Iyeye or SW Hypoglycaemic effect of the Infertility.. Palmatine.. β- (Mill. 2009b) Anxiety salicylic acid. α-Eudesmol. 3β-olean-12-en-3- yl (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoate. cineole (Aboaba and with plasmodium diabetic rabbits (Mbaka et al. Formononetin. Olosan (Y). Stachytarphine. Christin (Afify et al. Ezuruike. Cough. Anacardic acid derivative (Coates et al. Anti-microbial. Leaves Maceration Ipolamide (Poser et al. induction of diabetes with Constipation alloxan had a protective effect against elevated sugar level and β-cell degeneration (Mbaka and Adeyemi. ALT 2013) Ethanol extract of the Emetic. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 jollyanum Pierre (Y) in vivo antioxidant effects Wounds. 750 mg/kg aqueous extract Immune modulatory. alloxan-induced diabetic rats Diuretic. α-tocopherol. 1994). Chlorogenic acid. Catechin.. aerial parts of (Mohammed et al. Seed. Stem-bark. roots for 7 days before Aphrodisiac. 6-(80 Z. Fevers. 1994).40 )-dihydroxyphenyl)- alangba (Y) induced diabetic rats (Isah et Abortifacient. Iru levels in normal and alloxan. Swollen 2006). 2010) acid. Columbamine Extract of the leaves U. 1992). levels in rats infected fed and alloxan-induced Depression. D-(4-O-caffeoyl) made up of bark of Alstonia Gonorrhea glucopyranoside congensis. Inflammation.. 1. Lactation. Ear sores. 896 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Naringin (Chung et al. Vanillin. Apigenin. or Isikara (I) glucose loaded (2 g/kg) and Laxative. Psychosis. Anti-infective. Resveratrol.. Root.. the leaves and its chloroform Inflammation. (Raji et al. 1997). levels of liver AST. rhamnopyranosyl-(1. Myricetin. angustifolia Wutsiya bera NW decreased blood glucose Anti-microbial. Isocaryophyllene. Galloyl geranin. Anti. strophathus aguru (I). aqueous extract of the leaves microbial. vine. Snake Stem. Anti. Cymarin. Tamsugu 2011) parasitic. n-hexacosane (Jain et al. Narigenin. Melzig. Taxifolin. Apigenin. SE. Lupeol.. Methyl GSH levels in alloxan- administered for 14 days obesity. α- terpineol.. Anti.4.. pentamer and inhibition of α-amylase hexamer. salicylate. dependent decrease in blood Constipation (Heftmann et al. Eriodictyol. acid. Powder dihydroxy phenylacetate.. Anti-cancer 2-hydroxy ursolic acid. Seed.. Epicatechin. Strophanthidol. Oleanolic acid. Diarrhoea. 2010) 104 Tamarindus Leguminosae Tamarind. 1994). hispidus DC. Indian date Icheku oyibo and in vivo antioxidant Inflammation. induced diabetic rats (Worku. al. Hepato. J. 2010) 102 Strophanthus Apocynaceae Poison arrow Sagere (Y). Mho (Ti). 1998). Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 1968) 103 Syzygium Myrtaceae Snake bean Malmo (H). microbial. Betulinic pear Asurahi (F) decreased blood glucose Inflammation. Asciatic acid. Myristic. (Noudogbessi et al. 897 . 2010) In- vitro antioxidant effects (Awah et al. meal containing the 2005)§ Procyanidin B2. Ori the butanol fraction of the protective. bark administered for (Y). Terminolic acid. NW In vitro (Siddhuraju. SW. Administration of 2 mg and Cardio-stimulant. Kwan-kwani glucose levels in normal 9-hydroxyoctadec-12- (H) rabbits (Ojiako and Igwe. 1954). (Willd. Ezuruike. Octocasoanyl ferulate. α-cadinol. acetophenone (Tsuda et previously depleted extract of the seed Anti-cancer. ( þ)-Pinitol. 2-hydroxy-30 .Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. 2006) Apigenin.F. benzoate. Lauric. Decoction Strophanthidin. induced diabetic rats decreased blood glucose protective Vanillin. Stem. 2007) Nutritional. SW.4-dihydroxy 100 and 200 mg/kg indica L. Ursolic guineense treeWater Adere (Y). 3. Benzoic. levels and increased serum Acetic. STDs. Linolenic and aspirin increased in diabetic rats. hairy Osisi nke the plant produced a dose Inflammation. 2009) 2-mono glyceride (Gunstone and Qureshi. 2009)§ 6-hydroxy asiatic acid. 2008) Arabinogalactan-type pectic polysaccharides (Ghildyal et al. berryWater (I). Decoction Arjunolic acid. Arjunolic acid 28-β-gluco pyranosyl ester. U. α and β caryophyllene. modulatory. Fruits. Triglycerides. Linalool. 2-hydroxy oleanolic acid. 2005). Periplogenin. levels in normal and alloxan. Decoction. fruit extract of tamarind An extract of the leaves in Procyanidin trimer. Emicymarin. Leaves acid. Immune. (Bhutkar and Bhise. Insecticidal. Oleic.. 2011) Bioavailability of insulin levels in STZ-induced Linoleic. Vitexin. Asiatic acid 28-β-glucopyranosyl ester (Djoukeng et al. 1996) buffer solution produced 90% tetramer. Luteolin activity in-vitro (Funke and (Sudjaroen et al. enoic acid. Fevers. Seed Maceration. NC 5 mg of various extracts of bites.40 -dihydroxy 45 days increased (Nu) 800 mg/kg of the aqueous Laxative... ethanol extract of the (I).. β- sitosterol. 2007). Anti. Eugenol.. Tsamiya (H). Leaves Cymarol. 21- oxobehenic and Eicosanoic acid. Alcohol detox..) DC. 2005) Caryophyllene oxide.. resulting in Palmitoleic acids (Wong et healthy adults co- increased glucose al.M. Ajagbon effects (Bhutkar and Bhise. (Mustapha et al. Stem-bark. Benzyl benzoate. Root. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Ogbonnia et al. Methyl 3. Brown/ Aguru-ala or NW. administered a porridge metabolism (Maiti et al. NW The hypoglycaemic effect of Hypertension Cardio. venom. Leaves. 2013a)§ 107 Terminalia Combretaceae Tropical Belebo SE.. Immune octadecatrienoic acid. Fruit. 3β- host plant and time of hdroxy-stigmast-23-ene. and β-moschins. collection (Osadebe et al. 2010) Anti-cancer.... Anti-cancer 4-methoxy-catechin-7-O- Krause) Danser.f. bark. 2011). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Lupanone (Imam et al. orIgifuruntu leaves decreased blood protective. β-sitosteryl toxicity with high doses Umbrella tree (Y). Seeds palmitate (Idemudia. Epicatechin. Apiroko (Y). Terflavin A and B. Analgesic. 1994) The blood glucose ene-3β-stearate. sitosterol. SW Methanol extract of the Aphrodisiac. Gallate derivatives of epicatechin. Anti.. the leaves prior to or Hook. STZ-induced diabetic rats.F. 2011). almond.. Catechin. α. 15α- bangwensis Engl. and K. 15α-dihydroxyl-lup-20 2004. Catechin-3-O-rhamnoside. 2012) Linamarin gallate. γ. SS. 2007b) Umeke (Bi) decreased glucose levels in Inflammation.. J. Psidium guajava at a dose of modulatory.f. bangwensis mistletoe parasitic on citrus limon and microbial. 7β. dihydroxyl-lup-20(29)- and K. Globulins. 2007a) Alpha glucosidase and α- amylase inhibitory effects of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves as well as Antioxidant effects (Oboh et al. but not that parasitic on ene-3β-palmitate. Insomnia. MAP 11. β. alongside chloroquine Ubong (Ef).Leaves Infusion. 15α- often misnamed Jatropha curcas (Obatomi et dihydroxyl-lup-20(29)- Loranthus al. 250 mg/kg ethanol extract of Convulsion.. MAP 4. Seeds amino butyric acid. Anxiety normal or glucose-loaded rats (Eseyin et al. pharnacokinetics (Urhobo).. Decoction Catechin-7-O-rhamnoside. Tergallagin.32mg//kg decreased blood rhamnoside (Ogechukwu Syn Loranthus glucose levels in normal and et al. (Ezeigbo and Asuzu. 13. (Eseyin et al. Pectin. 2006) alloxan-induced but not in cholesterol. Anti. Walsuraside. Co-administration of occidentalis pumpkin Iroko or the leaves decreased blood disorders.. SE An infusion of the leaves Anti-hypertensive. 2001) . 2012b) 50 mg/kg globulin proteins extracted from the seeds decreased blood glucose levels when pre- administered to normal high glucose fed rats (Teugwa et al. alloxan-induced diabetic tumour. Stem Maceration Terminolic acid. 1970). 2007) 105 Tapinanthus Loranthaceae African SW. Anti. Rutin.. Analgesia. Hepato. glucose levels in normal and Hypertension. 7β.20(21)diene- rats.. Immuno. due to Punicalagin and induced diabetic mice by 59% microbial. ethanol extract of the seed parasitic. (Engl. High MAP 28 (Caili et al. 2005. Fruit. 2012). tablets altered its Umee rats. 1. Ezuruike. while 100 mg/kg modulating. Carotenoids. 2010) In vitro (29)-ene-3β eicosanoate antioxidant effects (Omeje et al. an effect dependent on 3β-hdroxy-6-one. 15α- U. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-gluco pyranoside. Anti-viral Tercatain. 898 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no.. Anemia. 7β. punicalin (Lin et al.. 2013) 106 Telfairia Cucurbitaceae Fluted Ugwu/Ugu (I). 7β. (Ogechukwu et al. Potential hepatic catappa L. MAP 2.Krause. alloxan-induced diabetic Stigmast-7. hydroxy-9Z. Ibulu (I) glucose levels in alloxan Inflammation.M. methanol extract of the ene-3β-deca decanoate leaves was observed in (Ogechukwu et al. Anti. Peltatoside (Agbo et al. GIT Leaves. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 micranthus lowering effects of the dihydroxyl-lup-20(29)- Hook. 11E. Asiatic acid (Gao et al. Apigenin as well as regenerated the galloyl glucopyranosides pancreas (Nagappa et al. Colic. 2003)§ Cyanidin-3-glucoside. Catechin (Kuete et (Ogbonnia et al.. pyranoside. Adewunmi.. Dihydro or Ilasa.40 - trihydroxy chalcone. α. glucoside and 3-O-β- (H) 2011) in vivo antioxidant Analgesic. Terpineol 500 mg/kg aqueous extract of (Aboaba et al. (Ngassapa et al. Skin Camphene. Morin. Malvaceae Caesar's weed Ilasa-omode SW Fasting blood glucose Anti-microbial. for 10 days (50–150 mg/ Thonn. Decne. 3-Prenyl-20 .8- good antioxidant effects. hypoglycaemic effect in Isovitexin. Wound healing. Epiphyllocoumarin. Echinocystic acid-3-O. 2010)§ (Ngassoum et al. U. SW. 2012) Kaempferol-7-O- glucoside. Myrcene. 1999). name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Varying doses (40–78 mg/kg) Punicalagin. Lactation Cineol. Insect Pod. γ- amylase inhibitory effects Terpinene. Root.4.M. Kaempferol Odoazezo (I). Linalool oxide. 1986). 2007) . 4-hydroxy benzoic acid.. 2000a). β- carotene. SS.. Dysentry. β- Sitosterol. 1993). Brevifolin carboxylic acid.4- moderate lipase inhibitory dihydro-3. Emollient. allergies. stigmasterol.and β-Pinene. Laxative. Infertility. Vitexin. lowering effects of 200 mg/ Skin diseases. 2004) 108 Tetrapleura Leguminosae Aridan (Y). Luteolin-40 -O- effects (Omonkhua and β-gluco pyranoside. petroleum ether extracts of Granatin B. SE. Quercetin (Matlawska and Sikorska.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no.9- glucose-loaded and STZ. Sickle cell. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Euginic acid (Nagappa et al. Infusion Olean-12-ene-28-oic acid. 800 mg/kg aqueous extract of Hemorrhoids. Bark Decoction. the leaves in normal fasted Phyllocoumarin. 6.. Depression Terpinene. methanol and Chebulagic acid.. dihydroxy megastigmane- induced diabetic rats 3-one. 1. oshosho (I) normal and STZ-induced Insomnia. 2009) extract of the fruit showed Bilharzia. α-Terpinolene (Etoundi et al.. kg of the aqueous root Expectorant. blood glucose levels at a dose diseases.4- effects and little or no α. kaempferol 40 -O-β-gluco agborin (Y). alloxan induced diabetic rats Isoorientin. ex Trécu Afon (Y) extract of the bark decreased helminth. extracts in normal rabbits Malaria. and Quercetin 3-O-β- Rama rama (Omonkhua and Onoagbe. Glycosides of Ethanol extract of the tetraptera Kpokrikpo or NC the fruit produced a repellent. of the aqueous. α.. Corilagin. Kaempferol.. leaves given to rabbits (Schum... p-Cymene. 899 . Ursolic acid. Geranylacetone. levels (Odesanmi et al. Punicalin. Aridanin. Onoagbe. Poison sodium sulphate kg) increased serum ALT diabetic rats (Ojewole and antidote. 2008). Cough. Limonene. Rutin. 2001) 109 Treculia africana Moraceae Breadfruit Ukwa (I). Thujanol. J. 2004) Aqueous Rheumatism. Gallic acid. Myrcene.. dimethylfuran. Inflammation rutinoside.) Taub. Ellagic acid. Rheumatism. Ezuruike. and Mkpuruma hypoglycaemic effect in Asthma. (Lin et al. SW Fractions of the hydro aceton Anti-microbial. 2. Geranin.and γ- of 10 mg/kg in alloxan. p-Cymene. normal rats (Oyelola et al. Riboflavin (Mueno et al. 2008c) al. Bergapten.F. Convulsions. the fruits administered for 1-desgalloyl eugenin 3 weeks also produced a (Tanaka et al. 2003). Flower Tiliroside.. 2007) Hypoglycemic effect of β-Caryophyllene. 2008) 110 Urena lobata L. Gonorrhoea. induced diabetic rats but not Limonene. Anti. Butanoic acid derivatives. Dental Phellandrene.. 5-Dicaffeoyl quinic and distribution of Glut acid. Pneumonia. Linalool.. Ximonicaine. efflux activity in Caco-2 Etidot (Ib) glucose levels in normal and Anti-microbial. Decoction Mandelonitrile lyase Aqueous extract of the americana L. Aqueous extract of the amygdalina Shuwaka (H).. Analgesic. 1. P-gp mediated Rh-123 Caryophyllene oxide. Ulcers. 80 mg/kg aqueous extract of Hemorrhoids. Analgesic. Leaves Xymenynic acid. A2. NC. 2011). Ocimum gratissimum and Gongronema latifolium decreased baseline blood glucose levels in normal subjects when preadministered to normal subjects 45 min before an OGTT (Ejike et al. Heptadecanoic acid. stem bark and the root Yellow plum. Hexatriacontanoic acid. 2010) 111 Vernonia Compositae Bitter leaf Ewuro (Y). 1994. Chronic intake of and B3 (Jisaka et al. Juice extract Vernomygdin. dependent decrease in blood Malaria. Inhibited Isophorone. Stem.. Gluco- syringic acid. acid (Fatope et al. Roots Decoction. SW the leaves produced a dose Ringworm. 1993). . Geraniol. Vernodalol. Leaves. cancer. Hog plum. Anti.. 400 mg/kg ethanolic extract Luteolin. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Imperatorin. Maleic acid. U. et al. 1983). 150 ml of a (1:1:1) decoction mix of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina.. B2 al. produced significant blood Inflammation. Caffeoyl quinic antioxidant enzymes as well acid. (2009)). Pentadecanoic acid. Palmitic and Linoleic acid triglycerides (Morelli et al. SE. 2009) 2011)§. Quercetin. 400 and Anti-parasitic. 11. Anti-feedant dihydrovernodalin rabbits (Akah and Okafor.. Mangiferin. 2006). Fasakin et A4 and its aglycone. Vernolepin leaves inhibited P-gp Delile Olugbu (I). as increased the expression Rutin.. Vernolide. Hexadecanoic acid. Purgative benzyl cyanide. 1989). Hydroxy al. Measles. Anti. Protocatechuic acid and its methyl ester. Antioxidant effects Vernonioside A1. Wurochekke (Siddaiah et al.. 1969). Chlorogenic acid. Luteolin 7-O- of the fresh leaves glucoside and 7-O- significantly decreased glucuronide (Igile et al.. 2009).. NW Graded doses (200.and 40 -O- increased the activity of liver rutinoside. Anti. Igo (Y) 600 mg/kg) of the extract microbial. Vernonioside D and increased serum and E (Igile et al. 2000).. 2011)§ infections.. et al.F. A3. False sandal levels 6 h after Anti-pyretic.. (Igile et al. Fruits. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Diisobutyl phthalate (Lu et al. Vernodalin. Syringic acid. glucose reduction to control Pesticidal. Skin Benzaldehyde. Stem-bark. 1992). 1995). Luteolin (Ola diabetic rats (Ong et al. 2008... (Ganjian et al.. 2012) alloxan-induced diabetic cancer. B1. Stigmastane AST and ALK-P wood administration in alloxan. 2013) 112 Ximenia Olacaceae Sour plum. (Kupchan et al.M. Tariric increased levels of Sea lemon. Caffeic acid. Luteolin 7-O. Salicylic acid. SS.13. (de Araújo et al. Ceplignan-4-O- β-D-glucoside.. J. fasting blood glucose levels. Apigenin 4 receptors in STZ-induced glucuronide.. pancreatic insulin levels. Hepato. significantly (James et induced hyperglycaemic rats protective. (Kuroki and Conn. 2008). 900 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Tsaada (H).. NW. 1994). Ezuruike. Urenoside A (Jia et al. hepatic enzymes ALT. cells (Oga et al. 14-dimethyl-18- hydroxy hepta triacont- 27.. Ogan. 1987). Liriodenine. Neuralgia. Eicosatrienoic and Nervonic acids. Eeru (Y). 2006). 16α-ol. Kaur-16-en-19-oic levels in normal mice microbial. 7β-acetoxy (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. Long nose (I).35-dienoate. J.. 16-en-oic acid. acetoxy kaur-16-en-19- (Dunal) A. 2010.29-dihydroxy dotriacont-3. Adefegha and Oboh. β-glucogalline. Kaur-15-en- hypoglycaemic effect in 17-al-19-oic acid. aerial parts of Limonene. Gallic acid. Hydrocyanic. Anti. 2012) 113 Xylopia Annonaceae Ethiopian or Erunje or Administration of 1 g/kg of a Purgative. Dimethyl- 5-methyl-28. Asthma. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 (Bayer et al. 1968). aethiopica administered for α-murolene (Lamaty et 30 days had a marked al. α. oic acid) (Ekong and pepper Alstonia congensis bark and Stomach ache. Antioxidant effects acid.26- triendioate (Saeed and Bashier. Fruit. α-terpineol.Rich.. Oxoglaucine.. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant Methyl benzoate (Mevy et efflux in Caco-2 cells al.M. Quercetin.F.and β- and fruits of Xylopia Phellandrene. 1. 19- decreased blood glucose Insect antifeedant. Oxophoebine. α. Quercetin- 3-O-(6-galloyl)-β-gluco pyranoside. Anti.. congensis. Lysicamine (Harrigan et al. Sabinene.. O-methyl moschatoline. α. 2010). Cough. Arachidonic. Stachytarpheta angustifolia Ocimene. Methyl- 14.. Kaempferol-3-O-(60 0 - galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside (Le et al.14. Bronchitis. Seeds Xylopic acid (15β- aethiopica Negro pepper. up of bark of Alstonia β-caryophyllene.. diol. Kauran- Xylopia aethiopica fruits Hemorrhoids. E-3-(4-hydroxy-3- 901 . Kauran-16α. 2012). Quercitrin. 2012) Sitosterol glucoside (Harrigan et al. Quercetin-3-O- β-xylo pyranoside. Uda 1:1 mixture of a Amenorrhea.. 1994a)..6-digalloyl-β- glucopyranose. 2012) Linolenic. (Ezuruike et al.Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Sambunigrin. 250 mg/kg of a herbal 1. 15-hydroxy- Potent inhibitory effects (-)-trachyloban-19-oic against pancreatic lipase. Ezuruike. 2010). Linalool. Riproximin U. (Ogbonnia et al. Erucic. acid. Avicularin.. 15β-hydroxy- amylase and α-glucosidase (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic enzymes. acid. 1980).and β-pinene. 15-oxo-(-)-kaur- (Etoundi et al. 15- alloxan-induced diabetic rats oxo-trachyloban-19-oic (Ogbonnia et al.8-cineole. Kimba (H) hydroethanolic extract of convulsant. 1994b). Cuminic mixture Okudiabets) made aldehyde. 2008a). Diuretic acid (Leboeuf et al. 1998) 114 Zea mays L.2 g/d aqueous extract of Hypertension.. Cold Rhizome Maceration 6-. Zingerone. Poaceae Corn Maize Agbado (Y). Es-Esan. hydroxy-3-methoxy daunorubicin and glucosidase inhibitory effects 2012). Cannabisin B and D (Lajide et al. NE¼ North east. Geranial. Grossamide. J. 2011) derivatives (Kato et Geraniol (Chen et al. 2008) et al. Curcumene. Diarylheptanoids. SW Ethanol extracts of the Typhoid. Id-Idoma. Ef-Efik.. Terpineol (Ali et al. pyranosyl-7-O-β-gluco glycaemic index of Masara (H) parameters in STZ-induced Inflammation..and 10.. 2005). problem for diabetic 100 mg/L ethanol extract of patients (Izuagie et al. 1995). 4-(4. Git primarily by an (3. 2. 2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy Insufficient evidence for Roscoe Jinga (I). glucose uptake in hydroxy-3-methoxy with warfarin or CYPs dependently (50–800 mg/kg) Hemorrhoids. name Nigerian use for its use in diabetes (s) used preparation constituent(s) phytoconstituents studies name(s)* diabetes# management method identified in the plant methoxy phenyl)-N-2- [4-hydroxy phenylethyl]-2- propenamide.F. disorders increased GLUT4 ethanooic acid.. Liver L6 muscle cells phenyl) ethanoic acid. Cineole. and Y-Yoruba. Aldose phenyl)-2-butanone. 2006) 2007).. modulatory effect al. Ig-Igala. indicating possible P-gp (Morakinyo et al. Demethylgrossamide. 2008. Asthma. . F-Fulani. pyranoside. 2-(4... Gingesulfonic acids. Rheumatism. SW 0. H-Hausa. Neral. SS ¼ South south. Ezuruike. β- and Sesqui-phellandrene. 2006). 8. # NC ¼North central. Shogasulfonic acids. Ti-Tiv.. inhibitory effects of phenyl) methanol (Kato et daunorubicine in vivo antioxidant effects methoxy phenyl al. Ij-Ijaw. Zingiberene. Chita rhizome reduced blood symptoms. Paradols and its derivatives. Ib-Ibibio. Nu-Nupe. Shogaols. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 19β-oic acid (Ngouela et al. Nose (Suzuki et al. rhodamine and and In vitro antioxidant reductase hydroxy-3-methoxy decreased efflux of effects (Oboh et al. (Vaes and Chyka... Inhibitory effects of the aqueous and ethanol extract of the maize kernels on α-glucosidase enzymes and antioxidant effects (Lee et al. Nausea.. 2006). corn silk improved kidney Analgesic. Gingerols increased phenyl) ethanol. the corn silk showed PPARα 2007.. E-3- (3. I-Ibo. 2010)§ 115 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Ginger Atale (Y). Alternanthin maize starch has been diabetic rats but no Contraceptive. (4. NW ¼North west. and SW ¼ South west. § Experimental evidence involving plant samples not collected from within Nigeria. significant hypoglycaemic bleeds which may pose a effect (Suzuki et al. accumulation of Alpha amylase and Alpha expression (Li et al. SE ¼South east. 902 Table 1 (continued ) S/ Plant name Family Common Local Region of Experimental evidence for Other medicinal uses Plant part Traditional Identified active Other relevant Interaction/toxicity no. Omoregie and and γ agonist activities (Rau Osagie. Obesity. Gingerdiones. 2000).M. in normal and STZ-induced disorders.. Seed silk Decoction Chrysoeriol 6-C-β-boivino Glucose yield and Oka (I). Camphene. Gingerdiols. a possible interaction (H) glucose levels dose Stimulant. Gingerols and its (Nabekura et al. 2003) shown to be high. Ige-Igede. 2011) n Bi-Bini. 2010). Kubra and Rao. 2005) derivatives.4-dihydroxyphenyl)- N-2-[4-hydroxyphenyl- ethyl]-2-propenamide. 2006)§.. Zingerone. 7α- hydroxy trachyloban- U.4-dimethoxyphenyl) 6-gingerol increased the diabetic rats (Ojewole. Citral. β-bisabolene. In addition. 2007). PPARγ agonist activity reflect the thiazolidine- indicate that its use is based on its oligo-elements and/or vitamins. it is advised that decrease in their blood sugar levels (Iwu. a synergistic effect with herbal remedies. 2005) and Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin (Teugwa et al. while aldose reductase inhibitors are potential agents for In fact the supplementation of elements such as chromium. five plants increase glucose uptake hypoglycemic effect in the sample used for the in vivo study. 2007).2. Twenty-nine plants have inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (Lee et al. Thus with magnesium and vanadium is actively explored in the treatment this identified mechanisms. Ezuruike.. 2009).. This could possibly be as a result of the tion enhances glucose metabolism. as well as It is recommended that in vitro experiments are carried out to the use of high glucose or fructose-fed animals. possibly benefitting from and Ogunsua. in muscles or liver. whose activa- in vivo (Rau et al. some of these have been shown to be logical one. J. preventing diabetic complications like the drug epalrestat. This immediately eliminates the extracts of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. uptake into muscles and adipose tissues. its traditional use involves alpha amylase or alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects reflect the the ingestion of its ashes or its juice (Gbolade.. Halberstam et al. (Suzuki Over one-third of the plants in our review have been studied et al. db/db mice and KK-Ay mice. Plants which are DPP-IV Plants that promote insulin release- Plants that are α- amylase or α. of existing drugs used in diabetes management.). extracts of effects against either α-amylase or α-glucosidase enzymes. 1996. There is also the risk that (Srinivasan and Ramarao. . In vitro experiments are often designed to ‘reflect’ the mechanism meters in vivo (Suzuki et al. This information could contribute to a more rational have been identified in the seeds of Cucumeropsis mannii (Badifu therapeutic regimen for diabetes patients. 1995). while six plants were identified regard. Two plants were identi- which also takes into account co-morbid conditions. Azadirachta indica glucosidase inhibitors. validation experiments are ‘replaced’ with non-animal models Only two out of the 96 plant species were ineffective in the where possible.. 2005). 2003). as it has been shown to improve kidney para. alike can immediately identify the potential therapeutic benefit of Rodríguez-Morán and Guerrero-Romero. such as was observed with Gymnema sylvestre (Retz. 2010). 1999). Plants that possess In the case of Cucumeropsis mannii.. while two plants increased the expression of The absence of an in-vivo hypoglycemic effect would however the glucose transporter GLUT4. 1997.F. due to the ethical considerations surrounding on insulin injections for eight weeks resulted in a significant animal use (Festing and Wilkinson. the hypoglycemic effect is being mediated – at least in part – Although most plants were only evaluated experimentally in a through an unwanted physical mechanism. namely Zea mays L. in vivo experimental model of study. researchers and healthcare professional of diabetes (Anderson et al. Ex Sm (Persaud et al. In vitro pharmacological evidence models obtained as a result of one or more genetic mutations such as obese zucker fatty rats.) effective hypoglycemic agents in type-2 diabetes patients. some of which the plant.M. Inhibitors. four plants increase insulin absence of the bioactive constituent(s) responsible for the release from pancreatic cells. rather than a physio- type-1 diabetes model. Proposed molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemic effects for species studied so far. 1). five Zea mays failed to produce a significant hypoglycemic effect plants have agonist activity on the PPARγ receptor.. which in turn increases glucose not ‘eliminate’ its use in the clinical management of diabetes. diones. In this fied as potential DPP-IV inhibitors. 2006). Certain plants simulate the development of diabetes from insulin resistance produce their hypoglycemic effects as a side effect of their in vivo better as is more commonly found in patients with type-2 diabetes toxicity (Marles and Farnsworth. Daily administration of 15 mg potential use of such a plant as a therapeutic hypoglycemic of the leaves as an infusion to type-2 diabetic patients previously agent. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 903 other in vivo models used include spontaneous diabetic animal 3. for in vitro in models that could possibly explain some or all of Despite its identified in in vitro PPARα and γ agonist activities their mechanism of action. 1983). nephropathy. Zea mays could also provide protection against diabetic as aldose reductase inhibitors (Fig. This may action of acarbose. Br.. 1. 1991). This latter group ascertain the mechanism of action for the plant. Mangifera indica Bauhinia monandra Abrus precatorius Rauvolfia vomitoria Mardenia sylvestris Aframomum melegueta Moringa oleifera Anacardium occidentale Carbohydrates Annona muricata DPP-IV PPAR γ Anthocleista djalonensis Anthocleista vogelii GLP-1 Insulin release Bixa orellana Capsicum annum Corchorus olitorius Glucose Ficus exasperata Ficus thonningii Garcinia kola Glucose metabolism Ipomoea batatas Khaya senegalensis Decreased blood glucose levels Plants which are Lawsonia inermis PPARγ agonists- Mangifera indica Capsicum annum Morus alba Curcuma longa Murraya koenigii Jatrophas curca Phyllanthus amarus Sorghum bicolor Sarcocephalus latifolius Zea mays Securidaca longipedunculata Senna alata Plants that enhance GLUT4 Solanum melongena glucose uptake- Sorghum bicolor Plants which increase Anacardium occidentale Tamarindus indica GLUT4 receptor Ananas comosus Telfairia occidentalis expression- Momordica charantia Xylopia aethiopicum Scoparia dulcis Zea mays Picralima nitida Vernonia amygdalina Zingiber officinale Scoparia dulcis Zingiber officinale Fig. such as R. U. . 2013). plants have been identified.1. 2013). may be included in multi-component preparations because of their benefits in co-morbid conditions. indicating a syner. (Chen et al. in vitro studies might not immediately indicate the beneficial effect of the plant. 2010). (fenugreek). a single end-point in vitro biological assay will not be Nwodo. For plant whose use in diabetes management is popular across India instance. In such for the hypoglycemic effect of Abrus precatorius L.D. 2010).. Despite not showing in vitro from plants used in diabetes management have been reported.. Thus..3. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 The disadvantage of the molecular approach for experimental fractionation or in silico studies as the bioactive constituents validation of plant activity is that the biological assays only explore responsible for some or all of the plants' beneficial effects in known targets and do not take into account extracts that might be diabetes.) Skeels (Quasie et al. hypoglycemic effect (Etoundi et al. 2010). Mahanimbine (5) isolated from the Indian plant samples decreased blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats and also produced a dose-dependent α-amylase and 3. terpenes (10–16) molecular mechanisms (Adebajo et al. the alkaloid mahanimbine from Murraya koenigii (L. 6). Its cellular mechanism of action is also thought to be mediated by Over forty compounds from twenty three of the reviewed an increase in glucose utilization (Dinesh Kumar et al... while others are known to be present of various phytochemicals which work synergistically to achieve a in many plants like the alkaloid trigonelline. 2. 2). 3). Ezuruike. 1957).3. and com- There is also a holistic approach in the herbal management of pounds containing hydroxyl groups including sugars (34–40) diabetes such that plants which are not hypoglycemic themselves (Fig. 2012). either through an activity guided Paradoxically. A number of alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal active principles f. (Monago and cases.M. produced a greater anti-hyperglycemic effect in compounds according to similar chemical features (which may glucose loaded rats than each of its fractions. Bioactive compounds α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (Dineshkumar et al. this and other related carbazole alkaloids isolated Akuammicine(3) Picralima nitida Hypoglycin A (1) & Hypoglycin B (2) Blighia sapida Trigonelline (4) Abrus precatorius Mahanimbine (5) Ajmaline (6) Murraya koenigii & Isosandwichine (7) Rauvolfiavomitoria S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (8) Alliumcepa S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (9) Allium sativum Fig. Murraya koenigii illness (personal communication during field work). 1989). We hereby classify these latifolium Benth. 2010) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. phenolic compounds (17–33) (Figs.. A good 3.F.Koenig. herbal medicines are often complex mixtures (Dineshkumar et al. Some of these constituents are species-specific such as acting on unknown targets. J.. the methanol extract of the root and stem of Gongronema and Europe (Bailey and Day. (Fig. it is commonly included Some of these were isolated from samples not collected from in multi-component preparations for diabetes management in Nigeria such as hypoglycin A (1) and B (2) – from the fruit of men since erectile dysfunction is a common complication of the Blighia sapida K.) Spreng isms. a sufficient in evaluating the clinical effect of the plant. which is responsible desired therapeutic outcome (Campbell-Tofte et al.904 U. not necessarily refer to similar biosynthetic pathways) as follows: gistic effect of its constituents possibly acting through different compounds containing nitrogen (1–9) (Fig. Nitrogen containing compounds with beneficial effects in diabetes. In addition. 4 and 5). 2010). . treat diabetes. possibly through innovative mechan. This however leaves are also used traditionally in Indian Ayurvedic system to does not preclude any in vivo activity which is yet to be evaluated. Nitrogen containing compounds example is the use of the aphrodisiac plant Mondia whiteii (Hook. 12-triyne (10) & 2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-6(E)- tetradecene-7. R2 =OCH3. J. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 905 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-6(E)- tetradecene-8. U.5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (27) Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Fig.11-triyne (11) Bidens pilosa Myrcene (12) Lupenyl cinnamate (15) & Citral (13) α-amyrin cinnamate (16) Gongronema latifolium Geraniol (14) Cymbopogon citrallatus Fig.β-D-primeveroside ( 18) (R=OCH ) & kolaflavanone (R1=OH. R2=Me) Lucidin-3-O-β-D-primeveroside(19) (R=OH ). . R3=OH (22). Phenolic compounds with beneficial effects in diabetes. R 3=OH (25) Zingiber officinale Ellagic acid (26) 3. 4. R2=H). Kolaviron (17) – Mixture of GB1 (R1=H. Lawsonia inermis R1=(CH2 )2OH.10.F. GB2 (R1=OH. R3=OH (23) R1=CH2COOH.9. Ezuruike. R2 =OCH3.M. Garcinia kola Morinda citrifolia Lawsone (20) Lawsonia inermis Methoxy phenyl derivatives Gallic acid (21) R1=CH 2OH. R2 =OCH3. 3. R3 =OH (24) R1=(CH2 ) 2COCH3 . R2=H) Damnacanthol -3 -O. R2 =OCH 3. Terpenes with beneficial effects in diabetes. 2012). cytotoxicity (Adebajo et al. Garlic and onions are commonly used as part of the diet in The alkaloid trigonelline (4) isolated from the seeds of Abrus many Nigerian households and the hypoglycemic effect of precatorius (L. (R=H. 1995).Durand to improve glucose tolerance in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and H... and Alstonia Congensis Engl. (R=CO-Me. R1 =CH2-H-CO-Ome) Methyl N-{4-[(4’-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (40). Ezuruike. from plant samples from Nigeria decreased the glucose-mediated would most likely be contributing to their blood glucose lowering insulin release from INS-1 cells when compared to control. Phenolic compounds (flavonoids) with beneficial effects in diabetes. J. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Rutin (29) & Quercetin (30) Bauhinia monandra Isoscutellarein (28) Bixa orellana Kaempferol gentiobioside (31) Catechin (33) & Kaempferol (32) Cassia fistula Senna alata Fig. 5.) collected from the eastern part of Nigeria decreased plant samples collected from Nigeria has also been studied blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats as well (Eyo et al.F. Clinical studies in humans have shown that (Shittu et al. which have (Monago and Nwodo. 2010).[R= (CH2)8CH3 ] Bauhinia thonningii Zingiber officinale 1-O-phenyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside (38).Durand stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Sheela et al. 6. even activity. vomitoria Afzel. Other hydroxylated compounds with beneficial effects in diabetes. two enzymes important for glucose production and S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (9) (SACS) in garlic. It is also present in plants of the genus Alstonia the supplementation of garlic to diabetic patients in combination such as Alstonia boonei De Wild. 2011).. This hypoglycemic effect is possibly due to the as reduced the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen presence of S-methylcysteine sulfoxide (8) (SMCS) in onions phosphorylase. Ajmaline (6) and isosandwichine (7) from Rauvolfia though the amount of glucose released was dose dependent. (R=H.M. 6-Gingerol (34)... were identified as DPP-IV inhibitors using an in This effect may however be explained by their known in vitro silico approach (Guasch et al. R1=H) MethylN-{4-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (39). 2010). and with hypoglycemic drugs improves glycemic control in addition to .R1=CH2-NH-CO-Ome) Moringa oleifera Fig. Akuammicine (3) isolated from the been isolated from Indian plant samples and have been shown chloroform extract of the seeds of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. [R= (CH2)4CH3 ] 8-Gingerol (35) . [R= (CH 2) 6CH3] D-3-O-methyl Chiroinositol(37) 10-Gingerol (36).906 U. 2005). .. with direct effects on glucose metabolizing enzymes (NOD) mice by modulating the differentiation of T-helper cells and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4 (Daisy et al. supplemen- al. Law- sone (20) (a naphtoquinone) and gallic acid (21) isolated from the 3. and other diabetic complications associated with high oxidative nacanthol-3-O-β-D-primeveroside (18) and lucidin 3-O-β-D-prime.. 2005).. Mangifera indica... Increased translocation of GLUT4 receptors to the plants used in Nigeria as shown in Table 1. Isoscutellarein (8-hydroxy apigenin) (28) is a hyperglycemic effects in glucose-fasted rats as well as insulin flavonoid isolated from the hot water extract of the leaves of Bixa stimulating effects in INS-1 cells (Adebajo et al. plants either in its aglycone form or as a glycoside. Fractionation of the methanol extract of the leaves of Senna The monoterpenes myrcene (12). Terpenes ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Lawsonia inermis L. (31) and kaempferol (32) as the bioactive compounds (Varghese et They are also components of the essential oil of many medicinal al.. It decreased plasma glucose levels in STZ-induced spontaneous development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic diabetic rats. 2008). root and stems of locally obtained samples have recently been Several isolated flavonoids have also been identified as bioac- identified as the bioactive compounds. 1977). 1990a). nephropathy.. properties have been shown to protect pancreatic islet cells from oxidative stress as well as help in the regeneration of β-cells as 3.. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 907 the reduction of cardiovascular risk (Sobenin et al.. stress conditions such as artherosclerosis. Lupenyl cinnamate (15). the use of a registered herbal product of the juice Irvingia gabonensis.. neuropa- veroside (19). (syn. Although they both contain nitrogen. potent antioxidant flavonoids in a wide range of plants such as However. showed potent maltase inhibitory effects in vivo (Matsui et al. 2007). 2008). These are the . led to the identification of catechin (33) as the model C57BL/Ks-db/db mice (Ubillas et al.. The presence of these phenolic compounds in the tation of mice diet with naringin or hesperidin modulated the marketed product has however not been confirmed. inhibited A number of terpenes have been isolated as bioactive consti- the formation of advanced glycated end products in vitro (Sultana tuents in plants used for diabetes management (Fig. 2006). particularly its free radical scavenging effects.. while ellagic acid (26) and 3. 2011) and as such may account for Other phenolic compounds have been identified as bioactive some of their effects. Incidentally.. significant decrease in blood sugar levels..F. 2004) and kola). diabetic mice at 100 mg/kg (Kamiya et al. 2004). The leaves et al. sensitivity (Liu et al. this Thus. which is valued in most parts of West Africa. indicating a prophylactic Other flavonoids have also been shown to directly affect effect of the extract against alloxan-induced diabetes (Horsfal et specific therapeutic targets in diabetes. vomitoria (Campbell-Tofte et al.3. 3). orellana L. 2013). with an increase in Kolaviron (17) is a mixture of flavanones isolated from the hepatic glucokinase activity and decrease in hepatic glucose-6- acetone extract of the edible nuts of Garcinia kola Heckel (bitter phosphatase activity in diabetic db/db mice (Jung et al. These two flavo- blood sugar levels in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice at noids are constituents of all citrus fruits and have also been a dose of 100 mg/kg.) Roxb.and β-amyrin cinnamates (16) isolated from the combined et al.) Poir. 2011). These type-2 diabetic rats (Bharti et al.. 2005). citral (13) and geraniol (14) alata (L. activity of glucose metabolizing enzymes. Khaya senegalensis. 2000). SMCS and SACS are primarily 2002). 2013).. 2013).. 2012).3. (Beh et al. More importantly. 2009). 2002) and A wide range of phenolic compounds have been identified quercetin (Coskun et al. isolated from the hot water extract of the leaves showed potent aldose reductase inhibitory effects (Terashima et al. given that the beneficial effect of the essential oil of The presence of aromatic hydroxyl groups in the benzo-γ- Cymbopogon citratus containing high amounts of these monoter- pyran structure of flavonoids is associated with its antioxidant penes has now been validated in vivo in experimentally induced properties. Myricetin is another flavonoid that has constituents but not from plant samples collected in Nigeria. This preliminary plasma membrane of L6 myotubes was also observed with a information warrants further in vitro and in vivo studies involving flavonoid-rich fraction of Scoparia dulcis L. which showed potent α- found in Cymbopogon citratus were identified as aldose reductase glucosidase inhibitory effects. as well as inhibited rat lens aldose reductase identified in Senna alata (Hennebelle et al.. will contribute to various ailments including diabetes.M. 2008).. which was identified as an aldose reductase inhibitor Foetidin from the whole plant and the unripe fruits of Momor- (Terashima et al. plant samples from Nigeria previously shown to contain these although the bioactive constituent(s) was not identified.... namely dam. identified kaempferol gentiobioside inhibitors using in-silico docking methods (Vyshali et al.2. but not alloxan-induced rats at only 1 mg/kg hyperglycemic constituents in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Alade (Marquis et al. glycogen metabolism (Ong and Khoo. otherwise known as ‘utazi’ or ‘madu- from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe have been identi- maro’ in Ibo and Yoruba respectively is commonly used as a food fied as aldose reductase inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. (Chang et al. Ezuruike. 2009). retinopathy and erectile dysfunction (Rahimi et al. It decreased GK type-2 diabetic rats (Akiyama et al. compounds. 2000) and improved insulin D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-E-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-D..Cassia alata). 2010). Tahitian noni juices (TNJ) is quite popular in Nigeria for daca longipedunculata and Ocimum gratissimum.. 1991). possessing both anti- tive constituents. For instance. shown direct beneficial effects in diabetes through enhanced A diacylated anthocyanin peonidin 3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl-β. and inhibited the bioactive agent. 2010). lupenyl acetate as lens galactitol accumulation in 30% galactose-fed rats (Kato and α. they can as active principle(s) in some of the plants here reviewed... U. 2011. Securi- extract. Rutin (29) and quercetin (30) were dica foetida collected in Nigeria also decreased blood glucose levels isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia monandra Kurz as the anti- of normal fasted. Acetylenic glucosides (10) and (11) from et al. It has been identified in some of the glucopyranoside isolated from the root of Ipomoea batatas (L. J. Phenolic compounds shown with epicatechin found in green tea (Sabu et al. 1991). decreased blood glucose levels in STZ-induced thy. Some methoxy phenyl derivatives (22–25) isolated of Gongronema latifolium. prevent the formation of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) Anthraquinone glycosides from Morinda citrifolia L. Administration of 1 ml/ – and in some cases may be the basis for – their use in the holistic 150 mg body weight of the rats twice daily for four weeks prior management of diabetes which includes the prevention of diabetic to and after the induction of diabetes with alloxan resulted in complications. the presence of quercetin and epicatechin as well as other plant is not native to Nigeria and is not known to grow in Nigeria..3. vegetable and is widely recognized for its traditional use in suppressing sorbitol accumulation in human erythrocytes as well diabetes management.5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (27) classed as sulfur containing compounds. A bioassay guided fractionation of the stem bark Bidens pilosa decreased blood glucose in the murine type 2 diabetes of Cassia fistula L. 2009) and Rauvolfia (RLAR) activity (Iwu et al. 2009) and linked to their effect on the liver function enzymes. a meta-analysis by toxic and neurotoxic effects of some other extracts have also been Leung et al. These time frame. 2010. Thus. Rauvolfia vomitoria. Sometimes. Ficus exasperata. conducted highlights the potential of harnessing ethnobotanical Many plant secondary metabolites have been associated with information in enhancing patient therapy. some of which may be harmful toxic effects. Vernonia hypoglycin from Blighia sapida (Sherratt. Carica papaya. A good knowledge of the traditional use of these plants based on ethnobotanical studies is very important in the design of a good clinical study. these toxic effects are only seen at high charantia identified flaws in their study design. this relatively high ‘success’ rate amongst the various studies nopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (40). 1999). Ezuruike. controlled Securidaca longipedunculata and the hepatotoxic effects of Cassia trials but preliminary studies evaluating the therapeutic effect sieberiana. Morinda citrifolia.. Ipomoea batatas. 2003). Schum. J.. Phyllanthus amarus and Sola. Some of these compounds were identified as 1-O-phenyl of Reporting Randomized Clinical Trials (CONSORT) statement’ α-L-rhamnopyranoside (38). 2011). This is especially important for plants which are 3.4. the hypoglycemic nation. Azadirachta indica. Aloe vera. 2012). Cassia sieberiana. An example is been isolated and identified as bioactive agents. the biologically active agent of a plant can also be inferred by evaluating the 4. peutic use of such a plants as whole extracts is therefore not gia gabonensis. An inositol derivative. Picralima nitida and of the plant in human subjects.M. 2004). the recommendations for reporting rando- stimulating Z 15 ng insulin/mg protein in pancreatic INS-1 cells at mized clinical trials. In rare cases. the leaves of Senna occidentalis have hepatoprotective effects and are used traditionally for the The validation of biologically active plants in randomized.. Thus. albidum. Ocimum gratissimum and Sphenocentrum jollyanum are directly Tofte et al. Irvingia gabonensis (Ngondi et al. have been identified such as abrin. either singly or in combi. 2004). Cassia sieberiana. num aethiopicum (Table 1). These can thereafter be confirmed in specific pharmacologic The administration of whole plant extracts or fractions con- experiments. Bryophyllum pinnatum. 2001). they should always involve proper planning with appro- and thiocarbamates have been isolated from fractions of the priate controls and ought to be conducted within a reasonable methanol extract of the fruits of Moringa oleifera Lam. Helsinki.F. Aristolochia spp. as medicinal plants so long as there is appropriate information . sisting of a myriad of compounds. 2013). Gymnema sylvestre. congensis. The European use of herbal products is one of the main reasons for the hesitance Directive of Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products is an example of amongst healthcare practitioners towards promoting their inte- how reports of traditional use and a sound safety profile are gration into healthcare systems. D-3-O-methyl chiroinositol (37) isolated Given that many of these herbal remedies are currently being from the methanol extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia thonningii taken by diabetic patients alongside their prescription medicines.1–1 mg/kg (Kirsten et al. with an estimated human fatal dose of clinically evaluated in human subjects. (2009) of all clinical studies carried out on Momordica identified. which might account for the therapeutic effect of the herbal drug (Qi et al. This risk of toxicity associated with the of the active constituent may not be necessary..3. These are Bridelia ferruginea.. The cardio- Ipomoea batatas (Ludvik et al. Curcuma longa. To ensure the reliability of conclusions drawn from any clinical Finally. For example. Examples include the nephrotoxic effects of Alstonia produce the desired clinical effect (Moshi et al. 2010) should also be followed. these toxic effects are only associated with certain 3. ingestion placebo-controlled clinical trials involving human subjects is a of toxins found in the seeds (beans) is thought to be the probable necessary step towards the possible integration of traditional cause of acute hepato-myoencephalopathy (HMP) in children herbal products into health systems. For these purposes. As a result. which increase in the expression of the GLUT4 receptor (Li et al. specific beneficial effects in diabetes. Citrus species. a toxic protein found in the Fourteen of the plants reviewed in this paper have been seeds of Abrus pecatorius. can elicit different biological effects in the body. methyl N-{4-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) (Schulz et al. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Allium species. These include the the synergistic effect produced by a decoction mix of the leaves gingerols (34–36) from Zingiber officinale. isolation (Vashishtha et al. The hepatotoxic effects of some extracts such as carried out on Rauvolfia vomitoria and Citrus aurantium (Campbell.. apart from a bioguided fractionation. Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia enhance glucose uptake into muscles as a result of a direct amygdalina in modulating baseline blood glucose levels. However. treatment of liver disorders (Jafri et al. Sometimes. 1986). Most of the clinical studies were not randomized.. Ipomoea batatas and Bridelia ferruginea. despite the extract doses. 2009). Only Phyllanthus amarus did not organ toxicity. knowing the identity of the active principle would be very necessary as this often helps to forestall the ingestion of such ideal in order to ensure a better quality control and perhaps a toxic plants or plant parts. which would therefore not preclude their continued use consistently producing a hypoglycemic effect.. in line with the guidelines of the Declaration of compounds have been shown to possess insulin secretory effects. Similarly. recommended. as defined in the ‘Consolidated Standards 100 ppm. produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose a concerted effort between clinicians and researchers would be an levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Asuzu and Nwaehujor. In addition. the thera- amygdalina. Ocimum gratissimum.. as the individual components may be working Some other non-phenolic hydroxylated cyclic compounds have synergistically to produce the overall desired effect. Exceptions to these were those Senna occidentalis.908 U. Sometimes the toxic component may more defined dosage. ideal way to recruit patients to such studies. 2013). Gongronema agent in the plant could also be the toxic agent. benzyl]}carbamate (39). 2013). and methyl N-{4-[(40 -O-acetyl-α-L-rham.. such as with latifolium. Clinical studies parts of the plant.4. 0. which were shown to of Gongronema latifolium. Toxicological evidence and considerations phytochemical constituents that have previously been isolated. Hydroxylated compounds including sugars used as mixtures.. Irvin. Singh et al. Carica appropriate conclusions that will act as guidelines for their clinical papaya. Adequate knowledge about the traditional use of such plants is However. of which the first six involved plant Various plants in Table 1 have been associated with specific samples collected from Nigeria. Nonetheless. was not observed with the individual plants (Ejike et al.. a number of benzyl derivatives including carbamates study. Chrysophyllum use cannot be drawn.. Citrus aurantium. Ficus exasperata. enough to regulate herbal medicines (Cox and Roche. tight junctions. The 7-hydroxylation meta. this is known as a ‘pharmacodynamic interaction’. Although both would otherwise be beneficial in diabetes component of a wide range of plants were identified as hepato. Ezuruike. If a herbal meters (Fig. administered drug and possibly. Constituents of medicinal plants also undergo the four main bolic pathway is the most favored in humans leading to the pharmacokinetic processes of absorption. The use of other more toxic plants A synergistic effect should however not be assumed. There is therefore the possibility of an favored pathway is a 3. Out of the one hundred and fifteen plants reviewed in this tions is equally as important as its evaluation for efficacy paper. Lake. this effect of the efflux antia and Allium sativum (Izzo and Ernst. 7).F. For drugs that are taking chlorpropamide and a meal containing Momordica char. 7. by interacting with one or more cytochrome P450 pharmacological effect. (s). as well as to minimize the entry of drugs in the lumen into the ing and evaluation is not done. This is known as a ‘pharmacokinetic interaction’. Evaluation of medicinal plants for potential herb–drug interac. 2007). Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 909 about the safe dose ranges. coumarins which are a 2011). 1999).4-epoxidation leading to the formation of interaction with one of the different ADME parameters by the toxic metabolites. metabolism formation of non-toxic metabolites. P-gp substrates such as glibenclamide. Some of these interactions were on absorption. A good example is the severe bloodstream. be harnessed towards producing a synergistic effect between the The role of P-gp in the intestinal epithelium is the extrusion two. whereas in rats the most and elimination (ADME). Two types of herb–drug interactions exist: pharmaco. there may be an increased therapeutic enzymes responsible for phase 1 metabolism or either of the effect produced with their co-administration. the water soluble fraction of okra fruits has been profile particularly in humans can ensure a critical assessment of shown to decrease the absorption of metformin (Khatun et al. phytochemical constituents with respect to their safety/toxicity For instance. an result of its biochemical or physiological effect on intestinal efflux transporter. Otherwise. In vitro pharmacokinetic herb–drug interactions identified based on the literature reviewed. U. . modulation of the activity of one or more of these ADME para- dynamic interactions and pharmacokinetic interactions.. transporter is one of the determinant factors in the recommended Acacia nilotica Annona senegalensis Bauhinia thonningii Carica papaya Moringa oleifera Solanum melongena Vernonia amygdalina Ximenia americana Zingiber officinale P-gp P-gp Bridelia ferruginea Catharanthus roseus Curcuma longa Khaya ivorensis Mangifera indica Morinda lucida CYP CYP Aframomum melegueta Bixa orellana Citrus aurantiifolia Citrus aurantium Citrullus colocynthis Corchorus olitorius Ipomoea batatas Lawsonia inermis Jatropha curcas Momordica charantia Lawsonia inermis Morinda citrifolia Momordica charantia Morinda lucida Morus alba Moringa oleifera Murraya koenigii Phyllanthus amarus Persea americana Securidaca longipedunculata Phyllanthus amarus Senna alata Senna alata Fig. taken together would result in a decrease in the toxic based on various studies carried out in rodents. 2001). ultimately resulting in decreased absorption and hypoglycemic that was observed in a female diabetic patient decreased oral bioavailability (Sharom. Other pharmacokinetic interactions were on If the herb and the drug are both expected to produce the same metabolism. over thirty of them have shown in vitro and/or in vivo and safety. This knowledge can phase 2 metabolic enzymes (Table 1).M. which could invariably affect the fate/bioavailability of a co- assessment have now confirmed its safety in humans (Felter et al. J. its therapeutic potential. which in turn may not further studies have showed that certain animal species are bring about the desired hypoglycemic effect in the patient. Previously. or by direct effects on the intestinal the body. sometimes advisable for patients not to take drugs alongside their A thorough analysis of the plant's extracts as well as identified herbal products due to negative drug interactions that may occur. plant alters the expected pharmacological effect of a drug as a either by modulating the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). distribution. resistant to coumarin-induced toxicity. management. However. of certain xenobiotics from the blood to the intestinal lumen the resulting effect could be detrimental if appropriate monitor. Knowledge of this and a quantitative health risk herb. which would possibly require a dose adjustment. the resulting therapeutic benefit 2006.. therapeutic concentration of metformin. It is would however need to be completely discontinued. 910 U.F. Ezuruike, J.M. Prieto / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 dose of the drug to ensure that an adequate therapeutic concen- of these plants as herbal preparations (such as pharmacopoeial tration is achieved in the bloodstream. Co-administration of the monographs) would be required to ensure the reproducibility of drug with a herb with inhibitory effects on P-gp such as Acacia their therapeutic effects. Finally, as a means of giving credence to nilotica, Annona senegalensis, Bauhinia thonningii, Bridelia ferrugi- the pre-clinical experimental evidence, intervention or clinical nea, Carica papaya and Morinda lucida might result in increased studies with the standardised materials should be carried out in plasma concentration of the drug. order to validate their usefulness in diabetes management. We The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes are respon- hope that in this manner the therapeutic potential of these sible for phase 1 oxidative, peroxidative and reductive metabolic medicinal plants can be best harnessed, towards a possible transformations of drugs, environmental chemicals and natural integration into the healthcare system. compounds into less toxic, more water-soluble products, in order to facilitate their excretion from the body. They are most abundant in the liver, which is the primary site for metabolism. The activity Acknowledgments of CYP enzymes can be modified either by induction or inhibition as seen with the extracts of Bixa orellana and Jatropha curcas U.F. Ezuruike is grateful to the Commonwealth Scholarship respectively. The biological activity of the xenobiotics metabolized Commission in the UK for the award of a DFID (Department for by these enzymes can be greatly altered as a result (Rendic and International Development) sponsored Ph.D. scholarship. Carlo, 1997). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a very good example of a herbal product that has produced clinically signifi- cant effects as a result of its interactions with P-gp and CYP Appendix A. Supplementary information enzymes (Henderson et al., 2002). In vitro interactions have also been identified with the phase Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in 2 metabolizing enzymes, particularly with the glutathione trans- the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.055. ferases (GSTs). As with P-gp and CYPs, such interactions can alter the plasma concentration and the resulting therapeutic effect of the co-administered substrate drug. In addition, GSTs directly References control the levels of glutathione (GSH) within the cell. GSH also acts as an antioxidant within cells, and is particularly important in Abdelgadir, H.A., Van Staden, J., 2013. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and diabetic conditions characterized by oxidative stress. Unfortu- toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): a review. 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