Jimmu-tenno – his great-grandson, JAPAN expedition Ise Peninsula – most sacred and revered ORIGINS AND EARLY HISTORY shrines of Shinto Kojiki – “Record of Ancient Things”, earliest Ainu – Caucasian type, white skin, profuse written collection beards Bear – totem, way of life EARLY JAPANESE HISTORY Japanese – Mongolian race, fold in the eyelid Racial and Cultural Heritage (protection from snow glare), yellow pigmentation Racial Origin – Malay, Korean, Chinese, Mongolian, and Areas of Origin: Asia and South China Region aboriginal Ainu blood Four Large Islands Chinese Cultural Influence – arts, letters, gov’t, religion, Island Largest City and philosophy Honshu Tokyo Hokkaido Sapporo Age of Clans Kyushu Kitakyushu Shikoku Matsuyama Origin of Clan Rule – Yamato clan claimed his descent *Hokkaido – snow; Kyushu – semi-tropical from the sun goddess and gained supremacy Mountainous Chief Agricultural Plains: Kanto Plain (Tokyo), Jimmu Tenno – first emperor accdg to Kojiki and Nobi Plain (Nagoya), Kansai Plain (Nara) Nihongi Daikon – giant radish, adequate diet Soga Clan – O-omi/hereditary Great Imperial Tuscarora Deep – depth Chieftain; dual gov’t Mt. Fuji – extinct volcano Expansion in Korea Mt. Asama – active Prince Shotokul – led their subordinates to Poor in iron and oil; abundant in copper learn to read and write Sources of Information about Ancient Japan Shinto – combination of nature worship and Archaeological evidence primitive polytheism known as Shinto (Way Chinese written records of the Gods) Japanese mythology Amaterasu – ancestress of Jomon Culture – Mesolithic, “cord pattern”, imperial clan hand-thrown pottery (not by wheel) Sun Goddess at Ise – focal point Yayoi Culture – wheel-made pots, ornamental of Shinto as a national religion bronze bells, Tokyo Concerned with ritual purity Tomb Culture – stone burial chambers & huge and harmony with the gods earthen mounds, powerful aristocracy. Haniwa Imperial regalia/most sacred pottery figures, Yamato objects: sword, jewel, mirror Wei Chih – speaks of the Wa (dwarf) identified at Kyushu and West Japan Era of Reform Queen Himeko/Pimiko – “daughter of the Shotoku Taishi – introduced Chinese political sun” theory and Buddhism Shamanism – contact spirit world via mediums, Issued a code of moral laws which have matriarchal tradition, priestess-sovereigns been erroneously called Japan’s 1st Shinto Legends – Izanagi (male god), Izanami Constitution (consort) Taikwa/Great Reform – attempt to transplant to Birth of Fire God – caused the death of Japan the political and economic institutions of Izanami the contemporary T’ang dynasty of China Amaterasu – Sun Goddess; eclipse & Kamatari – founder of the Fujiwara clan; sunshine overthrew the Soga clan Susanowo – Storm God (unruly, Land redistribution troublesome); storms and rainfalls Taiho/Great Treasure – established a series of **all became the most impt figures in the ministries of state similar to those of the Japanese pantheon Chinese failed bc Japan lacked an educated Kyushu – first placed encountered by the class to direct it incomers from South China & Korea, early Reform in Japanese Culture – reformers site of Japanese civilization introduced Sui and Tang culture along with Ninigi-no-mikoto – grandson of Amaterasu political and economic system (heaven -> Kyushu) highly Luxury and dilettantism privileged class Genji Monogatori (The Tale of Genji) *Samurai: Daimyos . military efficiency promised paradise to those having faith in the Amida Buddha Revival of Learning – schools of Confucian philosophy. shogun’s gov’t at Yedo (Tokoyo). shogun’s capital. Emperor – temporal and spiritual ruler Child Emperors 2. Nara Era – first permanent capital established at Terminated Ashikaga period Nara Nagaoka Heian (now Kyoto) Tokugawa Ieyasu – ally Toyotomi Hideyoshi – general. Shogun: Emperor AGE OF THE FEUDAL BARONS: THE SHOGUNATES Economy – agrarian. true governing. tax payer Gov’t by Indirection Rise of industrial class – luxury demands Minamoto chieftains – hereditary line Rise of middle class weakened the Tokugawa Shogunate Yoritomo – first Kamakura shogun Domination of Hojo Clan Exclusion Policy – exclusion of foreign commerce and influence. theater and kabuki Ashikaga Period CHRISTIANY IN JAPAN Struggled against Mongols Francis Xavier Culture Governor de Marianas – Spanish arrival Ieyasu Tokugawa favored Christianity as a Followed traditions of the Heian means of encouraging Christian traders Tea ceremony was introduced – impt social ritual Shimabara Revolt – bloody persecution of the Monasteries – impt centers of culture and Christians as the major cause learning Dutch colony remained almost the sole link Oda Nobunaga between Japan and the outside world . fighting. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE exploited small farmers Hierarchy of Rule Fujiwara leaders aka Regent/Dictator 1. had greatest defeating great general) – founded the first power shogunate or military dictatorship a. Subordinate officeholders – business Minamoto and Taira vs Fujiwara samurai of the Tokugawa clan who Taira vs Minamoto – Taira won later on were the real administrators Minamoto 4. sugar cane and cotton culture. Shin (True) – uneducated faithful taught warriors that the highest loyalty to be at the Nichiren Buddhism – emphasized faith in Lotus emperor not the shogun > increased prestige of Sutra emperor Bushido (Way of the Warrior) – guide for the samurai Spread of Culture – bourgeoisie. China). first iron-clad warship Court nobles (kuge) – distracted Provincial nobles (buke) – rich and powerful. Daimyates – territorial subdivisions 5. Samurai – actual administration of the Culture in the Heian Era daimyates. Japanese art lost forms. Privy Council and Samurai – had jurisdiction Displacement of the Fujiwara over the feudal aristocracy a. named Heian Era kwampaku/regent Rise of the Fujiwara Invasion of Korea – strong Korean navy. Daimyos/Territorial Nobles – outside the Minamoto chief – Sei-i-tai Shogun (barbarian. acted through the privy Retired emperors usually became monks council 3. Dutch were the only Europeans permitted > Buddhism result: 200 years without foreign war Kyoto – cultural center Tokugawa relaxed and luxury > weakened Jodo (Pure Land) – derivative of Tendai. Kyoto – imperial capital candle industry (tallow tree. rice as unit of exchange Kamakura Shogunate – new govt > Kamakura was Diversification of the Economy – silk industry. Shogun – actual power. four classes: samurai/warriors. Douglas MacArthur – appointed supreme Honshu Tokyo Hokkaido Sapporo commander of the US occupation of postwar Kyushu Kitakyushu Japan Shikoku Matsuyama Emperor became largely a symbolic head of state Japan as world’s second largest economy Early History Toshiki Kaifu – pledged to provide $9B to the US Jimmu Tenno – founded the empire to help defray the expense of the latter’s Molded by Chinese colonists operations in the Persian Gulf Empress Suiko – constitution and official Resignation of Prime Minister Ryutaro calendar Hashimoto > replaced by Keizo Obuchi Minamoto Yoshiro Mori – scandal and blunders Yoritomo – leader. appointed as shogun.S. center of gov’t at Edo. . dormant Manchu dynasty Joined Axis FOUR MAIN ISLANDS LARGEST CITY Gen. artisans. ruled Japan in the emperor’s name Kublai Khan – China’s Mongol ruler. capital at Tokyo. cargo of gold and platinum Lacks the 3 most important minerals: iron. Meiji Restoration. launched invasions but were driven off Portuguese – first Europeans seen in Japan. peasants. only the Dutch could conduct trade Japan’s Growth as a Military Power Matthew Perry – forced Japan to open its ports to trade. JAPAN TODAY Admiral Nakhimov – Russian cruiser that sank at Third most important industrial nation Tushima island. bicameral parliament Japan took Formosa and Pescadores Third-leading naval power Emperor Hirchito – manhood suffrage was introduced Japan’s Prime Ministers (see pg. coking coal Emperor Meiji – shogun system was abolished Lacks hydroelectric potential > leading Treaty of Versailles – awarded Japan a mandate developer of atomic electric generating plants over the islands Mountainous – suitable for farming. ingots petroleum. set up a military Junichiro Koizumi – 11th prime minister government at Kamakura Shoguns – aka military governors. Fuji – tallest. brought the first firearms Ieyasu Tokugawa – unified Japan. 15) Japan’s defeat in WWII – peace treaty signed at San Francisco Japan’s recovery – Tokai Mure atomic fuel reprocessing plant Yukihisa Miyanaga – passed military secrets to Soviet Union Zenko Suzuki – believed Japan should build its armed forces without relying entirely on the U. Tokyo. Christians were executed. merchants. world’s Manchukuo – puppet state highest crop yields o Emperor Henry Pu Yi – last of China’s o Mt.