!BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ..- IS : 334 (Reaffinned Headquarters: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zalar Marg, NEW DELHI 1 Telephones: 323 0131,3233375,3239402 Fax: 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382 f . ,..anaksanstha . 1982 1998) Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO BITUMEN AND TAR Central Laboratory: Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 (Common to all Offices) Telephone 8-77 0032 Regional Offices: (Second l Revision) Central: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zalar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 'Eastern: 1/14 tiT Scheme VII M, V.I.P.Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 3237617 337 86 62 60 38 43 2352315 832 92 95 Northern: sCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 Southern: C.LT. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 I tWestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), MUMBAI400093 Second Reprint MARCH 1999 Branclr Offices: 'Pushpak', Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 :j:Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, BAN GALORE 560058 Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 53/5 Ward No. 29, RG. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABIW 500001 E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, LUCKNOW 226001 . NIT Building, Second FIOCr,Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 Institution 01 Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 T.C. No. 14/1421, University P.O. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 'Sales Ollice is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, CALCUTTA 700072 tSales Ollice is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 :j:Sales Office is at 'F' Block, Unity Building, Narasnimaraja Square, BANGALORE 560002 695034 5501348 839 49 55 UDC 665.775:001.4 554021 40 36-27 210141 8-28 88 01 8-711996 54 11 37 20 10 83 37 29 25 21 6876 23 89 23 525171 26 23 05 32 36 35 621 17 27 10 85 @ Copyright 1982 309 65 28 222 39 11 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ZAFAR MARG MANAK BIIA VAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAll NEW DELHI 110002 Gr3 Printed at Simco Printing Press. Delhi November 1982 SWAMINATHAN Representing Central Road Research Institute (CSIR). New Delhi Members DR ARUNKUMAR (Alternate I to Central Road Research Institute (CSIR). New Delhi. R. BuclJ Naval Headquarters ( Ministry of Defence) LT-CDR R. JAYWANT SHRI V. GUI'TE Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd (Marketing Division). Bombay DR HIMMATSINGIJ Indian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR ). Calcutta DEPUTY DIRECTOR( MET )-5 Ministry of Railways ( RDSO ). G. New Delhi to Prof C. A. JOLLY SHRI A. C. B. Bombay Ltd ( Marketing ( Continued on page 2 ) BUREAU @ Copyright 1982 OF INDIAN STANDARDS This publication is protected under the [ndlan Copyright ~ct ( XIV of 1957 ) and repronuction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of cqpyright under the said Act. CHARI (Alternate) SHRI N. Lucknow ASSISTANT RESEARCH OFFICER ( CHEM )-2 ( Alternate) 8HRI M. GHOSH Ministry of Defence (DGI ). Y. BCDC 2 Chairman PROF C. New Delhi LT-COL C. Swaminathan ) Delhi SHRI N. Army Headquarters. Dehra Dun SHRI J.IS : 334 (ReaO"'rrned . . BHATIA ( Alternate) SHRI J. 1982 1998) Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO BITUMEN AND TAR (Second Revision) . CHATTERJEE National Tfst House. New Prof C. G. K. D. Bombay Bharat Petroleum Corporation Division ). NAYAK ( Alternate) Synthetic Asphalts. GOSWAMI Indian Oil Corporation Ltd ( Assam Oil Division). L. P. BAHL( Alternate) 8HRI M. C. Swaminathan ) DR K. Digboi SHRI Isw AR CHANDRA( Alternate) SHRI A. T. G. New Delhi SHRI H. and Indian Roads Congress. GUPTA (Alternate) SHRI G. SrVAGURU (Alternate II Indian Roads Congress.Bitumenand Tar Products Sectional Committee. K.HARAN Engineer-in-Chief's Branch. S. C. . B. ISI ( Ex-officio Member) Director ( Civ Fngg ) Secretary SHRI VIJAY RAJ Members SHRI K. Since more standards on bitumen and tar were made later on. R.:. K. FOREWORD ~ . 0. R. after the draft finalized by the Bitumen and Tar Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council and the Petroleum.RAMASWAMY Hindustan Petroleum Corporation ( Refinery Division ). British Standards Institution. o. RAMAN. Bombay SHRI K. New Delhi DR R. To facilitate ease of reference. SEN Central Fuel Research Institute ( CSIR ). Bombay ) SHRI S. 0.1982 ( COTltinued from Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (Refinery Division). 30 Pali Hill Road. due weightage has been given to International co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing in other countries and this has been met by drawing assistance from the following: ASTM: D8-1981 . Director General. Bombay DR A. GUPTA ( Alternate) SHRI T. Bombay SHRI M. RAO National Building Organization. New Delhi SHRI S. Assistant Director ( Civ Engg). SIKKA ( Alternate) SHRI G.. C. KRISHNAMURTHI Representing Public Works Department. Government of Tamil Nadu.J.Standard definitions of terms relating to materials for roads and pavements. S. P. KULKARNI Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (Marketing Division). K. a further revision was necessitated. CHOUDURI( Alternate) SHRI N.2 This standard was first published in 1953 and subsequently revised in 1965. 0. H. ~ . S. Bombay SHRI C. SIVAGURU Roads Wing ( Ministry of Shipping and Transport).. Coal and Related Products Division Council. tar and their products in the engineering and ch~mical fields resulting in an increase in the number of terms used.3 Due to considerable developments in the applications of bitumen. SAHEBA Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (Refinery Division).1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 30 June 1982. L. 1982 page 1 ) IS : 334 . it became necessary to standardize the terminology on a more exact basis so as to avoid ambiguity and confusion. KAPOOR SHRI S. the terms have been arranged alphabetically. R. RAMAMURTHI( Alternate) SHRI S. 1ST 1. RATRA ( Alternate) REPRESENT ATIVE Directorate General of Supplies and Dispo~als. BS : 892-1967 Glossary of highway engineering terms. RAo ( Alternate) SHRI D. P. MALYA In personal capacity ( 3 Panorma. Dhanbad SHRI A. 0. New Delhi SHRI R. It is hoped that this revised standard glossary of terms will help in fixing a more precise meaning of words which have acquired too general usage. American Spciety for Testing and Materials. NATARAJAN Highways and Rural Works Department. V. V. Calcutta SHRI C. K. Roy Shalimar Tar Products ( 1935) Ltd.IS : 334 .4 In the formulation of this standard. JAIN ( Alternate) SHRI T. Haryana Indian Standard GLOSSARYOF TERMS RELATING TO BITUMEN AND TAR (Second Revision) . V. Madras SHRIC. NOTE . 5 - . which are positively charged and the aqueous phase is acidic. 4 - non-volatile diluent to a small extent. Concrete ( Asphaltic Concrete) . 2.2 Emulsion.5 Asphaltic Bitumen A subdivision of the generic bitumen. usually a petroleum distillate. viscosity of which is reduced 2.The hydrocarbon fraction of bitumen which is soluble in carbon disulphide. 2.11. which is manufactured by the oil industry from asphaltic petroleum.2.11.cationic. - 2.1982 IS : 334 - 1982 1.1 Bitumen.3.1 Adhesion Agent the adhesion or bond between the solid body and the binder used to coat it. rapid curing Bitumen.1 Adhesion . 2. medium curing . 2.Inorganic residue remaining substances.sociated with inert mineral matter. in which the anion of the 2. quality aggregates with designed proportion of bitumen.7 Bitumen.The property by means of which a material in a liquid or semi-solid form adheres or sticks to the surface of a solid body. hot mixed.Difference exists between this definition and those given in ASTM D8-1981 and BS 89:L-1967. Cutback Bitumen.10 Asphalt. bitumen.11.slow curing Bitumen.3 Cutback. - - 2. Blown . 2. - 2.IS : 334 . but insoluble in light petroleum solvent. which are negatively charged and the aqueous phase is alkaline.1 Cutback. in the pore3 and veins. NOTE 1981and BS : 892-1967. The mixture settles to a coherent.11.A solid or semi-solid naturally occurring asphalt existing in well defined surface deposits.2 Cutback.11.Bitumen.An emulsion .3. 2. which is blended with or <:ontaining a higher viscous oil than in medium or rapid curing cutback.3 Ash .11. Fluxed by adding a substantially needed for a variety - Paving bitumen. Rock A naturally occurring rock formation. The word 'asphalt' should always be qualified by indication of its origin or nature. which is blended with a Kerosene type distillate.1 This standard d~fines the terms relating to the products commercially known as bitumen and tar.An intimate mixture of mineral fillers.A mixture occuring which bitumen is a.eous.1 Emulsion. Mastic .6 Bitumen. DEFINITIONS 2. Digboi T)pe . 2.11.9 Asphalt. which is blended with a naphtha type distillate. 2.2 Bitumen. Emulsion .11. 2.5.Differences exist between this definition it at a comparatively and those' given in ASTM D8- 2. 2.A well graded mixture of high. digboi type Cutback made out of bitumen from waxy crude of Assam.4 Bitumen.1. 2.Bitumen.Bitumen obtained from processing of waxy crude of Assam. voidless and impermeable solid or semi-solid mass under normal temperature condition.An emulsion in which the cation of the emulsifier is at the interface with the bitumen particles. cooked and laid hot manually by means of a wooden float.2 Anthracene Oil The heavy fraction of distillate oil. Industrial Also known as blown or oxidised of industrial applications. well graded sand and/or stone chippings with a hard grade of bitumen.design criteria.5.7 Asphalt. the viscosity of which is reduced with a suitable volatile diluent.11. l in nature in 2. usually calca. by blowing air through .3.4 Asphalt .3. 2.11.11. hot laid and hot rolled into a uniform dense mass with specified . and referred to in Indian Standards. the properties of which ~re modified high temperature.6 Asphaltenes . obtained from coal tar. Natural or Native .8 Asphalt.11. A substance used for the purpose of improv:ing 2. - - 2. Lake . anionic .emulsifier is at the interface with the bitumen particles. SCOPE 1.11.5 Bitumen. of which bitumen is found impregnated.A natural or artificial mixture in which bitumen is associated with inert mineral matter. after ignition of combustible - ) 2. 2.A liquid product in which a substantial amount of bitumen is dispersed in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium containing an emulsifier and a stabilizer.3 Bitumen.4 Cutback. having a specific gravity between 1'05 and 1'1 at 38°C. 25 Flux Oil .1 Emulsion.11 Bitumen. Lake See 'Asphalt.16 Creosote Oil .Solid or semi-solid bitumens of specified penetration used for paving. added to tile bitumen in ITaking cutbacks. of bitumen in bitumen tar or other which are The The soluble in carbon disulphide but insoluble in carbon tetrachloride. 2. Mastic - See 'Asphalt.27 Newtonian Liquid It is a liquid in which the rate of shear is proportional to the shearing stress. 02.25. of not more than 350.20. when a thin film of bitumen on a metal plate is cooled and flexed in accordance with specified conditions. for bitumen it is measured by the distance in cent imetres to which it will elongate before breaking.2 Emulsion. when distilled above about 200°0. 2.ulsifying Agent . 2.22 Fire Point .The organic matter of residual coke obtained from heating hydrocarbon proQucts in a covered vessel in the ab~ence of fr~e oxygen.15 Carbon. 2. Rock'.24 Float Value .The loss in weight.11. h 2. the liquid is non-Newtonian. of oil and ather constituents of bitumen when heated to a standard temperature and duration under other specified conditions of test.A measure of the electrical insulating properties of bitumen. 2. If this ratio is not <:onstant. under a load of 50 g applied for I second. Rock See 'Asphalt.Bitumen having a penetration at 25°C.An additive of the anionic or cateonic type to facilitate colloidal dispersion of two immisible liquids. 2.roads.Liquid. Paving .The lowest temperature at which the material ignited and burns under specified conditions of test.16 Bitumen.23 Flash Point gets The lowest temperature at which the vapour of the material can be ignited momentarily in air by a flame under specified conditions of test.15 Bitumen. 2. air fields.The process of evaporation of the volatile ITateriaJ flom the petroleum distillates.Bitumen obtained as the end product or residue from refining of crude petroleum. exclusive of water.The oils or a blend of oils obtained from coal tar.11..13 Carbenes - 2. 2.11. 2.1982 - (. 2.14 Carboids present which are 2.12 Bituminouli 2. 2.20.11.A measure of the consistency of the bitumen and is the time in seconds that elapses between placing a sample of bitumen in water and the water breaking through it under specified conditions of tern pera ture. under a load of 100 g applied for 5 seconds. I without breaking.17 Curing . """ :\ '00"' ".12 Bitumen. Breaking The coagulation of the dispersed material in an emulsion whereby it becomes substantially separated from the aqueous part of the mixture. under a load of 100 g applied for 5 seconds. Stability resists influence tending to cause its breaking. Steam Refined Residue from distillation of crude petroleum processed further with the help of steam to a specified viscosity or penetration. when two ends of a briquette specimen of the material of the specified form and cross-section are pulled apart under water at a specified speed and temperature. 2. Semi-solid . Natural or Native See 'Asphalt. of not more than 10.11. - - The property (EVT) of an emulsion whereby it - 2. Solid Bitumen having a penetrationOO at 25°C.11.1982 2. 7 - .IS : 334 . IS : 334 . of more than 10.8 Bitumen.Bitumen having a penetration of more than 350 at 25°C under a load of 50 g applied for one second. 2.19 Ductility - The prop@rty by which a material can be drawn out 2. Lake'.11.13 Bitumen. Natural or Nat. insoluble in carbon disulphide. 2.18 Dielectric Strength (Electric Strength) . - similar materials. - Containing organic inorganic or treated components matter with.A substantially non-volatile diluent used for reducing the viscosity of bituminous materials. at which the standard tar viscometer.21 Equiviscous Temperature - The temperature in by degrees centigrade. 2. and a penetration at 25°C. The constant ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. when an increasing alternating voltage is applied to a sample under specified conditions. 2.11. Straight Run .ive'.11. 2.14 B'itumen.10 Bitumen. 2.11. the viscosity is 50 seconds as measured - 2.20 Emulsifier/Em. as the break down occurs or until a specified voltage is reached. etc.26 Loss on Heating .1 FRAASS Breaking Point - The temperature at which bitumen first becomes brittle as indicated by the appearance of cracks. Fixed .9 Bitumen. bitumen. Mastic'.17 Bitumen. 2. 2. 8 Tar. Vertical Retort - 2. or fusible. Low Temperature .28 Oils . 2. which in the above in the 2.43. 2.7 Tar. It is the vertical distance traversed by a standard needle entering the material under specified conditions of standard load.6 Tar.A viscous material having adhesive properties. distillation of coal. heated under 8 water or glycerene at specified 2. road tar or an emulsion sprayed as a thin film on a surface to enhance the adhesion with a superimposed course. usually by mixing it with light diesel oil or furnace oil. 2.39 Softening Point The temperature ( in °C ) at which a standard ball passes thrcugh a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a. 2.37 Road by treating coal tar in such a which defines its suitability for 2. and is expressed in tenths of millimetre.43. which is soluble in aqueous caustic soda solution.43. obtained - 2.41 Stripping . coal tar fractions or coal hydrogenated products.43. 2. 2. filling capillary voids and for serving as a bond with the superimposed layer. Coal ( Crude Coal Tar) matter and coal tar pitch by suitable float. and is applied cold over non-bituminous surfaces for arresting dust.33 Primer A low viscous binder made from bitumen.The displacement of a coated bituminous the surface of a road stone due to the effect of water.32 Pitch.Tar carbonization of low grade coal. 9 . Tar produced by the destructive as a bye-product tar at coke oven as 2.35 Residue.4 Tar. Refined. Mastic blended and A mixture of mineral laid hot manually 2. 2.10 wood. peat. viscosity obtained under certain - 2.The dark brown constituent of bitumen separated by absorption on Fuller's earth. Gas House illuminating - in gas house coal. when conuitions of test.The ratio of the mass of a given volume of ri substance to the mass of an equal volume of water.30 Phenols 2. solid or semi-solid.36 Road Oil .The process by which a bitumen emulsion 'breaks by separation of water and thereby increases its viscosity.29 Penetration . Wood Tar obtained retorts.43. Tar 2.A mixture of the constituents of coal tar.34 Resins .Tar produced plant where coke is produced from coal.1 Tar.9 Tar. Coaltar distillation 2. from as a bye-product ' in the of 2. It is obtained by direct distillation of coal tar or by fluxing tar pitch with a suitable distillate to the required consistency. 2.A measure of hardness or consistency of the bitumen.A product obtained manner that it conforms to a specification road constfllction.2 Tar. from which water has been removed.43. the temperature of both being specified.44 Viscosity . fractional suitably - The black or dark brown. Coke Oven .42 Tack Coat - Bitumen. 2. film from 2.1982 IS : 334 -1982 I 2. time and temperature. The word 'tar' shall be preceded by the name of the material from which it is produced. in the low temparature .A residue of low conditions of petroleum refining. that is.3 Tar.5 Tar. Specified Penetration Usually done for slow curing cutbacks and is the weight of residue of specified penetration after removal of volatile components from bitumen.Tar high temperature 950°C. and agglomorative residue remaining after partial evaporation of coal tar. Emulsion minute produce droplets An emulsion in which in water with suitable emulsifier. shale.43. - Tar obtained the destructive distillation - height of 2'5 em. etc.The property of a liquid by which it resists flow due to internal friction and is measured by the ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear.43.38 Setting . 2. obtained from the destructive distillation of certain types of organic material.43 Tar . 334 .40 Specific Gravity .43.The constituent of bitumen which is obtained after separation of resins from maltene and is characterized by a low temperature -susceptibility. . Tar produced gas from bituminous - is suspended retorts 2. coal. Its mode of production shall also be indicated. 2. silica gel.Tar. Horizontal Retort Tar obtained of coal in a horizontal retort. carbonization carbonization - obtained as a bye-product of coal at coke mass temperature as a bye-product 2.IS.43. High Temperature. etc. carbonization of coal in vertical Tar. expressed as a percentage of the original weight of sample. from the maltene or soluble portion of bitumen in a petroleum solvent.31 Pitch. IS : 334 . - For gravity flow under a given hydrostatic 2.45 Water Content The quantity of water present in a material and expressed as a percent by weight of the material.2 Viscosiry.44.1 Viscosity. 2~44. . The CGS unit of kinematic viscosity is lcmsfS and called one stoke. The CGS unit for viscosity is one Poise.The vi~cosity of a Newtonian liquid is an internal friction such that if a tangential force of one dyne acting on planes of unit area separated by unit dist ance of the fluid produces unit tangential velocity. Kinematic head.1982 2. the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its density P for any particular viscometer. and the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to its kinematic viscosity v = nfp where. the frequently used unit is one centistoke ( 1 cSt = lO-tst).Absolute or Dynamic . n is the viscosity coefficient. - .