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[email protected]) your contact details viz. Mobile No., Tel. No., Email ID, Address for communication and Permanent Address. 3 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 he theme for this year’ s celebration of World Environment Day is ‘‘ Raise your Voice, not the sea level’’. The UN General Assembly declared 2014 as the International Year of Small Island Developing States. As such, World Environment Day this year will adopt Small Islands Developing States in the broader context of climate change as its theme. The world’s small island nations, dotting across the world from Pacific to South China sea, and from Caribbean to the Indian ocean, are collectively home to more than 63 million people. They play an important role in protecting the oceans and many are biodiversity hotspots, containing some of the richest reservoirs of plants and animals on the planet. But the challenges these small states face are many. Climate change is foremost among these challenges, as global warming is causing ocean levels to rise. According to the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), global sea levels are rising at an increased rate which is projected to be even greater this century. When global temperature warms, seawater expands and occupies more space. Sea levels rise when ice melts as well. Coastal communities in every country are then threatened with floods and storm surges. To these, small islands are the most exposed. As a result many of these islands’ inhabited areas and cultural sites are potentially in danger of being lost to sea-level rise. Sea level rise is attributable to global warming. If we look at the average figures of warming of seawater during the last century and compare the same with the figures of last 20 years, we shall observe that there is steady warming of ocean water, increasing from 0.22 o C above the long term average in 1992 to nearly 0.5 o C above in 2010. Globally, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 2.5 mm per year between 1992 and 2010. Small Island Developing States have themselves contributed little to climate change. Their combined annual output of greenhouse gases is less than one per cent of total global emissions, but their position on the front lines has projected many to the fore in negotiations for a Universal New Legal Climate Agreement in 2015. In fact, small island nations share a common understanding that we need to set out planet on a sustainable path. Therefore, in response to the cell voiced by UN, Secretary General, let us think about the plight of Small Island Developing States and take inspiration from their efforts to address climate change, work for a sustainable future and raise our voice against sea level rise. After all, it is our responsibility to care and protect the planet earth, which in our shared island. As regards this issue of the journal, it contains seven assorted articles in addition to regular features like ‘‘Our Members’’, ‘‘IPHE News’’ etc. The complete list of the members of IPHE Council of 2014-2016 appears in the issue. May I once again request our learned readers to offer their valuable suggestion for improving the various features of the journal? Editor, JIPHE EDITORIAL T Authors are requested to go through the following requirements and ensure adherence to these before mailing the technical papers for publishing in JIPHE. Possibility of delayed publication or non-publication can thus be avoided to a great extent. It is to be noted that acceptance of a paper for publication in JIPHE depends finally on the decision of the advisory council. (A) Contribution : Papers based on practical experience, case studies and popular issues related to Public Health Engineering/Environmental Engineering are particularly welcome. Research findings related to above may also be sent. 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(i) Photographs, Illustrations, Graphs, Bar charts, Pie charts etc.These we are not in a position to print in colour and hence : these, in Original Photograps & Tracings and/or in Soft Copy must be of such quality that clear, sharp and legible Black & White reproduction is ensured. Photocopies or clippings of printed matters shall not be accepted unless very essential. (j) Tables : Each must be numbered and be cited in the text. (k) Unit : Shall be SI Units along with other units in parenthesis if necessary. (D) Special Information : (a) Paper-sheets used in the manuscript shall be in A4 size. Typing shall be on one side in double space leaving ample margin at the left side. (b) Hard copies of manuscripts, securedly stitched, must be sent in Duplicate along with a soft copy secured enough against damage or breakage during transit. (c) A paper is to be sent under coverage of a forwarding letter signed by the author(s). The forwarding letter shall contain a declaration ensuring : (i) that the paper submitted is original (ii) that the article has not already been sent for publication/published in JIPHE or any where else. (d) Papers shall be submitted to : Editor, JIPHE, Institution of Public Health Engineers, India, CK-58, Salt Lake City (Near Tank No. 9), Kolkata - 700 091. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS, INDIA Guidelines For Authors Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 4 5 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Recovery of Nutrients through Vermicomposting of Fly Ash Naresh Dhillon M. Tech. (Environmental Engineering), Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136119. E-mail :
[email protected] Surinder Deswal Professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136119. E-mail :
[email protected] Abstract The aim of this study was to recover the nutrients of fly ash through co-composting of cow dung and fly ash. Four combination of fly ash (FA) and cow dung (CD) in different proportions namely C1 - CD alone, C2 - FA+CD (1:1), C3 - FA+CD (1:2), C4 - FA+CD (2:1) were incubated in laboratory with Sp. Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm for 60 days. The combinations were analyzed after every 15 days for parameters namely, pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total phosphorus and total potassium. Among all the above parameters, pH, electrical conductivity and total organic carbon were observed to be decreased during the incubation in all combinations; whereas, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were observed to be increased. The nutrient availability was found to be significantly higher in C3 - FA+CD (1:2) amongst all the four combinations used in the study. Key words: vermicomposting, fly ash, cow dung, nutrient. 1. INTRODUCTION In last few decades, various alternate energy sources have come into limelight but coal is still the prime energy source in developing countries like China and India. Disposal of high amount of fly-ash from thermal power plants absorbs huge amount of water, energy and land area by ash ponds. In order to meet the growing energy demand, various environmental, economic and social problems associated with the disposal of fly-ash would continue to increase. Therefore, fly-ash management would remain a great concern of the century in developing countries. Presently, there are about one hundred thermal power plants functioning in India and a large quantity of fly ash is being generated from these thermal power plants as by-product. A total of 131.09 million ton of fly ash was generated during the year 2011-12 in India; out of which, 73.13 million ton (55.79%) of fly ash was utilized for various purposes and the rest 57.96 million ton (44. 31%) was disposed-off unutilized (1) . The Ministry of Power, Government of India estimates 1,800 million ton of coal use every year and 600 million ton of fly ash generation by 2031-2032 (2) . The fly ash may undergo some changes in its physico-chemical properties during its disposal process. The physico-chemical properties of fly ash may also get affected by the prevailing weather conditions. A considerable amount of fly ash also escapes to atmosphere and causes damage to animal, plants and human life (3) . Utilization of fly ash for various purposes has been successfully applied in many advanced European countries. Utilization of fly ash as an important building material has been widely accepted all around the world. It is also utilized in manufacturing of insulating and semi-insulating bricks, ceramic wears, extraction of rare elements and metals like gallium, aluminum, titanium, etc. (4) . Beside these, fly ash can also be used in the development of low lying land areas (5) . The composition of fly ash varies with the composition of coal and combustion method involved. Although it is difficult to generalize about the composition of fly ash and their behavior in the environment, but certain characteristics can be used in agriculture. Coal residues, applied directly on cropland, are not practical sources of essential plant nutrients N, P and K for long time; however, fly-ash has great potential in agriculture due to its efficiency in modification of soil health and crop performance (6) . The high concentration of elements in fly-ash has been reported to increases the yield of many agricultural crops (7) . Yet compared to other sectors, the use of fly-ash in agriculture sector is limited. The end product of vermicomposting in which organic substance is added and which is processed after earthworms gut is reported to be a potential source of N, P and K (8) . Earthworms improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the organic substances to enhance its fertility. The presence of earthworms also reduces salinity and also neutralizes pH (9) . The cultivation of earthworms in organic wastes has been termed as ‘ vermi cul ture’ . Vermicomposting, the managed processing of organi c wastes by earth-worms to produce vermicompost, has progressed considerably in recent years. Vermicomposting has been shown to be successful for processing sewage sludge and solids from wastewater (10-12) , paper industry waste (11,14-15) , urban residues, food and animal waste *Corresponding Author 6 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Naresh Dhillion & Surinder Deswal (16-18) , horticultural residues from plants (12,19) and food industry waste (20-21) . Co-composting of sewage sludge and coal fly ash has also been an effective way to transform the fly ash into nutrient rich product (22) . The pri mary obj ecti ve of the study i s vermicomposting being used for co-composting of cow dung (CD) and fly ash (FA) in different proportions to obtain optimum nutrient recovery from fly ash; and, in turn, the secondary purpose will also be solved for mass reduction through utilization of fly ash. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1. Fly ash, cow dung and earthworms Fly ash (FA) used in the present study was obtained from the 1,360 MW thermal power plant located at Panipat, Haryana, India. Cow dung (CD) was obtained from local cowshed during the kharif season. Earthworms (Sp. Eudrilus eugeniae) were collected from the vermicomposting unit of Gurukul, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. Weight of each earthworm was in the range of 1.0-1.5 g. 2.2. Experiment setup Plastic circular container of appropriate size (36 cm upper dia., 18 cm lower dia.,11 cm depth) were used for vermicomposting experiments, as shown in Fig. 1. Cow dung used in experiment was kept for 15 days prior to experimentation for thermal stabilization and air dried at room temperature and then passed through 4.75 mm size sieve to discard the large size particles. The study was performed in laboratory with four different combinations of fly ash and cow dung, by varying the ratio on dry weight basis, as indicted in Table 1. A total weight of 2 kg material in each container was taken for an experimental set. Each of the combination was treated with 16 gm of E. eugeni ae (8 gm/ kg). Water was spri nkl ed periodically to maintain moist condition (70-85% moisture) during experimentation. 2.3. Chemical analysis The materials for each combination were incubated at a room temperature in the range of 22-26 o C for 60 days. Sampl es were drawn periodically at 15 days interval from each incubated material and were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassi um (TK). Determi nati ons of these parameters were carried out by using the following procedure: pH and electrical conductivity by using Benchop pH/ ion/ conductivity meter (5 star, ORION), total organic carbon by Walkely and Black titration method, total phosphorus and total nitrogen by using UV-visible spectrometer and total potassium by Digital flame photometer. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The initial physico-chemical analysis of fly ash and cow dung used in the experiments is presented in Table 2. Fig. 1 Experiment setup Table 1. The experimental set up ratio of fly ash (FA) and cow dung (CD). Experimental Combination Ratio (dry basis) Set FA : CD C1 CD only - C2 FA+CD 1 : 1 C3 FA+CD 1 : 2 C4 FA+CD 2 : 1 Table 2. Physico-chemical analysis of fly ash (FA) and cow dung (CD). Parameter FA CD pH 8.83 7.77 EC (dSm -1 ) 0.7 1.25 TN (g.kg -1 ) 1.5 6.5 TOC(g.kg -1 ) 6.0 10.5 TP (g.kg -1 ) 0.9 3.6 TK (g.kg -1 ) 11.1 8.9 The changes in pH, electrical conductivity, total organi c carbon, total ni trogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in different combination of fly ash and cow dung measured at 7 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Naresh Dhillion & Surinder Deswal intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days are plotted in figures 2 to 7. The plot in Fig. 2 indicates that pH in all combinations has gradually decreased with passage of time and is lower relative to their initial values, except C2 at15 days. The shift in pH during process of vermicomposting could be due to microbial decomposition. The production of CO 2 and organic acids by microbial decomposition during the process of vermicomposting had resulted in the lowering down of pH (15) . After 60 days, combination C1 has shown maximum decline (5.1%) followed by C3 (1.3%). combi ned acti on of earthworms and microorganisms may be responsible for TOC loss from the organic wastes in the form of CO 2 (25) . Maximum TOC reduction has been observed in C1 (32%) followed by C4 (26%), C3 (23%) and C2 (16%). Fig. 2. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate pH. The EC value has decreased in range of 25.5 - 42.4% for different combinations after 60 days. However, the variation has been insignificant amongst the three combinations in which fly ash was used, as can be observed from Fig. 3. Maximum EC value decreased in C1 (42.4%) followed by C2 (39.2%), C3 (26.8%) and C4 (25.5%) after 60 days. The volatilization of ammonia and the precipitation of minerals salt could be the possible reason for the decrease in EC at later phase of composting (24) . Though the EC values have generally shown a declining trend over the period in all combinations; however, it has increased for C3 at 15 days, and C3 and C4 at 30 days in comparison to its preceding values (Fig. 3). This increase in EC may be due to loss of organic matter and release of different mineral salts in available forms (i.e. phosphate, ammonium, potassium, etc.) during vermicom- posting (23) . Total organic carbon (TOC) content decreased in all combinations. The reduction of TOC had been sharp initially (during 15 to 30 days) followed by gradual reduction in the later phase, as shown in Fig. 4. Earthworms and microorganisms bring about decomposition of organic matter and in turn uses large portion of carbon as sources of energy and nitrogen for building cell structure (26) . The Fig. 3. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate EC. Fig. 4. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate TOC. Total ni trogen (TN) was found to be significantly higher in the end product than initial substrate material for all combinations, as shown in Fig. 5. The maximum TN increase was observed in C2 (4.8 fold) followed by C3 (4.8 fold), C4 (4 fold), and C1 (2 fold). Though a slight decrease in TN has been observed in C2 and C4 at 60 days, but otherwise there has been gradual increase in TN over the period in all combinations. The increase in TN value is as result of carbon loss and probably because of mineralization of organic matter (11) . In addition to releasing nitrogen from compost material, earthworms also enhance nitrogen levels by adding their excretory products, mucus, body fluid, enzymes, etc. to the substrate. Further, decayi ng ti ssues of dead worms al so add a significant amount of N to vermicomposting sub- system. Total phosphate (TP) increased in all combi- nations, where maximum gain was observed during 8 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Naresh Dhillion & Surinder Deswal Fig. 5. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate TN. 30 to 45 days, as shown in Fig. 6. Maximum gain in TP was observed in C4 (5.4 fold) followed by C2 (4.7 fold), C3 (3.3 fold) and C1 (3 fold). The increase in phosphorus during vermicomposting is probably through mineralization and mobilization of phosphorus by bacterial and phosphates activity of earthworms (27) . Fig. 6. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate TP. Total potassium (TK) increased gradually in the initial phase and rapidly in the middle phase, and then decreased during the last phase (45 to 60 days), as shown in Fig. 7. The maximum increment was observed in C1 (1.8 fold) followed by C4 (1.5 fold), C3 (1.5 fold) and C2 (1.3 fold) at the end of 60 days. The increase in K of the vermicompost is probabl y due to producti on of aci ds by microorganisms and the increased number of micro flora in the gut of earthworms, i.e. increased enzymatic activity in earthworm’s gut (28-29) . 4. CONCLUSION In the present study, the vermicomposting of fly ash (FA) and cow dung (CD) had resulted in the conversion of waste into value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The maximum nutrients increased Fig. 7. Effect of vermicomposting on substrate TK. during the period 30 to 45 days of incubation; and after 45 days, nutrients either decreased or increased in small amount. The combination C3 - FA+CD (1:2) solved the purpose of study through utilization and maximum nutrients recovery from fly ash which observed significantly good; however, maximum TN, TP and TOC were observed in C1 but this combination contains CD only. The study provides a platform to utilize the fly ash on large scale. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Avai l abl e at: http: / / www. fl yash2012. missionenergy.org [accessed 06.12.13]. 2. Singh Y (2009) Fly Ash utilization in India. ht t p: / / www. weal t hywast e. com/ f l y- ash- utilization-in-india [accessed on 3.06.2012]. 3. Pujari GK and Dash PM (2006) Flyash – problem and management aspect. Envis Newsl Centre Environ Stud 3(1):1–8. 4. Negi BS and Meenakshi V (1991) Charac- terization of coal flyash from thermal power plants in India. Environment impact of coal utilization, International Conference IIT Bombay, 143-152. 5. Kumar V, Mathur M and Sinha SS (2005) A case study: manifold increase in fly ash utilisation in India. Fly Ash Utilization Programme (FAUP), TIFAC, DST, New Delhi. 6. Edwards CA and Burrows I (1988) The potential of earthwonn composts as plant growth media. In: Earthworm Environmental and Waste Management, CA Edwards and EF Neuhauser (Eds), SPB, Acad. Pub. B.v. The Netherlands, pp 211-220. 7. Chakravarthi M and Bhat V (2007) Utility bonanza from flyash, State Environment Related Issues, Department of Forests, Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka Vol.2, No. 6. 8. Mitra BN, Karmakar S, Swain DK and Ghosh 9 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Naresh Dhillion & Surinder Deswal BC (2003) Flyash a potential source of soil amendment and component of the integrated plant nutrient supply system, International Ash Utilization Symposium, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Paper-28. 9. Phung HT, Lund IJ and Page AL (1978) Potential use of flyash as a liming material. In: Adri ano DC, Bri sbi n IL, edi tors. Envi ronmental chemi stry and cycl i ng processes, Conference -760429. Springfield, VA(Virginia): US Department of Commerce; 1978. p. 504–15. 10. Yadav A and Garg VK (2011) Recycling of organic wastes by employing Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology 102(3): 2874–2880 11. Kaushik P and Garg VK (2003) Vermicom- posting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung wi th epi gei c earthworm Eiseniafetida. Bioresource Technology 90:311– 316 12. Pramanik P, Ghosh GK, Ghosal PK and Banik P (2007) Changes in organic – C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants. Bioresource Technology 98:2485–2494. 13. Domý´nguez J, Parmelee RW and Edwards CA (2003) Interactions between Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) and nematode populations during vermicomposting. Pedobiologia 47:53– 60. 14. Kaushik P and Garg VK (2004) Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile sludge mixed with cow dung and agriculture residues. Bioresour Technol 94 (2):203–209. 15. Elvira C, Sampeelro L, Benitez E and Nagales R (1998) Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei : a pl ot scal e study. Bioresource Technology 62: 205-211. 16. Edwards CA (1988) Breakdown of animal, vegetable and industrial organic wastes by earth-worms. In: Earthworms in Waste and Envi ronmental Management, Eds. CA Edwards and EF Neuhauser, 21–31. SPB, Hague, Netherlands. 10 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 17. Garg P, Gupta A and Satya S (2006) Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia fetida: a comparative study. Bioresour Technol 97:391–395. 18. Dominguez J and Edwards CA (1997) Effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29:743–746. 19. Suthar S (2007) Nutri ent changes and bi odynami cs of epi gei c earthworm Perionyxexcavatus (Perrier) during recycling of some agriculture wastes. Bioresource Technology 98:1608–1614. 20. Nogales R, Melgar R, Guerrero A, Lozada G, Benitez E, Thompson R and Gomez M (1999b) Growth and reproduction of Eisenia andrei in dry olive cake mixed with other organic wastes. Pedobiologia 43:744–752. 21. Nogales R, Cifuentes C and Benitez E (2005) Vermi composti ng of wi nery wastes: a laboratory study. J Environmental Science Health 40:659–673. 22. Fang M, Wong JWC, Ma KK and Wong MH (1999) Co- composting of sewage sludge and coal fl y ash: nutri ent transformati ons. Bioresource Technology 67:19-24. 23. Kaviraj and Sharma (2003) Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting empl oyi ng exoti c and l ocal speci es of earthworms. Bioresource Technology 90: 169- 173. 24. Wong JWC, Li SWY and Wong MH (1995) Coal fly ash as a composting material for sewage sl udge: Effects on mi crobi al acti vi ty. Environmental Technology 16:527-537. 25. Prakash M and Karmegam N (2010) Vermi stabi l i zati on of pressmud usi ng Peri onyxceyl anensi s Mi ch. Bioresource Technology 101:8464–8468. 26. Venkatesh RM, and Eevera T (2008) Mass reduction and recovery of nutrients through vermicomposting of fly ash. Applied Ecology and Environment Research 6(1):77–84. 27. Pujari GK and Dash PM (2006) Flyash – problem and management aspect. Envis Newsl Centre Environ Stud 3(1):1–8. 28. Rao S, Rao AS and Takkar PN (1996)Changes in different forms of K under earthworm activity. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Organi c Farmi ng and Sustai nabl e Agriculture , Ghaziabad, India, Oct. 1996:9– 11 29. Kaviraj and Sharma S (2003) Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting empl oyi ng exoti c and l ocal speci es of earthworms. Bioresource Technology 90: 169- 173. Naresh Dhillion & Surinder Deswal 11 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Economic Viability of Water Supply Project in a poor Economy Pijush Kanti Som Former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Head, Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata and presently Chief Technical Advisor, ACPL, Kolkata Subhas Chandra Dutta Gupta Former Chief Engineer, PHE, West Bengal and presently Senior Consultant, ACPL Kolkata 1.0 Introduction There exists some sort of a socio-political dilemma in regard to the imposition of water tax or user charges on the community enjoying the benefit. But in the ADB funded environmental improvement project, water tax on the beneficiary in a poor economy, as a condition of giving Aid, has heightened the dilemma. In the capitalist economy the viability of a utility project is based on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) which equalizes the total project cost with the Net Present Value (NPV) of a stream of annual benefits over a certain period. Lower the IRR, poorer is the viability of the project. But in a poor economy, the ability to pay water tax by members of the user community across its spectrum of economic classes may not be equally strong enough to offset the annual O & M costs including debt service charges. In such a situation, the grant-in aid to reduce the burden of capital costs and / or viability gap funding (VGF) to supplement the annual receipts from inadequate water tax collected from the community are taken recourse to by the government to give the financial support to the project. Authors have made in this paper an attempt to develop a rational approach to resolve the socio- political dilemma in a poor economy for water supply projects by optimizing the quantum of grant- in-aid, VGF and water tax. Authors have given an illustration of a water supply project in a small town located in the North Eastern part of India and suggest, inter alia, how to quantify financial gain of health benefits for viability. Underlying principle of justice is: from each according to his ability and to each according to his need. 1.1 Illustration : Project description The project is for providing piped supply of potable water to the people of the town located in the North Eastern part of India having a projected population of 1,72,500 in 2045 and 1,46,800 in 2030. Surface water from a perennial river having plenty of flow throughout the year and flowing on the north of the town has been selected as the source of water supply. Arrangement for MS floating barge shall be made for drawing up raw water from the river for onward transmission to water treatment plant. Potable water, after proper treatment of raw water will be transmitted to Main Clear Water reservoirs (MCWR) at the treatment plant size. From MCWR water will be pumped to Clear Water Reservoir (CWRs) of different zones. From Zonal CWRs of different zones water will be pumped to Zonal Elevated Service Reservoir (ESRs) by clear water rising main. From ESRs potable water will be distributed to consumers through distribution pipe networks – total length of pipe lines being 100 km (approx) for the entire work. There shall also be provision of boundary walls, gates, staff quarters in addition to chemical house, laboratories, substations etc. All components of the project have been designed following CPHEEO Manual. 1.2 Methodology and Inputs: 1.2.1 Project cost: ● Financial cost: Total project cost – Rs 96 crores including Civil cost 67 crores and balance, for mechanical & electrical works. ● Economic Cost: land acquisition Cost, which is not subject to economic pricing is the same as financial cost. For remaining items of cost, standard conversion factor of 0.9 is used to convert financial cost to economic cost. 1.2.2 Maintenance cost break up Operation maintenance and repair and debt service are annual expenses for running the project under the following heads. ● OMR for Civil Construction @ 0.35% of the cost. ● AMC for equipment and energy charges at the rate 6% of the Project Cost. ● Office expenses @ 0.45% of the project cost. ● Debt service charges (Vide table No-1). Sum of these expenses constitute “Total Cost” of O & M etc. 2. Financial Analysis (FA) approach The viability depends on the working cash flow available from sources of fund to operate and maintain the utility structure, equipments and machineries, debt service charges etc. Working cash flow is basically dependent on the following a) Total Project Cost (TPC) b) Operation and Maintenance expenses (O & M) c) Period of amortization 12 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 d) Interest on debt e) Water user charges f) Financial estimate imputed to health benefit. The main objective of FA is to examine the viability of the project. The analysis attempts to ascertain the extent to which the investment can be recovered through charges, financial benefit and viability gap funded through Grant-In-Aid and subsidy/ support to meet the burden of capital cost and O & M expenses. The viability is evaluated on the basis of FIRR. However cost and revenue and / or benefit have not been indexed to accommodate inflation and these are given in cash flow at constant prices of 2013. 2.1 Interest during construction: This has not been considered. 2.2 Total project cost (TPC): Rs 96 crores Breakup during the period of construction is shown in cash flow table -2 for 3 years period of construction @30%, 40%, 30%. 3. Sources of fund Objective is to study the Economic and Financial viability of the project by determining the Economic Internal rate of return (EIRR) and Financial Internal rate of return (FIRR) on reduced capital cost (Project Cost minus Grant in Aid) and on IRR Equity as well. Considerations in this regard are, a) Investment requirement for the project. b) Funding arrangement viz Grant-in-aid, Loan and Equity, Viability Gap Funding (VGF) in the form of Equity support for O & M and debt Service charges, c) Year wise Expenditure d) Year wise Revenue through water charges, and social benefit owing to improved health of the community leading to better productivity. Studies on EIRR and FIRR are made under the following scenarios. Scenario: I 1) Sources of fund are -Grant –in –Aid at the rate of 90 % of the Project Cost. -Loan at the rate of 90 % of the reduced capital cost i.e Project Cost minus Grant-in-Aid. -Equity at the rate 10 % of the reduced capital cost. 2) Operation, Maintenances and Repair and Debt services are annual expenses for running the project under the following heads. ● OMR for Civil Construction @ 0.35 % of the cost. ● AMC for equipment and energy charges at the rate 6 % of the Project Cost. ● Office expenses @ 0.45 % of the project cost. ● Debt service charges (Vide table No- 1). Sum of these expenses constitute “Total Cost” of O & M etc. 3) Total Receipts are from a) Water charges : With reference to Katwa Water supply, West Bengal (2005) We estimate the water charges to be 1200(1 + .05) 8 = Rs 1773 per holding (D.U) per annum with inflationary adjustment, considering water charges @ 1200/ holding/year in 2005 @ 5% inflation rate p.a. BPL families are excluded. Hence population to be served and charged in the town in NE India vide Project Report = 1,75,000 Less BPL @ 30 % = 52,500 1,22,500 Assuming number of members in a family as 5, no of dwelling units=1,22,500/5=24,500 Therefore, Total annual charges expected to be received are 24,500 x 1773 = Rs 4.34 Cr. b) Health Benefit: Increase of productivity due to better health. ‘ Without the project’ scenario: 1) Assuming 30 % of the work force (60 % of population) belonging mainly to poor and BPL i.e. 0.3 X 0.6 X 175000 = 31500 will be absent for 3 days/ month (30 days) due to water borne diseases, estimated loss of man-days per month = 31,500 X 3 = 94,500. 2) Applied a probability of 80 % to (1) and lost man days per month is (0.8 X 94,500) = 75,600. “Post Project Cost” Scenario. Pessimistic estimate of saving in lost man- days per month @ 50 % of 75,600 = 37,800. Hence, saving p.a. is 37,800 X 12 = 4,53,600 (man-days p.a). Now, urban median daily income per capita of the poor and BPL cohort is optimistically Rs 100. Therefore, benefit due to saving in lost man-days p.a. 4,53,600 X 100 = Rs 4.53 Cr. To be on the conservative side 60 % of this figure is taken to be saving in lost man-days (financial value) … Net Benefit is 0.6 X 4.54 = Rs 2.72 Cr. Say Rs. 3.0 Cr. In Scenario I No VGF is considered. P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 13 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Therefore, total benefit is Water charges – Rs 4.0 Cr Health Benefit – Rs 3.0 Cr VGF – Nil Cash flow statement (vide Table 2) shows the Net Benefit (Total Benefit – Total Cost) per annum for each year beginning from the start up year is negative and hence budgetary support is essential as shown in the table. Scenario II 1) Sources of fund are same as in Scenario I except VGF @ 20 % as equity support for O & M and debt services. 2) O & M & Debt Services same as in Scenario I. 3) Total Receipts same as in scenario I plus VGF. FIRR, EIRR and Equity IRR are worked out as 11 %, 20 % and 159 % respectively (Vide Table 3, 4 and 5). Scenario III Same as in Scenario II except for VGF which is 10 %. Table 4 shows the cash flow. FIRR, EIRR and Equity IRR estimated from Table 3A, 4A and 5A to be 2 %, 10 % and 77 % respectively. Summary is given as follows in table 6. P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta Table :- 6 Comparative Scenarios Scenarios EIRR on Reduced FIRR on Reduced FIRR on Equity Remarks Project Cost Project Cost Capital I Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Budgetary support from 5 th year to 14 th year approximately to 6.756 Cr required in II 20 % 11 % 159 % scenario I III 10 % 2 % 77 % Table-1 : Debt Service charges Loan Repayment Outstanding Total Year (Crore) (Crore) (Crore) Interest (Crore) Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 10% (3+5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 9.6 Nil 9.6 - - 2 0.96 8.64 0.96 1.92 3 0.96 7.68 0.864 1.824 4 0.96 6.72 0.768 1.728 5 0.96 5.76 0.672 1.632 6 0.96 4.8 0.576 1.536 7 0.96 3.84 0.48 1.44 8 0.96 2.88 0.384 1.344 9 0.96 1.92 0.288 1.248 10 0.96 0.96 0.192 1.152 11 0.96 0 0.096 1.056 14 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 15 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 16 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 17 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 18 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 19 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 20 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 P. K. Som & S. C. Dutta Gupta 21 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Hexavalent Chromium in Ground Water of Unnao Industrial Area, UP (India) and its Removal through Mangifera Indica Bark (Biosorption) Supriya Singh Research Scholar / Professor, Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sitapur Road Yojana, Lucknow-226021 (India) Alka Tripathi Research Scholar / Professor, Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sitapur Road Yojana, Lucknow-226021 (India) Amrita Srivastava Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow-226007 (India) ABSTRACT Industrialization & urbanization has played a major role in development of human civilization. Industrialization has changed the natural environment of the area and added to it various harmful unavoidable substances, which has resulted in health effects to the flora & fauna living in environment. Keeping in view of the pollution effects to the ecosystem, it is very essential to monitor the industrial effluents being discharged. Unnao, a major industrial town near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, has about 62 industries belonging to tanneries, chemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceu- ticals, paper, steel, textile & paints etc were found to contain toxic heavy metals in their effluents as well as surface water in the area. The majority of the industries belongs to tannery related works and is shifted from Kanpur area due to ground water pollution in that area. The presence of these metals causes health effects not only in flora & fauna but also in human being. The health effects of Hexavalent Chromium to toxicity, dermatitis, ulcer; Copper to liver damage, CNS irritation; Iron to haemochromatosis; Lead to paralysis, toxicity, anemia, mental disorders; Zinc to syndromes, retarded growth, immunity, anemia; Manganese to manganism are well reported. The maximum concentration of Copper -210, Cadmium - 34, Chromium(VI) - 984, Total Chromium - 6975, Zinc - 1654, Lead - 114, Iron - 4538, Manganese - 774, microgram / liter was observed in the industry effluent surface water in the area. The ground water has been found to be contaminated by heavy metals like Lead - 102, Cadmium - 9, Chromium(VI) - 922, Total Chromium - 1018, Manganese - 400, Iron - 822, Zinc - 1212, Nickel - 68 & Copper -187 microgram / liter. The study indicates surface- ground water metallic correlation, percentage of different metals being leached to ground water (phreatic aquifer) and the pollution of ground water through effluent surface water by manganese, iron, Chromium (VI), Total Chromium & Lead,. whose concentrations have been found above the permissible limits of authorities. The removal of pre-dominant hexavalent chromium ion present in ground water of the area was carried out through biosorption on Mangifera indica bark powder and the adsorbent capacity of the Cr (VI) ion was found to 19.64 mg/g (removal maximum up to 80.2 % in acidic medium and 67% in neutral medium) and it can be used as low cost biosorbent material for treatment / removal of Cr (VI) polluted waters by the inhabitants. Key Words: Hexavalent Chromium, Ground Water, Removal, Biosorption. INTRODUCTION Presence of harmful metals in ground water used for drinking purposes (1,2,3) has been a matter of concern for scientists due to their harmful effect on human body (4,5,6) . Unnao is one of the recent developing major industrial town near Kanpur city in India having most of the tanneries, pharma- ceutical, dying & steel industries. Unnao industrial area (UPSIDC) is situated in Uttar Pradesh having more than 62 industrial units, and most of them are tanneries catering the need of nation. The study area lies in lies between 26°26' and 26°4V north latitudes and 80°15' and 80°33' east longitudes, falling in the survey of India toposheet no. 63B. It is bounded in the north by Safipur block, in the east by the Bichhia block, in the south Sikandarpur Karon block; whereas the Ganga river in the west separates it form the district of Kanpur. The total area under study is about 220 sq.km. Geologically (7) Unnao district lies in Ganga plain, one of the most densely populated regions, one of the largest ground water repositories and one of the largest fluvial systems on Earth wherein, monsoon rain causes large scale sediment-water movement and reworking of sediments. The area is beset with alluvium of Quaternary age consisting of older alluvium of middle to upper Pleistocene and newer alluvium of Holocene. The climate of the study area is semi - arid type. Geomorphologically, the Plain shows a south to southeasterly sloping planar surface in the northern part, formed due to contraction and expansion of alluvial fans in response to the climatic changes during the Quaternary (8,9) . Through time, the Gangetic Plain 22 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 has expanded southwards in response to thrust-fold loading in the Himalaya. The subsurface data in the alluvium of the southern marginal plain shows that above the basement, there is a succession of sediment derived from the peninsular region, dominated by pink-colored arkoses sands. This zone is capped by a sequence of sediments from Himalayan source (10,11,12) , which are essentially grey colored, micaceous sub greywacke type. The area experiences moderate rainfalls during which various solid waste effluent dissolve (13) in surface water & later percolate to ground water bodies. The dissolved metals and ions play a very important role in various physiological processes in the flora and fauna of the habitat. If present in higher or low concentration than the required causes unavoidable effects or diseases. The health effects of chromium to toxicity, dermatitis, ulcer; copper to liver damage, CNS irritation; iron to haemochromatosis; lead to paralysis, toxicity, anemia, mental disorders; zinc to syndromes, retarded growth, immunity, anemia; manganese to manganism are well reported. Unnao, being a major developing industrial town near Kanpur city having more than 62 industries mostly tanneries and shifted from Kanpur lead the author to carry out the pollution effects on ground water quality due to effluent generated by these industries (14,15) and it was observed that ground water is being contaminated by poisonous heavy metals slowly with going down to depth. The surface/ effluent industrial liquid waste was found to have maximum concentration of Copper - 210, Cadmium - 34, Chromium(VI) - 984, Total Chromium - 6975, Zinc - 1654, Lead -114, Iron - 4538, Manganese - 774, microgram / liter in the area. The ground water has been found to be contaminated by heavy metals like Lead - 102, Cadmium - 9, Chromium(VI) - 922, Total Chromium - 1018, Manganese - 400, Iron - 822, Zinc -1212, Nickel - 68 & Copper - 187 microgram / liter. The study indicates surface-ground water metallic correlation, percentage of different metals being leached to ground water (phreatic aquifer) and the pollution of ground water through effluent surface water by manganese, iron, Chromium (VI), Total Chromium & Lead, whose concentrations have been found above the permissible limits of authorities. These waters are unsafe for drinking as per BIS & WHO guidelines and continuous use may cause diseases to the people of the area using it. METHODS FOR ANALYSIS The water samples were collected from the study area (Map-1) in polyethylene bottles [1 liter] during May 2012 for pre monsoon and in November 2012 for post monsoon, acidified to pH 2 by 1:1 Nitric acid and sealed at site. The samples were processed and analyzed (16,17) for various trace elements using Atomic Absorption Spectro- Map - 1 INDEX MAP OF UNNAO STUDY AREA S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 23 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 photometer (ECIL) in laboratory. Hexavalent Chromium was analysed using Diphenyl carbazide method through UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu).The results of metal concentration obtained for surface and ground water samples are reported in the table 1 for Effluent liquid waste water and table 2 for ground water respectively. Methods for Chromium (VI) removal through Mangifera indica bark powder All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. The standard stock Cr(VI) solutions was prepared by. weighing 2.8287 g of Potassium dichromate in one liter double distilled water and it was further diluted to desired concentrations containing 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 200 mg/L of chromi um (VI) i n aqueous phase standard solutions. The estimation of hexavalent chromium was carried out by using Diphenyl carbazide method as per standard methods 17 . Shimadzu UV- VIS Spectrophotometer at 540 nm was used for measurement. The Cr (VI) loadings on sorbents were computed based on mass balance through loss of metal from aqueous solution. The pH of solution was maintained using 0.5 N HCI and 0.5 N NaOH solutions. The temperature of the solutions was maintained by using temp. regulatory oven. The FTIR of the sorbent (Mangifera indica bark) and chromium loaded was carried out using Bruker FTIR Spectrophotometer for absorption peaks. Preparation of Biosorbent (Mangifera indica bark powder) The sorbents used was Mangifera indica bark powder. The materials were obtained from local area. Material was washed, dried and then pulverized in pulverizer and air-dried in the sun for five days. After drying, the materials were kept in air tight plastic bottles. The powdered material was used as such and no pretreatment was given to the materials. The particle size was maintained in the range of 212-300 m (geometric mean size: 252.2 m). Screening of Biosorbent The experiments were carried out in 150 mL borosil conical flasks by agitating a pre-weighed amount of the Mangifera indica bark powdered adsorbent with 10-100 mL of the aqueous chromium (VI) solutions for a predetermined period at 10-40°C in an ice bath / oven. The Biosorbent doses were maintained 1-5 g/liter for different experiments. The adsorbent is separated with whatmann filter paper no 41. Adsorption isotherm study is carried out wi th di fferent i ni ti al concentrati ons of chromium (VI) from 20 to 100 mg/L with the adsorbent dosage of 1-5 g/liter. The effect of pH on Cr (VI) biosorption was studied at 30°C with chromium (VI) concentration of 50 mg/L and an adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L. The effect of adsorbent dosage is studied by varying the adsorbent amount from 1 g/ L to 5 g/ L wi th chromi um (VI) concentration of 50 mg/L. The effect of temperature varying from 10- 40°C was studied at Cr (VI) concentration of 50 mg/L and Biosorbent dose of 4 g/L. The time duration 60-300 min was studied at Cr (VI) concentration of 5 mg/L and Biosorbent dose of 4 g/L. The concentration of free chromium (VI) ions in the effluent was determined spectrophoto- metrically by developing a purple-violet color with 1, 5-diphenyl carbazide in acidic solution as complexing agent. The absorbance of the purple- violet colored solution was read at 540 nm after 20 min. RESULTS & DISCUSSION FOR METAL CONCENTRATION The results of metallic concentration for effluent waste water and ground water are given in table 1 & 2 ; figure - 1,2; 4 for metallic correlation of surface/ ground water fig - 3 & figure - 4 for percentage of metal leaching to ground water. 1. Most of the effluent samples have higher concentration of metals in post monsoon period, may be probably due to dissolution of solid waste dump materials on the ground. 2. Effluent liquid wastes have abnormally high concentrations of Total and Hexavalent Chromium (table-1) though the percentage of Cr (VI) is generally less than 25 to total Chromium. 3. Arsenic and Lead is abnormally high (table-1) in most of the effluent samples beyond BIS limits for potability. 4. Ground water has been found to be contaminated by most of the metals even beyond the limits of acceptability by BIS (Table - 2 , Fig- 2). 5. The leaching of metals from surface to ground water in the study area shows the trend Chromium (VI) > Lead > Copper > Zinc> Manganese> Nickel> Cadmium > Iron >Total Chromium. ( Fig-4) 6. The harmful Hexavalent chromium is most easily leachable to ground water in this area needs the proper monitoring and treatment in view of its ill effects on human body. ( Fig-4) 7. The common solid waste of tanneries dumped on ground has total chromium mostly as Cr (III) has low mobility to the ground water in S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 24 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Table 1: DISTRIBUTION OF METALS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER OF UNNAO INDUSTRIAL AREA, UP Parameters Minimum Maximum Average SD Iron 986 4538 1918 842 Manganese 43 774 348 205 Copper 11 210 69 63 Nickel 18 194 87 65 Lead 29 114 61 21 Cadmium 11 34 20 8 Zinc 34 1654 175 325 Chromium (VI) 17 984 253 325 T Chromium 69 6975 1629 1694 Arsenic 28 754 130 142 Table 2 : DISTRIBUTION OF METALS IN GROUND WATER TO UNNAO INDUSTRIAL AREA, UP Parameter Cr Total Cr(VI) Cu Fe Mn Zn Pb Cd Ni min 4 0 4 8 12 2 5 3 6 max 1018 922 187 822 400 2160 102 9 106 average 48 33 15 142 134 384 45 6 25 SD 172 155 25 156 80 425 21 2 18 Fig.1 : Distribution of Metals in Surface Effluent of Unnao Industrial Area Fig.2 : Distribution of Metals in Ground water of Unnao Industrial Area this area. ( Fig- 3 & 4) 8. The mobility of different metals to ground water is governed by various physico chemical characteristics of soil and varies from place to place. Results and Discussion for removal technique of Chromium (VI) through Biosorption In the present study, Mangifera indica bark has been used for chromium (VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Table-3 shows the adsorbent capacity of various adsorbents. When compared with other non-conventional adsorbents, the results of the present study indicate that adsorbent prepared from Mangifera indica bark has better adsorption capacity in many cases (biomass residual slurry, Fe (lll)/Cr (III) hydroxide, Waste tea, walnut shell), comparable adsorption capacity S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 25 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Fig.3 : Metal Correlation in Industrial Effluent & Ground Water of Unnao Industrial Area, UP Fig.4 : Percentage of Metal Leaching to Ground Water in Unnao Industrial Area, UP 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 T Cr Fe Cd Ni Mn Zn Cu Pb Cr(VI) with (palm pressed-fibers, maize cob, sugar cane bagasse) and lower adsorption capacity with (activated carbon, saw dust) for chromium (VI) ions [18-24] . Based on the above results obtained, the effect of various parameters such as equilibrium time, pH, amount of adsorbent etc. has been studied. Effect of Contact Time on Chromium (VI) Adsorption The effect of contact time up to 300 min. on chromium VI adsorption was studied using Biosorbent dose of 1 g/L and hexavalent Chromium concentration of 4 & 5 mg/L.(Fig -5). The extraction process was carried out with standard Cr (VI) 100 mL solution of 4 and 5 mg/L in 150 mL conical flask with Biosorbent dose of 1g/L and the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the solution was recorded by filtration through whatmann filter S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 26 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 paper followed by development of colour using Diphenyl carbazide at 540 nm in time interval of 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes. Most of the adsorption takes place in first hour of contact and longer contact time has no effect on extraction of chromium (fig-5). FTIR spectra of Mangifera indica bark and Biosorbent with Cr (VI) The FTIR spectra of Biosorbent and Cr (VI) l oaded was carri ed out usi ng Bruker FTIR Spectrophoto-meter. The peaks at 1027.23, 1604.27 & 2362.35 cm -1 wave numbers were observed in Mangifera indica bark while after biosorption with Cr (VI) the peaks become more prominent at 646.15, 778.77, 806.19, 1027.36, 1315.50, 1611.02, 3329.93 & 3853.13 cm -1 wave numbers (Fig-6). The different functional groups after adsorption of Cr (VI) have shown prominent absorption in IR spectrum. Effect of Temperature on Cr (VI) biosorption The 100 mL samples of 50 mg/L hexavalent chromium concentration in 150 mL conical flasks were treated with 0.1 g of Biosorbent (Mangifera indica bark powder) maintained at 10, 20, 30 & 40°C. The solutions were kept for 60 min. with gentle shaking at periodical intervals and the concentration of Cr (VI) was measured in the solution after filtering through Whatmann filter paper and developing the colour using Diphenyl carbazide at 540 nm spectrophotometrically. The percentage biosorption of Cr(VI) was found maximum at 40°C and minimum at 10°C showing an increasing trend with temperature. (Figure-7). Effect of pH on Cr (VI) biosorption The experiments using 100 mL of 50 mg/L Cr (VI) solutions for 60 min time and adsorbent dose of 0.1 g were carried out at pH 2, 4, 7, 10 and 12 and the biosorption of Cr (VI) is depicted in figure-8. Table No.3: Summary of adsorbent capacity of various adsorbents Adsorbent Maximum Adsorbent Capacity, Reference qm (mg/g) 1. Walnut shell 1.33 [23) 2. Fe(lll)/Cr(lll) hydroxide 1.43 [24] 3. Waste tea 1.55 [23] 4. Biomass residual slurry 5.87 [19] 5. Tamarind seeds 11.08 [22] 6. Sugar cane bagasse 13.4 [20] 7. Maize cob 13.8 [20] 8. Palm pressed-fibers 15.0 [21] 9. Mangifera indica bark 19.64 Present study 10. Sawdust 39.7 [20] 11. Activated Carbon (Filtrasorb-400) 57.7 [19] Fig. 5 : Effect of Contact Time on Chromium (VI) Adsorption Fig. 6 FTIR Spectra of biosorbent/ biosorbent-Cr(VI) S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 27 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 higher biosorption capacity of 19.64 mg/g at 30 °C. ● The equilibrium time for the adsorption of chromium (VI) on the adsorbate prepared from Mangifera indica bark in the present study from aqueous solutions is found to be 60 m. ● The adsorption process of chromium (VI) can be described by Langmuir isotherm and Freundl i ch i sotherm model s. However, Langmuir isotherm model shows a good agreement with the equilibrium data. ● Adsorption of chromium (VI) on Mangifera indica bark yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 19.64 mg/g at solution pH of 7 and temperature 30 °C. ● Removal of chromium (VI) increases with increase of adsorbent dosage. ● The maximum adsorption of chromium (VI) took place in the pH range 1-3. ● The increase in temperature increases the biosorption up to 40 °C, showing the chemi- sorptions behavior. ● The maximum adsorption takes place in 60 minutes and further increase in duration of contact time has negligible effect. ● The higher values of Freundlich constant (>1) for 1/n indicates the favorable condition of biosorption by the Mangifera indica bark by hexa valent chromium in aqueous medium. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors express their sincere thanks to Dean, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow and Sh K B Biswas, Regional Director, CGWB, Lucknow for providing the laboratory facilities and helpful suggestions from time to time for carrying out the present work. Authors are also thankful to Dr S K Srivastava, Scientist, CGWB, Lucknow for helpful suggestions from time to time. REFERENCE 1. “‘WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, Vol I &II, Geneva (1984). 2. BIS, Indian standards specifications for drinking water IS 10500 (1983). 3. Manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies Ed II, (1975)Speci report series no 44, ICMR , New Delhi. 4. Prakash R, Konwar P K, Kumar A ; Chemical Quality and Water Pollution in 1 Guwahati City, Assam, Bhujal News, (1992), pp 24-28. 5. Prakash R, Konwar P K , Kumar A, Devi S; Occurrence and health aspects of inorganic constituents in drinking water of Northeastern India, Ind. J.Pow. Riv Vall Dev. (1993). pp 80- 83. Fig. 7 : Effect of Temperature on Cr (VI) Adsorption The acidic medium (pH-2) has been found to show maximum biosorption up to 80% of initial chromium (VI) which decreases to 13% at neutral (pH-7) and further increases to 26% in basic medium (pH- 12).(Figure-8) Fig. 8 : Effect of pH on Cr (VI) Adsorption CONCLUSION The study reveals that — ● Ground water (shallow aquifer) is being contaminated slowly by metallic effluents of industries and most predominantly occurrence of Hexavalent chromium in surface as well as ground water indicates the poor treatment of liquid effluents in tanneries, which is a fast leaching metal to ground water in comparison to other metals. It has started polluting the phreatic aquifer in few localities of the study area and now requires proper and regular monitoring for chromium and lead keeping in view of its alarming health impacts to human body. ● Adsorbent prepared from Mangifera indica bark can be used for removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions due to its remarkable S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava 28 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 6. Prakash R, Sondhi T N, Charan K. Environment and Pollution, Govt of India, Min of Water resources, CGWB, Technical report (1999). 7. Ansari AA, Singh IB, Tobschall HJ. Impor- tance of geomorphology and sedimentation processes for metal dispersion in sediments and soils of Ganga plain : identification of geochemical domains. Chemical Geol. (2000), 162: pp 245-266. 8. Ghosh, D.K. and Singh, I.B., Structural and geomorphic evolution of the northwestern part of Indo-Gangetic Plain, Proc. Sem. Quat. Geol., Baroda, India, (1988). 164-175. 9. Singh, I. B. , Sedimentological history of Quaternary deposits in Gangetic Plain, Indian J.Earth Sci.,(1987), 14, 272-282. 10. Singh, I.B. and Rastogi, S.P., Techtonic framework of Gangetic alluvium with special reference to Ganga river in Uttar Pradesh, Curr. Sci., (1973)., 42, pp 305-307. 11. Singh, I.B. and Bajpai, V.N., Significance of Syndepositional tectonics in facies develop- ment, Gangetic Alluvium near Kanpur, India, J. Geol. Soc. Ind., (1989), 34, pp 61-66. 12. Singh, I.B. and Bajpai, V.N., Kumar, A. and Singh, M., Changes in the channel character- istics of Ganga River during Late Pliestocene, J. Geol. Soc. Ind., (1990), 36, pp 67-73. 13. Ansari, A.A., Singh, I.B. and Tobschall, H.J., Role of monsoon rain concentrations and dispersion patterns of metal pollutants in sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain, India, Environ. Earth Sci., (1999), 39(3), pp 221-237. 14. Srivastava A. Singh Supriya, Srivastava S K, Prakash R.; Impact of Tanneries on ground water quality in Kanchandpur area, Kanpur Dehat District, UP. JIPHE, (2013) 2, 19-26. 15. Tripathi A. Singh Supriya, Srivastava S K, Prakash R.; Evaluation of Ecotoxicological risks related to the discharge of combined i ndustri al / sewage effl uent i n Unnao Industrial area, UP. JCGWS, (2013) 1, 47-53. 16. Jain, C. K. and Bhatia, K. K. S., Physico- chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater, User’s Manual, UM-26, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee,(1988). 17. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, Ed 16 th , APHA [1985]. 18. Namasivayam C, Yamuna R.T., Adsorption of chromium(VI) by a low-cost adsorbent: biogas residual slurry. Chemosphere 30 (3), 561-578. (1995). 19. Huang C. P. and Wu M. H. The removal of chromium (VI) from dilute aqueous solution by activated carbon, Water Research, 11, pp. 673- 679. (1977). 20. Sharma D. C. and Forster C. F. A Preliminary examination into the adsorption of hexavalent chromium using Low-cost adsorbents, Bio- resource Technology, 47, pp. 257-264. (1994). 21. Tan W. T, Ooi S. T. and Lee C. K. Removal of chromium (VI) from solution by coconut husk and palm pressed fibres, Environmental Technology, 14, pp. 277-282. (1993). 22. Gupta S & Babu B.V. Adsoption of Chromium (VI) by low cost adsorbent prepared from tamarind seed. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, Vol. 7 (No. 5), pp. 553-557, (2008). 23. Orhan Y. and Buyukgungur, H. The removal of heavy metals by using agricultural, wastes, Water Science Technology, 28 (2), pp. 247-255. (1993). 24. Namasivayam C. and Ranganathan K . Waste Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide as adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution and chromium plating industry wastewater, Environmental Pollution, 82, pp. 255-261. (1993). S. Singh, Alka Tripathi & Amrita Srivastava ● POWER & CONTROLS ● PUMPING STATION & PIPELINE ● SECURITY & FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM ● INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION & CIVIL ● INSTRUMENTATION ● MAINTENANCE/UTILITY SERVICE Please Contact : 23E, Fern Road, Kolkata-700 019 ● Phone : 033-2460-3689, 2460-3155 ● Telefax : 033-2440-2739 E-mail :
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[email protected] ● Website : www.logicnodes.in LOGIC NODES 29 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Mitigation of water quantity & water quality challenges in Ground Water of Rajasthan D. D. Ozha Senior Scientist & Vice-Chairman, IWWA, Jodhpur Centre, E-mail : ddozha@gmail. com, Gurukripa, Brahmapuri, Hazari Chabutra, Jodhpur-342001, Ground Water Department, Jodhpur H. R. Bhatt Chief Engineer, Ground Water Department, Jodhpur ABSTRACT Manifold increase in population, alarmingly increasing industrialization, urbanization and consequently increase in demand of water in our country in general and also in largest State of country i.e. Rajcjsthan in particular has resulted in a rapid depletion in ground water level and deterioration in water quality due to its over exploitation. In Rajasthan, owing to meager surface water resources, ground water is only source of dependence and survival over 70% irrigation and 95% drinking water supply schemes are based on ground water resources. To meet the demand, the withdrawl of ground water is more than the recharge to ground water resources. In fact this has created the problem of depletion and deterioration of ground water level & its quality. Other geo- chemical factors have resulted in increase of hydrochemical parameters viz. salinity, nitrate and fluoride in ground waters and have adversely affected the lives of inhabitants in general and socio- economic status in particular. The ground water of western, north-east part of Rajasthan is facing problem of salinity, nitrate and fluoride, whereas central and southern part is generally facing the acute problem of fluoride. Therefore, for mitigating the challenges of sustainable development much efforts must be made for maximum utilization of rain water, revival of traditional water wisdom, afforestation, augmentation of ground water, Dry farming, promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation, installation of R.O. and defluoridation plants.Above all there is an immense need to inculcate and educate the masses for judicious use of water. Introduction Life on our planet earth is due to water. Demands of water for domestic, irrigation as well as industrial sectors have increased many folds thereby creating water crisis worldwide. It is said that next world war, if happens at all, will be on water. Conflicts will be there from street level to International levels. As arid land of Rajasthan is one of the most water deficit part on the earth. The largest state of India is also the driest state having only 1.15% of total water resources of entire country. Catering safe drinking water to huge population is a big task before scientists, engineers, administrators and policy planners. Availability of surface water is mainly restricted to canal command areas of Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP), Chambal and Mahi rivers Ground water is only dependable source in the larger area of the state. The depleting precious ground water resources and their inferior quality further inhibit the availability of quality fresh water. In Rajasthan, drought & famine stays as unwanted guest almost every alternate year. Thus water crisis is of acute nature and needs immediate attention of the water managers. Rajasthan is known for its arid climatic conditions (particularly western parts) and is characteri zed by l ow, errati c and unevenl y distributed rains causing frequent meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts. The overall stage of ground water development is presently nearly 138%. Quality-wise, more than 25% of the ground water sources have multiple problems, 16% have excessive fluorides, 15% have excess nitrates & over 9% have excess salinity, thus leaving merely 35% sources as potable. Overall 74% of country’s total habitations are affected with two or more quality parameters. There are more than 16,550 fluorosis affected villages in the state out of 32,211 in the whole country which is more than 50%. Similarly, there are more than 14,415 salinity affected villages out of 33,552 in the whole country which is 42%. Likewise, the situation for nitrate toxicity is also very grim. Periodic occurrence of droughts and famines has further aggravated the situation. Therefore, for sustainable socio-economic development, judicious use of this nature’s gift is mandatory. In the present communication status of ground water sources in the state, their quantity & quality problems & mitigative measures will be discussed. Grim Ground Water scenario of Rajasthan The state is occupied by diversified geo- formations and hydro geological conditions. Ground water occurs i n unconsol i dated formati ons (Quaternaries) semi-consolidated formations (Tertiary sandstone, Lathi sand-stone etc.) and consolidated rock types. Quaternary alluvium, Lathi sand-stone, Palana sandstone, Borunda limestone and Jodhpur sandstone at places are some of the prominent aquifer systems available 30 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 in the state and are heavily over-exploited. Water level is deeper in Western Rajasthan reaching even more than 130 m as in Lathi basin area. Depth to water level is relatively shallower in Eastern Rajasthan. However, rising trends in ground water levels have been observed in parts of IGNP Canal command areas. Major parts of the state witness rapidly declining water levels. Severe water level declining districts are — Jaipur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jalore, Pali, Dausa & Barmer. Factors responsible for Water Scarcity The causative factors for water crisis in Rajasthan are as under. 1. Low Rainfall - Arid climate 2. Frequent Drought & famine conditions 3. Less availability of fresh water 4. Deep & declining water levels 5. Hard rock area 6. Dispersed population 7. Undependable energy supply 8. Formidable water quality problems 9. Lack of water education 1. Arid Climatic conditions The geographical location of the state has caused arid/semi-arid climatic conditions in Rajasthan. Rainfall is low and erratic. South — westernly monsoon clouds are mostly moistureless especially in Thar desert. Surface water is under high evapotranspiration stress. Ground water recharge is negligible in the western most parts of Rajasthan, where not only rains are scarce but also the ground water level is generally deep. Soil moisture is usually very low due to aridity. No major drainage system exists in major parts of the Thar desert. Owing to aridity and geo-formations, ground water is saline. Impact of Rainfall variability on Water Resources It is quite evident that rainfall is the most vital input in the hydrological cycle and fluctuations in quality and distribution strongly influence surface and subsurface water resources. Ground water occurs under diverse climatic, physiographic and geological conditions and the subsurface medium through which water filters play important role in building up ground water reserves. In Table - 1 changes in water level over time in various districts is depicted. Because of the increased overdrawing of ground water from all the potential regions of Western Rajasthan, recharge to the aquifer during normal rainfall periods is inadequate, especially because of the sporadic rainfall distribution patterns and the terrain characteristics, with a major portion of the precipitation being lost as runoff or through evaporation. 2. Frequent Drought & Famine conditions Low and uneven distribution of monsoon rains in Rajasthan causes frequent meteorological and / agriculture droughts in time & space as witnessed especially during 1972-74, 1984-87 and 1998-2002. Western districts are more prone to severe and most severe type of droughts and have been categorized as chronically Drought prone districts. Impact of Drought Frequent droughts not only have socio- economic impact but also have adverse environ- mental impacts. Drought situation accelerates sinking of additional groundwater extraction structures causing diminishing of groundwater resources and eventually decline in groundwater levels. Water crisis is on its peak during spells of drought years affecti ng mi l l i ons of human population as well as livestock forcing them to migrate in the adjoining states. During drought & famine which occur during every alternate or three years, the rate of withdrawl is greater than the recharge rate leading not only to a decrease in water level but also to a deterioration of the water quality. 3. Deep & Declining Water levels District and blockwise long term Water level trend in the state has been computed on the basis of water level fluctuation between the period pre- monsoon, 1984 to 2010, and short term trend has been computed on the basi s of water l evel fluctuation between the period pre-monsoon 2009 to premonsoon 2010. The districtwise change in water level between pre-monsoon 1984 and premonsoon 2010 and premonsoon 2009 to premonsoon 2010 are depicted in table-2 & table-3 respectively. Table 2 & 3 reveal that depletion in ground water level is very significant in the state. 30 districts in the state shows depleting trend of ground water level. On the basis of average depletion these districts have been further classified as most critical (average depletion is > 10 m.) Critical (average depletion is between 5 to 10 m.) and moderate (average depletion is between 0 to 5 m.) Deeper ground water levels (reaching upto 130 m.) do not allow economic pumping of water for irrigation and other purposes. Increasing draft in major areas is causing lowering of ground water levels significantly resulting in high cost of pumping. Highest depletion in ground water table D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt 31 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Table-1 : Rainfall variability in different regions of Rajasthan Station Normal Average Greatest Greatest Year of Greatest Date of rainfall # of annual annual greatest 24 hr greatest (mm) rainy rainfall rainfall rainfall rainfall 24-hr days (mm) as a % of (mm) rainfall normal Arid Barmer 288.0 14.1 940.0 326 1944 285.7 13.8.1944 Bikaner 289.8 19.0 758.2 262 1917 165.6 25.9.1945 Churu 356.5 20.7 783.8 220 1917 146.1 5.9.1942 Ganganagar 248.4 19.5 674.0 271 1983 251.7 31.8.1928 Jaisalmer 186.2 12.5 583.1 313 1944 129.5 25.6.1961 Jalore 377.2 18.3 1039.4 276 1990 279.4 11.9.1905 Jhunjhunu 399.2 25.5 777.8 195 1956 121.9 14.07.1908 Jodhpur 365.2 20.0 1180.5 323 1917 215.9 12.9.1924 Nagaur 329.9 19.6 1259.0 382 1975 285.0 17.7.1975 Pali 418.3 19.0 1047.0 250 1990 200.0 6.8.1990 Sikar 455.8 29.7 1093.0 240 1977 184.4 25.8.1964 Semi-Arid Ajmer 537.5 31.0 1226.8 228 1917 164.6 31.8.1928 Alwar 667.4 36.0 1260.3 189 1917 % 289.3 24.9.1904 Bharatpur 651.5 35.8 1382.8 212 1986 228.6 11.8.1916 Bhilwara 682.5 32.0 1304.0 191 1956 216.4 18.9.1950 Bundi 758.6 35.9 1546.6 204 1942 370.3 6.9.1947 Chittorgarh 862.9 33.5 1533.7 178 1944 274.3 20.7.1943 Dungarpur 738.0 36.8 1800.6 244 1937 486.4 30.6.1937 Jaipur 614.4 35.3 1317.0 214 1917 353.6 19.7.1981 Kota 760.9 37.9 1586.5 209 1917 249.2 13.7 1945 S.Madhopur 872.9 37.7 2445.0 280 1942 301.0 16.7.1942 Tonk 669.1 33.0 1513.6 226 1945 246.4 18.8.1945 Udaipur 640.1 34.4 1223.3 191 1917 183.9 18.9.1950 Sirohi 574.2 26.7 1571.6 273 1973 362.7 14.8 1941 Sub-Humid Banswara 952.3 41.9 1977.0 210 1977 558.8 23.7.1957 Jhalawar 975.8 47.8 1708.2 175 1942 252.0 29.6.1945 Humid. Mt. Abu 1593.8 52.9 3990.3 250 1944 484.9 14.8.1941 was observed in Jalore district and lowest was in Banswara district. As per Ground Water Resource Estimation the overall ground water resource position of the state is as under :- Net Annual ground water availability = 10,563.01 m. Ground water Draft = 14,570.40 m. Present ground water balance = 4,007.48 m. Stags of ground water development = 137.94% D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt 32 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 TABLE-2 : DISTRICTWISE CHANGE IN WATER LEVEL BETWEEN PRE-MONSOON 1984-2010 S. No. District Average Water Level (m) Average Change in water level (m) Pre’84 Pre’10 Pre’84 - Pre’10 1 AJMER 7.91 16.62 -8.71 2 ALWAR 11.11 24.63 -13.52 3 BANSWARA 6.46 7.73 -1.28 4 BARAN 7.63 11.99 -4.36 5 BARMER 33.74 42.66 -8.92 6 BHARATPUR 6.92 11.48 -4.56 7 BHILWARA 9.81 14.85 -5.05 8 BIKANER 71.44 74.82 -3.38 9 BUNDI 9.04 13.28 -4.24 10 CHITTORGARH 11.11 16.09 -4.98 11 CHURU 49.18 54.26 -5.08 12 DAUSA 11.80 26.53 -14.73 13 DHOLPUR 8.71 13.66 -4.95 14 DUNGARPUR 7.45 11.54 -4.09 15 GANGANAGAR 16.51 10.56 5.95 16 HANUMANGARH 20.11 14.94 5.17 17 JAIPUR 11.69 30.66 -18.97 18 JAISALMER 60.13 61.97 -1.83 19 JALORE 13.02 31.02 -18.00 20 JHALAWAR 8.12 10.90 -2.79 21 JHUNJHUNU 30.50 45.86 -15.36 22 JODHPUR 31.44 42.37 -10.93 23 KARAULI 11.22 18.67 -7.45 24 KOTA 8.49 14.53 -6.04 25 NAGAUR. 27.93 45.92 -17.99 26 PALI 12.58 23.83 -11,25 27 RAJSAMAND 10.29 15.90 -5.62 28 SAWAI MADHOPUR . 9.43 18.77 -9.34 29 SIKAR 27.85 41.23 -13.38 30 SIROHI 11.91 18.66 -6.75 31 TONK 7.12 13.65 -6.53 32 UDAIPUR 9.52 12.40 -2.88 Average 18.13 25.37 -7.24 D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt 33 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 TABLE-3 : DISTRICTWISE CHANGE IN WATER LEVEL BETWEEN PRE-MONSOON 2009-2010 S. No. District Average Water Level (m) Average Change in water level (m) Pre’84 Pre’10 Pre’84 - Pre’10 1 AJMER 15.68 16.62 -0.94 2 ALWAR 23.82 24.63 -0.81 3 BANSWARA 6.37 7.73 -1.36 4 BARAN 11.43 11.99 -0.56 5 BARMER 41.43 42.66 -1.23 6 BHARATPUR 11.74 11.48 0.25 7 BHILWARA 13.37 14.85 -1.48 8 BIKANER 73.52 74.82 -1.30 9 BUNDI 12.93 13.28 -0.34 10 CHITTORGARH 15.66 16.09 -0.42 11 CHURU 54.02 54.26 -0.24 12 DAUSA 25.70 26.53 -0.83 13 DHOLPUR 16.48 13.66 2.82 14 DUNGARPUR 8.54 11.54 -2.99 15 GANGANAGAR 11.01 10.56 0.44 16 HANUMANGARH 15.19 14.94 0.24 17 JAIPUR 29.90 30.66 -0.76 18 JAISALMER 61.26 61.97 -0.71 19 JALORE 28.24 31.02 -2.77 20 JHALAWAR 10.88 10.90 -0.02 21 JHUNJHUNU 43 95 45.86 -1 91 i22 JODHPUR 41.75 42.37 -0.63 23 KARAULI 17.66 18.67 -1.01 24 KOTA 13.08 14.53 -1.45 25 NAGAUR. 44.90 45.92 -1.02 26 PALI 21.03 23.83 -2.80 27 RAJ SAMAND 12.58 15.90 -3.32 28 SAWAI MADHOPUR 18.08 18.77 -0.70 29 SIKAR 40.24 41.23 -1.00 30 SIROHI 14.16 18.66 -4.51 31 TONK 13.58 13.65 -0.07 32 UDAIPUR 10.68 12.40 -1.72 Average 24.34 25.37 -1.04 D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt 34 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Categorizations Safe - 30 Blocks Semi-critical - 8 Blocks Critical - 34 Blocks Over-exploited - 164 Blocks 4. Hard rock area It is obvious that hard rocks have poor storage capacity of ground water and therefore, witness steep decline in ground water levels during summers—especially during spells of drought years. These areas are, therefore, under so much water crisis that even drinking water is catered by transportation from far off locations by trains & tankers. 5. Dispersed population Population in the desert terrain is dispersed in hamlets spreading over several kilometers. Therefore, to cater the water supply of standard quality economically, has become a challenging task. 6. Undependable Energy Supply Inadequate quality electricity supply also hinders ground water pumping/piped water supply and hence water crisis prevails in the state. 7. Formidable water Quality problems Quality of water is an important factor in development and use of ground water resources. In Raj asthan due to i nheri ted ari di ty and complexity of sub-surface rocks, the ground water is characterized by multiple quality problems 1 . Not only the water is saline but it also contains many dissolved substances that render it unsuitable for the very purpose it is meant for. These substances have either the direct toxic effects on the consumers or have long term indirect adverse effects. The major factors that govern the water quality are salinity, sodicity and alkalinity for waters to be used for agriculture, and salinity coupled with nitrate & fluoride for waters to be used as drinking water source. Chemical quality of aquifer water in the Western Rajasthan, in general and Bharatpur, Ajmer and Jaipur districts in the eastern Rajasthan are saline, High fluoride hazard is found almost in all the districts of the state causing disease fluorosis (both dental & skeletal fluorosis). However, si tuati on i n Nagaur, Tonk, Si rohi , Jai pur, Jhunjhunu, Jalore, Barmer. Bikaner, Jodhpur is worst where the problem is much severe 2 . Increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers and poor sewerage system in the urban agglomerate has caused high nitrates in aquifer water. Industrial and urban pollution has further caused deterioration in the quality of ground water. Over utilisation of canal water (flood irrigation ) and also the water logging with in canal command area also caused soil salinity/alkalinity and contributed to salinity in ground water. Problem of high fluoride content in ground waters of Rajasthan has become a serious environmental issue in the field of water quality management and human health. The state ranks second amongst the most endemic fluoride problem areas of the country and shares approximately 10 percent of the world fluorosis problem. The Hydrochemical parameters of ground water has adversely affected the socio-economic status of the inhabitants of the state. Area under unsuitable water quality zones of Rajasthan is shown in Table-4. Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable future There is solution for every problem and so is the case with water crisis in the state of Rajasthan. Water management strategies could be four folds as stated below. 1. Research & Development • Water related organizations need to promote R&D activities jointly with the Universities & other research institutions to access the availability of safe drinking water. • Genesis of quality hazards and industrial pollution needs to be studied in order to protect the ground water resources. D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt NEW HORIZONS Manufacturers of : R.C.C. PIPES & COLLARS, S.F.R.C. MAN HOLE COVERS & FRAMES Office : 64, Lake Avenue 1st Floor, Kolkata-700 026 Phone : 32436281 Fax : (033) 24669436 E-mail :
[email protected] Works : Plot No. W-1, Steel Park, WBIDC Industrial Area, Phase - II Barjora, Dist. - Bankura, W. Bengal M : 9330177007, 9339532901 35 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Table : 4 - Area under unsuitable water quality zones of Rajasthan S. No. District Area Sq. Area under unsuitable water quality zone km Salinity Nitrate Fluoride Area % Area % Area % 1 Ajmer 8481 2663 31.4 1662 19.6 5954 70.2 2 Alwar 8720 462 5.3 1482 17 671 7.7 3 Banswara 5037 S.V. - 31 0.62 373 7.4 4 Baran 6955 S.V. - 79 1.14 S.V. - 5 Barmer 28387 20172 71.1 12405 43.7 14534 51.2 6 Bharatpur 5044 2199 43.6 953 18.9 822 16.3 7 Bhilwara 10455 669 6.4 1035 9.9 4673 44.7 8 Bikaner 27244 14112 51.8 10189 37.4 19997 73.4 9 Bundi 5500 99 1.8 512 9.3 726 13.2 10 Chittorgarh 10856 87 0.8 966 8.9 445 4.1 11 Churu 16830 10435 62 11781 70 2289 13.6 12 Dausa 3420 345 10.1 622 18.2 451 13.2 13 Dholpur 3009 20 0.67 S.V. - 81 2.7 14 Dungarpur 3770 5 0.12 162 4.3 1139 30.2 15 Ganganagar 11604 8134 70.1 3052 26.3 6985 60.2 16 Hanumangarh 9580 7846 81.9 3113 32.5 3257 34 17 Jaipur 11061 243 2.2 763 6.9 2931 26.5 18 Jaisalmer 38401 26573 69.2 7488 19.5 28762 74.9 19 Jalore 10640 3969 37.3 1596 15 2788 26.2 20 Jhalawar 6219 S.V. - 22 0.35 S.V. - 21 Jhunjhunu 5928 593 10 791 13.3 1778 30 22 Jodhpur 22250 7877 35.4 3026 13.6 11882 53.4 23 Karauli 5039 217 4.3 771 15.3 368 7.3 24 Kota 5204 S.V. - S.V. - S.V. - 25 Nagaur 17718 6219 35.1 7442 42 7459 42.1 26 Pali 12357 3596 29.1 259 2.1 3534 28.6 27 Rajsamand 4635 227 4.9 250 5.4 1242 26.8 28 S. Madhopur 5021 281 5.6 854 17 346 6.9 29 Sikar 7881 299 3.8 299 3.8 3223 40.9 30 Sirohi 5136 128 2.5 241 4.7 2070 40.3 31 Tonk 7200 216 3 1613 22.4 2578 35.8 32 Udaipur 12644 63 0.5 556 4.4 1568 12.4 TOTAL 342226 117755 34.41 74018 21.63 132928 38.84 36 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 2. Conservation of water • Policy of reward and punishment needs to be introduced. Financial incentives in terms of electricity bills may be introduced for water savers. • Popularisation of micro irrigation techniques and making it mandatory in phased manner. • Framing of water charges as per quantum of water pumped. • Adoption of suitable cropping patterns in the water scarcity area . • Conjunctive use of ground water. • Community irrigation system. • Reuse of domestic waste water for gardening. • For domestic use, judicious use of filtered water, be promoted. • Promotion of Rain water harvesting in an integrated manner. • Recycling of industrial waste water. 3. Augmentation of water Resrurees • Rehabilitation of traditional water harvesting bodies. • Minimising evaporation losses of surface water by suitable techniques/chemicals. • Arresting the sedimentation and de-silting the tanks & reservoirs. • Artificial recharge of ground water by suitable techniques. 4. Regulatory Measures • Creation of ground water sanctuaries. • Mass awareness programme & promotion of IEC activities for quality & quantitative aspects of water. • Enforcement of effective regulation and management opti ons of ground water resources. • Promotion of participatory management programme. REFERENCES 1. Ozha, D.D and Golani, F.M, Hydrotoxicants & their effects Journal of Env & Health 22 (3), 76 (2005) 2. Ozha, D. D & Khi chi , K. D, C. M. R. D. Publication, 138, 2007. D. D. Ozha & H. R. Bhatt 37 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Noise Environment in Cardiac Hospital — A Case Study Idris Ahmed Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440010, India. E-mail :
[email protected] Dr. Ajay R. Tembhurkar Head of the Department (corresponding author), Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur- 440010, India. Tel : +91-712-2801081, Fax : +91-712-2801371, E-mail :
[email protected] Abstract Assessment of impact of noise on sensitive area especially in hospital environment has become most crucial concern in the recent time. Cardiac patients are one of the most sensitive and worst affected due to noise pollution. A study is therefore conducted on 100 beds cardiac hospital with a focus to assess the noise level in the hospital environ-ment. A 16- hours sound measurement study is done using sound level meter (DAWE Model No. 1421C) to ascertain the noise level. The results indicate that the noise levels at reception and out patients department are in the range of 66 to 69 dB (A), whereas at general ward it’s about 58 to 60 dB (A) and which exceeds 50 % of time of measurement period. Characteristics of location and presence of intrusive noise sources are found to be the major responsible factors that cause noise levels to exceed the prescribed limit. The ANOVA analysis indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) spatially and temporally, in the noise exposure levels at various locations within the hospital premises. Keywords: Noise Pollution, Cardiac Hospital, Noise Indices, A- weighted level, Environment, ANOVA 1. Introduction In the recent time, increasing exposure to noise pollution has become a serious problem for most of the ci ti es. Noi se affects the human heal th unfavorably both physically and psychologically (Serkan et al. 2008). Hospitals are the most sensitive to the exposure to noise pollution. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends noise levels limit of 40 dB (A) during the day and 35 dB (A) at nights in hospital (Tsion et al. 1998; Mackenzie et al. 2007). In India, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Rules, 2010 have been framed under the ambit of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The ambient levels of noise for silence zones such as hospitals is about 50 dB (A) during the day and 40 dB (A) at nights (CPCB 2000). Noise pollution within hospital facilities are mainly caused due to equipments and machinery used during normal work activities and other human activity. The multiple monitors, beepers, buzzers, paging systems, telephones, carts, wheel chairs & gurneys, hospital beds, pillow speakers and nurses call systems, IV poles that role on tiled floors, doors that close abruptly, and carts that squeak, all contribute to increase the noise in the hospital environment (Tsion et al. 1998; Neriman et al 2008). Apart from engineering and architectural design, facilities and equipment and, of course, people are paramount (Hilton 1985). Noise environment not only affects the patient’s health but also to the staff working in noisy situation. Staff finds it harder to concentrate on their job, leading to them being more fatigue, decreased performance and increased chances of error (Tsion et al.1998). Previous investigators studying the effects of the noise on health and healing have registered high noise levels in hospitals, showing that the problem is more serious in intensive care units, both at night and during the day (Tsion et al.1998; Hilton 1985; Neriman et al 2008). The epidemic of noise in hospitals, which is one of the biggest complaints of patients and staff, is something that can no longer be ignored. Cardiac patients being the one who are adversely affected by noise during their hospital stay, they suffer from sleep disturbance, restlessness and disorientation. In addition, it also effects to elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral resistance by the release of hormones such as norepinehrine, epinephrine, and cortisol (Tsion et al.1998). In spite of the effort taken by the hospital and regulatory authority, the noise environment in hospital settings in India is a generally an unnoticed crisis (Mackenzie et al. 2007). Very few studies are reported specially for hospitals in India on assessment of noise levels and its impacts. A serious effort is therefore needed to control the noise within the hospitals and reduce its negative impacts on the patients and staff. Recent efforts are focused towards monitoring and calculating actual noise exposure and level of annoyance to the patients to actually understand the gravity of the problem due to noise in the hospital. In the present study an attempt is made to evaluate the noise environment of a cardiac hospital to determine the spatially and temporally variations in the noise exposure levels at various 38 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 locations within the hospital premises. 2. Study Area A premi er 100 bedded cardi ac hospi tal (Mahurkar Hospital) with all modern facilities in cardiology located at Nagpur, India is selected for the present case study with their permission. It has cardiac operation theater that matches world standard of A-bacterial environment with the use of Module Laminar Air Flow System. Cardiac interventional procedures which include Coronary Angiographies, Coronary Angioplasties, Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasties, Pacemaker Implantations, Open and Closed Heart Surgeries are normally performed in this hospital. On an average 9 to 10 nos. of Heart surgeries are performed every day in this hospital and over 90 % of indoor facility of the hospital is normally booked throughout the year. A 14 Bedded ICU and 35 bedded post operative wards are available in this hospital. The Out Patient Department (OPD) is in the morning hours 9.30 -11.30 hrs and about 80 to 90 OPD patients visit the hospital every day. Equal number of floating population (eg: patient’s relatives) visit the hospital in the morning hours (9.30 -11.30 hrs) and in the evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs). 3. Noise Descriptors Noise is commonly used to describe sounds that are disagreeable or unpleasant produced by acousti c waves of random i ntensi ti es and frequencies or without musical quality, disrupts performance, or sound that causes subjective annoyance and irritation, and it is an obnoxious stimulus for people (Narendra et al. 2004). Equivalent noise level (L Aeq ) is the commonly used index which indicates an equivalent noise would generate the same magnitude or quantum of energy as those of all readings over the given duration, covering all fluctuations (Tsion et al.1998; Ayer et al. 2003 ; Gulab 2006). Noise pollution level (L NP ) is another index which used for analysis which takes into account the variations in the sound signal and hence it should serve as a better indicator of pollution in the environment for both physical and psychological disturbances of people (Ayer et al. 2003). Following expressions are used for the analysis in the present study: N L Aeq = 10 log 10* [ 1 / N (antilog ( L Ai /10 ) ) * n i ] (1) i=1 L NP = L Aeq + (L 10 — L 90 ) (2) Where, L Ai is the ith A-weighted sound pressure level reading decibels, N is the total number of readings, L Aeq is the A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level, L 10 is the noise level exceeded 10% of the time. This represents peak noise level. L 50 is the noise level exceeded 50% of the time. This represent noise level is near to the mean level for dense population. L 90 is the noise level exceeded 90% of the time. So, this value is often surpassed, being normally considered as the background noise level. L NP is noise pollution level. 4. Methodology Four sampling station are selected to study the spatial and temporal effect of noise pollution within hospital campus. The four selected sampling locations are reception cum visitors block, out patient department, general ward, and intensive care units. The criteria for selection is exposure characteri sti cs of the study area, physi cal characteristics of all the sampling locations, which represent global noise environment and population characteristics which gives true representative sampled population of the complete hospital area. All measurements are made through precision- grade sound level meter DAWE (Model No. 1421C). The instrument is held comfortably in hand with the microphone pointed at the suspected noise source at a distance not less than 1 m away from any reflecting object. This takes care to minimize al l type of error duri ng measurement. The equivalent noise level (L Ai ) (A-weighted instant- aneous sound pressure level) measurements are recorded at intervals of 30 minutes for a period of 16 hours, at all sampling locations. This procedure is carried out for morning (6:00–11:00 a.m.), afternoon (11:00–4:00 p.m.), evening (4:00–7:00 p.m.), and night (7:00–10:00 p.m.) measurements. Based on these measurements, various community noise assessment quantities like the exceed percentiles L 10, L 50 and L 90 are computed. 5. Assessment of Noise The variations in Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measured at various sampling stations are shown in Figure 1. It represent the large fluctuation in sound pressure level (SPL) in general ward, ranges from 45-85 dB (A) throughout the measurement period. The highest peak of sound pressure level is noted, when the cleaning operation is carried out in the general ward, and also during the meal time. The lowest SPL is observed in the night. The observed value of SPL are ranges from 50-68 dB (A) within the intensive care unit. The plot reveals I. Ahmed & A. R. Tembhurkar 39 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 that the reception had the highest noise levels, followed by out patient department, due to the presence of the more people. To understand the percentage of time the noise level exceeded a particular value, Figure 2 is plotted. It reveals that, the noise level limit of 45 dB (A) i s al ways exceeded over the enti re measurement period. On comparing the selected location it is observed that noise level of 66 to 69 dB (A) remai ned duri ng most part ti me of measurement period at reception and OPD, whereas noise level of 58 to 60 dB (A) exceeds 50 % of time of measurement period at general ward & ICU. A noise level of 75 dB (A) exceeded 6.03 % of times during the entire measurement period except at the reception. The maximum recorded at any time is 85 dB (A) at the general ward during the cleaning process. Characteristics of location and presence of intrusive noise sources are the major factors found responsible for differences in noise level in the different sampling location surveyed. Influence of the characteristics of the locations and period of the day on Equivalent Noise Level (L Aeq ) and Noise Pollution Level (L NP ). There is variation in the noise exposure levels with the period of the day and the nature of the location. Figure 3 & 4 shows variations of equivalent noise levels (L Aeq ) and noise pollution level (L NP ) with location and period of the day. In general, there is high noise pollution levels (L NP ) in the day-time (6:00 am – 4:00 pm) compared with the night-time (4:00 pm–10:00 pm). At reception, outpatient department, general ward, and intensive care unit, both the L NP and L Aeq rises from morning and reach peak values in the afternoon and evening but descend in the night to lower levels. The high noise exposure levels in the morning and evening at these locations can be justified as a result of morning rushing hours of patients, staff, visitors and general public and due to conversation and discussion among the patients, staff and nurses. The noise pollution levels in the evening time (4:00 pm–7:00 pm) at intensive care Fig. 1 : Plot shows SPL variation over measurement period at various sampling stations of Cardiac Hospital Fig. 2 : Plot shows % Exceeding Noise Level over measurement period at various sampling sta- tions of Cardiac Hospital Fig. 3 : Variation of the Equivalent Noise Levels (L Aeq ) with location and period of the day. Fig. 4 : Variation of the Noise Pollution Levels (L Aeq ) with location and period of the day. I. Ahmed & A. R. Tembhurkar 40 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 unit and out patient’ s department areas are generally low. This is because the majority of the staff nurses are not available at this time. At the ti me of measurement the noi se equivalent levels ranges from 53 to 77 dB (A). In the general ward and intensive care unit the L Aeq value observed as 64 dB (A) and 60 dB (A) due to doctor’s round and discussion among the patients with their relatives. The highest and lowest noise pollution level (L NP ) are observed as 95 dB (A) and 66 dB (A) respectively. The higher noise pollution level (L NP ) during the morning period is 95 dB (A) at recepti on and 84 dB (A) at out pati ents department is obtained when loud conversation and pulling of chairs is found to be a causative factor at that moment. The higher noise pollution level (L NP ) during the morning period of 83 dB (A) and 71 dB (A) is obtained in general ward and intensive care unit respectively, and changing of beds and beeping noise generated by equipment at intensive care unit is found to the source at that moment. Reception and OPD are found to be the noisiest sites with peak noise levels (L 10 ) of 79 dB (A) and 72 dB (A), respectively, compared to the peak noise value GW and ICU of 72 dB (A) and 67 dB (A) respectively. The highest noise level is produced by snoring, crying in pain of surrounding patients in general ward and intensive care unit. But at reception and out patients department, the high noise levels may be a result of the noise produced by various activity carried by patients and their relatives / visitors. The use of electronic appliances such as radio, mobile and printer at the reception and out patients department is the main causative factor for creating substantial amount of noise level. Noise from nearby surrounding commercial activities and the traffic noise are another sources contributing to the environmental noise. The L 90 value shows the noise level between 52.75 dB (A) to 53.25 dB (A) occurs due to the normal work activity and normal conversati on. Thi s commensurate wi th the observation made for environmental sound levels with number of specific variables determining the characteristics and sources of noise present at the location (Ahmed et al. 2006; Olayinka et al. 2010). In order to determine whether the significant difference in noise exposure level at all the sampling locations, surveyed throughout the measurement period (i.e. from morning to night) are significant or not. The data is analyzed through ANOVA for single factor experiment, using F- distribution, is carried out on L Aeq and L NP. The following hypothesis is postulated for the present study: H 0 : Di fference i n noi se l evel exposure i s insignificant in the locations surveyed throughout the day. H 1 : Difference in noise level exposure is significant in the locations surveyed throughout the day. The null hypothesis (H 0 ) postulated is that the difference in noise level exposure is insignificant. The alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) is that the difference in noise level exposure is significant there is a variation of noise level exposure. The null hypothesis (H 0 ) ascertains the insignificant difference in the noise level exposure in all the sites surveyed throughout the day (from morning to night) its rejection depend on the F value and the critical (tabulated) value F á,q,n-q-1 (where á is the confidence level, q is the number of parameter that described the phenomenon in this case q = 3, n is the number of sample size). The hypothesis is rejected if F is greater than F á,q,n-q-1, accepted if F is less than F á,q,n-q-1 (Ayer et al. 2003). The result of the analysis of variance is tabulated for L Aeq and, L NP at various location in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. At 90% confidence level, the mean square ratio (MSR) calculated for L NP is 7.60, while Table 1 : Analysis of variance for equivalent noise level (L Aeq ) Source of SS DF MS MSR MSR tabulated Variation (MS=SS/DF) (MSR c =MS c /MS r ) (F 0.1,3,12 ) Column 316.50 C – 1 =3 105.50 Residual 183.50 (N-1) –(C-1) =12 15.29 6.90 2.61 Total 500.00 N -1 = 15 Table 2 : Analysis of variance for noise pollution level (L NP ) Source of SS DF MS MSR MSR tabulated Variation (MS=SS/DF) (MSR c =MS c /MS r ) (F 0.1,3,12 ) Column 730.69 C – 1 =3 243.56 Residual 384.75 (N-1) –(C-1) =12 32.06 7.60 2.61 Total 1115.44 N -1 = 15 I. Ahmed & A. R. Tembhurkar 41 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 the tabulated value is 2.61 (Lipson et al. 1973). Similarly, at the same confidence level, the MSR calculated for L Aeq is 6.90 and the tabulated value remains as 2.61. Since, in the two cases, the calculated MSR is greater than the tabulated value, there is a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the noise pollution level (L NP ) and equivalent noise level (L Aeq ) in the locations surveyed based on the data analyzed at 90% confidence level. This indicates that there exists a difference in noise level at different locations and at different period of time. 6. Conclusion The present field study in a hospital area shows a significant difference (p< 0.05) in the noise exposure levels, spatially and temporally at 90% confidence level. A high noise levels is registered during the afternoon (L Aeq = 67.96 dB) and at morning (L Aeq = 66.79 dB). The noise levels measured during this study indicates that it exceeds recommended levels, during both day and night which are set up by various authorities for hospitals. Keeping in mind the hospitalized patient, the staff of hospital needs to be aware of noise producing activity and adopt remedial measures to reduce them within permissible limit. Nurses are in key positions where they can identify physical, psychological and social stressors that affect patients during their hospital stay. Staff education, planned nursing activities and proper design of intensive care unit and other units may help combat this overlooked problem. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the permission granted by the authorities of Maharkar Hospital, Nagpur to conduct survey and are also thankful to all the respondents (namely patients, medical staff, and patients relatives) for their kind responses to the survey. References 1. Serkan O, Irmak M A, Hasan Y (2008) Determination of roadside noise reduction effectiveness of Pinus sylvestris L. Populus nigra L. in Erzurum, Tukkey. Journal of Environ Monit Assess 144: 1-7. 2. Tsion C, Eftymiatos D, Theodossopoulou E, Notis P, Kiriakou K (1998) Noise sources and levels in the Evgenidion Hospital intensive care unit. Journal of Intensive Care Med. 24: 845-847. 3. Mackenzie D J, Galburn L (2007) Noise levels and noise sources in acute care hospital wards. Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 28(2): 117- 131. 4. C.P.C.B. (2000). Ambient Air Quality in Respect of Noise. Central Pollution Control Board Schedule-Part II: Sec 3. 5. Neriman A, ªenay K (2008) Effects of intensive care unit noise on patients: a study on coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing 17 (12): 1581–1590. 6. Hilton B A (1985) Noise in acute patient care areas. Res Nurs Health 8: 283-291. 7. Narendra S, Davar S C (2004) Noise Pollution Source, Effects and Control. J. Hum. Ecol 16(3): 181-187. 8. Ayer U, Cirillo E, Fato I, Martellotta F (2003) A new approach to assessing the performance of noise indices in buildings. Journal of Applied Acoustics 64: 129–145. 9. Gulab S T (2006) A Study of Noise around an Educational Institutional Area. Journal of Environ. Science & Engg 48 (1): 35-38. 10. Ahmed J, Abbas A, Reem S (2006) Evaluation of traffi c noi se pol l uti on. Journal of Environmental Monit. and Assess 120: 499- 525. 11. Olayinka S, Saadu A et al (2010) Evaluation and anal ysi s of noi se l evel s i n IIori n metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Monit. and Assess 160: 563-577. 12. Lipson C, Seth N J (1973) Statistical design and analysis of engineering. New York: Mc Graw-Hill 68: 59-82. I. Ahmed & A. R. Tembhurkar 42 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Removal of Metal Ions using Low-Cost Adsorbents — State of the Art Naba Kumar Mandal Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr.Paul’s Engineering College, Vanur, Villupuram, Dist., Tamil Nadu, INDIA E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract Adsorption is a fast and inexpensive method and hence widely used to remove various pollutants from wastewater. In the present article, the suitability of activated carbon and other alternative adsorbents for the removal of ions from water and the industrial wastewater has been reviewed. Since the activated carbon is an expensive material, searching an alternative low cost eco-friendly material is the need of the present scenario. The safe and eco-friendly disposal of spent adsorbents has also been studied. Their experimental work includes the optimization of various parameters affecting the adsorption process in both batch and column studies. Also, the obtained data was used by the investigators to fit into various standard isotherms available for verifying their feasibility. Key words: Adsorption, adsorbent, activated carbon, column studies, isotherm, low cost material 1. Introduction The tremendous increase in the use of heavy metals in industries over the past two decades has inevitably resulted in increased flux of metallic substances in the aquatic environment. These metals are of special concern because of their persistency. Industrial wastes are the major sources of various kinds of metal pollution for the natural water bodies. These heavy metals enter into the natural water bodies through the wastewater discharge from electroplating, leather tanning, foundry, chemical manufacturing, jewelery works, dye manufacturing, mining, industries of Cd-Ni batteries, phosphate fertilizer, pigments, etc. Environmental constraints have forced the metal plating industry to reduce their emissions to water bodies, otherwise mass usage of metals could cause severe environmental problems. The bioaccumu- lation of toxic heavy metals in the food chain is a threat to the human health due to their immutable nature. For example, the “Minamita disease” was caused by the consumption of mercury (50 ppm Hg) contaminated fish by the people from Minamita Bay in Japan [1]. The presence of heavy metals in the wastewater with excess concentration will also affect the performance of biological treatment units in the wastewater treatment, since these are toxic to the microorganisms. Adsorption is a physico-chemical technique, the most effective and economical treatment method due to its low cost. Selective adsorbents offer a good solution for treating waste streams from the small scale metal plating, tannery and other industries. Adsorption is a simple, safe and cost effective method for the removal of heavy metal ions from the industrial effluents. In this paper, articles on adsorption of heavy metal ions published in the recent journals are reviewed and gist of the contents presented. 2.0 Literature Review Tangjuank. et.al (2009) used cashew nut shell in activated carbon form for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions using batch adsorption method. The effect of initial pH, contact ti me, adsorbent dose and i ni ti al metal i on concentration were verified. Maximum adsorption was exhibited at pH 6.0 and 6.5, activation time 150 min. and BET surface area 1120 m 2 . g -1 . Maximum adsorption of Pb(II) ions was 99.61% at pH 6.5 and 98.87% at pH 6.0 for Cd(II). The experimental data was used to fit into Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption capacity of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ions were found to be 28.90 m 2 g -1 and 14.29 m 2 g -1 , respectively [7]. Removal of Pb(II) from syntheti c and i ndustri al effl uents usi ng saw dust was investigated by Christian et. al (2005). The investigators used column studies to get the break through at different flow rates i.e 1.42, 2.83 and 5.66 cm/min. The authors mentioned that the data was well fitted in the BDST model and stated that 10% of break through point gave satisfactory result with an error of 4% with respect to theoretical service time. It was reported that 1 kg of sawdust was enough to treat 1200 L of effluent containing 1 mg/l of Pb (II) before the effluent discharged. i.e equivalent to 99% removal [8]. Activated carbon produced from Palm Kernel shells was used by Mush M (2011) to adsorb Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions from synthetic solutions. The raw materials were carbonized at 600 0 C for 5 minutes and washed with 0.1M HCl and later further activated at 800 0 C using H 3 PO 4 . Batch studies were conducted to investigate the effect of time on adsorption. The author used four different models to fit the kinetic adsorption data. It was reported that pseudo second order kinetics was found best fit for adsorption of Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ ions comparative to other models [9]. 43 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Suganthi N. (2012) studied the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) using column studies. The author used pretreated tamari nd seeds (PTC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) to assess the effect of pH, flow rate and bed height. Initially the tamarind seeds were impregnated in phosphoric acid under a weight ratio of 1:1 followed by treating at 160±50C for 24 hrs and after cooling, washed several times to remove excess acid and dried at 100±50C. The carbon was soaked in 1% sodium carbonate solution for 24 hrs and washed with water to remove the excess sodium carbonate and dried at 100±50C. A known quantity i.e 15, 20, 25 gms of adsorbents was packed in column of desired height. The stock solution containing metal ions concentration of 200 mg/l was allowed to flow through the col umns, ti l l the metal i on concentrati on i n the effl uent exceeds the permissible limits (break point). The author reported that the removal efficiency of PTC was higher than CAC. Further Cu(II) was adsorbed more on PTC compared to Cd(II). Hence the author concluded that the tamarind seeds can be effectively used in treating the water and waste water [10]. Nwabanne and Igbokwe (2012) had investigated adsorption performance of packed bed column for the removal of Lead using oil palm fibre (OPF) from aqueous solution. The influence of inlet ion concentration, flow rate and bed height on the adsorption process was studied. The particle size of activated carbon ranging from 0.425 mm to 0.600 mm and the bed height of 50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm were used. Three flow rates (5, 7.5 and 10 ml/ min) were used with initial ion concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/l. From the results, it was observed that the adsorption efficiency increased with the increased of inlet ion concentration and bed height. It also decreased with increase of the flow rate. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed by using Thomas and Yoon - Nelson kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from both models increased with increase in flow rate and initial ion concentration but decreased with the increase of bed height. The experimental break through curve and the break through profile obtained from Yoon - Nelson method showed a satisfactory fit for the activated carbon derived from oil pump empty fruit bunch. Authors reported that the experimental break through curves obtained for each activated carbon at flow rate of 5 ml/min, inlet ion concentration of 100 mg/l and bed height of 100 mm, the theoretical curves from the proposed model is in good agreement with the experimental curve [11]. Yahaya Nasehir Khan et.al (2011) studied fixed bed column study for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions using rice husk activated carbon by fixed bed adsorption column. Rice Husk based activated carbon (RHAC) was prepared with ZnCl 2 to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution using fixed bed adsorption column. The column studies showed better effi ci ency wi th l ower Cu(II) i nl et concentration, lower feed flow rate and higher RHAC bed height. The highest bed capacity of 34.56 mg/ gm was obtai ned by usi ng i nl et Cu(II) concentration 10mg/l, bed height 80mm and flow rate 10ml/min. Adsorption data was used to fit into Adam-Bohart, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson adsorption models. The results were fitted well to the Yoon- Nelson and Thomas model with correlation co- efficient (R 2 ) 0.96 [12]. Negrea et.al (2011) had conducted experi- mental and modeling studies on As(III) removal from aqueous medium using fixed bed column. A continuous flow adsorption studies with sand mixture as an adsorbent was used to remove As(III) from aqueous solution. The important parameters in the column study are flow rate, bed depth on break through curve and adsorption capacity. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was used to apply the experimental data and determined the column design parameters. The best performance of the iron containing waste sludge: sand mixtures in the removal process of As(III) with column studies occurred with the 10 cm bed depth, flow rate of 2ml/min and a service time of 11.3 hr (90% exhaustion). The calculated adsorption capacity (N o ) and rate constant(k) were 55.2mg/cm 3 and 12.2 cm 3 /mg/hr. Authors concluded that the iron containing waste sludge: sand mixture can be used as adsorbent material for As(III) removal process in continuous flow condition [13]. Nordiana and Rahman (2013) studied the adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by a mixture of activated charcoal and peanut shell. The experiments were conducted using batch adsorption method. The effect of contact time, initial metal concentration, dose of adsorbent and pH on the adsorption of lead were studied. The authors reported that the maximum removal of Pb (98.57%) was achieved at pH 4.0 and contact time 30 min [14]. Thamilarasu and Karunakaran (2011) used Ricinuscommunis seed shell activated carbon for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution. The authors conducted batch adsorption studies to optimize adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and initial Ni(II) ion concentration. It was reported that the maximum removal of Ni(II) achieved at pH 5.0, adsorbent dose 50mg/50ml or 1mg/ml, contact time 30 minutes. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms were used to verify the data. N. K. Mandal 44 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 The investigators concluded that the mechanism involved was intra-particle diffusion and surface adsorption for the adsorption of Ni(II) onto the adsorbent [15]. Ni(II) removal using of powdered activated carbons prepared from coconut oilcake, Neem oil cake and commercial carbon was investigated by Hema and Shrinivasan (2011). The investigators used batch adsorption studies to understand the efficiency of adsorbents variables such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and Ni(II) ion concentration. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and multiple regression model were used to verify the obtained dada. The authors concluded that ANN model will be useful in predicting the most suitable operating conditions to treat Ni(II) containing industrial waste water [16]. Geetha Devi and Chandrasekhar (2012) conducted batch studies for the removal of Zn(II) using crab shell chitosan and date seed carbon. It was reported that maximum removal of Zn(II) was obtained at optimum conditions pH 4.0, contact time of 75 minutes, doses of adsorbents 30 mg, agitation speed 100 rpm, optimum temperature 40 0 C and metal ion concentration 30 mg/l in case of chitosan. Whereas in case of date seed carbon, the optimal conditions were pH 2.0, adsorbent dose 60 mg, agitation speed 125 rpm and metal ion concentration 50 mg/l. The investigators concluded that both adsorbents followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm [17]. Alagumuthu et.al (2010) investigated the application of adsorption isotherms on fluoride removal. The ability of cynodondactylon based thermally activated carbon to remove fluoride from aqueous solution using batch process had been investigated. The experiments were carried out at neutral pH i.e. 7.0, with the variation of contact time, adsorbent dose, fluoride ion concentration, temperature and presence of co-anions. The adsorption equilibrium attained after 105 minutes. From the data, it was concluded that the prepared adsorbent surface sites were heterogeneous in nature and that fitted into a heterogeneous site binding model. In their studies Redlich-peterson and Langmui r i sotherms were sel ected to understand the adsorption mechanism. The authors stated that the adsorption was endothermic in nature. The maximum fluoride removal (83.77%) was occurred at the optimum time 105 minutes with 3.0 mg/l fluoride concentration and 1.25 gm dosage of adsorbent at neutral pH. It was also reported that, the bicarbonate ions interfered in the removal of fluoride by cynodondactylon bio-adsorbents and the used adsorbents could be regenerated upto 67.4% with 2% sodium hydroxide solution [18]. Basava Rao et.al (2007) investigated the removal of Cadmium and Zinc from metal finishing industrial effluents with low cost adsorbents. The performance of adsorbents like Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), Granular Activated Carbon (GAC size- 1.3mm) and Fly Ash (FA) was evaluated by conducting the experiments to understand the optimum conditions such as the effect of initial metal ion concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH for the removal of Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ metal ions from the electroplating industrial effluents. The optimum values were pH-5.0 for PAC and 2.0 for FA, fly ash adsorbent dose - 20gm/l, contact time for all the three adsorbents - 2.5 to 3.0 hours. The investigators had used batch method and concluded that the fly ash can be used as an adsorbent to treat metal plating wastewater [19]. Geetha et.al (2009) studied the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using areca nut shell (agricultural solid waste by product). The maximum removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) was found at pH 4.0 and 5.0 respectively adsorption method. The nature of adsorption was confirmed as exothermic. Maximum desorption of 88% for Cr(VI) and 91% for Pb(II) were achieved. The authors suggested using the Areca nut shell to remove the heavy metal ions from the industrial waste water [20]. 3.0 CONCLUSIONS The use of activated carbon as an adsorbent i n adsorpti on process i s a costl y affai r. Investigations have been conducted to substitute the costlier activated carbon with locally available N. K. Mandal Manufacturer of : Marked PVC PIPE FITTINGS Specialised in : PVC, FRP, HDPE & PP FABRICATIONS We Also Undertake Any Laying Job Please Contact : 54B, J ay Kissan Street, Uttarpara, Hooghly-712258 Telephone : 033-2664-5719 (O), 033-2659-3340 (F) ● E-mail :
[email protected] 45 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 low cost and eco-friendly bio-sorbent materials to remove pollutants effectively and efficiently. These materials include naturally occurring materials and waste products of agriculture and industries. The pollutants removal efficiency of some adsorbents materials is found to be satisfactory compared with the costlier activated carbon. Still there is a scope for an extensive research on the following areas: i) To improve the adsorption capacities of such low cost adsorbents. ii) Cost benefit analysis should be done while selecting adsorbents. iii) The most important issue is the safe disposal of spent adsorbents. Only limited information is available in literature about the safe disposal of spent adsorbents. Acknowledgements The author would like to convey sincere thanks to Dr.Y.R.M.Rao, Principal, Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram district for his valuable comments and useful suggestions to improve the quality of this paper and also to my colleagues Mr.K.Stalin and Mr.K.Kaviyarasan. Bibliography [1] Rao. M, Parwate. A. V, Bhol e A. G (2001) “Sorption A Low Cost Technology for the Treatment of Wastewater – State of the Art”, Water resources Journal, pp. 38-47. [2] Muthukumaran. K, Bal asubramani an. N, Ramakrishna T.V, (1995). The Removal and Recovery of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) from Plating Wastes by Chemically Activated Carbon, 3rd Internati onal Conference, Appropriate Waste Management, Technologies for Developing Countries, NEERI, Nagpur p 655-666. [3] Somani.S.B, Parwate A.V, Rao. M (2001) Removal of Chromium from Aqueous Solution using Unconventional Adsorbents. IPHE 3: 9-17. [4] Rao.M, Parwate A.V, Bhole A.G (2001) Uptake of Nickel from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using low cost Adsorbents Enviro Media 20: 669-675 [5] Rao. M, Parwate A. V, Bhol e A. G (2001) Removal of Nickel by Adsorption Using Unconventional Adsorbents. BHU, Varanasi: 291-295. N. K. Mandal 46 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 [6] Singh Amrita (2013). The Deadly metals: Some Removal Technologies from Drinking Water. Everyman’s Science : Vol. XLVII (5), 295-288. [7] Tangjuank, S., Insuk, N., Tontrakoon, J, and Udeye, V (2009). “Adsorption of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shells”. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 28: 110-116. [8] Taty-Castodes Christian, V., Faudut Hendry, Porte Catherine, and Ho Yuh-Shan (2005). “Removal of Lead(II) ions from synthetic and real effluents using immobilized Pinussylves- tries sawdust: Adsorption on a fixed-bed column”. Journal of Hazardous Material B 123: 135-144. [9] Musah, M (2011). “Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ ions on palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon”. Researcher, Vol. 3(10):1-6. [10] Suganthi, N (2012). “Fixed Bed Column Adsorption Studies for Removal of Metal Ions Using Tamarind Seeds”. Coromandal Journal of Science, Vol. 1(1): 65-71. [11] Nwabanne, J.T, and Igbokwe, P.K (2012). “Adsorption Performance of Packed Bed Column for the Removal of Lead (II) using oil Palm Fibre”. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol. 2 (5): 106-115. [12] Yahaya Nasehir Khan E M, Abutan Isamil, Mohammed Latiff Muhamad Faizal Pakir, Bello Olugbenga Solomon, and Ahmad Mohd Azmier (2011). “Fixed-bed Column Study for Cu (II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Rice Husk Based Activated Carbon”. Inter- national Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 11(1): 186-190. [13] Negra, A., Lupa, L., Ciopec, M., and Negra, P, (2011).Experimental and Modelling Studies on As (III) Removal from Aqueous Medium on Fixed Bed Column”. Chemical Bulletin of “Pol i tehni ca” Uni versi ty of Ti mi sora, ROMANIA Series of Chemistry and Environ- mental Engineering, Vol. 56(70): 89-93. [14] Nordiana Suhada Mohamad Thairuddin and Siti Zabaidah Ab Rahman (2013). “Adsorption of Lead in Aqueous Solution by a Mixture of Activated Charcoal and Peanut Shell”. World Journal of Science and Technology Research Vol. 1(5): 102-109. [15] Thamilarasu, P, and Karunakaran, K (2011). “Removal of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Ricinuscommunis Seed Shell Activated Carbons”. J. Environ. Science and Engineering Vol. 53(1): 7-14. [16] Hema, M., and Srinivasan, K (2011). “Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Regression Model for Nickel(II) Adsorption on Powered Activated Carbons”. J. Environ. Science and Engineering Vol. 53(3): 237-244. [17] Geetha Devi, M and Chandrasekar, G (2012). “A batch Study on Adsorption of Zinc (II) using High Molecular Weight Crab Shell Chitosan and Date Seed Carbon”. International Journal of Biotechnology, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 1(3):22-26. [18] Alagumuthu, G., Veeraputhiran, V, and Venketaraman, R (2010). “Adsorption iso- therms on Fluoride Removal: Batch Techni- ques”. Scholars Research Library, Archives of Applied Science Research Vol. 2(4):170-185. [19] Basava Rao, V.V., Mahesh, K., Jaya Prakesh, D., and Ram Mohan Rao, S (2007). “Removal of Cadmium and Zinc from Material Finishing Industrial Effluents by Low Cost Adsorbents”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, PEC, Pondicherry, India. January 4-6, 2007: 185-190. [20] Geetha, A., Sivakumar, P., Sujatha, M, and Palanisamy, P.N (2009). “Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution using Agricultural Solid Waste”. Journal of Environ- mental Science and Engineering Vol. 51(2): 151-156. N. K. Mandal 47 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Air Quality Variation in Kanpur City and its Health related impacts Ajantha Devi Senior Research Officer, State Planning Commission, Planning Dept., Lucknow, U. P. (
[email protected]) Dr. Madhu Bhardwaj Chief Environmental Officer, U.P. Pollution Control Board, Lucknow, U. P. (
[email protected]) Dr. D. S. Bhargava Former Prof. (Env.Engg.) of 11T, Roorke, Bhargava Lane, Devpura, Haridwar-229401 (
[email protected]). Abstract Air pollution is a major health hazard being faced by the people all over the world. The speed with which the magnitude of urban air pollution is growing across the major Indian cities is alarming and this is due to the uncontrolled growth of population, unplanned industrialisation, defores- tation for the purpose of developmental activities and urbanisation and due to uncontrolled growth of the vehicles. Kanpur being industrial city, people from surrounding areas of the city including the rural areas and also from other parts of India are migrating to the city in search of employment. The different kinds of activities taking place due to the above reasons are not only deteriorating the environmental conditions including air quality but also the healths of the people are severely affected. Also the plants, animals and materials are being badly affected. Kanpur is one of the most affected cities in Uttar Pradesh and ranks 9th among top 10 Industrial cities in India followed by Surat. Through the present study monthly air quality variation in different areas of Kanpur city along with its causes is presented. Air pollution poses severe health related impacts and this depends upon the magnitude of the air pollution, number of people already suffering from respiratory and other related diseases, nearby industries, growth of vehicles, etc. The study also suggests some mitigation measures so that the quality of life and health of the people in the city be sustained. Key words : RSPM, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, health Introduction Kanpur, spelled as Cawnpore before 1948, is the Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is situated on the banks of the river Ganges and lies in northern plains of India, which witness extremes of temperature. It can drop to a minimum of 0.0°C in the winters while it goes up to 48°C in summers. Kanpur experiences severe fog in December and January, resulting in massive traffic and travel delays. In summer excessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and Loo, traits more commonly seen in desert climates. Rains appear between July and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. As per 2011 census Kanpur urban agglomeration has a population of 2,920,067. The majority of Kanpur’s population comprises people from Central and Western Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur being an industrial city provides opportunities for employment. The status of air pollution in Kanpur city is very bad due to the uncontrolled growth of popula- tion, unplanned industrialisation, urbanisation, conventional coal combustion and due to uncon- trolled growth of the vehicles and the impact of these are posing threats to public health like increase in respiratory symptom: hospitalization, and premature mortality (Haidong Kan, 2009). Diesel vehicles cause more damages per mile than do gasoline vehicles, because of greater particulate emissions. Very fine particles appear more danger- ous than larger particles, and combustion particles appear more dangerous than road dust (McCubbin and Delucchi, 1999). Respirable Suspended particulate Matter (RSPM also called PM10) with diameter 10 ppm or less can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract and can cause heart related problems, asthma, also decreases lung function especially in children and older people and due to this there is financial and non-financial welfare losses (Fadel and Massoud, 2000). Acute Respira- tory Infections were one of the most common causes of deaths in children under 5 in India, and contri- buted to 13% of in-patient deaths in paediatric wards in India. PM10 are particularly nasty, penetrating deep into the lungs and the blood- stream, where they can help trigger heart attacks and other cardiovascular disease. Bronchitis and pneumonia are very common with symptoms inclu- ding cough, fever, chills and shortness of breath. NO 2 penetrates the lung periphery and is absorbed into the mucosa of the respiratory tract and hence causing mild inflammation (WHO, 1977). Inhaled sulphur dioxide is highly soluble in aqueous sur- faces of the respiratory tract from where it enters the blood. S0 2 absorbed in the nose and the upper airways exerts its irritant effect. Smog, a kind of air pollution is a serious problem in many cities. Smog has claimed about four thousand people in the great “Smog Disaster” in London in 1952. 48 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Population growth and evolution of industries in Kanpur It is evident from Figure 1 that there was sudden drastic change in the population growth from the year 1921 and continued there on till 2001. After 1857, Kanpur became an important centre of the leather and textile industries. The first cotton textile mill, the Elgin Mills, was started in 1862 and many others followed in the next 40 years. The first steel re-rolling mill of India was established here which later became one of the nation’s largest re-rolling mills. Kanpur city has been nicknamed as ‘‘Leather City of the World”, “Manchester of the East”, “Economic Capital of Uttar Pradesh”. Kanpur has five Indian Ordnance Factories viz. Field Gun Factory, Ordnance Equipment Factory, Ordnance Parachute Factory, Ordnance Factory Kanpur, Small Arms Factory of the gigantic Ordnance Factories Board which manufactures products of the Indian Armed Forces. Kanpur is one of the biggest producers of textile and leather products and they are exported in bulk. Some of the other industries manufacturing Yarn and Yarn Products, Furniture, Footwear, Plastic Bags, Beds and Mattresses, Textile, Leather Goods and Accessories, Jute Products, Food, Dairy Products, Car Accessories, Coils, Oil, Seals, Springs, Ayurvedic, Herbal Products, Capsules, Injectables, Bar Soap, Castings, Dies, Forgings Equipment, are situated in Kanpur. Also new industries such as detergent, saddlery, pan masala (tobacco), plastics and packaging, jewellery have developed in the city. The only night lamp factory of Uttar Pradesh is also located in Kanpur. Data Collection/Methodology Month wise data related to air pollutants RSPM, S0 2 and NO x for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 were obtained from UP Pollution Control Boaid. RSPM, S0 2 and N0 2 were monitored at 8 locations (Kidwainagar, Dashanpurwa, Panki Site- 5, Shastrinagar, Avas Vikas-Kalyanpur, Dada- nagar, IIT Campus and Ramadevi) in 2011 and in 2009 and 2010 at 5 locations (Kidwainagar, Dashanpurwa, Panki Site-5, Shastrinagar and Avas Vikas-Kalyanpur). For monitoring these air pollutants UPPCB follows the procedures set by National Ambient Air Quality Standads, CPCB. Pollutants are collected twice a week for 24 hours at uniform intervals at a particular site and annual arithmatic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year is taken. For measuring PM10 TOEM method, for S0 2 Improved West and Gaeke Method and for N0 2 Modified Jacob and Hochheiser (Na- Arsenite) Method is preferred respectively. According to the revised National Ambient Air Quality Standads (18th November 2009) concen- tration of ambient air in industrial, residential, rural and other area on the basis of annual time weighted average is 60ug/m 3 for PM10, 40 (g/m 3 for N0 2 and 50 ug/m 3 for S0 2 . Obtained data was compared with these standards to analyse the pattern of air pollutants, concentration of air pollutants, trends of the pollutants in different months of the years. Analysis and Discussion Kidwainagar, Shastrinagar, Avas Vikas, Kalyanpur and IIT Campus are the residential areas. The trend of RSPM (Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter) i.e., PM10, S0 2 andN0 2 in these areas for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 is shown in the figures 3 to 10. The level of RSPM was maximum in winters and lowest in the rainy season Figure 1 : Population growth in Kanpur city A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava 49 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Figure 2 : Monitoring locations at all the places. Kidwainagar, which is a very old residential area, has very less vegetation compared to other residential areas. There is more number of interlinking roads within the colony where small and medium vehicles ply on the unpaved roads due to which there are dusts in the air. According to a 2008 study commissioned by the Union ministry of urban development, traffic volumes have exceeded the designed capacity of roads in more than 26 per cent of Kanpur’s road length. Some of the key roads which carry more traffic than designed include Meston Road, Canal Road, Halsey Road and the Kidwainagar Road near Ghantaghar. The level of RSPM in Kidwainagar in 2009 varied from 164.2 ug/m 3 to 242.7 g/m 3 which is 2.7 to 4 times more than the standards (60 g/m 3 ) and in 2010 and 2011 RSPM varied from 162.5 g/m 3 to 218.8 g/m 3 and 196.8 g/m 3 to 219.7 ug/m 3 respectively. The figure 3 shows reducing trend for RSPM from 2009 to 2011. Level of S0 2 is within the standard limit (50 g/m 3 ). Level of N0 2 is showing an increasing trend from 2009 which exceeds the limit (40 g/m 3 ) in 2011. These pollutants are emissions from vehicles, burning of wood and coal which is released at ground level and due to poor dispersion at ground level, the impact of these pollutants on recipient population will be more. At Shastrinagar the level of RSPM was constant and is upto 4 times the standard in years 2009, 2010 and 2011. Figure 4 shows the level of RSPM reduces in the rainy season (July to September) and increases in winter (November to January). This is true for all the places because during rainy season these pollutants settle down due to rains. RSPM levels is showing a bit decrea- sing trend and this can be because of number of parks like Shastrinagar Centre Park, Durga Park, Ucha Park, Chota Centre Park, etc. which acts as pollution absorbers. The level of S0 2 is.within the standard limit (50 g/m 3 ). Level of N0 2 is showing an increasing trend from 2009 which exceeds the limit (40 g/m 3 ) in 2011. These pollutants are emissions from vehicles, burning of wood and coal during winters to get rid of cold. As these pollutants are released at ground level, their dispersion is poor and this has very bad impact on public health. Avas Vikas, Kalyanpur is a new residential colony with very less vegetation. There are empty/ agricultural lands with loose surface soil due to which the level of RSPM is more. Here the level of RSPM ranges from 2.5- 4.0 times the norms in 2009, 2.5-3.5 the norms in 2010 and 3.0-3.5 the norms in 2011. Figure 5 shows the level of RSPM reduces in the rainy season (July to September) and increases in winter (November to January). The level of S0 2 is within the standard limit whereas the level of N0 2 is showing an increasing trend from 2009 which exceeds the limit in 2011. These pollutants are emissions from vehicles from nearby National A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava 50 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Figure 3 : Conc. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Kidwainagar. (a) (b) (c) A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava (a) (b) Figure 4 : Conc. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Shastrinagar. (c) 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 51 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Highway-91, construction activities, burning of wood and dung cake by labourers for cooking purpose and also burning of wood and coal during winters to get rid of cold. As the emissions from these sources are released at ground level, their dispersions is very poor and this has very bad effect on the health of the public. Figure 6 shows the variation of RSPM, SO 2 and N0 2 in IIT Campus, which is categorised as residential area. The level of S0 2 and N0 2 is within the limit where as there the level of RSPM reaches upto 4 times the norms. The reason can be attributed to the growth of vehicles around IIT. Other sources of air pollution near this area are use of coal and wood by the people at the road side tea stalls. Emissions from these sources are proportional to the total population and socio- economic state of the habitat in the area. To mitigate the air pollution problem there should be proper system to check pollution from all the major sources and also it should be mandatory for each vehi cl e and equi pment to take a cl earance certificate at a regular interval. Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended with proper road repair and maintenance work. For this there should be proper coordination between different departments involved. The roads near the residential areas should be paved properly. A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava (a) (b) Figure 5 : Conc. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Avas Vikas, Kalyanpur (c) Figure 6 : Concn. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in IIT Campus At Ramadevi (figure 8) level of SPM in 2011 varies from 155.3 g/m 3 (July) to 1055.0 g/m 3 (November) and the level of RSPM varies from 74.9 g/m 3 (July) to 465.0 g/m 3 (December). Main sources of air pollution at Ramadevi which is a traffic site (intersection of four major roads called chauraha includes NH 25 and Asian highway-2) are mainly from the emissions from vehicles as there are auto stands and bus stands. Also there is a big 2009 52 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 Figure 7 : Concn. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Darshanpurwa A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava (a) (b) (c) market place nearby and here the source of pollutants are DG sets, vehicle emissions, dust because of unpaved roads, smoke problems from garbage burning and from restaurants. Mitigation measures to these problems can be monitoring of air quality regularly, planting trees, enforce speed limits to reduce airborne fugitive dust caused by vehicular traffic and widening of roads. In commercial cum residential area like Darshanpurwa (Fig 7) the level of RSPM is 3-4 times the norms. At Darshanpurwa in 2009, 2010 and 2011 the level of RSPM is more than the standard limits (60 g/m 3 ). According to the available data in 2009 RSPM varies from 193.9 g/ m 3 (March) to 259.3 g/m 3 (July) in 2009 and the level of RSPM varies from 168.5 g/m 3 (July) to 228.07 g/m 3 (January). In 2011 the level of RSPM varies from 187.1 g/m 3 (October) to 212.4 g/m 3 (September). In 2011 compared to 2009 and 2010 the level of RSPM is reduced but still they are more than the standard norms. Here the main source of air pollutants are from activities like domestic cooking, DG sets, vehicles, road dust, garbage burning, restaurants and roadside stalls near commercial activities, Kerosene and LPG are the major sources of fuel used in the commercial areas of the city followed by use of coal and wood. Vegetation cover is moderate which is in the form of parks and open space at Kamla club cricket ground. J.K.Factory which produces jute is situated nearby. Mitigation measures to these problems can be monitoring of air quality regularly, planting more trees at the areas where particulate matter is generated, enforce speed limits to reduce airborne fugitive dust caused by vehicular traffic and widening of roads. Awareness should be created and training should be given on impacts of air pollution among the people of all standards. At Ramadevi the level of RSPM in winters (2011) was more than double the standard limit and in rainy (June to September) season it was less than the standard limit. From the figure 8 it is seen that at these two places the level of RSPM is showing a decreasing trend from January to July and then onwards showing an increasing trend. In July at almost all the places the level of RSPM are lowest because during the rainy season, these pollutants settle down due to rains. Panki presently inside the Kanpur municipal limits is an industrial area and is about 8 km from the Kanpur railway station and main bus stand. This place has an electric power generating station with an installed capacity of 220 Mega Watts which supplies to the northern grid. Figure 9a, 9b and 9c shows the trend of air pollution in 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2010 Panki was the most polluted area 53 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava Figure 8 : Concn. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Ramadevi with maximum RSPM level 282.8 g/m3 which is 4.7 times the standard limit. The pollutants here can be related to quantity of fossil burnt in boilers and process fugitive emissions. Figure 10 shows the trend of RSPM, S0 2 and N0 2 in Dadanagar. In 2011 the RSPM level at Dadanagar was 9.5 times the norms which is very alarming. The reason can be attributed to the busiest railway track on which Kanpur-Mumbai, Kanpur-Bengaluru, and Kanpur-Chennai train (diesel engine) runs. Vegetation is very less here. Also the movement of trains here is slow and the emissions from the diesel engines pollute the surrounding air. Also the other sources of air pollution near this area are use of coal, wood, cow- dung etc. in slums settlements along the railway yard, road side tea stalls (near railway stations, bus stops), etc. Emissions from these sources are proportional to the total population and socio- economic state of the majority of the habitat in the area. To mitigate the air pollution problem here vegetation cover should be increased as they are the sinks for air pollutants. Use of coal is significant in slum settlements along the railway yard and near industries. Slums should be rehabilitated under the different schemes of Government and awareness on impacts of air pollution should be created among them. At almost all the places in the city the top surface soil of Kanpur is a loose alluvium. The soil dust becomes air borne with the flow of wind. Dust storms are very common during May-June. Open area not covered with grass or vegetation are the major source of natural dust. To reduce the pollution level here vegetation cover should be increased as they are sinks for air pollutans. Conclusion The main aim of the study was to present the variation of air pollutants in different areas of Kanpur city and find the causes for its variation. (a) (b) Figure 9 : Concn. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Panki Site-5. (c) From the study it was observed that maximum values of all the three pollutants are observed in winter and lowest in the rainy season which 54 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 limit at almost all the places and the level of N0 2 at almost all the places is showing an increasing trend which is approaching almost nearer the standards and this requires major attention. The trend of variation of different pollutants and the reasons for its variation along with some remedial measures have already been presented. Awareness programmes should be carried out regularly for implementation of travel plans, car sharing schemes and improvements in public transport, walking and cycling in the local area. Bibliography 1. Haidong Kan, Environment and Health in China: Challenges and Opportunities, Environ Health Perspective, 2009 December; 117(12): A530-A531, Fudan Unviersity, Shanghai, China. 2. McCubbin, D. R., M. A. Delucchi (1999), ‘The Health Costs of Motor-Vehicle- Related Air Pollution’, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 33(3): 253-286. 3. El -Fadel , M. and Massoud, M. (2000). A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava Figure 10 : Concn. of RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2 in Dadanagar implies in winter the emissions from different sources released at ground level has very poor dispersion leading to a very bad effect on the health of the public and during rainy season these pollutants settle down due to rains. The level of RSPM is of major concern because their level is much higher, almost more than twice the permissible limit at all the places whether is residential/ commercial or industrial. Level of S0 2 is within the standard TATA METALIKS KUBOTA PIPES LIMITED Manufacturer of ISI marked Ductile Iron (DI) Pipes Head Office Tata Centre 10 th Floor 43 Jawaharlal Nehru Road Kolkata 700071 India Production Unit PO Samraipur Kharagpur Paschim Midnapur 721301 West Bengal India Marketing and Sales Office 6/1A Middleton Street 1 st Floor Kolkata 700 071 India Tel 91 33 64591384/85 Fax 91 33 22820781 e-mail
[email protected] website www.tatametalikskubota.com 55 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 “Particulate matter in urban areas: Health based economic assessment”, The Science of the Total Environment, 257(2-3), pp. 133-146. 4. Pope III, C A, et al., “Lung Cancer, cardiopul- monary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution,” Journal of the American Medical Association, (287): 1123- 1141. 5. California environmental protection Agency Air Resource Board (http://www.ecopolitics.ca/ airpol 6. Air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian cities National Summary Report, www.cpcb.nic.in. A. Devi, M. Bhardwaj & D. S. Bhargava 7. Public release date: 13-Aug-2007, http:// www.springerlink.com/content/101592/ 8. U.N. Tiwari, Additional Municipal Commi- ssioner, Kanpur Nagar Nigam, Kitakyushu Initiative on Urban Air Quality Management, Bangkok, Thailand, paper presented on 20-21 February 2003. 9. N. Raghu Babu, Environmental Engineer and Ashwani Kumar, Asst. Envi ronmental Engineer, Central Pollution Control Board, Environmental management plan for Kanpur urban area, Kittitas Valley Wind Power Project EFSEC Application Section 1.4 Mitigation, January 12, 2003 Page 1. 56 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 ………becomes negligibly small and the effluent quantum has reduced, total amounts of the pollutants Since wastewaters contain………… ………… pollutants enter the aquifer. If the pollutants are not fed with bentonite, they will not be effective in blocking the pores of the porous media to greater depths and thus, the flow of pollutants through porous media can not be analogous to the flow through filters as no clogging of the pores is achieved. Movement of pollutants together with the bentonite clay will result in situations that are commonly encountered with deep filters. Thus, in order that the ………… clay are also described. COMPUTATION OF BENTONITE CLAY QUANTITY Whenever, a filter media is……………… in the operation schedule of filters. Amongst the ……………. in Eq.(1) (Bhargava and Ojha, 1989). h fo /L = K h f(e o ) [F 2 Ro / N Ro ] (1) In Eq. (1), h fo is the initial headloss in a media of depth L, K h is a constant and f(e o ) is some function of e o , the initial porosity. For a media bed consisting of particles of diameter D and subjected to a filtration velocity V, kinematic viscosity “ and gravitational acceleration g , F Ro is defined as V(gD) 1/2 and N Ro is defined as VD/ . Values of K h and f(e o ) in case of the Carman-Kozeny model works out to 150 and (1 - e o ) 2 /e o 3 respectively (Bhargava and Ojha, 1989). However, the headloss model shown in Eq.(1) is not valid when deposition of impurities has taken place in the media bed. An equation similar to Eq. (1), proposed by the authors takes the form shown in Eq. (2) (undergoing review). h f /h fo = [(e o 2.3 )/(e tp )]t p (2) in Eq. (2), h f is the headloss at any time t p . e tp is the bed porosity at time t p and x tp is an exponent which depends on influent characteristics, and porosities at time 0 and t p respectively and is given by Eq.(3). x tp = 2.3 + a[100 {(e tp /e o ) - 1}] b (3 ) In Eq. (3), ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants, which for example, works out to 0.5416 and e tp respectively (Undergoing review) for the data (Deb, 1969) pertaining to bentonite clay. e tp depends on initial porosity, filtration rate. Influent and effluent turbidities, depth of media, etc., and a methodology evolved by the authors for its prediction at any time, is undergoing review elsewhere. The depth of water table in the soil strata can be assumed to be analogous to the filter bed depth. For the given soil strata, the headloss development pattern can be determined experimentally. From such experimental data, the e tp values can be estimated from the use of Eqs. (2) and (3). The clay input influent turbidity can then be estimated for a desired effluent turbidity and expected filtration rate through the soil strata (which depends on the soil strata specifications and conditions). The above model s and methodol ogy …………………………….. is analogous to the flow through filters. In the stated situation ………………………… addition to the wastewater. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS Presented strategy would………………………… on different patches of the land by rotation. REFERENCES 1. Bhargava, D. S. and C. S. P. oj ha. 1989. Monographs for initial headloss in rapid sand filters. J..Env.Engg. Div., Instn. Engrs. 70 (EN 2) (2(2: Oct. 2. Deb, A. K. 1969. Theory of sand filtration. J. San. Engg. Div., ASCE. 95 (SA 3) : 399-422. 3. Rich, L.G. 1961. Unit operations for sanitary engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 145. ERRATA In the paper ‘‘A New Strategy of Preventing Ground Water Pollution’’ authored by Dr. D. S. Bhargava and C. S. P. Ojha, published in January 2014 issue, the following may be read after the word ‘‘filtration’’ in the last sentence of para 2 under ‘‘ANALOGY OF GROUND WATER WITH DEEP FILTERS’’. 57 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 The United Nations Secretary-General Message on World Environment Day, 5 June 2014 “Raise Your Voice, Not the Sea Level” World Environment Day 2014 falls during the International Year of Small Island Developing States, declared by the United Nations General Assembly to raise awareness of the special needs of this diverse coalition as part of the global discussion on how to achieve a sustainable future for all. The world’s small island nations, which are collectively home to more than 63 million people, are renowned as prized destinations: places of outstanding natural beauty, vibrant culture and music appreciated around the globe. While small in total, the land size of small island nations does not reflect their importance as stewards of nature’s wealth on land and sea. They play an important role in protecting the oceans and many are biodiversity hotspots, containing some of the richest reservoirs of plants and animals on the planet. Despite these assets, Small Island Developing States face numerous challenges. For a significant number, their remoteness affects their ability to be part of the global supply chain, increases import costs - especially for energy - and limits their competitiveness in the tourist industry. Many are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change - from devastating storms to the threat of sea level rise. Small Island Developing States have contributed little to climate change. Their combined annual output of greenhouse gases is less than one per cent of total global emissions, but their position on the front lines has projected many to the fore in negotiations for a universal new legal climate agreement in 2015. Others are leaders in disaster preparedness and prevention or are working to achieve climate neutrality through the use of renewable energy and other approaches. Small island nations share a common understanding that we need to set our planet on a sustainable path. This demands the engagement of all sectors of society in all countries. On World Environment Day, millions of individuals, community groups and businesses from around the world take part in local projects -from clean up campaigns to art exhibits to tree-planting drives. This year, I urge everyone to think about the plight of Small Island Developing States and to take inspiration from their efforts to address climate change, strengthen resilience and work for a sustainable future. Raise your voice, not the sea level. Planet Earth is our shared island. Let us join forces to protect it. 58 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 IPHE NEWS ● Delhi Regional Centre Report on the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the DELHI REGIONAL CENTRE of IPHE, India held on 23rd November, 2013 at New Delhi The Delhi Regional Centre (DRC) of the Institution of Public Health Engineers, India (IPHE), initially known as North India Regional Centre, has been active since early 1980s. In the past the Centre has had the privilege of being managed under the chairmanship of, among others, Shri J. D’ Cruz, Shri Mallianath Jain, Shri P. T. Gurnani and Shri Paritosh Tyagi. The immediate past Executive Council of IPHE Delhi Centre assumed office on October 31, 2011 under the leadership of Dr. Dinesh Chand, Additional Adviser, Ministry of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Govt. of India. Through his dynamism Dr. Dinesh Chand has given consi- derable momentum to the activities of the Centre and has been instrumental in making it active. The Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Centre was organized on the 23rd Nov, 2013 at India International Centre, New Delhi. An expert talk on ‘Food Security and the Carbon Foot Print’ was delivered by Prof. C. K. Varshney on the occasion. A brief report of activities of the Centre and the audited accounts for the period of November, 2011 to October, 2013 were presented respectively by Shri Asit Nema, Secretary and Shri K. A. Roy, Treasurer i n the AGM, and the same were discussed and accepted by the members present in the meeting. Since the tenure of past Executive Council came to end with the resignation of all the members, the election of 11 members of the new Executive Council of the Centre was also taken place while Dr. Dinesh Chand, Prof. Rakesh Mehrotra, Shri Asit Nema and Shri K. A. Roy, past members were re-elected as Chairman, Vice- chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the centre along with other members of Executive Council for the next two year’s tenure. Report on national conference organized by the Delhi Regional Centre of the Institution of Public Health Engineers, India on Piped Water Supply And Sewerage Systems held on January 24th and 25th , 2014 at New Delhi Delhi Regional Centre of the Institution of Public Health Engineers, India in association with M/ S Electrosteel Castings Limited has organised a “National Conference on Piped Water Suppl y and Sewerage Systems” on January 24th and 25th, 2014 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi with focus on the subjects of pipes and materials for conveyance, transmission, distribu- tion/collection & transmission network of Water Supply and Sewerage Systems. The objectives of the conference were to: 1. Familiarise participants with the latest industrial developments with regard to pipe materials for transmission and distribution in water supply systems; and collection and transmission for sewerage systems in urban as well as rural areas. 2. Share experiences on performance and techno- economic aspects of transmission, distribution and collection systems towards improved planning, implementation and efficiencies/ sustainability of water supply and sewerage systems. 3. Enable appreciation of a robust decision support system for selection of pipes for various applications considering available options and specifications. The conference was inaugurated by Shri Satyabrata Sahu, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Drinking water & Sanitation, Government of India, who also gave the keynote address; and was presided over by Dr. Dinesh Chand, Chairman of the centre. A souvenir containing 21 technical papers related to the theme of the conference was released on the occasion by Shri Sahu. The conference was conducted over seven technical sessions in two days where more than 120 participants in each session witnessed as many as 20 presentations on advantages and limitations of various pipe materials, selection of pipes, technical specifications/ standards, policies on pipe procurement, determination and comparison of life-cycle costs, experiences from the field, etc. All of the sessions were followed by penal discussions which were anchored by eminent persons from the domains of water supply, sewerage and pipe manufacturing, etc. There was representations by all different stakeholders such as the Policy Makers and Regulators; Officers and Engineers from Central/ State utilities, Consultants, Municipal Corpora- tions, Research and Academic Organizations, International and National Development agencies, Technology Providers, Bureau of Indian Standards, students etc. including a good number of members of the centre of IPHE, India. 59 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 ● Guwahati Centre Annual General Meeting and Memorial Lecture The Annual General Meeting of Institution of Public Health Engineers (India), Guwahati Regional Centre was held on 29th June, 2014 at Hotel Ambarish, Ganeshguri, Guwahati, where Corporate Members from across the State took part. The meeting started with the Welcome note by the Centre Chairman, Engineer, Safiur Rahman Saikia, a retired Chief Engineer, PHED, Assam. The meeting adopted the Secretarial Report presented by Er. Milanj it Bhattacharyya and audited Financial Report presented by Er. Debendra Sarma, Treasurer of the Centre, Er. A. B. Paul, Er. H. Nath, Er. K. G. Deb Krori, Er. P. K. Bhattacharjee suggested pragmatic measures to be adopted by the centre in near future. A new executive body with Er. S. R. Saikia as the Chairman and Er. M. Bhattacharyya, as Secretary were elected for the next session. Er. S. K. Agarwal Addl. Chief Engineer (PHE), North Assam Zone, Tezpur and Vice-Chairman of the Centre offered vote of thanks. Er. Deboj yoti Bhattacharj ee, who was previously Chief Engineer, PHED, Assam had been instrumental in establishing IPHE (I), GRC and he had been its earlier Chairman. The GRC organised first Er. Debojyoti Bhattacharje memorial lecture in the same venue. In the first topic ‘‘Problems of Drinking Water Quality in Assam and their Remedial Strategies’’, speaker Dr. Krishna Gopal Bhattacharyya, previously Director, Academic Staff Col l ege & presentl y Professor Chemi stry Department, Gauhati University elaborated the presence and extent of Chemical contaminants in water in the State and noted that food supplement can reduce the menace to its consumers, which the poorer section cannot afford. In the second topic, ‘‘Dual Management of Rural Piped Water Supply Schemes in Partnership with Village level Users Committee’’, speaker, Dr. Dilip Kr. Das, a retired Chief Engineer, PHED, Assam elaborated how few of the user communities of Piped Water Supply Schemes of the State including Bongal Pukhuri PWSS of Jorhat are functioning effectively with sound Bank balance in the Account. He also pointed out the constraints faces by the user committees to run government built PWSS. In the interaction session, Er. A. B. Paul, Retd. Chief Engineer, PHED, Er. K. G. Deb Krori, an Adviser of the Centre and Er. R. R. Chaudhury, Retd. Commissioner & Secretary, PHED, Assam & Ex-Chairman, Pollution Control Board, Assam, Dr. Kalyani Goswami, Ex-Professor, Department of Chemistry, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati took active part alongwith others and both the speakers replied all the raised quarries. The Memorial lecture was started with paying of floral tribute on the portrait of Late Er. Debojyoti Bhattacharjee, which was initiated by professor Minoti Barthakur, a crusader against Cancer suffering and was conducted by Er. Milanjit Bhattacharyya, Secretary of the Centre. SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT IPHE, India is happy to announce that the Article entitled ‘‘Sustainable Opera- tion of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Services’’ published in the April 2012 issue of JIPHE has been adjudged as the Best Technical Paper for the year 2012-2013 for which Dr. Dinesh Chand, FIPHE has been conferred with ‘‘N. Venkataraman Green Prize’’ amounting to Rs.1000/- (Rupees One Thousand) only. Dr. Narayanswamy Venkataraman, FIPHE, an eminent Public Health Engineer from Chennai is the sponsorer of this Annual Award. We congratulate the Author and also the sponsorer for his noble gesture. We hope that our readers shall be encouraged to sponsor prizes for activities pub- lished on specific topics like Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Waste Water etc and other activities of IPHE like holding of Talks on subjects of our interest in different centres of their choice. 60 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 AN ANNOUNCEMENT Attn: Members, Industries (related to PHE / Pollution Control ac- tivities), Govt. Organizations / Academic Bodies / Institutions, NGOs etc. 1. a) IPHE publishes a quarterly technical journal from Kolkata (IPHE Hqs). We need good articles from authors who write in journals. b) We need professional information / case studies in the fields of public health and environmental engineering (for publication) that may draw attraction of our readers. c) In order to reach more people, and to convey commercial message to policymakers and project implements, we like to publish more adver- tisements. Kindly see if you can help. d) Send your enquiries to
[email protected] or write to the Secre- tary General / Editor. 2. IPHE arranges Talks & Panel Discussions at the Hqs. In order to invite good speakers from the Public & Corporate fields we need to invite good audience also. For organising these things there is an element of cost. If we can get sponsors, we can do it in a better way. We can invite media also. 3. IPHE responds to the invitation received from the industries and project authorities to visit their important works / projects to get hand on experience on innovative works now under implementation. Phone : 033-23378678 S. C. Dutta Gupta S. K. Neogi (2 PM to 6 PM) Editor Secretary General 61 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 In a gala ceremony to celebrate the ‘World Environment Day 2014’, the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH), UK in association with the Institution of Public Health Engineers (IPHE), India launched the Hindi and Bengali versions of the IFH/WSSCC Training Resource on “Home Hygiene in Developing Countries Preven- tion of infection in the home and peri-domestic setting”. Padmabhushan Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, World Water Laureate 2009 and Chief Guest of the function released the Hindi version of the Training Resource while Mr. Asadur Rahman, Chief of UNICEF, Kolkata released the Bengali version of the same. Prof. K.J. Nath, President, IPHE, and South East Asia Regional Coordinator, IFH (UK) presided over the function and delivered the theme address. Padmabhushan Dr. V.P. Sharma, Past President of the national Academy of Sciences, India, S.N. Dave, Water Sanitation Hygiene Specialist, UNICEF, Kolkata, were present among others in the occasion. The Training Resource on home hygiene which was originally published in Engl i sh by Water Suppl y and Sani tati on Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva and IFH in the year 2005 has already been translated in Russi an and Urdu. The Bengal i and Hi ndi transl ati on has been faci l i tated by Sul abh Report on the World Environment Day Celebration 2014 and the release of the Hindi and Bengali version of the IFH/WSSCC Training Resource on Home Hygiene, 3rd June 2014, Rabindra Okakura Bhawan, Salt Lake, Kolkata The Bengali and Hindi versions of the IFH/WSSCC training resource being released at Okakura Bhavan. On the dais are (from left) Tarun Dutta, Secretary, IPHE, India, P. K. Dutta, Chairman, Calcutta Regional Centre, IPHE Chief Guest Bindeshwar Pathak, Founder, Sulabh International, K. J. Nath, President, IPHE, India and Regional Coordinator, South East Asia of IFH, V. P. Sharma, Past President of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Asadur Rahman, Chief of UNICEF, Calcutta, S. N. Dave, Water Sanitation and Hygiene Specialist, UNICEF, Calcutta, and S. K. Neogi, Secretary-General, IPHE, India International Social Service Organization, Delhi and National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI). The Training Resourcewill give guidance for teachers, community nurses and workers and other health professionals in developing countries to serve better. The book will act as a ready material to enhance the capacity of public health workers. The programme started with an opening song by Smt. Madhumita and Sri Sandip Deb, who compèred the programme very competently. In his welcome address, Sri P.K. Dutta, Chairman, IPHE, Calcutta Centre, welcomed the dignitaries and invitees and elaborated the significance of this year’s World Environment Day, the theme of which is “Raise your voice, not the sea level”, in keeping with the UN Designation of 2014 as the Inter- national Year of Small Island Developing States. Sri S.K. Neogi, Secretary General, IPHE, intro- duced the Chief Guest and other dignitaries on the dais and welcomed them, on behalf of the IPHE, India. Prof. K.J. Nath, Chairman, IPHE, India, in his theme address stated “Human activity related climate change and global warming have put small island developing states in jeopardy. If the present trend of climate change continues unchecked, small islands of the world would become uninhabitable 62 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 and eventually disappear from the world map.” Prof. Nath further stated that we must change our lifestyle and development model to conserve and protect environment and nature. Referring to the release of the Training Resource, he stated “Promotion of home hygiene in the domestic setting is possibly the most cost effective among all the preventive public health measures in developing countries like India”. In hi s address, the Chi ef Guest Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, Founder, Sulabh International Soci al Servi ce Organi zati on, pl eaded for a nationwide campaign for hygiene and sanitation. “One does not need to have a technical background to solve the sanitation problem, one has to apply his mind”, said Dr. Pathak talking about the two pit flush toilet he has innovated and scaled up nationwide. Dr. Pathak recalled former Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi’ s comment that Poverty is the worst form of pollution. ‘‘I don’t agree with her view. I think it is the rich nations who cause the maximum environmental pollution with the wastes they produce’’, he said. Mr. Asadur Rahman, Chief of UNICEF, Kolkata, complemented the Govt. of West Bengal for setting up a definite goal for making West Bengal an open defecation free state by 2017. “But the people’s participation is very important for achieving this target”. Sri S.N. Dave, WASH Specialist, UNICEF, Kolkata, introduced the Hindi and Bengali version of the IFH/WSSCC Training Resource with a very informative power point presentation. He particularly elaborated how this resource would be useful in the context of water and sanitation related disease burden in West Bengal. Dr. V.P. Sharma, Guest of Honour, Past President of National Academy of Sciences, India, elaborated on the impact of climate change on water borne and vector borne diseases. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks offered by Sri TarunDutta, Secretary, IPHE, India. The scientific programme was followed by a cultural programme and dinner. Renowned singer Sri AbhirupGuhaThakurta, entertained the audience with his melodious rendering of Tagore songs as well as popular folk songs. 63 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 OUR MEMBERS Corporate members of IPHE (I) are requested to send News about their achievements (promotion, new job, foreign assignment, new areas of activities, special honours, scholarships etc.) for publication in the 'Members' News' column. Matters within 100 words should be sent to the Editor. Organisation members of IPHE (I) are requested to send news about their achievements (diversification, new project obtained, new research work done, special awards and the like) for publication in the 'Members' News' column. Matters within 100 words should be sent to the Editor. The following persons with details mentioned against each were elected Corporate Members/ Organisation Members during 2013-2014 along with other Members (Sl.1 to 44) elected in earlier E. C. Meeting during 2013-14. Members Elected Sl. Name and Address Membership No. No. Sl. Name and Address Membership No. No. 45. Biplab Mukhopadhyay LF 663 IB-3, 3rd Floor (Front), Skylit Housing Co-op. Society, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 106 46. Ajay Asthana LF 664 The Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. Upgraded Construction House, W. H. Road, from Ballard Estate, Mumbai-400001 LM 1150 47. Diptarup Kahali LF 665 Flat No. 402, 120 Regent Estate, Upgraded Kolkata-700 092 from LM 718 48. Dr. G. Venkatesan LF 666 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Upgraded Engineering, University College from of Engineering (BIT Campus) LM 1403 Tiruchirapally-620064 49. Dr. G. Swaminathan LF 667 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Trichy-620015 50. G. Sokkanathan LF 668 20A, East Car Street, Tirunelveli-Town, Tirunelveli-627006 51. Sanjay Kumar Gautam LF 669 Flat No. RF-8, Pratishtha Apartment, KA-1, Kavi Magar, Ghaziabad-201002 52. Tejpal Singh Arora LF 670 D-35, Sector-39, Noida, U.P. 53. Anil Kumar Jindal LF 671 SB-163, Shastri Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, U.P. 54. Daya Shanker Mishra LF 672 Flat No. 401, Shyam Bhawan, East Boring Canal Road, (Behind Lalita Hotel), Patna-800001 55. Krishna Gopal Singh LF 673 I-605, Alpha-2, Greater Noida- 201308, GB Nagar, UP 56. Rakesh Kumar Agarwal LF 674 Gangajal Treatment Plant, UP Jal Nigam, Pratap Vihar, Ghaziabad-201009 57. A. G. Shanmugasundaram LF 675 Door No.C-154, III Floor, Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 58. Ram Lal Mathur LF 676 Flat No.B-204, Pl. No. 25A, Anant Appt. Sector-4, Dwaraka, New Delhi-110075 59. Ved Prakash LF 677 2/69, Sector-5, Rajendra Nagar, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201001 60. Balasaheb Vithoba Zanje LF 678 Flat No.A101, Neelsrushti, Plot No.19, 20, 21, Road No.3, Sector No. 4, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410206. 61. Ragagopal Ramachandran LF679 No.40, Vasant Apartments, Vasant Gaon, New Delhi-110001 62. Dr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee LF 680 Flat No.304, Block ‘C’, 3rd Floor, Upgraded Krishna Apartment, 17/5, Ramcharan from Sett Road, Howrah-711104 LM 1327 63. Dr. Sundarambal Palani LF 681 Nagu Govind Illam, Murukkampatti, Karimangalam, Dharamapuri-635111, Tamil Nadu 64. P. Rajaram LF 682 No. 6/8, Devraj Nagar Main Road, Saligramam, Chennai-600093 64 Volume 2014-15 Number 2 July 2014 65. Dr. S. Kanmani LF 683 Prof. in Civil Engineering Upgraded Centre for Environmental Studies, from Anna University, Chennai-600028 LM 1204 66. Dr. Surinder Deswal LF 684 Prof. of Civil Engineering Dept., NIT, Upgraded Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana from LM 1396 67. Ms. T. Bhagavathi Pushpa LM 1584 Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, Ramanathapuram-623513 68. Mrs. A. Krishnaveni LM 1585 No.4, Vignesh Nagar-III, Street Kutur, Tiruchirappalli-620019 69. Mrs. A. Tamilmani LM 1586 K1, I Floor, Chandroodhayam, Sankar Abodes, TV Kobil, Tiruchirapalli-620005 70. A. Ponraj LM 1587 229A-13th Street, Navalpattu Burma Colony, Ordnance Factory, P.O. Tiruchirapalli-620016 71. Dr. J. Jegan LM 1588 Dept. of Civil Engineering, University College of Engg., Ramanathapuram-623513 72. V. Mohan LM 1589 No.10, Solarajapuram, Worainur, Trichy-620003 73. M. S. Senthil LM 1590 59/A, Foxen Street, Perambur, Chennai-600011 74. A. Yacop Raja LM 1591 13/36, East Zone, Trichy Road, PMP Post. Manaparai (TK), Trichy (DT), Pin-621306 75. S. Palanippan LM 1592 306, Seegampatti, Onangudi Post. Arimalam (via), Thirumayam Taluk, Pudukkottai Dist. 76. V. Rajagopalan LM 1593 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Sl. Name and Address Membership No. No. Sl. Name and Address Membership No. No. Engineering, University College of Engg., Trichy-620024 77. Manmohan Prajapati LM 1594 5/F Tower B, Building No.10 DLF Cyber City, DLF Phase-II, Gurgaon-122002 78. Jogendra Kumar Jain LM 1595 D-6, Jal Nigam Colony, Sector-I, Rajanagar, Chaziabad-201002. 79. Sabyasachi Behera LM 1596 Medri Street, Nabarangpur-764059, Odisha 80. Dilip Sheshrao Parlikar LM 1597 44, Atharva Appt. Sahayog Nagar, Gorkheda (at end of Hiranyanagar), Ulkanagari-Aurangabad-431005 81. Paulvannan Ramaraj LM 1598 Suptd. Engineer, Mech. Chennai Post Trust, Chennai-600013 82. Shailesh Kumar Jha LAM 770 H. No.456, Sector-5, Vaishali, Ghaziabad-201001 83. Shriram EPC Ltd. OM 224 309-10-11, DLF City Court, For 3 years Sikanderpur, Gurgaon-221002 Representative : Mr. Atul Agarwal (SBO) 84. WAPCOS Ltd. OM 225 Water Supply & Sanitation Division, For 1 year Room No.A-31, Institutional Area, 76-C, Sector 18, Gurgaon-122015 Representative : Mr. Pradeep Kumar 85. Meinhardt Singapore Pte. Ltd. OM 226 A-8, Sector-16, Noida-201301 For 10 years Representative : Col. Rajat Rastogi, VSM (retd) 86. Birbhum Institution of Engineering OM 219 & Technology Renewed BE-373, Sector-I, Salt Lake, for 5 years Kolkata-700 064 Representative : Mr. Manas Roy 87. Bihar Urban Infrastructure OM 227 Development Corpn. Ltd. For 25 years 303, Maurya Tower, Maurya Lok Complex, Buddha Marg, Patna-800001 Representative : D. S. Mishra Sl. No. 45-87 were elected in EC Meeting dated 28.3.2014. We congratulate all the Elected Members.