Islamic Beliefs, Observances & LawsQuestion no 3/4 MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes TABLE OF CONTENTS: Islamic Beliefs, Observances & Laws Sr. No 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) Topic ARTICLES OF FAITH Belief in Allah Belief in Angels Belief in Books Belief in Prophets Relationship between three articles of Faith. Belief in Prophets with Part b Belief in Predestination and Decree Belief in Resurrection and the last day. PILLARS OF ISLAM Wudu Adhan Friday Prayers (Importance) Mosques Timings of prayer Preparations for prayer Importance and Significance of prayer Performance of Single Rakat Friday Prayers Difference b/w daily prayer (salat) and personal prayer (du'a) Delayed Prayers Funeral Prayers Short Prayers Eid Prayers Fasting Zakat, almsgiving Hajj Sources of religious and legal authority in Islam Major Teachings of Quran; Its importance as the basis of all thoughts Its compilation Relationship with Hadith The history and the compilation of Hadith Isnad-Matn Musnad; Musannaf Sahih; Hasan; Daeef Its significance as a source of teaching Legislative Authority of Hadith Ijma; Consensus Qiyas, the Sunni principle of analogy Page No. Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws Page | 2 MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Belief in Allah means that Muslims should believe that Allah is creator, cherisher and supreme ruler. Muslims should believe in One God and not ascribe any partners with him as he has no equal. The Quran says, "He is the one and only." He is the most Gracious and Merciful and free of all needs and shortcomings. He has neither parents nor children. The Quran says, "He begets not, nor is He begotten." Allah knows everything. He is aware of the visible and invisible, open and the secret. The Quran says, "He knows what appears to His creatures as before, or after or behind them." He is Almighty and All-powerful and sovereignty belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "Sovereignty belongs to Allah." Only Allah is worthy of our thanks and devotions and all the praise belongs to Allah. The Quran says, "All the prayers, thanks and glorifications belong to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds." Muslims should worship Allah alone. The Quran says, "I have created jinns and men to worship me alone." The Muslims should not make any sacrifice except for Allah. The Quran says, "But the Bounty of your Lord Rehearse and proclaim." Muslims should pray to Allah because only he can fulfill our prayers and invocations. The Quran says, "Call on Me and I will answers (your prayer)." I Muslims commit mistakes, sins, or vices they should seek forgiveness from Allah. The Quran says, "It is He who accepts repentance from His servants." The Muslims should follow His Guidance as it is given in Quran. The Quran says, "Follow what has been sent to you from Your Lord." Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws Page | 3 MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Write short accounts of Muslim belief in the following: i. Angels, ii. Books, and iii. Prophets b) Explain the relationship between these three articles of faith. [4] [4] [4] [4] (May 2004) i) Muslims believe in the existence of angels. Muslims believe that angels are spiritual creatures made out of light, who are created by Allah for His absolute obedience, praise, worship and glorification. The Quran says, "Angels glorify Allah and follow his commandments." They have no parents, children, wives or relatives or sex nor do they have any material body. They have no need for food or rest. They shower blessings and salutations on the prophets and true believers. The Quran says, "Allah and his angels shower blessings on the Prophet." They help the believers in adverse conditions like the battle of Badr when 1,000 angels descended to help out the Muslims in the battlefield. Angels are Allah's servants who carry out all the orders and commandments of Allah. The Quran says, "By angels who govern the affairs entrusted to them." Some angels have been given particular tasks. The Archangel Jibrail, who gave glad tidings of Holy son to Mariam, delivered the Quran to the Prophet and conducted him on Jihad. Mika'il, who provides sustenance and food and causes rain, Izar’il, is responsible for taking lives and Israfil who will blow the trumpet at the end of the universe and then again when people will be resurrected. Kiram-un-Katibeen record the deeds of every person. Munakar and Nakeer are the Angels of the Grave. Malik is the gatekeeper of Hell while Rizwan is the gatekeeper of Paradise. The angels only perform their duties when commanded by Allah, not by their own will. ii) Muslims believe that all the teachings of Allah are contained in His divine books. They are sources of guidance for the part, present and future generation. They were revealed on a series of prophetic messengers. The Suhuf was delivered to Ibrahim and Taurat was revealed on Musa. The Quran says, "Indeed it is in the former scrolls, the Book of Ibrahim and Musa." Zaboor was revealed on Daud. The Quran says, "We imparted towards Daud the Zaboor." Injil was revealed on Isaa. The Quran says, "And We bestowed (on him) the Gospel in which is guidance and light." And the Quran was revealed on Muhammad. None of the revealed books exist in their original form today except for Quran. People have lost the Suhuf of Ibrahim. Taurat and Injil have been modified and God's words have been blended with the people's words thus it is difficult to establish the authenticity of various parts of the books. Their languages are dead and they were revealed for a particular amount of time for a particular nation. They contained a code of justice but none was comprehensive enough to contain a complete code of life except for Quran which contains guidance in every aspect of life and was sent for the entire mankind. It is unchanged and will remain unchanged till the Day of Judgment. The Quran says, "Indeed we have sent the reminder and indeed we will protect it" Islamic Beliefs, Observances and Laws Page | 4 "We make no distinctions between one another of His messengers. Allah. They had the task of conveying Allah’s message to their people. Muslims must believe in all the books sent to the Prophets. Shoaib. Taurat to Musa. Ishaq. Isaa could resurrect dead bodies and treat leprous people. Ibrahim." Some Prophets were given miracles. The Quran says." All three are responsible for delivering the message of Allah sincerely without making change. Observances and Laws Page | 5 ." All the prophets were morally perfect. Musa was also the only Prophet who could communicate directly with Allah.e. The divine books provide the people with theoretical guidance while the prophets serve the purpose of a practical example. However. it appeared glowing white. Each of them believes in Allah. "We are human beings like you. They Quran says. Allah sent 124. Isaa. Injil to Isaa. The Quran says. pure and free from evils. Therefore angels. Isaa's birth itself is a miracle. as do men of faith. Sulaiman. divine books and prophets is necessary because without it faith is incomplete. His Angels. Zaboor to Daud. "The messenger believes in what has been revealed to him from his Lord. Yaqoob. The Quran says.000 prophets at different times in the history of mankind to different nations. Nuh. Ismaeel. This message is contained in divine books. "We sent not an apostle except to teach in language of his own people in order to make things clear to them. you have a good example. the teaching of all the books and prophets prior to Muhammad have either been changed or God’s words have been blended with people’s words do not exist in their actual form. Angels communicate the message of Allah to the prophets and they deliver it to the people. All the Prophets were assisted by the angel Jibrail and brought the same teachings. The Quran says. Yousaf. His Books and His Messengers. Muslims should believe in all the prophets. All the Prophets served as role models for their people. present and future generations.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes iii) Muslims believe in the messengers of Allah. and Quran to Muhammad." All the Prophets were human beings. b) Belief in all three angels." Prophethood is a divine gift and can not be acquired by praying. Muhammad. books and prophets are of equal importance for the people. Haroon. The angels books and prophets are sent from the same source i." They thought their people in their own language. "And for every nation there is a messenger. The Quran says. Whenever Musa put his hand in his armpit." 315 of these were messengers and they were given divine books by Allah Amongst them were Adam. he grants it to whoever he wants. "Such is Allah's bounty. Islamic Beliefs. All divine books are source of guidance for the past. The Quran says. Musa. Daud. Books alone can not build the character of the people and therefore the Holy Quran refers to them as 'guides'. "Verily in the Messenger of Allah. These books were: Suhuf to Ibrahim. sins and vices. completed my favor on you and chosen for you Islam as your religion. political. Musa was also the only Prophet who could communicate directly with Allah. Ishaq. eternal and deals in all the fields of life i." All the prophets were morally perfect. All divine books are source of guidance for the past. The Quran says. All the Prophets served as role models for their people. Daud.000 prophets at different times in the history of mankind to different nations. Isaa could resurrect dead bodies and treat leprous people. you have a good example. Nuh.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) b) What are the main features of the Muslim beliefs in the line of Prophetic Messengers (rasul) before Muhammad? [10] What does a Muslim believe by the words "And Muhammad is the Messenger of God?" [6] (May 2007) a) Muslims believe in the messengers of Allah. Isaa. Observances and Laws Page | 6 . The Quran says. moral. it appeared glowing white. Shoaib." The Prophet was given Islamic Beliefs. Ibrahim. social. Muslims must believe in all the books sent to the Prophets. Ismaeel. The Quran says. Isaa's birth itself is a miracle. "We are human beings like you. Allah sent 124. Taurat to Musa. But he completed the message and the teachings of the previous messengers. "Verily in the Messenger of Allah. b) Muhammad in the last in line of the prophetic messengers sent by Allah for the guidance of Mankind to different communities at different time intervals. Zaboor to Daud. "And for every nation there is a messenger. "We sent not an apostle except to teach in language of his own people in order to make things clear to them. Yousaf." Prophethood is a divine gift and can not be acquired by praying. "Verily I am the messenger of Allah to all of you. The Quran says. Sulaiman. All the Prophets were assisted by the angel Jibrail and brought the same teachings. the teaching of all the books and prophets prior to Muhammad have either been changed or God’s words have been blended with people’s words do not exist in their actual form. Each of previous prophets were sent to a particular area but Muhammad was sent as a prophet to the whole of mankind till the Day of Judgment. "Such is Allah's bounty." Some Prophets were given miracles. pure and free from evils. he grants it to whoever he wants. The Quran says. He brought the religion which was perfect. The Quran says. These books were: Suhuf to Ibrahim." 315 of these were messengers and they were given divine books by Allah Amongst them were Adam." They Prophet also presented mankind an excellent practical demonstration of the teachings of Islam. sins and vices. The Quran says." They thought their people in their own language. economic. and Quran to Muhammad. They Quran says. Yaqoob." All the Prophets were human beings. Injil to Isaa. They had the task of conveying Allah’s message to their people.e. Haroon. The Quran says. However. ethical. Muslims should believe in all the prophets. and legal. "Indeed in the messenger of Allah you have a good example. present and future generations. Muhammad. Musa. Whenever Musa put his hand in his armpit." The Holy Prophet brought the same teachings as the previous prophets. "We make no distinctions between one another of His messengers. "Today I have perfected you religion for you. Among the revelations they brought are the Tawrat/Torah. Moses. [1 mark for relevant quotations from the Qur'an] (b) • • • • • • • Muhammad was the last in the line of prophetic messengers." Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final messenger of Allah. such as their humanity and sinlessness. Marks were given for naming some of the best known prophets and the scriptures they delivered. The Prophet Muhammad said that the line numbered maybe 124. They were sent to particular communities. But it was for all humankind. David and Jesus (only award a mark if at least three names are given). but the last messenger of Allah and the seal of prophets. All messengers are morally perfect. According to the Qur'an major individuals include Abraham. These were later lost or changed by their communities. and part (b) asked about the meaning of the second part of the Declaration of Faith. Observances and Laws Page | 7 . The candidates who answered this part Islamic Beliefs. All messengers are equal in status. or for suitable quotations] Examiner’s Report: This was popular with some Centres. So Muhammad and his message sum up every preceding prophet and their message. and in general it was well answered. They were guided by the angel Jibril. They are all chosen by God. The Quran says. Zubur/Psalms and Injil/Gospel (1 mark for naming two or more revelations). His message was the same as previous ones. God has protected this message from change and corruption. "Indeed we have sent down the reminder and indeed we will protect it. their being chosen by God.000. and being given particular scriptures. Their messages were for the guidance of their people. Their messages contained the same teachings. [1 mark for points about what a seal is. "Muhammad is not the father of anyone among you. They were all human beings. being sent to particular communities. They had the task of giving messages revealed to them by God. Muhammad is the perfect example of human conduct. The Quran says.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes the Quran which will serve as guidance for the present and future generations until the Day of Judgment and Allah Himself has promised to protect it from change." Mark Scheme: (a) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Messengers were sent throughout history. Good answers to part (a) would have detailed the main characteristics of the prophets. Part (a) asked for descriptive answers about the main beliefs concerning the line of prophets. and did not take proper care to bring out the importance of the fact that while earlier prophets’ messages have been lost or distorted. This kind of question. and included most of the relevant points. that may seem easy and straightforward. Candidates tended to miss the differences between the Prophet Muhammad and preceding prophets. and would have commented on the universality of his message and its continuing relevance today. Islamic Beliefs. Candidates should always take time to plan their answers because they risk not gaining relatively easy marks if they do not include the main points. requires accuracy in describing and care in ensuring the main points are included. Again. There were fewer good answers to this part than to part (a). a pause for thought and some planning might have enabled some candidates to gain valuable extra marks. as one of the line but also its end and climax.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes usually gave full answers. his remains the guide for Muslims. Good answers to the less straightforward part (b) would have related the Prophet to the line of messengers before him. The best answers might also have explained the significance of his title ‘The Seal of the Prophets’. Observances and Laws Page | 8 . The Quran says. good and bad. The angel Rafael will blow the trumpet and people will be running here and there in confusion. The Quran says. his father. "When the Deafening blast is sounded. Freedom to choose brings responsibility and human beings will be answerable about their intentions and deeds on the Day of Judgment. The Quran says. Technically it means that Allah has determined everything and every creature particularly the human beings. his wife and children”." The virtuous one will receive the book by their right hand and sinner by his left and the unbeliever by his back. The Quran says." Islamic Beliefs. The Quran says. "Before them is a partition (Burzakh) till they are raised up. The Quran says. "Then whose scales are heavy shall be in a state of bliss and he whose scales and light shall have a deep pit for his dwelling. Allah is omnipotent. All people will die. The Quran says. "You were lifeless and He gave you life and he will cause you to die and will bring you again to life.[4] (October 2005) Muslims believe that life will end at an appointed day and everything in the universe will be destroyed on that day." The second trumpet will be blown by Rafael and everything that ever existed in the universe will rise from the dead.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in Predestination and Decree. Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in Resurrection and the Last Day. [4] (May 2005) Muslims believe in Predestination and Decree. their nature. He knows his creation. Immediately after death. “Indeed we have created all things in proportion and measure. is happening or will happen has been ordained by Allah. “He knows what (appears to his creatures) before or after or behind them” Nothing can happen without his will or knowledge. that day man shall flee form his brother. omnipresent and the sovereign ruler of the heavens and the Earth. Everything that has happened. Predestination is known as Qadr in Arabic language which literally means to measure and determine. and you will see the sinful in great terror because of what is (recorded) therein." Then man will be presented before Allah with the record of his deeds. “Sovereignty belongs to Allah. the soul of a person will be placed in Burzakh till the resurrection. The Quran says. He has however. given man the ability and freewill to choose between right and wrong. their requirements and their needs.” Allah has created everything in the universe. They will be judged fairly by Allah and those who will emerge successful in the trail will be rewarded with Paradise and those who are unsuccessful will be thrown into Hell. all that which is in it and beyond. his mother. “The Book (of Deeds) will be placed (before you).” Although Allah knows what will happen. Observances and Laws Page | 9 . It is an appeal and request from the muezzin to the Muslim Community to turn to Allah and leave off their jobs and worldly pursuits. “And purify your garments. The Quran commands the Muslims." The Holy Prophet describes the importance of the Muezzin in the following words. skin disease. “My followers will be called on the Day of Judgment with their faces shinning on the account of the effects of ablution. “Who performs prayer in a state of purity. "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday. mouth disease. The muezzin reminds the Muslim Community of the Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad. Observances and Laws Page | 10 . garments.” The Holy Prophet described the merit and significance of performing ablution in these words. he will be granted immunity from Hell fire. so much so that it even exceeds Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha on the account of five merits. "A person who pronounces Adhan for seven years." When Adhan is pronounced the Satan is filled with so much freight that he flees for the place till he can hear it no longer. If you are unclean purify. iii) Friday is the best day of the weak in the sight of Allah.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Explain the importance of i. The place where Adhan is pronounced is blessed by Allah and it remains immune form calamities. Adam died Islamic Beliefs. Adam was sent to the earth as vicegerent of Allah on this day. eye diseases ii) Adhan has got great significance in Islam. purify yourselves.” The Prophet further said. The Muslims become immune from different kinds of diseases i." The importance of purity can be gauged from Allah’s love for those who purify themselves. environment and soul.” The second revelation after the suspension of revelation was about purity. Friday Prayer Mosques [4] [4] (October 1996) [4] (May 2005) [4] (October 2005) i) Islam has emphasized on the importance of purity i. “No prayer is accepted without proper ablution. The Quran says. home. The words “come to success” after the words come to prayer indicate that prayer is a success in this world and the Hereafter. It was. The Quran says. They are: Allah created Adam on Friday. The Prophet said.e. Ablution (Wudu) ii.” Wudu develops neat and clean habits in Muslims because the purity of different parts of their body during Wudu. It is not merely the ringing of bells like Christians or blowing of horns like Jews. The call to prayer (Adhan) iii. purification of body. nasal disease.” Prayer will not be accepted without proper ablution. rub you heads (with water) and (wash) your feet to the ankles. iv.e. there will be recorded ten blessings for him. "O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer wash your faces and your hands (and arms) to the elbows. then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic). that is best for you if you but knew. “And Allah loves those who keep themselves purified. "Do not make journey except towards the three mosques Masjid-al-Haram. There is a blessed hour on Friday during which a person is granted by Allah anything lawful he wished for. The Muslim children learn Quran." Mosques are centers for education and learning. The gathering of Muslims in the Jame mosque from various different segments of the society promotes feelings of unity and brotherhood amongst them. The Prophet advised the Muslims to have marriage ceremony in mosques and also received the Christian delegation and the deputy of Saqut in his mosque. This also helps in communicating and discussing important matters and giving advice to the community. Islamic law and other subjects in the mosques. torrential rains. recalls them to the observance of its teachings reminds them of their duties to their Lord and fellow beings and informs them of current events of mutual concern. They leave their worldly pursuits and come to pray to Allah. The homeless Muhajireen were provided shelter in Masjid-e-Nabvi. floods. Mosques are centers of political. Mosques are also used to administer justice. Mosques are used as nursing homes in Islamic communities. The Sermon educates the Muslims in matters relating to their faith. Observances and Laws Page | 11 . Earthquakes. social and military gatherings. The Quran says. Mosques provide shelter to the homeless particularly during days of National Calamities i." It is also a convention for the Muslims to reassure themselves of their religious bond and social solidarity on moral and spiritual foundations. The Quran says. The Prophet said. She nursed Saad bin Ma'az who was injured during the Battle of Khandak.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes on Friday. "And the mosque is for Allah so invoke not anyone along with Allah. that is best for you if you but knew. Muslims visit it five times a day and thereby it becomes the most frequently visited place after home and workplace.e. The Muslims also hold their daily meetings and discuss matters of daily interest. "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday." The assembly provides an opportunity for the Muslims to understand each other and foster good relations among the Muslims. Sufa in the Prophet's mosque was used as an educational centre." Islamic Beliefs. "Verily there is an hour on Friday in which there is no believer who seeks goodness from Allah and he does not grant it to him. Masjid-al-Aksa. The Prophet signified the importance of mosque in this quote. The Friday prayer also shows how Muslims give preference to the call of God over any other matter. Many verses of the Quran highlight the importance of the mosques. iv) Mosque is the most important institution in Islamic community. The Prophet and the four Caliphs decided disputes in Masjid-e-Nabvi. Resurrection will take place on Friday. Hadith. The Muslims settle their disputes at local leveling the mosque. Masjid-e-Nabvi. then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic). A lady Rufaydah used to nurse the wounded Muslims in Masjid-e-Nabvi. Candidates were asked to explain the importance of Friday prayers but many simply described what is involved in the observance of this Pillar of Islam. They can exchange thoughts and news. They are reminded that all Muslims should be united under God. They have a chance to learn about their faith from the sermon. Good answers explained how congregational prayer brings Muslims together. The worshippers can see the strength of their numbers. most candidates gave a descriptive account of what happens in a mosque. unity and education being promoted at the mosque. enables them to learn from the sermon and allows them to discuss matters of common concern. Again. Examiner’s Report: (iii) This part was not well answered. and in particular how to pray in a mosque. Some of the best answers gave accounts of equality. They provide facilities for education and joint learning. Good answers are always those that are able to relate the experiences to current events or personal experiences. Islamic Beliefs.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Mark Scheme: (iii) • • • • • iv) • • • • Congregational Prayers on Fridays They give an opportunity for the Muslim men in a vicinity to come together. By their appearance they remind the community that it is united. (iv) This part proved less easy than (iii) because it asked for some evaluation. They enable the community to meet together. Observances and Laws Page | 12 . The purpose of this part of the question was to encourage candidates to think about the ways in which going to the mosque is beneficial to the wider community. Mosques They are centers especially dedicated for collective worship. " Sattar is also necessary for prayers. It is a state of heart and does not have to be said in words. "O children of Adam! Take your adornment (by wearing proper clothing) for every mosque. While the time for Isha prayer starts form the disappearance of the red color on the western horizon and ends at midnight. Observances and Laws Page | 13 . If you are unclean purify." Prayers must be offered at its stated time. Wherever you may be. The time for Dhuhr prayer is when the sun begins to decline to the time when the shadow of man becomes double his length." The worshipper must face the Masjid-al-Haram (in Makkah) during every prayer. The Quran says. Men should be covered from naval to knees. rub you heads (with water) and (wash) your feet to the ankles. turn your faces to it. "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours. The Quran says. preparations for prayer [6] b) Briefly say why prayer is regarded as essential to daily life is Islam. The Quran says. "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours." b) A Muslim has to offer prayers five times daily at the appointed times. ii) The following conditions must be fulfilled before prayer otherwise the prayer would become void. The worshipper must be in a state of Wudu. hands and feet. A person should make the intention of the prayers." By folding our hands. "Successful indeed are the believers who are Islamic Beliefs. This training is repeated every day and instills Punctuality and Regularity in Muslims. She should not be wearing tight or see-through clothes. bowing kneeling and prostrating before Allah we show our insignificance and our humility and our utter dependence on Him which washes away our pride and arrogance which will help us in this world and the Hereafter. The Quran says. "And Allah loves those who keep themselves purified. He should learn to be punctual at every prayer or he will be late. The time for Maghrib prayer is from just after the setting of the sun to the disappearance of the redness in the horizon. [4] (May 2001) i) The time for the Fajr prayer is after the break of dawn till just before the sunrise. The Prophet and his companions never said them by their tongue. "O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer wash your faces and your hands (and arms) to the elbows. the whole body should be properly covered except for her face. "Actions are judged by intentions. purify yourselves. The Quran says." Performing Wudu each time before prayer makes a person pure clean and pure morally physically and spiritually. "Direct your face to the Masjid-al-Haram. The Quran says.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Write brief accounts of i. times of prayer [6] ii. The Quran says. The time for Asr prayer is from the tome when the shadow of man becomes double his length till just before the setting of the sun. The Quran says." The place of worship and the clothes and place of the worshipper must be clean from all major and minor impurities. The time for Friday prayer is the same as the time for Dhuhr prayer. For women. MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes humble in their prayers. "Bear with patient constancy whatever befalls you. It develops piety and fear of Allah in the worshipper and restrains a person from evils. Observances and Laws Page | 14 ." Islamic Beliefs." Since prayer in obligatorily on every adult Muslims in all circumstances for example if he's sick he can offer the prayer while sitting or even lying down. than he can perform dry ablution. contentment and perseverance. if water is not available. for it restrains from shameful and unjust deeds”. These qualities are a source of strength in times of hardships and against evil forces. The Quran says. it instills self-discipline and self control in Muslims which strengthens their personalities. The Quran says. "Establish regular prayers. endurance. Prayers also develop qualities such as patience. then he raises his head and stands erect in the state of Qoamah during which he recites the Tasmia "Allah listens to him who gives praise and then says Tamheed. then forehead. b) Slat consists of various physical postures of the body accompanied by recitation from the Quran. "O Lord! All praise is due to You alone." It is essential to make files for the congregational prayers. The path of those on whom you have bestowed Your Grace. [9] b) Explain why it is important to perform its particular parts in this way. Those whose (portion) is not wrath and who go not astray. then both hands. and economical status stand shoulder to shoulder with each other.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) Describe how Muslims perform a single rakat in prayer." He then recites the T'awuz. Observances and Laws Page | 15 . Females fold their hands on their breast s and then begin the reciting the Thana. 'The Prophet said. "Glory to you O Allah and blessed is your name and exalted is your majesty and there in no one worthy of worship except you. After this he raises his head and says Takbir. both his hands should be on his thighs close to the knees. mutual love and unity. cast. then nose. He then sits in the state of Jalsa with his left folded and right foot erect on the ground. "The believers are like one body. and says." Then he stands in the state of Qiyam in which he brings both hands down and folds them below the naval with the right hand over the left hand. Most Gracious. the whole body feels its effects. This act inculcates a feeling of discipline. "Glory to my Lord" at least three times. He then says Takbir. equality. While performing Sajdah. brotherhood. He then performs the Sajdah by placing both his knees on the ground first. The second Sajdah is performed in the same way as the first. the female may raise it up to the shoulder." After the last word of Surah Fatiha he says Ameen and recites minimum three verse of the Quran. Most Merciful. [7] (Oct 1997) a) A person should stand erect with his face directed towards the Ka'aba with both hands straight on the sides after which he makes the intention. "In the name of Allah. which they keep resting on their calves. the most High” is recited three times. "Praise to be Allah. the men should not place their elbows on the ground while the females are allowed to place their elbows on the ground while the females are allowed to place their elbows on the ground and they should perform the Sajdah in such a way that they do not raise the rear portion of their body. the face should be between both the palms." In the standing posture the Islamic Beliefs. the Tasbeeh-e-Sajdah "Glory to my Lord. The second Sajdah marks the end of the first rakat of prayer. "Pray as you have seen me praying. You do we worship and your aid we seek. If one part feels the pain. He then raises both his both hands as far as ears. Show us the straight path. All the worshippers. the Cherisher and Sustainer of both Worlds. Master of the Day of Judgment. It is necessary to perform each posture exactly in the way advised by the Prophet. irrespective of their color. the Beneficent and the Merciful" he then recites Surah Fatiha. then he says Takbir to go into prostration. "I seek refuge with Allah from the accursed Satan" followed by the Tasmia. "Allah is great" before he bows down holding his knees for Ruku during which he says Tasbeeh." After this he says Takbir. "God is great. The Prophet said. "Perform the bowing and Sajdah properly. The Prophet laid great stress on the correct performance of every act of Salat. neither too low nor too high but inline with the body as advised by the Prophet. Qoamah must be performed properly with the worshipper standing straight. Observances and Laws Page | 16 . not bent forward or backwards." Islamic Beliefs. nor leaning sideways. with eyes fixed on the place of worship and not looking around. They acknowledge His Sovereignty and Power and request Him to accept their prayers and to show them the right path. and they request Allah to accept their prayers.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes worshipper recite Surah Fatiha in which they praise and glorify Allah. The Prophet said. pride. Sajdah is the most important part of prayer as during it worshippers show their humbleness and destroy their arrogance. In kneeling posture. The correct performance of the various postures of prayers keeps parts of the body particularly the bones strong and healthy. There should be reasonable gap between Ruku and Sajdah and between the two prostrations as taught by the Prophet. the worshippers bow down before Allah which shows their complete surrender to Allah and signify His Glory and Majesty. Ruku must be moderate. They express the various attributes of Allah. The Friday prayer consists of two Azans. It is divided into two parts with a brief interval of about one minute between the two parts. or a women. when to stand. The sermon must be given or at least translated in the local language so that it can be understood by the local people. Friday prayer can only be performed in congregation and therefore two or more people must be present for it to become valid." Some people believe that the minimum number is 12 or 40. The Muslims are instructed to leave off their every day business as soon as the Azan is heard and head towards the mosque. when to prostrate. then hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic). salutation to the Prophet. "Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed hours. the second one is like one who has scarified a cow. The Quran commands the Muslims. The Prophet said. or a person who is ill. After the sermon two rakats of Fard prayer are performed beginning with the Iqamah. when to kneel etc which is repeated over and over again whereas there is no fixed pattern for personal prayer and can be greatly varied according to the circumstances. "The first comer will get the reward of a camel.e. The sermon includes Kalimah. The time for Friday prayer is the same as the time for Dhuhr prayer i. During the sermon. “Al-Juma'ah is compulsory is a duty upon every Muslim in the community save for a slave. not to use mobile phones or engage in any other activity. or a child. from the time when the sun begins to decline till the time when the shadow of man becomes double in its length. The Quran says. "Two or more constitute a congregation." On the other personal prayer is purely Islamic Beliefs. or preferably take a bath and put on one's best clothes. The Prophet said. he also reminds them of the Hereafter and a prayer for the welfare of the community as a whole. The Friday prayer can not be performed as Qada or after the time has passed. Regular prayer is obligatory on all sane adult Muslims and has prescribed times on which it is to be performed." The sermon is delivered by Imam from the pulpit while facing the congregation. children. It is the prescribed manner.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) Describe the main features of the Friday Congregational prayers. glorification and praise of Allah. that is best for you if you but knew.” The worshippers must perform ablution. There is great reward for coming early to the Friday prayer. the worshippers are required to listen attentively. He exhorts the people to well and warns them against the dire consequences of the evil. [10] b) Explain the main differences between regular daily prayer (salat) and personal prayer (du'a). [6] (October 2006) a) The Friday prayer is obligatory for all sane Muslims men but it is not compulsory for women. The Prophet said. b) Regular prayer is performed according to the fixed pattern of Quran and Sunnah. recitation of Quranic verses and a call by Imam to the whole congregation with regards to their duties towards Allah's creation. travelers or sick although in some communities. where proper facilities are provided women are encouraged to join. the third one is like on who has sacrificed a goat. Observances and Laws Page | 17 ." The first Azan is to call the worshipper to come in the mosques in order to offer nawafil while the second call is given immediately before the sermon. "O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for Friday. It is directed towards the Ka`ba. The Quran says. but Du`a' prayers can be offered in any language. It has set timings. which is compulsory to hear (there are 2 sermons). The Prophet said. People should not speak or use mobiles during the sermon. Imams. in that anyone or anything can be mentioned. Mark Scheme: (a) • • • • • • • • • • • • • (b) • • • • • • • • • • Regular prayer is always performed according to the pattern set by Qur'an and Sunna. The Imam preaches a sermon. All Muslim men in a community should try to gather for this prayer. These sermons always consist of advice based on the Qur'an and Hadith about living a Muslim life. Some people are exempt from Friday prayers. They (personal prayers) are free. "No prayer is accepted without proper ablution. It consists of set formulas and actions. They should say the prayer together behind the Imam / the prayer can’t be prayer alone. whereas du`a' prayers can be performed at any time.g. and listen attentively. In some communities women are also encouraged to attend. but it is not obligatory for du`a’ prayers. whereas personal prayers are voluntary. Regular prayer is always in Arabic language whereas personal prayer can be offered in any language. Observances and Laws Page | 18 . the sick. There are two adhaans for the congregational prayer. not four. It is always in Arabic. e.] Islamic Beliefs. The fard are prayed in two rakats. Regular prayer is worship to God but du`a’ prayers comprise requests for oneself or others." Performing ablution is not necessary for personal prayer. Even still there are a few common prayers spoken by the Prophet. Shias and Imams which are pronounced over and over again. but du`a’ prayers are not necessarily said according to a pattern." For regular prayer purification of body clothes and place of worship is necessary. for Shi`is. Personal prayers are not bound by any rules as to what should be said or what should not be said. They often consist of prayers spoken by the Prophet or. The worshippers are free to mention anything they want to their Lord. For regular prayers you need purification.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes voluntary and can be offered at any time a person may need help from Allah almighty. They should try to bath and put on fresh clothes / They perform ablutions before worship (purification). [Allow 1 mark for supporting quotations from Qur'an or Hadith. It is obligatory. The prayer cannot be prayed kaza. travelers. "Call on me and I will answers (your prayer). After a pause he preaches a second sermon. or after the set time. women and children. failing to mention the two adhaans for Friday prayers or that people should listen attentively to the sermon. Observances and Laws Page | 19 . Overall this section was answered well. (b) This part was very well answered.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Examiner’s Report: This question was slightly more popular with candidates out of the two optional questions. Others spent more time describing the actions of the prayer (postures and positions) rather than focusing on what makes the Friday prayer different from any other prayer. It is very easy to lose out on marks by leaving out a basic fact or putting something wrongly. for example. Only a small minority mistook du’a for nawafil prayers prayed after salat. Here. Islamic Beliefs. as candidates were able to compare the two types of prayers successfully. in descriptive answers candidates should be accurate and complete. many candidates scored highly. (a) As said above. but a noticeable minority did not score highly by. Islamic Beliefs. The Prophet said." Eid prayer and Friday prayers can not be offered as Qada. Qada of Wajib prayer is Wajib. then he should perform the Salat when he recalls it. If a person's Dhuhr. If one of you forgets the prayer or sleeps through its time. on returning he should offer shortened prayers. Observances and Laws Page | 20 . Qada of Sunnah prayer is Sunnah. Asr or Isha becomes Qada during journey. he shall have to perform full prayer for them. "There is no negligence when one is asleep but forgetfulness occurs when one is awake. The Prophet said "There is no expiation (for prayer) except the prayer itself. Qada of Fard prayer is Fard. However if the prayers become Qada before the journey. If the number of Qada prayers exceeds five then the order is not compulsory." If one intentionally delays his prayers until its time expires he can not make up for it. The missed Salat should be performed at the earliest possible opportunity. If several prayers are missed they should be offered in the prescribed order.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Q In what circumstances is to permissible to delay prayer? [5] (May 1999) A) Qada means to perform Salat after the expiry of the time of the particular prayer. It is obligatory for anyone who has forgotten the Salat or slept through its time to make up for the missed prayer. Such a person should turn to Allah and seek His forgiveness and increase his good deeds and nawafil in order to increase his weight on the Day of Resurrection. Imam stands beside the body. our present and our absent. help him to die in faith. Ruku or Sajdah and is said in standing posture. facing the Kibla with all the followers standing behind him in odd ques. the rest of the community is exempted from it. Iqamah. Observances and Laws Page | 21 . Islamic Beliefs. He raises his hands up to the ears declares the intention in a low voice to pray to Allah for that particular individual and says Allah Hu Akbar in a loud voice. help him to live in Slam and whosoever you cause to die." And then Imam says Allah Hu Akbar and Tasleem. All the participants must perform ablution. Then Imam recites the third Takbir without raising his hands and forgiveness is recited for the dead person in these words. The dead body is then placed in a coffin and then carried to a mosque or any other clean place. The Imam recites Thana in a low voice and then Surah Fatiha followed by the second Takbir which is said without raising the hands. "Forgive our living and our dead. Salutation is sent on the Prophet. Before the prayer.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Funeral prayers are Fard-e-Qafaiya meaning that when one Muslim from a community performs it. It does not consist of Azan. The worshippers follow the Imam's lead and place their hands under the naval as in other prayers. and our males and our females. O Allah! Whosoever you grant to live amongst us. the whole body of the dead Muslim must be washed with soup and cleansed of all visible impurities and then wrapped in white cotton sheet covering all parts of the body. and our young and our old. MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes The Quran says. “O people of Makkah stay and pray two more rakats because we are travelers. that he may shorten his prayers even for years. The maximum duration for a journey is 19 days. a traveler is a person who travels from his house to a distance of 75 km.” But if a traveler is saying his prayer after a resident he must complete his four rakats. the resident must complete his remaining two rakats. but keeps on delaying it for some genuine reason. Asr and Isha while leading the prayer. A traveler has the option to perform 2 rakats instead of 4 rakats of obligatory prayer of Dhuhr. It is also permissible to shorten one’s prayers when his goes outside of his city. The person is not considered a traveler until he is within the boundaries of the city. in a congregation of Dhuhr. The airport or railway station is treated to be within the bounders of the city if it is situated in its populated area. After the conquest of Makkah. If a resident is praying behind a traveling Imam. a person reaching them would be considered a traveler. the Prophet would shorten his Dhuhr. or town.” According to Islamic Shariah. The Sunnahs are dropped. Observances and Laws Page | 22 . However if a person intends to stay in a place for a certain amount of time. If they are situated outside the populated area of the city. Asr and Isha. He does not have to resume his regular prayer until he reaches the first houses of the city. At the end of the prayer the Prophet would say. Asr and Isha prayer. A traveler may shorten his journey as long as he is on a journey. “When you travel through the earth there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayers. Islamic Beliefs. 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Observances and Laws Page | 26 . In this period. Observances and Laws Page | 27 . then complete your fast till the night appears”. Muslims get up early in the morning before dawn and take meal. medicines. The number of rakats for Tarawi prayer is 8. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DONOT MENTION THAT WHICH PEOPLE ARE EXCUSED FROM FASTING IN THIS PART-----NO MARKS. valid during any part of night and needs not to be spoken aloud. SEPARATE QUESTION WILL BE THERE FOR THIS. [2] c) Explain why Ramadan fast is important to the Muslims. [10] b) Outline the kinds of the Muslims who are excused from fasting during this month. They include: Islamic Beliefs. And then in evening. sexual intercourse and also avoid from hearing. Iteqaf in last decade. During fasting the Muslims are to be particularly pious and visit mosque regularly and should do the normal activities of life as usual. The Quran specifies the time for fasting by the following verse: “And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn appears to you distinct from its black thread. [8] [June 2007 & 2004] a): Fasting is the third pillar of Islam and has been enjoined on the Muslims in the month of Ramadan and is obligatory on every adult and healthy Muslim. They take Sheri during day light hours. NOTE: If the question comes of the whole month then extra points are as follow: * Some Muslims withdraw through mosque i.e.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) Describe the way in which Muslims fast during a day in Ramadan. b): Fasting is an obligatory act on every healthy and adult Muslim but some kinds of Muslims are excused from fasting. the Muslims neither eat anything nor drink and also abstain from smoking. Male practice this in the mosques whereas females practice this in the corner of a house. the prophet said: “Backbiting pierces the fast”. seeing and doing something that is evil like backbiting and telling lie etc. Then they make intention of fasting i. They follow this with a meal that is eaten with friends or relatives. they offer Tarawi prayer that can be prayed as congregation as well as individual basis. 11 or 20. * In the Night of Power the Muslims spend their time in worshipping and offering prayers.e. The fast lasts from dawn to dusk. water or salt after reciting the prayer of Iftari. Then they break their fast immediately after sunset often with dates. known as ‘Sheri’. This month acts as spiritual cleanser not for a Muslim but for the whole Ummah. Moreover the Night of Power. Intention. Besides these. The Prophet said: “Allah said. of Fasting: “I intend to keep tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan” Supplication. It protects the man from all kinds of temptations and so it is a source of forgiveness from Allah. Islamic Beliefs. better than thousand months. is also in this month. Rich spend generously on poor to seek the blessings of Allah. Observances and Laws Page | 28 . Dua. The believer leaves food and drink and all other enjoyments in obedience to the command of Allah to seek his pleasure that in turn builds up his moral character and teaches him self control. In this night the believers offer prayers for Allah and their all previous sins are forgiven. Moreover abstaining from food and drink for a full month does a lot of good to a person’s health. all the deeds of Adam’s sons (people) are for them except fasting which is for Me and I will give the reward of it”. and I put my trust in you and broken it with the provisions you have bestowed me with”. of breaking fast: “O Allah! I have observed the Fast for your sake and I believe in you. offer Qada of it or they are to give Fidia. This in turn renews their brotherly ties and awakens sympathy for the poor in the heart of the rich and unites all the Muslims. During fasting a person abstains from evil deeds and does good deeds and tries to avoid any form of sin. c): Fasting as the third pillar of Islam and is an obligatory act for every adult and healthy Muslim.e. Fasting is the gift that the believers give to Allah. So fasting increases the obedience of a man towards Allah as it removes all the barriers between him and Allah and makes a man pious. Niyah. When the believer fasts and experiences hunger and thirst they realize the suffering of poor and helps rich to remember the poor in their community.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Pregnant women Mothers with new babies Travellers Sick and ill people Children Very old people People in danger or suffering from food crisis Islamiyat Notes These Muslims are to make up the days they missed i. the Quran was also revealed in this month. MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Islamic Beliefs. Observances and Laws Page | 29 . Observances and Laws Page | 30 .MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Islamic Beliefs. Islamic Beliefs. Quran is a perfect and comprehensive book.g. Civil laws which deal with the mutual transactions conducted by men. oath and procedure etc. “We have neglected nothing in this book. parents and children. political. 86 chapters were revealed in Makkah and 28 in Madinah. Predestination and Decree. divorce.” Quran is regarded as the first and primary source of Islamic law (Shariah). which provides guidance in all walks of life e. Commands relating to belief and faith: These commands deal with the relations between Allah and mankind. and the rights of the society.” And again it says. Personal laws relating to personal matters like marriage. Commands relating to mutual transactions: These commands deal with man to man relations. 2. killing and false accusation. relationship between husband and wife. iv. Judicial laws which deal with settling of disputes such as witness. ii. the Day of Judgment. vii. iii. lease and sale etc. explaining all things. The following verses speak that Quran is a complete code of life. a guide. Observances and Laws Page | 31 . The Quran says. “And we revealed to you. v. The first verse came down towards the end of Ramadan at the cave of Hira in 610 AD and the last on 9th of Zilhij 10 AH at the plain of Arafat. a mercy and glad tidings to Muslims. International laws dealing with the relationship between Islam and non-Islamic states both during war as well as peace which also determine the rights of nonMuslims. and of one man with another. social. moral etc. These can be subdivided as follows: i. paternity. Divine Books. fornication. Hajj and Jihad. vi. almsgiving. 3. The commandments of the Quran can be classified as follows: 1. such as loan. They include belief in Allah. fast. Commands relating to acts of worship: These commands deal with the performance of prayer. Prophets. Moral and ethics relating to the purity of soul such as modesty. Constitutional laws which relate to the system of government. Angels. guardianship and inheritance. They deal with relations between the rulers and the rules. These deal with the relationship of Allah and mankind. Criminal laws which deal with crimes and their punishment such as theft. neighbors and relatives etc.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Quran is the last revealed book of Allah and it was revealed to the Holy Prophet through the angel Gabriel in 23 years. [10] Why did these Caliphs that it was important to make a compilation of the Quran. One was kept at the capital. [6] (October 2006) a) During the Caliphate of Abu Bakar. shoulder blades and ribs of animals as well as from hearts of men and wrote them down on sheets known as Suhuf. Ubaiy bin Kaab and Abu Zaid to gather what had been written and memorized during the lifetime of the Prophet. Basra and Bahrain. Umar took possession of them. Yemen. Huzaifa bin Yaman observed the difference in the dialect of Quran in newly conquered areas and reported this to Usman on his return to Madinah. In 27 AH following the Battle of Armenia. Usman entrusted Zaid bin Sabit to make an accurate collection of the Quran. After Umar’s death in 644 AD. palm leaves. Observances and Laws Page | 32 . They compiled their work in the form of a book and kept the original order of the verses which were instructed to the Prophet by the angel Gabriel. as the Quran ha been revealed in that dialect. The work was completed in five years. Initially Abu Bakar hesitated to do something the prophet had not done. a number of battles were fought including the battle of Yamamah against the false prophet Musailmah during which 360 Huffaiz were martyred. Once the compilation. Abdur Rehman bin Harith and Syed bin al-Aas. they were passed on to his daughter and the Prophet’s wife Hafsa and the collection of Quran came to be known as Mushuf-e-Hafsa. Syria. they found out that verse number 128 and 129 of Surah Tauba were missing. but later felt convinced by the wisdom of Umar’s suggestion and appointed Zaid bin Sabit a trusted secretary of the Holy Prophet as the head of committee which also included Umar. All the older versions of the Holy Quran were burnt. flat stones. The work was completed in one year. Islam spread far and wide. and the remaining six were distributed to all the provinces of the Muslim empire i. It was also announced in the whole of Madinah with the beat of a drum that anyone who had any fragment of the Holy Quran to bring it to Masjid-e-Nabvi. Madinah. They carefully collected full text using methods that ensured the authenticity of their work like preferring passages in Makkan dialect in case of conflict. The person had to swear and bring two eye witnesses to that fact that the verse was written down during the Prophet’s lifetime and at least two persons needed to have that verse. On Abu Bakar’s death. During the regime of Hazrat Usman. fought against Romans. They retrieved the revelations from pieces of papyrus and leather.e. It had only been written down by Abu Khuzairra but it was added to the Quran as Abu Khuzairra’s witness was declared equal to two by the Prophet on the account of his good deed.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) b) Trace the major stages of the Compilation of the Quran in the time of the Caliphs Abu Bakar and Usman. Kufa. Makkah. The Quran was written down on sheets known as Suhuf. Umar therefore suggested to Abu Bakar to compile the Holy Quran in the form of a single book. Islamic Beliefs. Ma’az bin Jabl. He was assisted by Abdullah bin Zubair. Observances and Laws Page | 33 . The Caliphs feared that the existence of different forms of the Quran might lead to changes in the original text of the Quran or many different rival interpretations of the Quran may break the unity of the Muslims. The official version was made in the dialect of Quraysh.” The Quran is a source of guidance for the Muslims in all spheres of life. Abu Bakr realized that this would have to be done if the authentic Qur’an was to be preserved. Although the Prophet had not made a written compilation. Mark Scheme: (a) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (b) • • • • • • • Abu Bakr came to see that the Qur’an could not be kept in memories alone.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes b) After the death of 360 Huffaiz in the battle of Yamamah. The Quran says. “Save this Ummah before they differ about the book as Jews and Christians. Since the Quran is meant for the entire Muslims Ummah it acts as unifying force for the entire Muslim world and only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve this unity. He was helped by a group of leading Muslims. its original message and meaning might not survive any longer. Muslims would not have a single source of guidance. “We have neglected nothing in this book. Usman realized that if different versions of the Holy Quran were to exist. `Uthman realized that the original message might be lost. If different versions were allowed to exist the original meaning might no longer survive. Only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve unity. The point is further supported by Huzaifa bin Yaman’s quote to Usman on observing the difference in the dialect of the Quran. Abu Bakar realized that Quran could not just be kept in memories of people alone and some sort of written and authentic version of the Holy Quran must be made to ensure that it was not lost like The Zaboor. Under Abu Bakr a number of memorizers were killed. Rival interpretations might break the unity of the community. Injil. But a compilation was made. He said. He ordered a single authoritative copy to be made. `Umar suggested that the Qur'an should be written down for safety.” So therefore it was imperative to compile the Holy Quran in the form of a book so that the generations to come could take guidance from it. Taurat and the Scroll of Ibrahim. `Uthman had four copies of this edition made and circulated these. It eventually was given into the keeping of Hafsa. He ordered all other versions to be destroyed. Under `Uthman it became known that different forms (dialects) of the Qur'an were being circulated. Zayd ibn Thabit was the chief scribe. Islamic Beliefs. This was at the battle of Yamama. Zayd Ibn Thabit was given this responsibility. Abu Bakr was reluctant because this had not been done under the Prophet. “The Quran had been written down in its entirety. Islamic Beliefs. Candidates could have given better details of the way in which the Qur’an was compiled under Uthman.” The Prophet also encouraged his companions to memorize the Quran. Ma’az bin Jabl and Ubaiy bin Kaab. Muawyia bin Abi Sufiyan. Compilation of Quran during the Prophet’s lifetime The Quran was revealed on the Prophet over a period of 23 years in which there were all together 114 Surahs. Abu Bakar. The Prophet himself couldn’t write down the revelations because he was illiterate. This is called Tarteeb-e-Tauqeefi. Shuarheel bin Hasama and Abdullah bin Masud. Zaid bin Sabit. in the time of the Prophet but it had not been compiled to a single copy. Ali and Umar as well as Zaid bin Sabit. Usman.e. Most candidates gained more marks in the description of the compilation under Abu Bakr. that Muslims needed a single source of guidance and that only the original revelation would ensure unity. Observances and Laws Page | 34 . As Allama Sayyut said. who were always near the Prophet to write down the revelations as soon as they heard it. They wrote down the revelations on different writing materials including pieces of papyrus and leather. as candidates gave short answers even though this part of the question is worth six marks. approximately 41 in number. Ubaiy bin Kaab. Khalid bin Saeed. Ai. The Prophet also told them to write the verses after such and such Surah. The scribes included the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs i. (b) This part was not as well answered. so whenever a verse was revealed the Prophet learnt it by heart and then conveyed it to scribes. shoulder blades and ribs of animals. palm leaves. flat stones. A large number of companions are reported to have memorized the Quran during the Prophet’s lifetime. Ma’az bin Jabl. Candidates could have mentioned that the Qur’an would not survive in the memories of the companions alone. Many candidates confused Caliph Uthman with Caliph Umar. Amongst these were: Umar.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Examiner’s Report: (a) A high number of candidates answered this question and it was generally well answered. This is done by the words and actions of the Holy Prophet.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Q How are the Quran and Hadith related in working out the Islamic law.” But it does not explain who should perform Hajj and when and how it should be performed its prohibitions. “Pray as you have seen me praying. the Quran does not explain the people who are liable to pay Zakat and on what rate and items it should be paid. The performance of Zakat was explained by the Hadith of the Prophet.” It is the first source of Islamic Law. [4] (May 2005) A) The Holy Quran is an authentic book which contains guidance for the Muslims in all fields of life.” Similarly. units. The rites and rituals of Hajj were explained by the Prophet. But in certain cases the Quran’s teachings are not complete and undetailed and therefore need elaboration.” But the Quran does not mention its timings. The Prophet explained these things. “We have neglected nothing in this book. its dress and how many times it has to be performed in one’s lifetime.” • Also write legislative authority and aspects. Its teachings are to be followed without question. The Prophet said. “Take from me the rights of Hajj. The Quran says. Quran says. “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty man owes to Allah. which is the second source of Islamic Law. The Quran says to. The Hadith. Observances and Laws Page | 35 . for those who can afford the journey. fill out the Quran where it is silent. Islamic Beliefs. The Prophet said. preparation and its performance. “Establish prayer and pay charity. Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz wrote to the governor of Madinah to collect all the scattered traditions of the Prophet. “May Allah give freshness to a servant who hears my saying.” Those who learnt the Hadith included Abu Huraira. It is reported that Abu Usman went to Madinah to get a Hadith from Abu Huraira. The Prophet said. There was a lack of learned personnel (only 12 in number) but he later told his companions to write down the Hadith since he felt that they could now distinguish between Quran and Hadith.e. Initially the Prophet feared that the Hadith and Quran might get mixed up so he forbade his companions from writing the Hadith down. The traditions were compiled by the students of those who learnt the Hadith. Official level which included letters to various kings e. the lifetime of the Holy Prophet and his companions to 100 AH. who had gone to Makkah for Hajj. compilation of Hadith were done through memorization.e. The Holy Prophet encouraged his companions to memorize the Hadith. The Prophet said. Jabir bin Abdullah traveled from Makkah to Syria to hear a single Hadith. discussion.e. During this period many students and companions undertook large journeys to hear or verify the sayings of the Holy Prophet. Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas.g. The journey took one month. Ayesha and Anus bin Malik. During the first stage i.” The Companions brought Hadith like “Pray as you have seen me praying” into their every day practice. practice and writing. the age of successors of Sahaba known as Taibeen (100 AH to 200AH). Negus of Abyssinia. [16] (October 1999) A) The compilation of Hadith can be divided into three stages. The writing during the lifetime of the Prophet can be divided into two categories i. Khusrau Pervez of Persia etc. keeps it in memory and preserves it and communicates it. treaties like the Treaty of Hudabiya and Charter of Madinah and sermons at his farewell pilgrimage and at the Conquest of Makkah. Those Imams who took interest in compiling the Hadith included: • Shihab Al Zuheri at Madinah Page | 36 Islamic Beliefs. Observances and Laws . They included: • • • • • Sahifa Sadiqa by Abdullah bin Umar Sahifa Sahiha by Hanam bin Munabah from Abu Huraira Collection of Ayesha by Urwa bin Zubair from Ayesha Collection of Anus bin Malik Collection of Ali During the second phase of compilation i. Whenever the Prophet said anything the companions would get together and discuss it. Abu Usman then went to Makkah to receive the Hadith.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Q Trace the process by which the Hadith were collected in the early centuries of Islam down to the time of al-Bukhari and his colleagues. Writing of Hadith also took place at private level. laws such as rules for collecting Zakat on various items. “May Allah be pleased with a servant who heard a thing from me and broadcasted it just as he heard it. but Shia books also contain sayings from the 12 male descendants of the Prophet through Hazrat Fatima and her husband and Prophet’s cousin Ali.000.480 traditions out of 500.600 traditions out of 500.000.275 traditions out of 600. Observances and Laws Page | 37 . who selected 9. Outstanding works of this era included: • • • • • Al Muwatta by Imam Malik bin Anas Kittab Al-Athar by Imam by Abu Hanifa Al-Musanaf by Imam Razzak Jami Thauri by Imam Sufiyan al-Thauri Musnad Ahmed bin Hanbal by Imam Hanbal The third phase i. A criterion was adopted to check the authenticity of Hadith (Sanad and Matn) known as Asma-wal-Rijaal and Jirah-waTadeel.000. age of the students of the Taibeen known as Taba Taibeen (200 A. who selected 4.800 traditions out of 500. the sayings of Ahl-e-Bait and Sahaba were also compiled.e. who selected 4. They were: • • • • • • Sahih Bukhari by Imam Bukhari.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes • • Abdullah bin Mubarik at Khurasan Imam Makhul in Syria During this era.H) was the golden phase of the compilation of Hadith. Sunan Abu Daud by Imam Abu Daud selected 4.H to 300 A. Sunan ibn Majah by Imam ibn Majah selected 4340 traditions out of 500. Shia Muslims have their own book of Hadith which consists of Sanad and Matn. They were written by the three Muhammads. Six authoritative books known as Sahah-Sitta were compiled during this era. Jam’e Tirmidhi by Imam Tirmidhi.000. Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim. • • • Al-Kafi by Al-Kulayini Al-Fiqh by Ibn Babuya Thazib-ul-Ahkam and Al-Istibar by Al-Tusi Islamic Beliefs.000.200 traditions out of 300.000. who selected 7. Sunan Nisai by Imam Nisai. His book is the most authentic and therefore known as As-ul-Quran. he must be known for the correct observance of ordinances of the religion. The text of the tradition or prophet actually said or did is called matn and is the second part of the Hadith. Matn is Prophet’s actual teachings. the Sanad is the first part of the tradition.e. In the line of transmitters." The Hadith should not be against peoples' common experience or common understanding like a promise of a very high reward for a Islamic Beliefs. The principals which rule out a Hadith on the basis of Matn include that the Matn should not be contrary to the teachings of Quran or to a Hadith already accepted. The Transmitter should be Adil i. actions or words. The Hadith. but when Imam saw that the person was prompting his horse by showing it an empty barrel of food in order to catch the horse. the chain of narrator (Sanad) and the text (matn). "Muhammad is not the father of anyone men amongst you. All the chains of transmitters should end with a companion of the Prophet and should be continuous with no broken links. There are tough conditions laid down for the transmitter of Hadith. Observances and Laws Page | 38 . Muhammad ibn Al-muthana reported from Abdul Wahak from Abu Qilaabah from Malik that the Prophet said “Pray as you have seen me praying”. pilgrimage and support of the poor. but he is the messenger of Allah and the Last Prophet. Zakat. He must have the reputation of truthfulness and honesty in all his dealings.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) b) Explain the importance of the Isnad (Chain of transmitters) and the Matn (body of text) in assisting the scholar to check the authenticity if a Hadith. fasting. "If the Prophet's son Ibrahim had survived he would be a Prophet" has been criticized because it is against the Quran. He must also avoid all intoxicants. The Quran says. [4] (May 2006) a) The Hadith consists of two parts. He should know Arabic language and should know the types of words or particles which affect the meaning of what he passes on. Matn is the Prophet's actual teachings. hand down through centuries that help Muslims in under standing their faith and follow it. The list of narrators of the saying or the action of Prophet is called Sanad. Once Imam Muslim went to a person who knew the Hadith. [12] Outline the major differences between the Musnad and Musannaf collections of Hadith. He should have a good memory or have written down what he had heard and should be strictly accurate in reproducing exactly what he had personally acquired. This can be explained by the following Hadith. In above example matn is “Pray as you have seen me praying”. the dates of birth and death of each individual must overlap with those if the person before and after so to ensure that they have met each other while transmitting the Hadith. prayer. The narrator should be of an age at which they could understand the full importance of what they had heard. the Imam returned concluding that since he was deceiving his horse he can not be a reliable person. Sanad is the list of narrators of the sayings and the actions of the Prophet. He should be sober in manner and manly in his conduct. In the above tradition. The best known Musnad collection is Ahmed bin Hanbal's Musnad. irrespective of the subject matter. It should not praise any individual or place. The Hadith should not level accusation at the family of the Holy Prophet. Each transmitter (rawi) must be honest and upright. So the above mentioned methods must be taken into consideration before accepting a Hadith as Sahih. with each chapter dealing with a particular topic of faith. a definite location or a particular tribe. The first transmitter in the chain must be a Companion of the Prophet. Musannaf literally means 'divided up' because it divides the Ahadith according to the subject matter. Observances and Laws . They are useful for detecting Hadith attributed to a particular companion. religion and its application. They are particularly useful in establishing matters of law. Islamic Beliefs. He must have a good memory. He must be a strong Muslim. It must also agree with common sense and what is reasonable. The matn must agree with the teachings of the Qur’an. b) Musnad literally means 'supported' because its traditions are supported by a complete chain of uninterrupted chain of authorities going back to the Prophet via companion. The Hadith should not be against historical facts. It should not contain expressions uncharacteristic of the Prophet. A Hadith would also be rejected if it contains the report of an important event taking place in the presence of a large number of people but it is only reported by one individual. It should not give precise details of events that occurred after the Prophet’s time. This is a more comprehensive collection of Hadith in which the Prophet's teachings are arranged in various chapters. Page | 39 The isnad guarantees that the Hadith originated with the Prophet. and also the transmitter after. The Hadith "Hazrat Adam's height was 60 cubits" has been criticized by Ibn Hajar on the basis that archaeological movements of the homesteads of some ancient people show that their inhabitants were not of abnormal height. It is reserved for those collections of Hadith whose material is arranged according to the names of the original narrating authorities. Six books of Sunni Sahih books are the best known Musannaf collections. There must be no gaps or weaknesses in the chain. Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes minor good deed or a very severe punishment for a minor fault. The Hadith should not give precise details of events that took place after the lifetime of the Prophet nor should it contain expressions that the Prophet would not have been expected to use. It should not praise an individual. It must also agree with the main body of reliable Hadiths. Mark Scheme: (a) • • • • • • • • • • • • • (b) • The musnad collections gather Hadiths together according to the name of the first transmitter. They would have gone on to explain how the matn must agree with the Qur’an. and so on. The best known musnad collection is Ibn Hanbal’s Musnad.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes • • • • • • They are useful for detecting Hadiths attributed to a particular Companion. Observances and Laws Page | 40 . Islamic Beliefs. The musannaf collections gather Hadiths according to their subject matter. A few candidates wrote very well. However. They are useful for understanding the Prophet’s teachings on a particular point of belief or practice. They are particularly useful in establishing matters of law. (b) Few candidates knew the differences between theses two types of Hadith collections. and outlined the character of the individual transmitters and the requirement that they should have been in a position to meet and exchange knowledge. many candidates did not appear to recognize the two terms. The six books of Sunni sahih Hadith are the best known musannaf collections. Examiner’s Report: This was less popular and most attempts showed that candidates did not know very much about the nature of Hadiths. common sense. (a) Good answers here would have explained how the isnad is made up. reliable Hadiths. explaining that the one gathers Hadiths according to their first transmitter and the other according to their subject matter. but the majority gave sketchy answers that failed to explain why and how these two parts of the Hadith are used to check its authenticity. Some gave very full answers. Islamic Beliefs. If anyone was known to have had a bad memory. If any of the narrator in the Sanad was known to have any of the following faults. This means that we can be certain that the Prophet said or did what was reported in the tradition. • • • If anyone of the narrators was known to have been a liar. Observances and Laws Page | 41 . the Hadith in then classified as being inaccurate and referred to as Daeef. If any was known to have not met the one he was supposed to be narrating from.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Q Outline the differences in the Sahih (Authentic) and A-Daeef (Weak) types of traditions of Hadith. the tradition is classified as an accurate saying or action for the Prophet and named Sahih. [4] A) If all the narrators in the Sanad (Chain of Transmitters) and the Matn (Body of Text) fulfill the conditions stipulated. for those who can afford the journey. the Quran does not explain the people who are liable to pay Zakat and on what rate and items it should be paid. The Prophet said. “Pray as you have seen me praying. “Establish prayer and pay charity. fill out the Quran where it is silent. preparation and its performance.” It is the first source of Islamic Law.” Similarly. The performance of Zakat was explained by the Hadith of the Prophet. “We have neglected nothing in this book. Islamic Beliefs. “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty man owes to Allah. The rites and rituals of Hajj were explained by the Prophet.” Mark Scheme: • • • • The Qur'an is the first source of law. The Prophet explained these things. Observances and Laws Page | 42 . which is the second source of Islamic Law. units.” But the Quran does not mention its timings. The Hadith fill out the Qur'an and add teachings where it is silent. [1 mark for examples of how the Hadith fill out the Qur’an] Examiner’s Report: There were some accurate discussions here of the relationship in legal thinking between these two bases of law. [4] (May 2005) A) The Holy Quran is an authentic book which contains guidance for the Muslims in all fields of life. The Quran says to. “Take from me the rights of Hajj. The Hadith. But in certain cases the Quran’s teachings are not complete and undetailed and therefore need elaboration. Its clear teachings are followed without question. The Quran says. and some excellent examples of how Muslims turn to the Hadith to find amplification of teachings in the Qur’an. This is done by the words and actions of the Holy Prophet. Its teachings are to be followed without question. Quran says.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Q How are the Quran and Hadith related in working out the Islamic law.” But it does not explain who should perform Hajj and when and how it should be performed its prohibitions. The Prophet said. its dress and how many times it has to be performed in one’s lifetime. Where its teachings are undetailed the Hadith are employed. The Quran does not mention anything about the leaving of wealth for non-Muslims. In the Sunnah. During the Battle of Khyber. the punishment should be suspended during wars. we find that the Prophet said. should not be a child. Islamic Beliefs. The Hadith also explains laws given in the Quran. Observances and Laws Page | 43 .” The Sunnah of the Prophet defines the punishment for adultery which is stoning to death. “The hand of male thief as well as of female thief should be cut. The Quran says. Examples of some of these laws are listed below. the Prophet forbade the eating of flesh of donkey. “A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim.” The Prophet explained this injunction that the culprit should not be insane.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Laws have also been derived form the Sunnah of the Prophet. nor a non-Muslim may inherit from a Muslim. Where these 2 sources do not offer guidance and are silent. Whenever a new situation arises among the Muslim community. This definition explains firstly the agreement of all legal experts is essential. 4) Shia Muslims (Imam Jafar) claimed they should be the descendants of the Prophet (Fatima). Two types of Ijma are there. 4 Sunnah of Zuhur and Taraweeh prayer during Umar’s caliphate Ijma-e-Sukaati (Expressed by silent approval) Compilation of Quran by Abu Bakr. Firstly. the agreement should be held on a rule of Islamic law. Ijma is applied there. Observances and Laws Page | 44 . 5) Imam Abu Hanifa (Nauman bin Thabit) said they should be the legal experts of any generation. Thirdly. Legal experts have differed over who makes up the group of Muslims and whose Ijma should be accepted.) Election of Abu Bakr and Bait/Pledge of Ridwan. the agreement of legal experts must be held after the Prophet’s death and fourthly the agreement of the legal experts of one period and fifthly.). 6) Imam Shafi said that it should be whole Muslim community. Ijma-e-Amali (Expressed by practice. They are as follow: 1) Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal said that they should be the companions of Prophet. the legal experts first of all Islamic Beliefs. b) Ijma is applied to situations where Quran and Sunnah do not offer clear guidance. 2) Imam Malik said they should be the people of Medina.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes a) What is consensus (Ijma)? b) How and in what circumstances is it used in Islamic legal thinking? c) Give two examples of the use of consensus. It literally means to be unanimous or agreeing upon. Ijma is the 3rd source of Islamic law. 3) Imam Daud Zahiri said that they should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs. (November 2007) [4] [6] [6] a) The Quran is the first source of Islamic law and Sunnah is the second source of Islamic law. Ijma-e-Qawali (Expressed by speech. In religious sense. it means the agreement of legal experts from among the community of Muslims after Prophet’s death in a certain period of time on a rule of law. Ijma-e-Azeemah and secondly Ijma-e-Rukhsah and it can be inferred in 3 ways. Secondly the legal experts must be Muslims. refer it to Allah and His apostle”. This verse indicates that the essence of all the Islamic teachings is to avoid extremism and to adopt the moderate way. 2) Imam Malik said they should be the people of Medina. the opinion of Muslims was taken and when all agreed then it was compiled in a book form. If you differ in any thing among yourselves.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes consult Quran. “My community will never agree upon an error”. If Sunnah is also silent. 6) Imam Shafi said that it should be whole Muslim community. 189 (Islam Beliefs and Practices) Islamic Beliefs. though Shias believe that Prophet nominated Hazrat Ali as his successor. then ijma is applied. 4) Shia Muslims (Imam Jafar) claimed they should be the descendants of the Prophet (Fatima). in the battle of Yamama. forbidding what is wrong and believing in one Allah”. “You are the best of people evolved for mankind in joining what is right. “Oh you. 5) Imam Abu Hanifa (Nauman bin Thabit) said they should be the legal experts of any generation. The Holy Quran was not compiled in a book form in Prophet’s time. 2. 3. Observances and Laws Page | 45 . Abu Bakr was elected through the rule of Ijma. The Prophet also referred to the importance of Ijma. obey Allah and obey the Prophet and those charged with authority among you. Consult book for more points and examples Pg no. Legal experts have differed over who makes up the group of Muslims and whose ijma should be accepted. If it does not offer guidance. “Thus We have made of you a community just balanced that you might be witness over the nations and the messenger of Allah over yourselves”. many Haffizs were killed during Abu Bakr’s caliphate. who believe. The Muslims assembled in Saqifa Bani Saada to discuss the appointment of Caliph. Umar then suggested Abu Bakr to compile Quran and then by Ijma of companions. 2. 3) Imam Daud Zuhri said that they should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs. “The hand of Allah is with the community”. _______________________________________________ c) Hazrat Abu Bakr was elected to the leadership of the community because the companions agreed that there should be a caliph to lead the Muslims after the Prophet’s death. 1. The Prophet did not nominate his successor. then they see Sunnah of the Prophet. They are as follow: 1) Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal said that they should be the companions of Prophet. 1. The use of Ijma in legal thinking is based on a number of verses in Quran. After his death. rules and regulations. Sunnah or Ijma. then use your personal opinion”. what would you do’. If it also do not guide about the matter then ijma is applied. then Sunnah is checked. Imam Abu Hanifa exercised Qiyas properly for the first time and formulated its name. It is the legal method of deducing one principle from another by comparing them together. The loan due to Allah deserves most to be paid’. Prophet said. following the Quran. Can I perform hajj on her behalf ?’. It should never disagree with the previous sources i. If you don`t find in it what you need. compare with or judge by comparison. Examples on next page: Islamic Beliefs. ‘If there had been a loan on her. Sunnah and Ijma of legal experts. root) The ruling mentioned in Quran. Quran is consulted. Quran says. And if ijma is not followed or does not offer guidance then Qiyas is used. O you who have eyes”. Prophet said. It also says. If it is silent. ‘You can perform hajj on her behalf. The justification for exercising Qiyas is usually based on following Ahadiths. The Prophet said to Abu Musa al Ashari. Far (New thing) The ruling not mentioned in Quran. Shias and the followers of Imam Daud Zahiri. “There are signs in it for the people who understand”. then consult my Sunnah. Hukm (Application) The judgemental derived from parent thing on the basis of linking cause for the new case. Qiyas literally means to equate. Some Muslims. She said that she would pay. Observances and Laws Page | 46 . ‘My mother had intended to perform hajj. Sunnah and Ijma. If you don`t find in it. Fundamentals of Qiyas: Asl (Parent thing. Illah’ (Effective or linking cause) The common reason between Asl and Far. “So. A woman from Juhaina tribe came to Prophet and asked. Quran and Sunnah have justified the use of Qiyas. It is used to derive legal principles when previous sources do not offer clear guidance.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Qiyas is the 4th basis of legal thinking in Sunni Islam. measure. “If you face a problem judge from book of Allah. Sunnah and ijma. But she died before she could do it. Quran.e. do not accept Qiyas as it depends very much on the ability of a legal expert to compare 2 principles. Whenever the Muslims face a legal problem. learn a lesson. June 2008 Islamic Beliefs. “Indeed. In this example. Consult both books for further details and examples: The questions on this topic had come in past papers in the following years: November 1999. he was chosen to lead Muslims. After Prophet’s death. Muslims community needed a leader (Far`). June 2001. June 2005. LSD. So. alcohol & Gambling and Ansab (lottery) and Azlam are abomination from amongst the practices of devil.MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Alcohol: Regarding the impermissibility of alcohol the verse of Quran is clear. So avoid them”. Unlawfulness if the ruling and intoxication is the effective cause. Observances and Laws Page | 47 . On the opinion of legal experts all types of transactions (Far) had been forbidden (Hukm) as they also distract Muslims from prayer (Illa`). The legal experts have pondered over the effective cause of unlawfulness of alcohol and have deduced it to be intoxication. opium. (Hukm) as his leadership qualities were approved by Prophet. Quran forbids sale transactions after call to Juma prayer (Asl). After contemplation the legal experts have found the same effective cause of intoxication in other intoxicants. alcohol is Asl and others are Far. The ruling regarding alcohol is found in both Sunnah & Quran. June 1996. The Prophet had appointed Abu Bakr to lead hajj and prayers (Asl). cocaine. MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN Islamiyat Notes Islamic Beliefs. Observances and Laws Page | 48 .