IJCDCEFFECT OF PRETREATMENT WITH GRAPE SEED EXTRACT ON THE BOND STRENGTH OF SELF ETCH ADHESIVE ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of grape seed extract on the bond strength of a self-etch adhesive (All Bond SE ) with dentin. Material and methods: Sixty extracted sound premolar teeth were taken for this study. Class I occlusal cavity of dimensions 3 X 2 X 2.5 mm was prepared in each tooth. They were divided into two groups- Group I in which self etch adhesive (ALL Bond SE) was applied and Group II in which pretreatment with grape seed extract was done prior to application of ALL Bond SE. Then all the teeth were restored with posterior hybrid composite and were subsequently mounted in uniform acrylic blocks. Tensile bond strength values of all the teeth were computed by subjecting them to Universal Testing Machine, Instron (Model LR 100,1998,Lloyds,U.K.). JAN - JUNE 2014 • VOL 4 • ISSUE 1 Indian Journal of Comprehensive Dental Care 1. Rupam Kaur 2. C.S. Bal 3. Rajesh Khanna 4. Kanwalpreet Kaur Bhullar 5. Shantun Malhotra 1. Senior Lecturer, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. 2. Prof Head and Principal, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. 3. Professor, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. 4 Reader Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. 5. Reader, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. Result: The mean tensile bond strength values for group I (All Bond SE without pretreatment with grape seed extract) and group II ( pretreatment with grape seed extract) were 8.9MPa and 11.4MPa respectively. Mean tensile bond strength of Group II is significantly higher than Group I. Conclusion: Pretreatment with grape seed extract leads to significant increase in the bond strength of composite with dentin. Keywords: grape seed extract, self etch adhesive, tensile bond strength, dentin. Corresponding author: Name : Dr. Rupam Kaur Address: Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar. (M) 8283825654 e-mail:
[email protected] INTRODUCTION Adhesive restorations are routinely used to replace the lost dental tissue. Achievement of an efficient and stable bond between composite and dentin still remains a challenge in restorative dentistry1. The bonded interface formed by a mixture of dentin organic matrix, residual hydroxyapatite crystallites, resin monomers and solvents, is the weakest area of adhesive restorations. Deterioration of the dentin collagen fibrils has been suggested as a possible mechanism responsible for adhesive bonds degradation2. Fibrillar type I collagen accounts for 90% of the dentin organic matrix while the remaining 10% consists of noncollagenous proteins such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans3. Lower biodegradation rates and high mechanical properties of collagen are desirable for restorative dentistry procedures. Biomo dification of the Indian Journal of Comprehensive Dental Care collagen, mostly by changes in the amount of cross-links, provides the collagen matrix with enhanced mechanical properties and lower rates of degradation. Several synthetic collagen cross-linkers (Glutaraldehyde, Carbodiimide, formaldehyde and epoxy resins) have been investigated to improve on the mechanical properties of dentin and the resin-dentin interface.The major drawback with these are they are toxic to the tissues. Though they tend to improve the bond strength of dentin initially ,it deteriorates after some months and these agents cannot be permanently incorporated inside the tooth. Therefore a more biomimetic approach for treating the dental tissues was required. Naturally occurring grape seed extract (primarily composed of proanthocyanidins) has lately been used to induce exogenous cross-links of collagen4. Since then very 15 To increase the long term stability of the bond. 23.99 10. 23. 2.08 10. 1.38 8.14 7. 18. All Bond SE with graph seed extract 11.91 11.6 8.06 7. 13. it was thoroughly rinsed and excess moisture was blotted with damp cotton to leave glistening dentin surface. Two coats of ALL Bond SE were applied to the dry preparation and agitated for 10 seconds.78 12.11 12. 2. 27. 26. II showing the tensile bond strength values in MPa for Group II strength values in MPa (All Bond SE) (All Bond SE with Grape seed extract) Sample No.92 14.61 9. 7.85 11.63 10. 22.83 10. 4.0 9. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present in vitro study was conducted in the department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. 26.2 9. 29. 21.16 12. 17.46 12.22 10.9 8. 24.few studies have been done to find the role of grape seed extract in improving the bonding characteristics of dental adhesives. 25. 16. 5. 9.3 8.93 16 . 12.21 12.85 9. 19.14 8. 11. If the surface did not appear shiny. Equal drops of All-Bond SE parts 1 and 2 were dispensed into a mixing well and mixed using a brush until it was uniformly pink.91 11. 17.60 10. 10. 10. 3.24 10. Class I occlusal cavity of dimensions 3 X 2 X 2. Sri Amritsar.51 11. I showing the tensile Bond Table No. 6. Sixty sound extracted premolar teeth (devoid of any caries. 21.68 11. 16. Teeth were divided into two groups: Group I in which self etch adhesive (ALL Bond SE) was applied and Group II in which pretreatment with grape seed extract was done prior to application of ALL Bond SE.83 11.4 10 8.12 8. 19. All Bond SE 9.22 13.02 11. 9. 29. abrasion.4 11.08 8. additional coats of ALL-Bond SE were applied. 30. it was air dried until there was no visible movement of the material.11 10. 7. 25. 13. 20.16 7. 8.87 11. 14.42 13. Table No.2 9. 27. 5.56 10. 6.Bond SE liner was applied in a layer less than 1mm and light cured for 10 secs. 24. 30. 1. 15. 15.44 8.27 11. 3. 28. two increments of posterior hybrid composite were inserted and each layer was polymerized for 20 seconds and final curing for another 40 seconds.e tc h a d h e s i ve ( A l l B o n d SE ) with dentin. 11. 12.1 8.2 7. 20. In Group I after the cavity preparation.05 7.46 11.09 7. 18.04 8. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of grape seed extract on the bond strength of a p o p u l a r l y u s e d s e l f . erosion.8 8. 4. attrition. 14.19 12. Sri Amritsar. fracture or any discoloration) were obtained from the patients visiting the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research.19 12.6 8. 8.8 9. Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research. Gently and thoroughly. 28. After the resin was cured . 22.45 Indian Journal of Comprehensive Dental Care Sample No.5 mm was prepared in each tooth.6 11. ALL. It was then light cured for 10 seconds.2 7. 885 11.85 14.) travelling at a crosspeed of 1mm/min.U. and hydrolysis of resin from interfibrillar spaces within the hybrid layer. Several studies have provided morphological evidences of resin elution and/or hydrolytic degradation of collagen matrices after long term storage.1998.289 7. thereby weakening the strength of resindentin bond 2.5 gms of Grape seed extract derived from commercially available capsules of dried extract of grape seeds (Zenith pharmaceuticals. After curing all the teeth were mounted in uniform acrylic cylinders leaving the crown part exposed.887 1. I showing the tensile Bond strength values in MPa (All Bond SE) [Type text]The mean tensile bond strength values for group I (All Bond SE without pretreatment with grape seed extract) and group II ( pretreatment with grape seed extract) were 8. creating the so called “Hybrid Layer”.Lloyds.485 9. Indian Journal of Comprehensive Dental Care Mean Difference ‘t’ value P value 2. dentin was treated with 17 . OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Table No. bacterial products and endogenous proteolytic enzymes can degrade the components.801 <0.K. Data was compiled and put to statistical analysis. India) was dissolved in 100ml sterile distilled water to achieve a solution of 6. carbodiimide.938 7. tannic acid) leads to improvement in bond strength of dentin with modern dentin adhesives and high quality marginal seals but these properties begin to deteriorate in matter of months.09 All Bond SE with grape seed extract 30 11. Failure at the bonded interface may lead to the formation of pathways in which oral fluid. III Comparative mean tensile strength values in MPa and standard deviation for Group I (All Bond SE) and Group II (All Bond SE with grape seed extract) GROU P N Mean Stand ard deviat ion 95% Confidence interval for Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Range Minimum Maximu m All Bond SE 30 8.5% w/vol. Two degradation patterns within the hybrid layer have been observed which include disorganization of collagen fibrils.001. After the treatment the teeth were washed with distilled water followed by bonding protocol as described for Group I. 6. Pretreatment with grape seed extract lead to significant increase inthe bond strength of composite with dentin.38 For the group II 6.5% w/vol concentration of grape seed extract was prepared. High quality interface is achieved when adhesive monomers thoroughly infiltrate and encapsulate exposed collagen fibrils. All the teeth in Group II were treated with the respective dilution of grape seed extract for an hour. Then the teeth were subjected to tensile forces on Universal Testing Machine. Deterioration of dentin collagen fibrils has been suggested as possible mechanism for adhesive bonds degradation.076 8. the deterioration of collagen fibrils within the hybrid layer.Oneway ANOVA test of statistical analysis reflects that there is a highly significant difference between the two groups p<0.4MPa respectively. detectable both in vitro and in vivo tests.525 7. In particular. suggesting that the tooth/adhesive interface is the weakest area of the restoration.9MPa and 11.409 10.44 11. suggests that there may be many exposed collagen fibrils within the hybrid layer.001* DISCUSSION The composite restorations most often fail due to marginal failures which occur at gingival floors.Table No. Instron (Model LR 100.41 2 1.Biomodification of the dentin using collagen crosslinkers (glutaraldehyde. The tensile bond strength was determined by computing the maximum load by the adhesion area as measured with digital caliper.Mean tensile bond strength of Group II is significantly higher than Group I. In the present study . 9. Hashimoto M. it was concludedthat the application of grape seed extract to dentin significantly improved the tensile bond strength to dentin. scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 7. Cadenaro M. Oguchi H In vitro degradation of resin-dentin bonds analysed by microtensile bond test. Duarte WR. In a similar study to assess the bond strength of 1 hour grape seed extract treated dentin restored with 2 commercial adhesive systems (Single bond and One step). Bedran-Russo AK Effect of Chemical Cross-Linkers on Caries-affected Dentin Bonding. Kaga M. Dental Mater. Eur J Oral Sci 2001. H a n B. 24: 759-767.4MPa respectively. 24(1): 90-101. Yamauchi M Application of crosslinkers to dentin collagen enhances the ultimate tensile strength. Breschi L. J a u req u i J. Ta n g BW.9MPa and 11. Waddington R. Yamuchi M. Mazzoni A. Di Lenarda R. Pereira PN. The increase in bond strength may be attributed to improved dentin collagen stability. 2010. 5. 24(21): 3795803. ionic. Rajaram A Influence of different crosslinking treatments on the physical properties of collagen membranes. Biomaterials 2003.These results are in concurrence with another study in which treatment with 6. Embery G. unknown.5% grape seed extract treatment produced the highest bond strength values that were statistically higher than the control group6. Ohno H.The mean tensile bond strength values for Group II ( pretreatment with grape seed extract) were significantly higher than Group I (All Bond SE without pretreatment with grape seed extract) and these were 8. Hall R. Charulatha V. mechanisms9. 109: 348-353.The results of this study may provide insights into the development of novel strategies for efficient and stable Indian Journal of Comprehensive Dental Care 18 . or to other. dentin bonding with the use of grape seed extract REFERENCES 1. 8. Yamauci M Effects of phosphoric acid and glutaraldehyde-HEMA on dentin collagen. Ritter AV. in which Lysine and Hydroxylysine are involved8. 65: 118-124. 80: 268-272.5% grape seed extract lead to significantly higher mean microtensile bond strength as compared to the no treatment group5. 88(12): 1096-1100. 4.grape seed extract so that it remains in the hybrid layer for extended period of time. Sano H. hydrogen bonding. Based on amino acid analysis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2001. The increased resistance to degradation may be attributed to masking of the recognition site by the crosslinks. Dent Mater 2008. 12(4): 331-49. a naturally occurring cross-linking agent. Castellan CS.The 4 proposed mechanisms for interaction between proanthocyanidin and protein include covalent. Biomaterials 2003. Septier D. it is likely that grape seed extract induces cross links via a mechanism. Swift Ej Jr. Grande RHM Mechanical characterization of proanthocyanidins-dentin matrix interaction. Nim n i M E Proanthocyanidin : a natural crosslinking reagent for stabilizing collagen matrices. 2. Drummond JL. Amino acid analysis indicated that cross-links induced by grape seed extract-induced cross-links Also the tests performed to check the digestibility of collagen using the collagenase enzyme revealed that dentin treated with grape seed extract was significantly less susceptible to enzymatic digestion as compared to the control. J Biomed mater Res A 2003. 3. enhancing the degree of collagen cross linking. Ruggeri A. due to the higher number of collagen cross-links7.Grape seed extract is composed mainly of proanthocyanidin. 6. Macedo GV. 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