José Rizal

José RizalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see José Rizal (disambiguation). José Rizal Born José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda June 19, 1861[1] Calamba City, Laguna[1] Died December 30, 1896(aged 35)[2] Bagumbayan, Manila[2] Cause of Execution by firing squad death Monuments Rizal Park, Manila Calamba, Laguna Daet, Camarines Norte Other names Pepe[3][4] Alma mater Ateneo Municipal de Manila,University of Santo Tomas,Universidad Central de Madrid Organization La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina Spouse(s) Josephine Bracken (1896) [5] Children Francísco Rizal y Bracken (who died after birth) Parents Francisco Rizal Mercado (father) Teodora Alonso (mother) Signature José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, novelist, poet,ophthalmologist, journalist, and revolutionary. He is widely considered as one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines.[6] He was the author of Noli Me Tángere,[7] El Filibusterismo,[8] and a number of poems and essays. He was executed on December 30, 1896 by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army.[9][10] Francisco Rizal Mercado (1818–1897) Rizal's House in Calamba,Laguna Contents [hide]              1 Early life 2 Education 3 Personal life, relationships and ventures o 3.1 Association with Leonor Rivera o 3.2 Relationship with Josephine Bracken 4 In Brussels and Spain (1890-1892) 5 Return to Philippines (1892-1896) o 5.1 Exile in Dapitan o 5.2 Arrest and trial 6 Execution 7 Works and writings o 7.1 Novels and essays o 7.2 Poetry o 7.3 Plays o 7.4 Other works 8 Reactions after death o 8.1 Retraction controversy o 8.2 "Mi último adiós" o 8.3 Later life of Bracken o 8.4 Polavieja and Blanco 9 Criticism and controversies o 9.1 National Hero status  9.1.1 Made National Hero by colonial Americans  9.1.2 Made National Hero by General Aguinaldo o 9.2 References to the Catholic Church o 9.3 Critiques of Books o 9.4 Rizal's role in the Philippine revolution 10 Legacy o 10.1 Species named after Rizal 11 Historical commemoration 12 Rizal in popular culture o 12.1 Adaptation of his works o 12.2 Biographical films o 12.3 Others 13 See also     14 Notes and references 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Early life Jose Rizal was born to the wealthy Mercado-Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna of the Philippines. The Mercado-Rizals were considered one of the most prestigious Filipino families during their time. Jose Rizal came from the 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans.[11][12] From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5.[12] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, José dropped the last three names that make up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal, and the Mercado-Rizal family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, Rizal writes: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!"[13] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Gomburza. From early childhood, José and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.[note 1][note 2] Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name...".[13] Education and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomas where he did take up a preparatory course in law. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree. he took the entrance examination in Colegio de San Juan de Letran and studied there for almost three months. Laguna before he was sent to Manila. 11 years old. . he decided to switch to medicine at the medical school of Santo Tomas specializing later in ophthalmology. a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan.[15] Upon learning that his mother was going blind. He then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. As to his father's request.Rizal. he also attended medical lectures at the University of Parisand the University of Heidelberg. or beerhall.[note 3][7] These social commentaries during theSpanish colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. relationships and ventures . Rizal was also a polyglot. Adolf Meyer. Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree. historian. At Heidelberg. essayist. but secretly supported by his brother Paciano. sociology. Licentiate in Medicine. He was a prolific poet. In Berlin he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. conversant in twenty-two languages. ethnology. as "stupendous. dramatics. he traveled alone to Madrid. skilled in both science and the arts. economics. and made sculptures and woodcarving. Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half. the 25-year-old Rizal. painter. There. sculptor. he dabbled. with varying degrees of expertise. Also. Noli Me Tángere and its sequel. Otto Becker. and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels. completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor. which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West."[note 6] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and subjects. 9 during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884. joining Acacia Lodge No. Dr. Personal life. playwright and journalist. Following custom. He left Heidelberg a poem. fencing and pistol shooting." He lived in a Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. He was also a Freemason.[16][18][18][19] He was an ophthalmologist. "A las flores del Heidelberg". in the diseases of the eye. Besides poetry and creative writing. From Heidelberg. Twice a week. sketched. cartography. martial arts.[note 4][note 5][16][17] Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend. anthropology. I go to the bierbrauerie. El filibusterismo. educator. where he wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tángere. he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld. in architecture. Rizal was a polymath.José Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas Without his parents' knowledge and consent. He painted. There he used the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. farmer. to speak German with my student friends. he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth. with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others. They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the West for the first time. finally. Hong Kong Island.[20] Almost everything in his short life is recorded somewhere. Segunda Katigbak. and the air of a sylph. Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend. It was the first time they met and Rizal described Segunda as "rather short. home and back again to Europe through Japan and the United States. This period of his life included his recorded affections . Mariano brought along his sister. Katigbak was engaged to Manuel Luz. They included his later trips. They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of Segunda. her entire self diffused a mysterious charm. Unfortunately for him." His grandmother's guests were mostly college students and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street. Batangas. Mid-levels. being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer.Rednaxela Terrace is where Dr. much of the material having survived. Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University). He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. came to visit Rizal's maternal grandmother in Tondo. His biographers. rosy–cheeked. Central district. Manila. José Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong From December 1891 to June 1892. Hong Kong Island as his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm.[21] and.[22] Business Card shows Dr. through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong. a 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa. José Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011) José Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th century Filipinos due to the vast and extensive records written by and about him. Rizal lived with his family in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace. however. have faced difficulty in translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching from one language to another. Mariano Katigbak. In 1888. his earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak. he left an impression that was to be remembered by his daughter. 1884 referred to Rivera as Rizal's "betrothed".[24][25] The news of Leonor Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal. Their correspondence began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3. including doodlings on pieces of paper.[23] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was only 14 years old. In her diary.[24] The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept Rizal focused on his studies in Europe. she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and . Leonor Valenzuela.of which nine were identified. last descendant of a noble Japanese family Seiko Usui(affectionately called O-Sei-san). Rivera and her family had moved back to Dagupan. frequently sick because of insomnia. Katigbak described Rivera as having been greatly affected by Rizal's departure. They were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent (London). The reason for Rivera's year of silence was the connivance between Rivera's mother and the Englishman named Henry Kipping. Consuelo. a railway engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favored by Rivera's mother. The meeting never happened. wealthy and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant family. and eight-year romantic relationship with a distant cousin. In the home of a Spanish liberal. 1882. A letter from Mariano Katigbak dated June 27. Leonor Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration for the character of María Clara in Noli Me Tángere) Association with Leonor Rivera See also: Leonor Rivera A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by José Rizal Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Maria Clara in Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo. When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco Mercado to see Rivera in order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at the time Rizal was already labeled by the Spaniards as a filibustero or subversive[24] because of his novel Noli Me Tángere. Pangasinan. 1887. His European friends kept almost everything he gave them. Rivera was 16 years of age. Rizal asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines. Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year. They employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. Rizal wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity. Pedro Ortiga y Pérez. although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. His mother suggested a civil marriage." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders. Rizal. Historian Gregorio F.[26] After frequent visits. which she believed to be a lesser sacrament but less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the Bishop. Reportedly. social graces. Zaide states that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby. and sleight-of-hand tricks. and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes. I did not take the chocolate. age 16. during his research on Morga's writings. In London. They applied to marry but. Francísco Rizal y Bracken. Don‘t delay too long writing us because I wear out the . He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to Catholicism. He lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters.[29] He found records clarifying their names and ages. when she accompanied her blind adoptive father. 33. because of Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance. left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). as his other liaisons were all with young women. 29.[28] In Brussels and Spain (1890-1892) In 1890. he moved to Madrid. Suzanna Thil. the petite niece of his landladies. Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before his execution Relationship with Josephine Bracken Further information: Josephine Bracken In February 1895. Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived."[20][note 7] The family of Karl Ullmer. Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other.regaled them with his wit. he became a regular guest in the home of Dr. George Taufer. Catherina and Suzanna. who had a niece Suzanna ("Thil"). Reinhold Rost of the British Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man. Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila. met Josephine Bracken. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure. the couple had a son.[27] Rizal and Josephine lived as man and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in Dapitan. Rizal. who lived only for a few hours. to have his eyes checked by Rizal. the local priest Father Obach would only hold the ceremony if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. however.[5] After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong. giving the young Suzanna a box of chocolates. an Irish woman from Hong Kong. and before heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia. believed that Rizal had a romance with the 17-year-old niece. 45. pastor of Wilhelmsfeld. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels. 1890). an Austria-Hungary-born professor and historian. He was eventually tried by the military. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the Church. Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to Right: Rizal. convicted and executed. in Rizal's own words. these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. Teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling.now Mexico. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt. and Ponce (c. poems. Dominicans. and El Filibusterismo. This did not dissuade him from writing the preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me Tángere into German.[29] The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels. hurry up and come back…"[29] In 2007. Rizal contributed essays. Noli Me Tángere.soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. published in Ghent in 1891. rights for the Filipino people. Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at the house. administered from Mexico city) Representation in the Cortes Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians. The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda:[note 8]    That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (Philippines was a sub-colony of New Spain . so.[30] Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. as thePhilippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter. del Pilar. "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad government. For the latter. and Franciscans—in parishes and remote sitios . specifically. Dimasalang). As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain. allegories. he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. As Blumentritt had warned. you little bad boy. published in Berlin in 1887. wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be repeated on any day in the Philippines. and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used a pen name. Wenceslao Retana. writing Rizal's most important biography. Unamuno. including the Rizal family. Vida y Escritos del José Rizal. but was disbanded by the governor. and others did endorse them. a . Pi y Margall. a political commentator in Spain. Teodora. Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay. he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. and later that year led them to speak out against the friars' attempts to raise rent. General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down. a peninsula ofMindanao. Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892.  Freedom of assembly and speech Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs) The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from Calamba. Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt. and without a hearing. The incident (when Rizal was ten) stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother. tried to poison the wife of a cousin.[31][note 9] Return to Philippines (1892-1896) Exile in Dapitan Upon his return to Manila in 1892. With the approval of the Church prelates. had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article in La Epoca. At that time. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them from their homes. Such Spanish intellectuals as Morayta. he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novel. by Rizal. Retana published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court. Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means.[19] In 1887. a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba. she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. He implied that the family and friends of Rizal were evicted from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. Upon reading the article. but she said she was trying to help.[32] There he built a school. and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me. with questions and answers for which a wooden top was used. "I consider myself happy for being able to suffer a little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [. which confused voices seek to explain to me. is blind. the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Sánchez. his providence. the more one suffers for it.. The task was resumed by Fray Pastells. as well as Rizal's personal watch."[34] His best friend. one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written. No. from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him. it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished. distinct. and then what is life for? Now then. eternal. kept him in touch with European friends and fellowscientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch. who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school. Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today. In a letter to Pastells. I believe further that in any undertaking. my faithin God. and liberty.. in that voice. blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I cannot but reply: 'It could be. Examining them impartially. French. unity. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience. I believe in revelation. a Muslim. which taught in Spanish. it would be to doubt everything. became a datu.[citation needed] One. let us not make God in our image.[citation needed] The boys' school. and in consequence.. who failed in his mission.]. José Aseniero.. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. and included English as a foreign language (considered a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men. incorruptible. suggested his complicity in it. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout. but my poor judgment does not see it as such. that conflagration. spoon and salter. clear. . that ocean of light. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him. his glory. although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had used his name as a cry for war. was a memorial.hospital and a water supply system.[35] He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the incoming revolution.[citation needed] In Dapitan. mighty. but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. In 2004. Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana". and the firmament showeth his handiwork'. a prominent member of the Order. and another. before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling.[20] He condemned the uprising. his love. In Rizal's own words. which. brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be. poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. delaying their transmittal. comparing them and scrutinizing them. Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and the wooden top.. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God. professor Ferdinand Blumentritt. if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith.. then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands. became Governor of Zamboanga.I believe in (revelation). his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God. universal as is the being from whom it proceeds. his former professor."[36] In Dapitan. However. but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side.[citation needed] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. unceasing. the surer its success. in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem.[33] – "We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. but the God that I foreknow is far more grand. and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze. German and English and which baffled the censors.[citation needed] Abaca. his eternity. a parlor-game for his students. believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country and loss of Filipino lives. far more good: Plus Supra!. Mi último adiós believed to be written a few days before his execution. He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan. and conspiracy. Rizal reminded his sisters in English. His undated poem. Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1. "Look in my shoes". a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should they fail to obey orders. 1896 with letter of recommendation from Blanco. thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution. Execution A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was thenBagumbayan. proving to be a nationwide uprising. Assuming this could be the most likely spot.Arrest and trial By 1896. and sentenced to death.[37] The Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was normal. . Moments before his execution on December 30. 1896. a militant secret society. which was later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions. he issued a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom. Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion. led by then Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda. the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan.--it is finished. including the final letters and his last bequests. had 'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead. there never having any ground burials. in which another item was secreted. The friars. His last words were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est". was hidden in an alcohol stove. and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. sedition. "There is something inside it". as the new SpanishGovernor-General of the Philippines after pressuring Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain. Aware of this the Sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. no Spaniard laid a hand on him. 1896 by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army. Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6. This instruction was followed by another. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards posted at the gate. Rizal's initials in reverse. Blanco. While imprisoned in Fort Santiago. thus sealing Rizal's fate. had become a full-blown revolution. During the entire passage. who was sympathetic to Rizal. had been forced out of office. he was unchained. was convicted on all three charges.[16][38][note 10] He was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave.[citation needed] Rizal had earlier volunteered his services as a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever.[39]:91 During their visit. she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ". Nothing more. a Kundiman attributed to Dr. the date of my birth and of my death. poem. 1891). I shall be shot. (novel. you can do it. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience. essay.[20] Rizal is believed to be the first Filipino revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer. revealed he had been uncoffined.Love them greatly in memory of me. If later you wish to surround my grave with a fence. 1884).. his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful. Works and writings Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish. essay. 1887 (literally Latin for 'touch me not'.."[20] He gave his family instructions for his burial: "Bury me in the ground. given at Restaurante Ingles. Blumentritt.Exhumation of his remains in August 1898. 1896 (literally "My Last Farewell" ) Alin Mang Lahi‖ (“Whate’er the Race”). sequel to Noli Me Tángere Mi Último Adiós. 1889.. Jose Rizal's letters to his family members. novel. though some of his letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in Tagalog. To the Young Women of Malolos Annotations to Antonio de Moragas. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend. under American rule. 1889.' When Blumentritt received it in his hometown Litoměřice(Leitmeritz) he broke down and wept. from John 20:17)[41] El Filibusterismo. No anniversaries. Place a stone and a cross over it. Novels and essays               Noli Me Tángere. but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. Madrid The Diaries of José Rizal Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. to Blumentritt – Tomorrow at 7. Fr."[40] In his final letter. Events in the Philippine Islands) .. 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos) [43] Makamisa unfinished novel Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos. 1889-90 (The Philippines a Century Hence) La Indolencia de los Filipinos. the then lingua franca of Filipino scholars.December 30. My name. 1896. Pablo Pastells and other reformers "Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands) Filipinas dentro de cien años essay.[19] In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated. and through dissent and civil disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's moral primacy to rule. and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. José Rizal[42] The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished) Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay. His works have since been translated into a number of languages including Tagalog and English. The Triumph of Science over Death.El filibusterismo (UP Diliman). by Rizal. Poetry                  A La Juventud Filipina El Canto Del Viajero Briayle Crismarl Canto Del Viajero Canto de María Clara Dalit sa Paggawa Felictación Kundiman (Tagalog) Me Piden Versos Mi primera inspiracion Mi Retiro Mi Ultimo Adiós Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La Patria) Sa Sanggol na si Jesus To My Muse (A Mi Musa) Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo A Man in Dapitan  El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods) Plays . The woman is shown trampling the skull. He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt. together with another one named "The Triumph of Death over Life". stands in front of Fernando Calderón Hall. while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science brings over the whole world. standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. A large replica. writings. His most famous sculptural work was "The Triumph of Science over Death". Manila."[note 11] However. The woman symbolized the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages. the martyr)[45] Other works Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. made of concrete. Manila. to signify the victory the humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. a symbol of death. publications and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church. Retraction controversy Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words. a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair. the building which houses the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in Ermita. Reactions after death An engraving of the execution of Filipino Insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta) Historical marker of José Rizal's execution site. Mártyr (Saint Eustache. The original sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros.  Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[44]:381 San Euistaquio. there are doubts of . Del Rosario. said to have been discovered in 1935. when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United States Congress..[57] Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage. UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history.known and recognized in our courts of justice". and recited Catholic prayers. It finally appeared under 'Mi último pensamiento.. H."[62] "Mi último adiós" Main article: Mi último adiós The poem is more aptly titled. Masons and anti-clericals. "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny .the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'. Thus.[50]John Schumacher. Fr.[16] a Protestant minister. and thus his "unfading glory. Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting experts.[19] They take the retraction document as authentic. when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. having been judged as such by a foremost expert on the writings of Rizal. Marciano Guzman. was not in Rizal's handwriting. and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution. it increased that stature to greatness.. and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops.[55] Paul Dumol[56] and Austin Craig. "Adiós. There was a delay when Braga. 10 qualified witnesses. argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs. cites that Rizal's 4confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses. who greatly admired Rizal. Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell. in contrast with merelycircumstantial evidence.[48] He called the retraction story a "pious fraud. a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason. senator Jose Dioknostated.[note 12]Nicolas Zafra of UP[51] León María Guerrero III. Otley Beyer and Dr.[25] a British writer. director of the National Archives.. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897.' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years.[58] Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical method..[57] One witness was the head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly esteemed by Rizal for his integrity."[53][note 14] his reversion to the "true faith". Austin Coates. by virtue of logic and literary tradition. Rizal is still Rizal .[54] Antonio Molina."[49] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach.[note 13] Gregorio Zaide. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adiós. on the contrary.[46] Also there is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery.its authenticity given that there is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken. Beloved Fatherland"). signed a Catholic prayer book. the words coming from the first line of the poem itself.to recognize his mistakes. José I. "Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino. P. and Ricardo Manapat. A great grand nephew of Rizal. Ambeth Ocampo."[51]Guzmán attributes the denial of retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons. no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he had written. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration.[47] After analyzing six major documents of Rizal." Six years after his death."[58] and a return to the "ideals of his fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot. both of UP. Senator Rafael Palma. Catholic or Mason. wanted a good job of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London."[61] On the other hand. 7 newspapers. when the JesuitBalaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona.[53] Guillermo Gómez Rivera.[51] Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction. Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction document.[50] Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine historians such as Nick Joaquin. a process taking well over two months.. . Vicente Abad. however.[68] Ramon Blanco later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology. to Maragondon. would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine Independence until the Treaty of Manila in 1946—fifty years after Rizal's death.". While visiting Girona.. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. with Bracken. sweet stranger. and laid the foundation for an autonomous government.[64] The Americans.[64] This was a major breakthrough for a US Congress that had yet to grant equal rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the US Constitution and the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. his portrait. Rizal Shrine in Calamba City.[67] She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by the Governor-General. the ancestral house and birthplace of José Rizal.[66] promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province. She later married another Filipino. It created the Philippine legislature. Imus came under threat of recapture that the operation was moved. circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses. whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day. 1902 and was buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery. appointed two Filipino delegates to the US Congress. my joy. my friend. in Catalonia. have kept his legacy controversial. The colony was on its way to independence.[citation needed] Criticism and controversies Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal.[65] Later life of Bracken Josephine Bracken. extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos. the mountain redoubt in Cavite. Laguna. but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported. is now a museum housing Rizal memorabilia. and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic.[67] She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell. and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under the revolutionary General Pantaleón García. . Polavieja and Blanco Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. making her way through thicket and mud across enemy lines. and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain.This same poem which has inspired liberty-loving peoples across the region and beyond was recited (in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian soldiers of independence before going into battle. She died of tubercolosis in Hong Kong in March 15. the US Congress passed the bill into law which is now known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the Philippines.claimed a nobler victim?"[63] Subsequently. [73] Subsequently.[71][72] Although. including Rizal. numerous sources[76] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo.José Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[75] Made National Hero by General Aguinaldo On the other hand.‖[74] Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American War. and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo. National Hero status The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the sometimes bitter question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero. The United States promoted Rizal. favourable to the American occupiers since he was dead. and not the second Philippine Commission. As per them. Rizal did not advocate freedom for Philippines either. sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. would not threaten the American rule or change the status quo of the occuppiers of Philippine islands.[77] . there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. Made National Hero by colonial Americans Some suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American forces occupying Philippines. 346 which set the anniversary of Rizal‘s death as a ―day of observance.both favourable qualities which. the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. if emulated by Filipinos. 1898. repudiation of violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. under the sponsorship of the Club Filipino. the first celebration of Rizal Day was held in Manila on December 30. there is no Filipino historical figure. who represented peaceful political advocacy (in fact.S. Jose Rizal was an ideal candidate. the American Governor General William Howard Taft suggested that the U. In 1901. according to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza.[69][70] But then again. that was officially declared as national hero through law or executive order. and non-violent . Slightly renovated and date repainted in English. who first recognized December 30 as "national day of mourning in memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement.' The writer.[80] Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies. Maximo Viola. Valenzuela surrendered to the Spanish authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an armed struggle for independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Pure and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable. said of him. the idols will be shattered. not only based on his own writings. but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts of Pío Valenzuela. Rizal had even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary .. had lived abroad for nearly as long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite language (at that time.[81] The historian Rafael Palma.[82] References to the Catholic Church In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias. While the affair was on record. contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the Bonifacio's revolver produced an immediate outcome. had openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. Rizal had even refused him entry to his house. like some have suggested. or at least ensure they would stay neutral. "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. and young Ibarra being too accepting of circumstances. is not "the leader of its liberation forces". a friend of Rizal's. between faith and despair. contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism. reaffirming the author's resolute stance. Maria Clara being too frail.[83][84][note 15] Critiques of Books Others present him as a man of contradictions.[86] Many thinkers tend to find the characters of Maria Clara and Ibarra (Noli me Tangere) poor role models.[note 16] But years later.The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain. unlike those of other countries."[86] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is also debated. was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet".. something which has not changed much today either)[79] Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero. a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Rizal's role in the Philippine revolution Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896. La dame aux camelias. rather than being courageous and bold.our liberty will (not) be secured at the sword's point. He gives the opinion that Andrés Bonifacio not replace Rizal as national hero.[78] as he was a member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent family. He pivots between fear and hope. And when a people reaches that height God will provide a weapon. Rizal had suggested that the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on their side. there was no account in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night and if it was more a business transaction than an amorous affair. Tagalog andCebuano were the languages of the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom (the masses were more concerned about day to day issues like earning money and making a living."[85] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in the sequel's final chapters. but that be honored alongside him. Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as long as the Filipinos were well-prepared. in turn. Bonifacio.we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. and well-supplied with arms..[87] In El Filibusterismo. most historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during his lifetime. about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn. However. Rizal had Father Florentino say: ".. specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter Indira.[89] Legacy Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi.[90] As a political figure.[note 18] Government poster from the 1950s Though popularly mentioned. they should fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. neither have they mentioned him in any of their memmoirs or letters. there is no evidence to suggest that Gandhi or Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal.[92] Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government was the restoration of the dignity of the people.[88] Before his execution. José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina.[note 19]. Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems. Coinciding with the appearance of those other leaders. if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"[93] However. ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia.[note 20] saying "Why independence. tracts and plays. a secret society which would start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.But it was documented by Rizal's biographer. through careful examination of his . and would only support "violent means" as a last resort. a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution. Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to offer. as both are dying for their country. colonialism in Asia was doomed. Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. especially on blogs. Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated liberty through peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza which equates his coming execution and the rebels then dying in battle as fundamentally the same. Valenzuela said to historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true stance toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him.forces since he had studied military science.[note 17] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered prematurely. But as noted by historian Floro Quibuyen. works and statements. it has since been discovered that the species had already been described by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulengerin 1885 as Draco guentheri. The English biographer. including Mi Ultimo Adios.[97] Species named after Rizal José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished at Dapitan where he plunged himself into studying of nature. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". knew of the genial image of Spain's early relations with his people. Rizal sent many specimens of animals. He received an award from the president of the Philippines "in recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and education of disadvantaged Filipinos. It was not in his interest to receive any monetary payment. He then able to collect a number of species of various classes: insects. however it was revoked in the 1950s. and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building. Shortly after his death. "Greatest Man of the Brown Race". a civic and patriotic organization. believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character.this is a very a rare kind of beetle with five horns Rhacophorus rizali . shells. all he wanted were scientific books. Apogania rizali . among others. Rizal. Austin Coates.[96] In September 1903. this is a small lizard. Benedict Anderson. and writer. Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences. magazines and surgical instruments which he needed and used in Dapitan. he wascanonised as a saint in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente. Growing up like Rizal (published by the National Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over the Philippines). The Order of the Knights of Rizal. amphibians. He believed that they were a new species.[94] In his writings. insects. reptiles.[99] Here are the three species named after Rizal:    Draco rizali . Jose Rizal's Europe. Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino". boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe [3] [4]. Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe.known as a flying dragon. Rhacophorus rizali[100] Historical commemoration  Although his field of action lay in politics. through his reading of Morga and other western historians. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck named them Draco rizali after Rizal. Rizal reveals himself as a revolutionary. His image as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early reverence to him. One of the greatest researchers about Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael. snakes and plants.[101] . he showed the disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day.[25][note 21] The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France. and his invaluable contribution to engender the teachings and ideals of Dr.a peculiar frog species. with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburzaand the Philippine Revolution of 1896. and plants for identification to the (Anthropological and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden[98]). in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. However. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy. the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Dr. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a sublimation of Christ. During his exile. Reminiscences and Travels of Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of Unselfishness". Dresden Museum of Ethnology. butterflies. It was inaugurated on 2011. the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns. death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him.Laguna.  Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970Philippine peso coin . synchronous on the 150th Birth Celebration of the hero.[note 22] The monument carries the inscription "I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country. that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions. which is now called Rizal Park."[20] The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal. streets. Today.  The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan. a national park in Manila. Located at Calamba. which also contains his remains.  Second Tallest José Rizal statue in the world. The monument. Rizal's hometown. and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor. was designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the William Tel sculpture in Altdorf. Uri. 1891 and 1896. The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University  Tribute to Rizal at Cavenagh Bridge in Singapore     Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature requiring all high school and college curricula a course in the study of his life.[109] Litomerice. 1861–1896. Peru.[citation needed] Toronto. Lingüistica y Poeta. Fujian. Peru. Czech Republic. Canada.[105] Cherry Hill Township. designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff. China. Nacionalista.Honolulu. New Jersey. José P.[104] Chicago. Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid. mounted atop a pedestal base with four inaugural plaque markers with the following inscription on one: "Dr. Mexico.[108] Lima.[106] San Diego.[103] Tokyo. Rizal. Quebec. Reformador Political. works and writings. Escritor. Germany. Lima.[citation needed]and Montreal."[111][112][113] . 1887. Héroe Nacional de Filipinas.[citation needed] A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabián de la Rosa on one side and a bronze bust relief of him by Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore in 1882.[110] A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district. Jinjiang.[107] Mexico City. Wilhelmsfeld. Germany  The National Historical Institute Logo for the 150th Birth Anniversary of José Rizal . The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918  The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld. Titled Rizal sa Dapitan produced by Viva Films it stars Albert Martínez as Rizal and Amanda Page as Josephine Bracken. produced by GMA Films and released in 1998).[citation needed] Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de León: Noli me tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970. In the 10th FAMAS Awards.[116] A year before it was shown another movie was made portraying his life while in exile in the island of Dapitan. was given to the Philippine government and is now located at Rizal Park in Manila. Cesar Montano played the title role. There is a small Rizal Park in that city where a bronze statue of Rizal stands. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer's house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld. The film was the top grosser of the 1997 Manila Film Festival and won the best actor and actress trophies. Others   Nearly every town and city in Philippines contains a street named after Rizal (Rizal street and Rizal avenue) At least ten towns / cities in Philippines are named "Rizal" (for example : Rizal .[115] Biographical films Several films were produced narrating Rizal's life. he was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo de León's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere. José Rizal's residence in Hong Kong   A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker while in Wilhemsfeld.Cagayan) . was inspired by Rizal's tale of the same name. The recognition was repeated the following year with his movie version of El Filibusterismo. Rizal in popular culture Adaptation of his works The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century after his birth. which took place on June 19 of that year. making him the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS Awards posthumously. and his 1939 overture. (Directed by Marilou Diaz Abaya. The most successful was José Rizal. directed by Mike de Leon and starring Joel Torre as José Rizal. The street where he lived was also renamed after him.[citation needed] Another film that tackled particularly on the heroism of Rizal was the 2000 film Bayaning 3rd World.[114] Throughout 2011. the National Historical Institute and other institutions organized several activities commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of Rizal. The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. Mariang Makiling. or through cheat codes. Jose P Rizal Marg The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after Rizal by the United States Navy and launched on September 21.[118][119]    [hide]  V  T  E Part of José Rizal's ancestry Domingo Lam-co Inez de la Rosa Josefa Francisco Mercado Juan Mercado Bernarda Monicha Cirila Alejandro Clemente Mercado Francisco Rizal Mercado Saturnina Rizal Juan Alonso Lucia Rizal Olympia Rizal Manuel de Quintos Lorenzo Alberto Alonso Manuel Alonso Narcisa Rizal Paciano Rizal Eugenio Ursua José Rizal María Rizal Concepción Rizal Gregorio Alonso Josefa Rizal Trinidad Riz This does not include all of the ancestor's siblings. A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) is named Dr. Cuban national hero also executed by the Spanish in 1895 . only the notable on [show]Ancestors of José Rizal See also         Notes and references José Rizal University José Rizal's Global Fellowship Rizal Shrine (Calamba City) Rizal Shrine (Manila) Rizal Technological University Makamisa Rizal Without the Overcoat José Martí. The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are dedicated to Rizal.[117] Rizal also appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as a secret character in multiplayer. 1918. He can be unlocked by completing the single-player mode. alongside other historical figures such as William Shakespeare and Winston Churchill. that he went to confession. c. (La Solidaridad. and Japanese. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the British Museum and a renowned 19th century philologist.. if they are to bear fruit.profoundly and intimately Spanish. op cit) 9. escritos. Read Benedict Anderson's commentary: [1]. 4. He translated the poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge of Malay. 1896). French. Latin. for they knew not what they did—those wretched men. Jump up^ According to Laubach. on the eve of his death". 1996:""It seems clear now that he did retract. German. and author of the book Philippinen-typen (Dresden. op.cit. Chinese."José Rizal‘s Lineage" 2. It is nonsense to . cit. Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr.1888). Jump up^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras. Russian.. "Reflections of a Filipino". 5. ". José Rizal (Manila: 1983) 12. Jump up^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila. Jump up^ Joaquin. English. Philippine National Centennial Commission. José Rizal. Nick. Hebrew and Sanskrit. Jump up^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840–1911) was a German ornithologist and anthropologist. and was married to Josephine. Retana more than any other supporter who 'saved Rizal for posterity'. Portuguese. Chavacano. Jump up^ He was conversant in Spanish. Jump up^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day. who over his still warm body hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry. Jump up^ "That is a matter for handwriting experts. Rizal also made translations from Arabic. and Subanun. Swedish. Cebuano. epilogue to Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. Ilocano. 383) 10.. op. Lord. received communion. Jump up^ At age 8 (in 1869) he was reputed to have written the poem Sa aking mga Kabata and had for its theme the love of one's native language. 'Viva Espana!'"Miguel de Unamuno. 1888) 7. p. Greek. 8. Jump up^ In his essay. impresos y conducta ha habido contrario á mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Católica: Jesus Cavanna. Greek.[14] 3.) 11. Jump up^ His novel Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anticolonial rebellion. Jump up^ Dr." 6.(Epistolario Rizalino. (Laubach. Jump up^ When José was baptized.(Retana. must come from above. far more Spanish than those wretched men—forgive them. Dutch. Soon after his execution. for reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and transitory. heard mass.Notes 1. and the weight of expert opinion is in favor of authenticity. Rizal in Saga. he wrote: "Man is multiplied by the number of languages he possesses and speaks. 13. the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda. Italian. he states: Reforms. the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard". called attention to an antiquated book.[102] References 1. ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4. chap. Valdez & Et Al 2007. Javier de Pedro contends. pg. ^ Jump up to:a b Valdez. 15. it was disbanded and the group splintered into two factions. the Chinese piracy—all these factors. Jump up^ Also stated in Rizal's essay. (read etext at Project Gutenberg) Jump up^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating.' The absence of moral stimulus. Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service. Jump up^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Fort Santiago. Singapore. 3. the demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from his carabao'. in fact there was a 'retrogression'. Jump up^ Nery. the endless wars. the lack of a national sentiment. John (2011). 16.14. 20. 5. House of Congress. is the end of a process which started with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili. the militant arm of the insurrection.[91] Jump up^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609). which he copied word for word from the British Museum and had published. 7. Jump up^ Fadul 2008. p. the language of the document is unmistakable. ^ Jump up to:a b Valdez. 4. Valdez & Et Al 2007.cit. 17. 21. 240. p. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. a testimony to the well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. say that the retraction does not prove Rizal's conversion. 15) Jump up^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan. 31. In his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the advancement of his countryman. Retrieved 8 September 2009. op. . but became a general under Emilio Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the Philippine–American War. the lack of material inducement.[95] (See also (subscription required)) Jump up^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886. 22."[52] Jump up^ The retraction. someday the sparks will be generated. ^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008.. Jump up^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures". 2. (Laubach. the more radical group formed into the Katipunan.21. according to Rizal. and the Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute. "The Philippines: A Century Hence".) Jump up^ According to Anderson. p. After Rizal's arrest and exile. (Read English translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg. "Revolutionary Spirit: Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia".[59][60] Jump up^ Rizal's third novel Makamisa was rescued from oblivion by Ocampo. helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio 'on a level with the beast'. 19. 18. 6. pg. 59. Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking. 1996)ISBN 971-569-188-9. Bureau of Printing. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. Jump up^ "Rizal y Alonso. Retrieved 2007-01-10. 1936) 17. ISBN 978-84-9953-093-2. pp.7. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. José Rizal University. "Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch". 43–44. ^ Jump up to:a b The Many-Sided Personality. Inc. pages 52–54. Works and Writings of a Genius. Works and Writings. Retrieved on 2012-09-20. 1400 letters to and from Rizal". ^ Jump up to:a b http://asianhistory. Gutierrez.about. University of Washington. José Protasio. 84. Google Books.com. Retrieved 5 December 2014. Jump up^ Antonio T. 2011. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Frank Laubach.. Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez. Jump up^ Fadul 2008. "Rizal‘s affair with 'la petite Suzanne'". José Rizal National Centennial Commission (1961). 19.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/joser izalbio. . p. Philippines: Villanueva Book Store. Teofilo H. p. Jose Rizal University. 17. Jump up^ Craig 1914. 18. Retrieved January 10. 9. Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr. "Rizal in America". Jump up^ Montemayor. 143. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Kalaw. 9. Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila: Community Publishers. RetrievedJune 27. Jump up^ Zaide.. M. 24. Jump up^ http://www. ISBN 971-642070-6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Leonor Rivera. 20.html 12. 23. Gutierrez (2006). 10. The Varsitarian. LewRockwell. Oxford University Press (Hong Kong). 185–188. 1861-1896". 169. 2007. Jo (200-06-20) Keeping up with legacy of Rizal‘s ‗true love‘Inquirer Central Luzon at inquirer.htm 13. El filibusterismo (in Spanish). "Leonor Rivera".net. ^ Jump up to:a b Vicente L. Ricardo V. 26. Temple University Press. ^ Jump up to:a b c Coates. Retrieved on 2012-09-29. Manila. "Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)". "Jose Rizal: A birthday wish list".joserizal. translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila. Jump up^ Martinez-Clemente. Gregorio F.G. Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Scientist and National Hero.ph/fm01.ph 25. joserizal. Jump up^ Parco de Castro. Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). Manila. 134–136. Christoper (2001-06-02). 2004. and 258. Edgardo V. Gregorio (1957). Jump up^ Fadul 2008. Linkgua digital. Life and Labors of Rizal. Austin. (2004). Jump up^ Zaide.E. Rizal's Life. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo. Dept. Retrieved 18 May 2013. p. 38. Jump up^ Witmer. of History 14. Zaide. Writer. Lineage. Teodoro. p. José Rizal University. (1999). 16. 27. 11. José Rizal University. 17. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Austin Craig. 22. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5. ^ Jump up to:a b Noli Me Tángere. Ahmed (2008-06-21). Jump up^ José Rizal. Sonia M. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cuizon. 21. 29. 15.215 28. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing Co. 8.Inquirer/Cebu Daily. 124. Tiongson. 60. Jose Rizal: Life. pp."Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes. Bonoan. 1996) 34. J. Retrieved on 2012-09-29 41. 1992.30. 32. Jump up^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal". 1968) ISBN 0-19581519-X 39. April.. Retrieved September 9. The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence.J. University of WisconsinMadison. José Rizal / translated by Encarnacion Alzona. Buenafe. 1930–38) 35. Bonoan. José Rizal Beyond the Grave (Manila: P. Ethnographical. The Life and Writings of José Rizal. Charles Edward. 308. 86s. 1400 letters to and from Rizal. Life and Writings of José Rizal. In Raul J. No. Jose Rzal".V. 49. Vida y Escritos del José Rizal. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Jump up^ Alvarez. 46. 1994. The hero of the Filipinos: the story of José Rizal.) 33. S. Ayuda & Co. Jump up^ "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal. Jump up^ Harry Sichrovsky (1987)." In Miscellaneous Correspondence of Dr. Manila. 42. (Manila: National Historical Institute. Jump up^ Yoder. Eulogio Balan (1923). "The Life and of Dr. Jump up^ "The Life and writings of Dr. Retrieved 3 September 2013. July 7. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Jump up^ Raul J. The Philippine Islands. Jump up^ Ricardo Roque Pascual.2009. 12. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 45. ISBN 1-881261-05-0 40. 1892. Jump up^ "Letters Between Rizal and his Family. The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Recalling the Revolution. S. 1949) . p. 38. Jump up^ Rizal. Retrieved3 September 2013. GovernorGeneral Eulogio Despujol. Jump up^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal". Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall. A Political. Jump up^ http://definitelyfilipino. #223". ISBN 978-971-13-6024-5. Dapitan. Geographical. National Historical Commission of The Philippines.. Retrieved 3 September 2013. 37. 43. May. 1 September 1892. José Rizal". Jump up^ Retana.. Jump up^ "Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate. Madrid 1907. Jump up^ Foreman. Ferdinand Blumentritt: an Austrian life for the Philippines : The Story of José Rizal's Closest Friend and Companion. Jump up^ Russell. Rodriguez. Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago. Robert L. 2.. Jump up^ Rafael Palma. 44. 31. Jump up^ Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes.com. edited by Teodoro Kalaw (Manila: Bureau of Printing. Dr. 1962) 48. p. poet. 39. The Century co. Wenceslao. patriot and martyr. Silliman Journal (Vol. Jump up^ Ildefonso T. 1962) 47. The Forgery of the Rizal "Retraction" and Josephine's "Autobiography" (Manila: BR Book Col. pages 168– 183". Runes and Mameto R. Jump up^ Austin Coates. June 1965). Website http://www.joserizal. Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies. Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (London: Oxford University Press. 1906.com/blog/2012/07/29/rizalismoisang-sanaysay/ 36. Libreria General de Victoriano Suarez. Madrid. ^ Jump up to:a b Ambeth Ocampo (2008). National Commission for Culture and the Arts. ^ Jump up to:a b Gregorio Zaide (2003). 54. Bookmark. 1952. "Joint Statement of the Catholic Hierarchy of the Philippines on the Book 'The Pride of the Malay Race'". R. Jump up^ "Evolution of Rizal's Religious Thought". Jump up^ Molina. Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica. 59. Quezon City. Scientist and National Hero. 65. "The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Nationalism". Historicity of Rizal's Retraction. Ricardo P. ^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008. (1964).com) 57. The Philippine Inquirer. León Maria III (1963). . ^ Jump up to:a b c Nicolas Zafra (1961). "The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction . Manila. 259-260 69. Manila: Anvil Publishing. Jose Rizal. 66. Writer.Preface". The Hard Facts About Rizal's Conversion. Ambeth (1990). José Rizal". Retrieved December 27. Jump up^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures". "RIZAL IN THE AMERICAN CONGRESS". 61. ^ Jump up to:a b Jesus Cavanna (1983). 52. Jump up^ Guerrero. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Jump up^ "Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal". pp. Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 72. Jump up^ Esteban de Ocampo. Jump up^ Forbes. 70. Sinagtala Publishers. Jose Rizal: Life. ^ Jump up to:a b Marciano Guzman (1988). Jump up^ "Philippine Fast Facts".50. Jump up^ Craig 1914. Jump up^ "Uncovering Controversial Facts about José Rizal" (mariaronabeltran. Rizal: ‗Amboy‘ or home-made hero?". 71. ISBN 971-538-053-0 64. Vicente Albano. Garcia Publishing Co. Manuel (31 December 2011). Anvil Publishing. "Yo. Antonio M. 56. 58. Retrieved 3 September 2013. 53. Philippine American Literary House. "The First Filipino: A Biography of José Rizal". CBCP (Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines) Documents. 73. 51. Jump up^ Javier de Pedro (2005) Rizal Through a Glass Darkly. Jump up^ Almario. Retrieved2009-03-10. 68. John. Works and Writings of a Genius. 62. The Philippine Islands. "Commentary.. University of Asia and the Pacific 60. Jump up^ (1950-01-06). National Bookstore. Rizal Without the Overcoat. (1998). The Philippines Free Press Online. pg. ^ Jump up to:a b Pacis. 55. Jump up^ Schumacher. Retrieved 2009-03-10. 18. Rizal without the overcoat.ISBN 971-27-0920-5. Jump up^ Craig 1914. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.P. 241 67. National Historical Institute of The Philippines. Jump up^ Garcia. Jump up^ Ocampo. pg. 63. Cameron (1945). "Why is Rizal the Greatest Filipino Hero?" National Historical Institute. Jump up^ José Rizal (2007). Pablo S. (online text at Project Gutenberg) 87. Malaya Books. Dissent and Counter-consciousness". And Philippine Nationalism 90. 2007. Ambeth. 367. Jose Rizal and Mahatma Gandhi: nationalism and non. 93. 92. 95.violence. 2001) ISBN 971-686-154-0. Retrieved January 10. 91. Renato (30 December 1969). Works. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Jump up^ Lua. Retrieved 3 September 2013. The Philippine Inquirer. "Demythologizing Rizal".)". Writer.. 83. ISBN 971-8711-06-6 81. 77. "2 historical events led to birth of modern RP". Jump up^ José Rizal. Jump up^ Constantino. Jump up^ Ocampo. "History of the Filipino People (8th ed. "Indolence of the Filipino". 86. Reflections of Jose Rizal. 84. ISBN 971-27-0043-7. Jump up^ "General Emilio Aguinaldo decrees December 30. Wing. Quezon City. Teodoro (1990) [1960]. The Reign of Greed. Verso Publication. Echo Library. Quezon City . Jump up^ Trillana III. Manila. "Rizal Day Lecture". Shirley (22 August 2011). "Pride of the Malay Race". Daroy (Manila: National Book Store. 88. Jump up^ Look. Retrieved 2007-01-10. 79. Feria and P. pp. New York. Jump up^ Rafael Palma (1949). Jump up^ Agoncillo. Jump up^ Ocampo. 2007. Philippine Inquirer. edited by D. . ISBN 1-84467-037-6. Anvil Publishing Co. American Hegemony. 89. London.39. Bob (2007).ISBN 971-642070-6. A Nation Aborted: Rizal. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Jump up^ Constantino. 231. Retrieved 3 September2013. Loss and the Noli". Inc. "Under Three Flags: anarchism and the anti colonial imagination". Scientist and National Hero. Jump up^ Quibuyen. Ambeth. Garotech Publishing Inc. Jump up^ Ambeth Ocampo (1990). "Rizal without the Overcoat". Philippine Freemasons. Jump up^ "Aguinaldo's Rizal Day Decree. "Was Jose Rizal an Americansponsored Hero?". Hongkong: The University Of Hongkong. Renato (1980) [1970]. pp. El Filibusterismo (Ghent: 1891) chap. ^ Jump up to:a b José Rizal.. Jose Rizal: Life. Jump up^ Anderson Benedict (2005). Retrieved June 11. Jump up^ Miguel de Unamuno. "The End of Veneration".El Heraldo dela Revolucion. Jump up^ Zaide. Retrieved 3 September2013. 1898". The Revolt of the Masses. NHCP . Prentice Hall. Kam (1997). "Veneration without Understanding. 82. "Love. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 125– 145. Jump up^ Couttie. Retrieved on 2012-09-29.com. "The Tagalog Hamlet" in Rizal: Contrary Essays. 1968). 25 December 1898. 80.National Historical Commission of The Philippines. Gregorio and Sonia (1999). Dr. and Writings of a Genius. Scribd. Teodoro. 78. 1898 as a national day of mourning". 85. 75. Quezon City: All Nations publishing Co. Jump up^ [2]. pg. Retrieved 3 September 2013. translated by Andrea Tablan and Salud Enriquez (Manila: Marian Publishing House. 76. Jump up^ Agoncillo. 94. ISBN 978-1-4068-3936-4.74. org (May 4. 109. 103. Retrieved December 30. Jump up^ http://www. "'Saint' Jose Rizal". Retrieved December 23. Rizal's story is a lesson to us all 108. First Gentleman rushed to hospital 113.pe.net at the Wayback Machine (archived May 4. Retrieved on 2012-09-20.html 99. Michael Lim Ubac. Manila-shimbun. Jump up^ Monumento a José Rizal (Madrid) Retrieved January 10.museum/en/museumsinstitutions/japanisches-palais/museum-fuer-voelkerkundedresden/index. Jump up^ "Rizal in Berlin. Germany". June 20. Ciudad De Mexico". Retrieved December 30. 2010 106. Rizal Bulletin. 2011. Jump up^ Mari Arquiza (1992-12-02). & Jiri Hosek. Jump up^ Peru erects monument for Jose Rizal. Rafael MD.Internet movie database . Jump up^ "Feature: Rizal returns to Singapore" (Press release). 2009.skd. Jump up^ "Philippine president to open park in Lima during APEC Summit". 2008). 97. Jump up^ Castillo. 112. 98. The Reptile Database. Jump up^ "El Monumento de Jose Rizal. RetrievedDecember 30. 111. Jump up^ Medal of Honor 2 cheats for PS1 119. 2008) 102. Philmusicregistry.com (in Japanese). March 29.96. "Spot the Difference: Rizalista as Religious Cult vs Rizalistas in a Socio-Civic Org'n". 2013. Virchow's obituary on Rizal. 2008. 116.joserizal. KGOR. 2008). Jump up^ http://www. Jump up^ Sir Choy Arnaldo. Retrieved on February 19.2009. Jump up^ Isle Filipinos honor Philippines hero – Hawaii News – Honolulu Star-Advertiser 107. José Rizal University. 2008. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Seattle Parks and Recreation Information 118. Web. "Dr.net. 110. (2008-06-20). Jump up^ ログイン – 日刊まにら新聞. Retrieved June 24.com. Jose Rizal in Heidelberg".ph/ta02. Jump up^ Dr. 2007 104. Philippine Daily Inquirer.html 101. Jump up^ Peter Uetz. Jakob Hallermann. Jump up^ IMDb . ":: Felipe De Leon ::". Jump up^ Dr. 11/22/2008 114. Jump up^ En route to APEC meet. 1897 at the Wayback Machine (archived June 18. 2009. Jose Rizal Park.Reviews and Ratings for Jose Rizal (the movie) 117. Jump up^ Article Index – INQUIRER. 100. Ladies for Rizal Bonn Chapter. Jump up^ (2011-08-23). Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 105. Paris in Springtime – Knights and Damas blossom!. Philippine Information Agency (PIA). Jump up^ Dr. 1885". Jump up^ Medal of Honor cheats for PS1 Sources . 115. Jump up^ Dennis Villegas (30 June 2011).archive. "Draco guentheri BOULENGER. Philippine Online Chronicles. Andina. Yonker-on-Hudson World Book Company. (2007) The First Filipino. Chryzelle P. Ocampo. 2007. Manila: De La Salle University Press. Christian Angelo A. Pasig: Anvil Publishing. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.(1993) The Poem Of the Famous Young Elder José Rizal Catchillar. Ferdinand Blumentritt and the Philippines in the New Age. (1994) The Doorway to hell. Ocampo. Encyclopedia Rizaliana.(1992).(1993). Doctor Jose Rizal and the Writing of His Story. Jose (ed. Compiled by Romeo G. Ambeth R. ISBN 978-971-234868-6. . Calendar of Rizaliana in the vault of the National Library. ISBN 9719341-82-3 Joaquin. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.Silliman University Mapa. ISBN 978-1-4303-1142-3 Valdez. Ambeth R. Jose (2002/2008). Leon Ma. Fadul. Jalosjos.. Austin (1914). Morrisville. The City Government Dapitan City: Philippines. Life and Labors of Jose Rizal. Jahleel Areli A. Valdez.) (2008). Dr.Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Fadul.Meaning and history: The Rizal Lectures. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing. Wikisource has original works written by or about: José Rizal Wikiquote has quotations related to: José Rizal Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Rizal. ISBN 978-971-9355-30-4. Ferdinand Blumentritt. The Dapitan Correspondence of Dr.(2001). The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic. (1994) The Twilight in the Philippines Venzon. Et Al (2007). Guerrero Publishing. Ocampo. Publishing House Oswald Praha (Prague). Inc.Pasig: Anvil Publishing. A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of Philippine History. Manila: National Historical Institute of The Philippines (1962). Eugene A. Jindřich (1998) José Rizal. Ambeth R.José Rizal and Dr.(2008). Ambeth R. Philippine Patriot.   Craig. Nick (1977). Maria Stella S. Rex Bookstore. Rizal's Biography Tomas.Rizal Without the Overcoat. Further reading              Hessel. A Workbook for a Course in Rizal. (1965) Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate. ISBN 978-971-584-648-6 Guerrero. Lineage. North Carolina: Lulu Press. Ocampo. Manila: Ayala Museum. Propagandists. Rex Bookstore. and "Ilustrados": Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism (University of Minnesota Press. Manila: National Centennial Commission. Runes. Phenomenal Revelations and Coded Messages about Events Past.. The Great Malayan. Works by José Rizal at Project Gutenberg Jose Rizal Website Rizal's Little Odyssey Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr.net Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal "José Mercado Rizal". articles by José Tlatelpas. 1913. José Rizal (1997). Manila: National Bookstore. Jose P. Manila: Community Publishing Co. ISBN 978-971-23-2240-2. Inc. Thomas. Rizal Comparison between Jose Rizal and Jose Marti (Spanish) Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet Chevaliers de Rizal (French) Poems written by Dr. Jose. The Forgery of the Rizal Retraction'. Zaide.ISBN 971-08-0520-7 External links                 Interesting Facts About Dr. José Rizal Philippine Literature and José Rizal. Makati City: Tahanan Books. Jose P. Published in Spanish by La Guirnalda Polar. (1889). ISBN 971-630-085-9 Medina. Chile: Virtual Multimedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Rizal The Complete Jose Rizal at Filipiniana. Elizabeth (1998). Canada. 2012) 277 pages. Scientist and National Hero. Orientalists. (2003) José Rizal: Life. Megan C."Sa mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos Politicos y Historicos de José Rizal (1961). Prophecies of Jose Rizal about the Philippines: From the Pen of the Visionary National Hero. Carlos (1997). ISBN 956-748309-4 Rizal. Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a Revolution.       Quirino. Santiago. Explores Orientalist and racialist discourse in the writings of José Rizal and five other ilustrados. José Rizal Works by José Rizal at Open Library [show]  V  T  E . Works and Writings of a Genius. 1997. Catholic Encyclopedia. webzine. Songs written by Dr. Writer. Ildefonso (1962). Present and Future : Destiny of the Philippines . Gregorio F... Edmundo Farolán and others. National symbols of the Philippines [show]  V  T  E Philippine national holidays [show]  V  T  E Philippine Revolution [show]  V  T  E Filipino painters       Authority control      WorldCat VIAF: 41845763 LCCN: n80051794 ISNI: 0000 0000 8120 1592 GND: 118601407 SELIBR: 197695 SUDOC: 027102572 BNF: cb11922137c(data) NLA: 35454499 NDL: 00454313 NKC: jn20000701512 BNE: XX870212 Categories:  1861 births  1896 deaths  19th-century people  Filipino Resistance activists  Ateneo de Manila University alumni  University of Santo Tomas alumni .  Deaths by firearm in the Philippines  Executed writers  Filipino artists  Filipino exiles  Filipino expatriates in Germany  Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong  Linguists from the Philippines  Tagalog people  Filipino people of Chinese descent  Filipino people of Japanese descent  Filipino people of Spanish descent  Filipino Roman Catholics  Nonviolence advocates  People from Laguna (province)  Philippine Revolution people  Filipino novelists  Filipino ophthalmologists  Spanish-language writers of the Philippines  Tagalog-language writers  Filipino painters  Filipino people executed by firing squad  People executed by Spain by firing squad  Filipino revolutionaries  Executed revolutionaries  People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church Navigation menu  Create account  Log in      Read View source View history Go      Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Article Talk .   Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction  Help     About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools         What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export  Create a book   Download as PDF Printable version Languages  Afrikaans                     ‫ال عرب ية‬ Bikol Central Brezhoneg      Hrvatski Ido Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara ‫ف ار سی‬ Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua .  Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.  Privacy policy  About Wikipedia  Disclaimers  Contact Wikipedia  Developers  Mobile view . 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