Introduction_to_Vulcan_v8.pdf

Maptek Vulcan™Introduction to Vulcan Version 8 Copyright © 2009 Maptek Maptek, Vulcan, I-Site, and MineSuite are registered and unregistered trademarks of Maptek Pty Ltd; Maptek Computación Chile Ltda; Maptek Computación Chile Ltda, Sucursal Perú; Maptek S de RL de CV; Maptek Informática do Brasil Ltda and KRJA Systems, Inc. Registered marks are registered in one or more of the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru and the USA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this manual shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - without written permission from Maptek™. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, the publisher and author(s) assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Australia | Brazil | Chile | Mexico | Peru | South Africa | UK | USA [email protected] www.maptek.com Trademarks Due to the nature of the material, some hardware and software products are mentioned by name. The companies that manufacture the products claim many of these product names as trademarks. It is not the intention of Maptek™ to claim these names or trademarks as their own. Revision History May 15, 2009 (8.0), United States, International version, technical update March 2009 (8.0), Australia, technical update and layout change January, 2008 (7.5), United States, Australia, technical update and layout change March, 2006 (7.0), United States, technical update July, 2005 (6.0), United States/United Kingdom, technical review January, 2004 (5.0), United Kingdom, technical review Contents Getting Started 1 Installation, Setup and Licensing ............................................................................................................ 1 Hardware/System Requirements ...................................................................................................... 1 Computer Requirements for Microsoft Windows® XP/Vista ...................................................... 1 Checking your System Specifications Instructions ..................................................................... 1 Graphics Cards ................................................................................................................................. 2 Checking your Graphics Card: .................................................................................................... 2 Environment Variables ....................................................................................................................... 2 HOME .......................................................................................................................................... 3 TEMP and TMP ........................................................................................................................... 3 ENVIS_RESO ............................................................................................................................... 4 Installing Vulcan ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Corporate Standards ......................................................................................................................... 4 Creating a Corporate Standards Folder ...................................................................................... 5 Activating Corporate Standards .................................................................................................. 5 Changing the Default Specification File Location ....................................................................... 5 Service Packs .................................................................................................................................... 5 Licensing ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Floating Licence .......................................................................................................................... 7 Pack & Go (Borrow Licence) ........................................................................................................ 7 Data Structure ................................................................................................................................... 9 Design Database ......................................................................................................................... 9 Layers .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Objects ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Points ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Groups and Features ...................................................................................................................... 10 Scheme and Window Files .............................................................................................................. 10 Starting Vulcan ................................................................................................................................ 10 Dynamic Arrays ......................................................................................................................... 11 Software User Setup ....................................................................................................................... 11 Plotting Scale Units ................................................................................................................... 12 Project Details ........................................................................................................................... 13 Project Coordinate Extents ....................................................................................................... 14 User Interface 17 Vulcan Work Area ................................................................................................................................. 17 Menus, Windows and Toolbars ....................................................................................................... 17 Main Menu ................................................................................................................................. 18 Windows .................................................................................................................................... 18 Primary Window ........................................................................................................................ 19 Vulcan Explorer Window ........................................................................................................... 19 Report Window .......................................................................................................................... 19 Status Bar .................................................................................................................................. 20 Application Bar .......................................................................................................................... 20 Menu and Window Toolbars ........................................................................................................... 21 Parent and Child Toolbars ......................................................................................................... 21 Moving Toolbars ........................................................................................................................ 22 Customising Vulcan ........................................................................................................................ 23 Toolbars ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Keyboard Shortcuts ................................................................................................................... 25 Context Menus .......................................................................................................................... 25 Preferences ................................................................................................................................ 26 Colours ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Database Locks and Recovery ............................................................................................................. 28 iii Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Green Lock ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Orange Lock .................................................................................................................................... 29 Red Lock ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Using Vulcan Help ................................................................................................................................. 29 Viewing Data 31 Viewing and Animating Data ................................................................................................................. 31 Loading and Removing Data ........................................................................................................... 31 Zooming, Panning and Rotating ..................................................................................................... 32 Zooming ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Zoom To Toolbar ....................................................................................................................... 33 Panning ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Rotating ..................................................................................................................................... 34 View Ports and Overview Window .................................................................................................. 35 Perspective View ............................................................................................................................. 36 Other Views ............................................................................................................................... 38 Visibility ........................................................................................................................................... 39 PRIMARY:Visibility Toolbar ....................................................................................................... 39 Create Section View .................................................................................................................. 40 Other Section View Notes ......................................................................................................... 42 Section View Properties ............................................................................................................ 43 Creating Design Data 45 Design Menu Create Tools ................................................................................................................... 45 Snap Modes .................................................................................................................................... 47 Indicate ...................................................................................................................................... 48 Snap to Objects ......................................................................................................................... 48 Snap to Points ........................................................................................................................... 48 Snap to Grid .............................................................................................................................. 48 Digitise Tools ............................................................................................................................. 48 Key In Point Data ....................................................................................................................... 48 Bearing Input ............................................................................................................................. 50 Create Line At Given Angle ....................................................................................................... 51 Track Section of Existing Line ................................................................................................... 52 Text ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 Using Fonts ..................................................................................................................................... 53 2D Text ............................................................................................................................................ 54 3D Text ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Editing Design Data 59 Editing Tools ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Layer Edits ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Object Edits ..................................................................................................................................... 60 Point Edits ....................................................................................................................................... 67 Point Insert ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Moving Data .................................................................................................................................... 72 Drag ........................................................................................................................................... 73 CAD Introduction 77 Data Attributes ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Information ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Changing Attributes ........................................................................................................................ 77 Groups ....................................................................................................................................... 78 Features ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Setting up Features ................................................................................................................... 79 Using Features ........................................................................................................................... 82 iv Contents ................................................................................................... 105 ODBC Database Creation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 132 Text ............................................................. 101 DSF Creation .............................................. 99 Object Label ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 134 Equation ........ 139 v .................................................... 134 Field Calculations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 Distance Between Points .. 97 Point Labels ...Data Import and Export 85 Importing DXF Files ............................................. 94 Area .................................. 90 Importing Shape Files ...................................... 110 Setting Up an ODBC Link to Microsoft® Access Database .......................................... 131 Editing the Database Structure ........ 138 Unique Collar Location .............................. 93 Custom Cursor ....................................... 126 Database Maintenance 131 Modifying/Editing Databases ............................................................................................ 104 Importing Data into the DSF .................................................................................................. 119 Notebook/Multiple Window Views ............................................................................................................. 120 Notebooks ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Exporting Shape Files ................................................................................................................. 123 Legends ...................................................................................................... 135 Database Validation ................................... Inserting and Finding Values ........................................................................................................................... 86 Importing ASCII Data Files ....................................................... 94 Labelling 97 Analyse Tools ......................................................................... 101 Key Fields .......................................................................... 131 Editing................................... 93 Coordinate ........................................................................................................................................................................ 85 Exporting DXF Files ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97 Point Labels to Text ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Databases 123 Drillhole Databases .......................................................................................................................................................................... 100 Creating a Database 101 Database Overview ................... 93 Distance Along Line .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 120 Multiple Windows ............................................................................................................................................................... 87 Exporting ASCII Files ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 139 Downhole Checks ..... 123 Labelling Drillholes ........ 97 Menu Options ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Object Label to Text ............................................................................................. 93 Analyse Toolbar ....................................................................... 92 Analysing Data 93 Data Information ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110 AcQuire™ ............ 113 Viewing a Database in Isis 119 Opening the Database ...................................................................................................... 94 Polygon Area ....................................................................................... .................................. 190 Basic Fixing Options .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Areas and Volumes .......................................................................................................... 188 Editing/Fixing Solids ............................................................................... 173 3D Picking Context Menu ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165 Relimiting Surfaces ................................................................... 139 Exporting Data .............................................................................. 149 Mapfile Overview .................. 190 Checking Triangulations .................................... 180 Tri Polygons ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 176 End Plates ......................................................................... 173 Create ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 153 Disadvantages of Triangulations .............................................................................. 148 Set Visibility of Located Holes ................................................................................................................ 153 Advantages of Triangulations .................. 167 Surface Triangulation Manipulation .. 145 Horizon Lists ........................................ 176 3D Create Context Menu ................................................................................................................ 161 Data Tab .................................................................. 147 Locating Holes ..................................................................................... 139 Report ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 162 Trending Tab ................................................................................................................. 168 Image Registration ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 191 Split ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 164 Two Polygons ................................................................................................ 141 Using the Isis Utilities > Export > Tables Option ................................... 193 vi Contents .................................................................................. 142 Updating an Existing Database ......................... 149 Extracting Located Holes to CSV/Database .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 191 Close Solid ............................................................. 155 Unloading Triangulations ....... 162 Boundary Tab ........................................................................ 155 Triangle Attributes (Properties) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 154 Loading Triangulations .................................................................. 163 Condition Tab ........ 141 Using the Isis Utilities > Export > Database Option ......................................................................................................................................... 169 Triangulation Solids 173 Modelling Techniques ................................................................................................................................. 165 Grid Mesh ........................................................................................................................................... 145 Database Record Definition ............................................................................................................................................... 156 Triangulation Surfaces 161 Creating a Surface ............................................................................ 173 Triangle Solid Menu ............................................................................................... 186 Shelling Solids .............. 150 Triangulation Modelling 153 Introduction to Triangulations ............................................. 145 Checking Holes ...... 139 Save and Run ..................................................................................................................................... 143 Drilling Utilities 145 Using Geology Tools ......................................................... 192 Cut ................................................................................ 182 Boolean ........................................... 139 Individual Field Checks ..............................................................................Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Along Record Checks ......................................................................................................... 163 Spurs Tab ................................................................................................................................................................................. 181 Primitives ............................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 221 Using a Default Plot Template ......... 216 Master/Working Directories 217 Multiple User Directories ......... 202 Colouring and Contouring .................. 218 Viewing Data from a Master Folder .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 218 Accessing the Master Data ................................................................................................................ 217 Setting Up Administrative Restrictions ...................................................................................................................................................... 204 Contouring ............... 225 Plot Utility ...................................................................................... 216 Screen Files and Lava Scripts ................................................................................ 195 Introduction to Grids 197 Grid Mesh Surfaces ....... 195 Surface Volumes ................................................... 194 Volume Calculations ...... 222 Using a Plot Template ...................................................................................................Triangle Edit > Delete Crossing Triangles ................................... 221 Plot All Wizard . 205 Creating a Mapfile ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 215 Remote Directories ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 229 vii ....................... 209 Loading Data ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204 Colouring ............................................................................... 201 Creating Grids from Triangulations ......................................................................................................................................................................... 225 WYSIWYG Plotting ......................................... 210 Grid Calc Preferences ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 199 Simple Grids from Object Data ................................................................................................................................................ 216 User Databases and Block Models ............................................................................................................. 197 Loading and Removing Grids ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211 Modelling Data ................................ 213 Data Organisation 215 ........................................................................................ 209 Creating a Specification File ... 210 Displaying Data ........................ 212 Contouring ..TRI Folders ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 195 Solid Volumes ................................................. 219 Posting Data to a Master Folder ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 226 Presentation 229 Screen Dumps ................................................................................... 219 Plotting 221 Introduction to Plotting ...................... 202 Grid Masking ....................................................................................................... 198 Managing Grids in Envisage .................................................................................... 211 Grid Arithmetic ........................................................ 204 Node Editing ...................................................................................................... 213 Macros .................................................................. 201 Editing Grids ...................................................................................................................... 216 Triangulations and Grids ................................................... 200 Interpolated Grids .............................................................................................................................................................................. 215 Using the Remote Directories ...... 216 DGD Files ............ 199 Creating Grids ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 208 Introduction to Grid Calc ....................................................................................................................... 207 Exporting Grids .......................................................................................... ....................................................... Triangulations............................................................... 234 viii Contents ............. 233 Inserting and Viewing NGRAIN Models .................................. 232 Design data................................... 233 Block Models to NGRAIN ............................Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 AVI Video ......... and Grids to NGRAIN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 231 NGrain ........................................................................................ CPU type. For Microsoft Windows® Vista users. 4. using large triangulations or databases. During the installation. Installation. right-click on My Computer and select Properties. Click the Start button. Hardware/System Requirements For computer intensive options such as block modelling. • For Microsoft Windows® XP users. Click Advanced and then Settings. processor speed and RAM capacity. click Change settings under Computer name. Tutorial 1. In Performance Options. the recommended requirements are vital. 2. Open the Control Panel and double-click System. Note: Specifications listed may change in future Vulcan releases.1 Getting Started Installation. You will see the basic configuration of your system including operating system version. domain. and workgroup settings and go to the Advanced tab. go to the Advanced tab. You may need administrator privileges to install software or make any modifications to your computer. Microsoft Vista® 32-bit. Setup and Licensing The install CD contains everything you need to install and run Vulcan. on System Properties click General. Computer Requirements for Microsoft Windows® XP/Vista • A Pentium IV 2GHz • 2 GB or more RAM • 2GB total disk space • Additional 10GB free disk space • A 256 MB or more OpenGL compliant 3D video card (for example nVidia Geforce 4 MX) with an appropriate OpenGL driver • A 3-button generic mouse with wheel • Screen resolution 1280 x 1024 • A CD-ROM drive • Parallel/USB port for dongle/network connection for FLEXlm floating license server • Microsoft XP Professional®.1 Change your virtual memory maximum and size to 2000. Setup and Licensing 1 . remember to note any changes you make to your system and backup your files before you edit or replace them. Click the Change button to set the required virtual memory. • Alternatively. 3. or Microsoft Vista® 64-bit operating system • Microsoft Internet Explorer® 6 (or later) Checking your System Specifications Instructions 1. Open the Control Panel and double-click System. • User . Go to the Settings tab and select the Advanced button. The graphic card installed is displayed on the Adapter tab.2 Check the type of graphics card installed on your computer. 3.Is preset no matter who is logged onto the machine. Click the Start button. 2 1 Getting Started . Select Display Settings and click the Advanced Settings button. Microsoft Windows® Vista Instructions: 1. and then double-click System. Go to the Adapter tab and view the details of your graphics card.Is when each user has a individual set of variables. If the same variable is listed in both areas. There are two types of environment variables: • System . Tutorial 1. Environment Variables Environment variables are values that affect the way computer processes behave. 3. Microsoft Windows® XP Instructions: 1. 2. Note: You may need to have administrator privileges to create or edit your environment variables. 2.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Graphics Cards Vulcan supports OpenGL® compliant graphics cards such as nVidia® Geforce®. Right-click on your computer’s desktop and click Personalise. right-click on My Computer and select Properties. Click the Start button. Open the Control Panel. 2. For best performance. Alternatively. Microsoft Windows® Vista Instructions: 1. Right-click on your computer’s desktop and click Properties. ensure the graphics card drivers are up to date. Checking your Graphics Card: Microsoft Windows® XP Instructions: 1. 2. nVidia® Quadro® or ATI Radeon™. Click the Advanced tab and then click on the Environment Variables button. Click Advanced system settings and click the Environment Variables button. the user variable will be used. 3. Setup and Licensing 3 . If set incorrectly.Click to access the System Properties dialog box Figure 1-1: Control dialog box System properties Click to check your Environment Variable type Figure 1-2: System Properties Advanced tab There are four environment variables that must be set: • HOME • TEMP • TMP • ENVIS_RESO HOME HOME stores files such as login. you will need to create a new folder. The values used must exist on the computer.csh and directs Vulcan to where these can be found. Installation.csh and startup. an Error accessing file list message will appear when attempting to load layers. As other programs use these folders. TEMP and TMP Vulcan uses these directories to create and store temporary files. these environment variables may already be set on your computer. Both values should be the same (paths with no spaces) and use C:\Temp. If not. This variable is automatically set during installation (if not already set on your computer) and it is recommended that you do not change the name of this directory. It is important to set the ENVIS_RESO environment variable to read to the new folder. symbols and files unless there is an external directory to the Vulcan tree for storing the Resources folder (C:\Vulcan_resources).Stored in the file symbols.HASP® dongle (USB) or Sentinel dongle.Stored in the file lines.font files • Import specifications . Installing Vulcan For sites requiring a network licence (FLEXnet Publisher).Stored in the file drafting. Sites with several Vulcan users will not be able to access custom templates. Copy all files from the etc\resources into a new folder. For example X:\Vulcan_resources.For importing ASCII and . RES files (Advanced Reserves) and .3 Set your TEMP and TMP variables to a file path name (without spaces). • You have read the End-User Licence Agreement. For example. Tutorial 1. a notification is sent with the licencefile. • Check that you a node-locked Vulcan licensing dongle. If multiple accesses to Resources area is required. stored in . Enabling company approved specification files minimises errors. multiple copies of the same specification file are not required. create a new folder on the network.csv files The Resources folder by default is under C:\Program Files\Vulcan\etc\resources (or where Vulcan is installed). In other words. Corporate Standards For companies with multiple sites.dgd • Symbols . corporate standards are used to maintain company wide standards for Vulcan specification files. All computers accessing this folder must have the ENVIS_RESO environment variable set to this folder. Prior to installation: • Check that you have administrator privileges. files such as .scd files (colours and legends) can be used several times.dgd • Line styles . When a newer version of Vulcan is installed the Resources folder is replaced. Use the Install Network licence option to set up the server.The different fonts used in Vulcan.gcv files (Grade Control). Save to a different folder. 1.dgd • Fonts . It is important to install the correct dongle drivers . The Resource folder is located in the Vulcan Explorer 4 1 Getting Started . • Do not install a newer version of Vulcan over an old version.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 ENVIS_RESO The ENVIS_RESO environment variable points to the location of the Resources folder1 for all Vulcan system data files such as: • Plot templates . however this will revert back the next time Vulcan is used. • Corporate Standards Enabled .Advanced Reserves reporting tables Service Packs Vulcan service packs are released when fixes for known issues (hotfixes) and critical updates are made. this button will not appear. If corporate standards is turned off during installation. By default.uk.Files contained within the current working directory. a Vulcan_CORPORATE environment variable will be created.maptek.co.Colour scheme file • .scd .maptek.bdf .Feature file • .tab . create a new folder in the same area for the corporate standards (specification files) to be stored.maptek.Grade Control configuration file • . • Home Directory Enabled . Creating a Corporate Standards Folder If a central Resources folder (mapped with a ENVIS_RESO variable) already exists. The correct path to the corporate standards folder must be used.Files contained within the corporate standards folder. Vulcan will search for this file the first time Envisage is opened. Licensing You must have a licence file to run Vulcan or to modify features (Geology or Survey features). Double-click the .gcv .Corporate standards does not prevent users from accessing their personal specification files.Block definition file • .Advanced Reserves dialog box inputs • .exe file to install. The following file types are supported by corporate standards: • . More information is available under System Administration : Environment Variables in the Vulcan Help.ftd .res .com and ftp.com or ftp sites ftp. If the corporate standards variable has not been set. Primary contacts at each mine site are notified when a new service pack is available for download from www. set the corporate standards folder to read-only. To protect company specification files from being overwritten. you can use it later by creating a variable to turn it on. which controls corporate standards (on or off) and where the folder is located. Press the corporate standards button at the bottom of applicable dialog boxes. Activating Corporate Standards If corporate standards is turned on during installation. Installing Vulcan 5 . it will direct users to the corporate standard files first and then allow them to browse elsewhere. Changing the Default Specification File Location The default working directory is set to the corporate standards folder for several menu options that can be turned off. Figure 1-4: The Licence Administrator dialog box 6 1 Getting Started . browse to the location of your licence file (lac) and select Licence Type. Click to start the Licence Administrator dialog box Figure 1-3: Vulcan start dialog box If you are using a node-locked licence. click the Licence Administrator button on the Vulcan start dialog box.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 There are two types of licences: • Node-locked – Dongle with matching licence file. Store the licence file in an easy to remember location such as C:\Vulcan_licence. To activate your licence file. To be able to use a configuration with your dongle. • Floating licence– Dongle on a network used for sites with multiple users. Shows if the dongle is valid and if it is being read properly Click to confirm that a licence configuration can be used successfully Shows the configuration is being used by which user. the line must say Nodelocked. Different lines indicate different configurations (combinations of menu options). The version should be 10. however. Click Repair Dongle for recharging pre-paid dongles or if a dongle is not being read properly. Verifying a floating licence: New licences have borrow provisions set. Pack & Go (Borrow Licence) By using Borrow Licence you can check a licence out from a server. Tutorial 1. Verifying a FLEXnet Publisher: Open the lmtools executable in the FLEXnet Publisher folder and click Help > About.lic. If you do not have borrowing privileges. When a floating licence is in use (“checked out”). If you can not find the FLEXnet Publisher folder. To display licence information click the Refresh button. disconnect a machine from a network and use a Vulcan licence independent of a network (without a dongle). The Licence Type is displayed as floating.4 Ensure the Licence Administrator can see your licence. The Total and In use Column display the number of licences available for each configuration and the number of licences in use. To use this function. contact Maptek and one will be provided to you at no charge.1 or later. The licence name will be similar to company_location_float. Installing Vulcan 7 . • A current version of FLEXnet Publisher is installed on the server. a floating licence with hours is required. A borrowed licence set with a time limit that protects against loss or theft of the licence. features and configurations stored on the server will also be borrowed. information is stored on the local machine allowing the licence to be used even when disconnected from the network. install it from the Vulcan Installation CD. Using a borrow licence: • You have a floating licence borrowing privileges. first check with your network administrator. to verify the licence has borrow privileges. or you do not have a current version. • You have set a MAPTEK_BORROW environment variable.Floating Licence When you use a floating licence ensure the server name (machineries) matches the dongle location (FLEXnet Publisher). Use Borrow Licence to use (“check out”) a floating licence. When a feature is in use. 4. On the Borrow licence tab. 2. To check your computer is connected to a network: 1. set a date and time to return the licence. Select Install Vulcan and Drivers. Click New. you will be notified that you are attempting to borrow for a longer period than is allowed. If the time period exceeds the borrow limit. Under the Advanced tab select the Environment Variable button. • If you do not know the server name. Double-click the autorun. File/Server column Figure 1-6: Vulcan Licence Administrator dialog box 3. Click Start Borrowing. • Tick the Clear checked-out feature list box to borrow a licence with no features. contact the network administrator. click Advanced system settings under Tasks in the left panel. On the Control Panel select System. 5. Click OK. 5. 1. 6. 3. Select Install Network licence. Type MAPTEK_BORROW for Variable name and 1 for Variable value. Figure 1-5: New System Variable dialog box Activating a Borrow Session: To activate a borrow session your computer must be connected to the network running the floating licence. 4. Click the Refresh button to show the features under the floating licence. For Microsoft Windows® Vista users.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Installing a FLEXnet Publisher licence: 1. Click Borrow licence.exe. In the File/Server column at the top of the window type @server name. • Remove the tick to borrow a licence with features. 2. Setting the environment variable: To borrow a licence you need to set the MAPTEK_BORROW environment variable. Start Vulcan then click the Licence Administrator button. 8 1 Getting Started . 3. 2. isis) and triangulations are stored as separate files with the extension . • Design databases (also called design files) follow the following naming convention: <project code><database name>. 10. ensure that the server is selected and click Refresh. For example: • A line (sequential group of connected points).7. • The Licence Administrator window will display showing available features. Reconnect your computer to the network. Data Structure The most commonly used data in Vulcan are CAD data and triangulations. Click OK to return to the Licence Administrator window.dgd. Click OK. When you have returned a licence. • Layers can contain one or more objects.isix Layers • Objects are stored in layers. Returning a borrowed licence: If you exceed the time limit for a borrowed licence. 4. • A group of unconnected points. Select and the item to return and click the Return Feature button. CAD data (such as lines and polygons) are stored in a database (dgd. 8.dgd. Installing Vulcan 9 . • Multiple layers can be stored in a single design database file within your work area. 2. 1. Start Envisage. Design Database • Layers are not stored as individual files.00t.isis • The associated index file for a design database is named <project code><database name>. • A polygon (closed line). Click Borrow licence and select the Return Feature tab. you will be operating again under the floating licence on the network. You must start Vulcan while connected to the server before the licence can be borrowed. Objects Sequential point entries make objects. • Vulcan organises data into major groups (or levels) called layers. Select a feature to borrow and click OK. the server automatically recognises that the licence has timed out and the feature will be disabled on your computer. 3. Start Vulcan and select the Licence Administrator button. 5. Exit Vulcan completely to finalise the borrowing setup. 9. • If the features do not appear. • Folders and the files within them are identified though the use of icons. 1. an image of a block indicates block model files. which is a group of properties stored in a file. right-click on the folder and select Remove from History or Remove all to delete the entire list. 10 1 Getting Started . • To delete a directory. such as the Triangulation directory may contain *. Start Vulcan.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Points CAD data at the lowest level is made up of points consisting of X. Scheme and Window Files The Scheme file contains colour schemes and legends and is stored in the current working directory.scd.wnd. Z coordinates. Browse to the location of your data.vlauchpref. The Scheme file naming convention is <project code>.tri subdirectories. a work area must be selected. The feature file uses the naming convention <project code>< identifier>. Double-click on Browse. Directories with subdirectories. For example. creating windows with different properties (from the default window) can be useful. using point and object attributes. For example. The convenience of creating your own windows may not be necessary. Groups and Features Organise your data at object level using groups or features.ftd. • Groupings are referred to as virtual folders. The Window file uses the naming convention <project code>. you can create a group by choosing an object (within or across a layer) and setting the group property to a common value. which is located under C:\Documents and Settings\User Name. The Window file holds information about windows that are created and stored in the current working directory. • The folder will appear in the work area box. however. Any directories that are opened will remain in the work area until manually deleted. Select a folder to open. 2. will have the subdirectories displayed at the top of the list. such as the group and feature fields. Vulcan provides methods to group data within and across layers. • The work area history is stored in a file called . 3. Y. Features are created by defining a feature set. A different location can be specified using the corporate standards environment variable. Starting Vulcan When Vulcan is started. Objects that share a feature set will share the properties defined within the feature set. The advantage of using group properties is that you can work on unrelated objects simultaneously. Click OK. • The Remote Directories preference (Tools > Preferences > Remote Directories) can be used to specify directories other than the current working directory to be included in the Explorer window. Dynamic Array settings (also called the Dynamic Memory settings). Restart Vulcan for any changes to take effect.5 Browse to the start data folder. Dynamic Arrays Use the Vulcan Dynamic Arrays Configuration dialog box (under Settings or in Envisage under Tools > Dynamic Memory Settings) to modify size Envisage arrays. grids and triangulations can be manipulated in Vulcan. Figure 1-7: Browsing for a file or folder Tutorial 1. If the Envisage Memory Availability bar decreases to a small amount. • Settings .3D viewer and editor. Leave Default values until a higher setting is required. other options may not have enough memory available to run.Plot files viewer. On the right-hand side of the dialog box are the application buttons which include: • Envisage . • Plot Utility . • Isis .Database editor that interacts with Envisage. Software User Setup The first time Vulcan is installed on a computer the 3D Software User Setup Wizard will be displayed. This is so large objects.Click to browse files or folders. Installing Vulcan 11 . In Vulcan there are several layouts each with a different resolution size. The three different layouts are: • Default .6 Select the DEFAULT_1024 layout and set the plotter scale units to Imperial. however. Figure 1-9: Vulcan Workbench Layouts Plotting Scale Units Select Plotter Scale Units as metric or imperial. • Classic . it is advisable to select default_1024. 12 1 Getting Started . The layout can be changed using the Tools > Layout > Import and are stored in C:\ProgramFiles\Vulcan\etc\defaults.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 1-8: Vulcan 3D Software User Setup Wizard .Maximises the graphics display area.Workbench Layout Tutorial 1. Use the dropdown menu to select the correct layout for your screen resolution size.Standard screen layout.Resembles older versions of Vulcan. • Maxgraphic . Figure 1-11: Setting the Vulcan project file Installing Vulcan 13 .7 Select the DEFAULT_1024 layout and set the plotter scale units to Imperial.prefs files in C:\Documents and Settings\User Name. Project Details A project file (. However. deleting these files will delete the user preferences. Figure 1-10: Plotter Scale Units Tutorial 1. delete the Vulcan. coordinate information for the project and the units to be used.To change the layout and Plotting Scale Units. This file contains the project code.dg1) must be selected each time Envisage is started. Maximum of four characters can be used. A maximum of four characters can be used. • Project Display grid – Specifies how the rotation axes are labelled in Envisage.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 A code added to secondary files and an abbreviation for the company name.dg1 file. • Vertical exaggeration – Exaggeration value applied to the project Z values. 14 1 Getting Started . • Coordinate unit – Required coordinate units for the project. Figure 1-12: Project details Leave as default Clicking Finish will open the Design file Figure 1-13: Project coordinate extents Project Coordinate Extents The following values are defined in the . More information is available under Envisage : Introduction : Setting Up Envisage : Creating a Project File in the Vulcan Help.dg1 file: • Coordinate extents – Minimum and maximum easting. This defines the size of the Primary window in Envisage. northing and RL values for the project. Name of the . Abbreviation for the site or project. 500 • Northing: 2.500 / 79.dg1 file using the information provided below: • Start File Name: training.dg1 • Project Prefix: THOR • Environment Prefix: KRJA • Easting: 75.Tutorial 1.500 / 6.8 Create a new .000 • Level: 0 / 300 • Coordinate Unit: Metre 15 . . 2 User Interface Vulcan Work Area In this chapter we will look at features of the Vulcan user interface and how to customise it. Main menu Menu toolbars Explorer window Status bar Primary window Report window Windows toolbar Application bar Figure 2-1: Vulcan user interface Menus. Windows and Toolbars The user interface consists of the following: • Main menu • Windows • Primary window • Toolbars – menu and window • Explorer window • Report window • Status bar • Application bar • Toolbars Vulcan Work Area 17 . Docked toolbar Work area Floating toolbar Floating window Figure 2-2: Vulcan windows 18 2 User Interface .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Main Menu The main menu is the horizontal bar that resides below the title bar.A docked window is positioned in a docking area. [Use CTRL+Tab] to cycle through windows docked in the client area. For example [ALT+F] will open the File menu. • Client – A window positioned in the client area. The difference between a floating and own window is that floating windows always stay on the top (visible). These are useful for enlarging the client window and do not require the Vulcan Explorer window to be displayed. • Docked . • Own – A window that can be positioned anywhere on or outside the work area. Own windows are useful when several Vulcan applications are running at the same time. More keyboard shortcuts can be found under Envisage 3D Editor : Introduction : Keyboard Controls in the Vulcan Help. Windows There are several types of windows: • Hidden – A window obscured from display. • Floating – A window that can be positioned anywhere on or outside the work area. Options displayed in the drop-down lists vary for each Vulcan licence. Many menu commands use keyboard shortcuts (where the first letter is underlined) that can be used instead of your mouse. • Resources . 2. the Primary window is confined to the client area of the work area.dgd. however.dg1 file. 3. the results are generated in the Report window. The tabs at the bottom of the Vulcan Explorer window provide other views into the system: • Data – Displays files in the Vulcan work area. When objects are analysed for statistics such as distances and coordinates.Displays files in the Vulcan Resources area. the Vulcan Envisage tab is useful to display a concise list of data currently in use. Files and layers that are loaded into Vulcan Envisage are highlighted in this view. which is defined by the Environment variable ENVIS_RESO. Changing the primary position: 1. or if calculating reserves.Displays only the files in use (loaded on-screen). Figure 2-3: Window Properties dialog box Vulcan Explorer Window The Vulcan Explorer window is used to browse virtual folders for data stored in the Vulcan work area. By default. Even though loaded files and layers are highlighted in the data tab. Report Window The Report window displays text information that is generated from the application in use. Select the window to move. 4.dgd and lines. click the Advanced>> button. • Vulcan Envisage . Select the new position of the window. any orphan files will be stored in the Other folder. These files include drafting. Choose Window > Windows. Close contents Print contents Save contents Clear contents Figure 2-4: Report window Vulcan Work Area 19 .Primary Window The Primary window is the default 3D design window as defined by the coordinate extents in your . For more advanced options.dgd. The Vulcan Explorer window enables files and layers to be loaded to and removed from the Primary window. symbols. All files in the current working directory are divided between the folders. a list of an object’s details or block reserves reports. • Function – Displays the current option’s menu tag. 20 2 User Interface . • Design Database – Displays the currently open design database. • Vulcan Envisage – Displays reports and lists generated when performing certain operations. Highlight the text. • Coordinates – Displays the coordinates of the mouse pointer location on-screen.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 There are three tabs on the Report window: • Work area – Displays information on where work area preferences are stored. Report window and Vulcan help. Envisage Vulcan Explorer Show Properties Window Start Vulcan Help Report Window Start Application Figure 2-6: Application bar They can be closed by clicking the X at the top of each and reopened from the Window menu. Figure 2-5: Vulcan Explorer Other tabs can sometimes appear when other applications are running. • Vulcan Envisage Console – Displays errors or messages. such as Grid Calc or the Block Model Utility. for example. where commands and scripts can be executed. right-click and select Copy from the context menu. Application Bar The visible icons on the Application bar correspond to Vulcan Envisage. Status Bar The Status bar displays information relating to the current application: • Prompt – Displays the prompts relating to the current menu option being used. The T Shell option will open a new shell window. Explorer window. The text based results can be copied and pasted into other applications. Figure 2-7: Available toolbars Parent and Child Toolbars Toolbars can also be classified as parent toolbars and child toolbars. without cancelling out of the option. Note that the toolbars at the bottom of the list beginning with [PRIMARY:] are window toolbars . Vulcan Work Area 21 . Once the child toolbar is closed it will be hidden under the parent toolbar. To see a list of other available toolbars right-click in a space alongside an existing toolbar. in this case the Primary window. Right-click on the arrow to display the child toolbar or click. This indicates that a child toolbar exists under this icon. Window toolbars are linked to the window they are associated with. Another way to view toolbars is to choose Tools > Toolbar Visibility. • Window toolbars are located at the bottom and to the right of the screen. if you are drawing a line. However. Child toolbars are hidden within the parent toolbar. options from the window toolbars can be used in conjunction with options from the menu toolbars. the current option must be completed or cancelled before another option can be selected. hold and drag the child toolbar into the Primary window. These options can not be found in any of the menus. For example. For example.Menu and Window Toolbars A toolbar is a bar containing graphic buttons or other controls providing fast access to commands. When using a command. The list will vary at different points of the work area. on the Graphics toolbar several icons have an arrow symbol in the bottom right hand corner. There are two types of toolbars: • Menu toolbars are located top-left of the screen and correspond with menu commands. you are able to select the window toolbar options of rotate and pan. 2. Figure 2-10: Icon properties dialog box Moving Toolbars Toolbars may either be docked in the window or float on the desktop. Tutorial 2. a preview rectangle will appear to show you where the toolbar is going to dock. Click the blue arrow above the toolbars to minimise the entire row. Drag the toolbar to the desired docking space. Floating a toolbar: 1. Right-click the icon to display a properties dialog box. 22 2 User Interface . Docking a toolbar: 1. 2.1 Practise docking and un-docking toolbars. Click and hold the left mouse button. 2. Position your mouse pointer over the title bar at the top of the toolbar window. which provides additional options used in conjunction with the icon. Or double-click on the title bar on the toolbar window and it will be docked in its last dock position. Position your mouse pointer over the double lines at the start of the toolbar. 3. Double-click or hold your left button on the double lines and drag the toolbar to the desired location. Click again to maximise the toolbars.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 2-8: Graphic toolbar Child toolbar Figure 2-9: Child toolbar Several icons have three points in the bottom right-hand corner. Minimising a toolbar: 1. Creating a custom toolbar: 1.Click once to minimise and twice to float toolbar. The work area Customise dialog box will display. 2. Preferences can be set to control display options. Figure 2-11: Moving toolbars Customising Vulcan The Tools menu contains options for customising your work area. Vulcan Work Area 23 . Menu commands can be added to the Untitled Toolbar as required and renamed by right-clicking on the title. Toolbars There are two types of toolbars used in Vulcan . it is ideal to customise a toolbar containing these options. you can create customised toolbars.menu toolbars and window toolbars. For instance. Note that there is now also an option to add a [*] New SubMenu. From the Vulcan Menus (left panel) click and drag the commands in the [*] New Toolbar folder. Choose Tools > Customise. For frequently used commands. 3. such as colour. Select [*] New Toolbar (right pane) on the Toolbars tab. position of dialog boxes and appearance of the background. import and export user layouts. The Untitled Toolbar can be expanded by clicking the + symbol. allocate keyboard shortcuts. Save the new toolbar by typing the name in the Save Workbench Customisations dialog box. then the icon will display in the toolbar in place of the menu command name. To make efficient use of the work area.vwc.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Rightclick and select Rename to name your new toolbar. Figure 2-12: Workbench Customise dialog box The [*] New SubMenu and [*] New Toolbar at the bottom of the right dialog box are always present by default. 24 2 User Interface . Tick Set as Default to automatically load the toolbar next time Vulcan is started. however an additional mouse click is required to access them. Click OK to display the new toolbar as a floating toolbar. Save the position of your custom toolbar in the work area using Tools > Layout > Save. menu command items can be shown as submenus in the toolbar. This ensures that the menu commands display in a vertical listing. 4. 7.vwc file is saved in the current project folder (or other nominated directory using the Browse button) under the naming convention <customise file name>. Figure 2-13: Save Workbench Customisations dialog box 6. 5. The . and can not be deleted. If a menu command has a shortcut icon associated with it. Customising keyboard shortcuts: 1. Figure 2-14: Hotkey tab Context Menus Context menus are popup menus that display when you right-click on an object or blank space in Vulcan. Similar to customising toolbars. Choose Tools > Customise and select the Hotkeys tab. Under Modifier and Key. 3. Click Apply Hotkey and click OK.Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard shortcuts allow you to quickly execute menu commands. create a keyboard shortcut. On the Vulcan Menus tab select a menu option. keyboard shortcuts can be customised to execute commonly used commands. 4. There are separate context menu options for the following: • Line • Polygon • Triangulation • Underlay • Drillhole • Points Vulcan Work Area 25 . 2. for example [SHIFT+F4]. 26 2 User Interface . • Text Defaults (Tools > Preferences > Defaults > 2D Text and 3D Text).Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Use Tools > Context Menus to customise the context menu. Figure 2-15: Context Menu Customisation dialog box Preferences Use Tools > Preferences to modify the appearance of the work area and set defaults. • Reverse wheel zoom direction (under Tools > Preferences > Graphics > Input). • Remote Directories (under Tools > Preferences > Workbench > Vulcan Explorer). The most commonly used preferences are: • Setting Default Rotate Mode (under Tools > Preferences > Graphics > Input). The colour in the display is updated dynamically.Figure 2-16: Preferences dialog box Colours The Preferences dialog box under Colours allows you to modify the existing colour table or use the colour button on the Status toolbar to edit colour tables. which will display in the colour box to the right. Figure 2-17: Colour preferences dialog box Editing the colour table manually: 1. Click Replace. Select a colour from the colour table. Vulcan Work Area 27 . 3. Colours can be edited manually or automatically. 2. Select File > Colour Table > Colours to edit the current colour palette. Use the sliders to change the colour. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Editing the colour table automatically: 1. On the Auto tab, select a range of colours to edit. To do this, click on the first colour in the range and then click on the second colour. 2. Select an option from the Auto Edit list. 3. Click Apply. 4. Click OK to update the current colour table. Figure 2-18: Colours dialog box Saving the current colour: 1. Select File > Save to save the current colour table. • Colour tables are .dgd specific, and the colour changes are saved to a .dgd. • The Colour Table can also be saved to the .scd file so a particular colour table that all .dgd /users have has the same colour. 2. Select File > Colour Table > Save to display the Legend Name dialog box. 3. Type the colour table identifier name. The colour table identifier can contain up to 20 alphanumeric characters. The table is saved to the Colour scheme file (<proj>.scd) located within your current working directory. If this file does not exist, it will be created. Loading and using a saved colour table: 1. Click the Colour button on the Window toolbar. 2. Click the Edit Colour button. 3. Click the Load Colour Palette button. 4. Select the Colour scheme file. 5. Click Open. 6. Select the colour table. 7. Click OK. Database Locks and Recovery If a system failure occurs (computer crash) or if a database becomes corrupt, the design database can easily be recovered. Changes made to existing design data are performed on a copy of the data contained in the work file (.wrk). The data is updated in the design database after each save. Lost CAD data can be recovered by reloading a previous version of the work file. 28 2 User Interface Green Lock A green lock indicates a .dgd is open. Orange Lock Indicates system failure or corrupted design database. To limit potential loss of data the database should be recovered immediately. WARNING If everyone on a server crashes at the same time, everyone will be able to recover their data so long as the recovery steps are followed by one person at a time. If everyone attempts to recover at the same time, data will be permanently lost. Recovering a design database after a system failure: 1. Restart Vulcan Envisage but do not remove any lock files. If you have added a default design database to your project file (.dg1) and this was the file that was open when you exited Envisage, a message will be displayed informing you that the file is locked. Click OK to accept this message. 2. Locate the design database that was being used at the time of the system failure in the Windows Explorer. An orange lock will be displayed beside the database name. 3. Right-click on the lock and select the Recover option. This creates a recover.dgd where the potentially lost data is stored. When recovered, a message will display informing you that the database has been recovered successfully. 4. Right-click on the database you just unlocked and select Open from the displayed context menu. You should now see a green lock on the .dgd. 5. Select File > Load Recovered Layers to load the lost design data. 6. Select File > Save to save the design database. Red Lock Indicates the .dgd is currently in use by another user. Tutorial 2.2 Ensure you have a green lock on a .dgd. Using Vulcan Help Vulcan Help is accessed by pressing the [F1] key or selecting Help > Vulcan Help. For menu commands without dialog boxes, click the help icon on the standard toolbar to see the topics associated with the command in the Help window. Under some help topics, certain words may be underlined (hyperlinks) or highlighted in blue (ToolTips). Hyperlinks open related topics while tooltips display extra information when the mouse hovers on the word for less than a second. Click for more information on this dialog box. Figure 2-19: Help icon Using Vulcan Help 29 Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Pages in the Help menu that are frequently referenced can be added as favourites by selecting Add on the Favourites tab Click to start the Vulcan Help. Figure 2-20: Menu toolbar Help icon Tutorial 2.3 Start Vulcan Help and read about a menu option. 30 2 User Interface 3 Viewing Data Viewing and Animating Data Loading and Removing Data Layers, triangulations and other files can be loaded using the menu options or the Vulcan Explorer Window. When files are loaded, the name appears in bold. Figure 3-1: Explorer window Loading data can be performed several ways: • Double-click on a file. • Drag and drop a file into the Primary window. • Right-click on a file and select Load. • To load multiple files use [SHIFT] (for multiple, consecutive files) and [CTRL] (for multiple, non-consecutive files) to select, right-click and select Load. • Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar. Removing data can be performed several ways: • Right-click on the files in the Explorer window and select Remove. • Right-click on an object on-screen and select Remove. • You can also use the icons on the Standard toolbar for removing layers and underlays (anything that is not stored in a layer for example, triangulations, grids and block models). Viewing and Animating Data 31 Select a zooming area by clicking once in the bottom left hand corner of the zoom area. • When finished using the Zoom Factor field box. It is possible to zoom in using this method by typing in a number greater than 1.1 Practise loading and removing the TR_TQ1 layer. which will be discussed in the next section. Clicking a second time for the upper right hand corner of the zoom area. • The [B] key and the [F] key on the keyboard may be used to cycle backwards and forwards through the last zoomed views. • Using the Zoom icon. • The default zoom factor is 0. Panning and Rotating Zooming Zooming can be accomplished by several different methods: • Using the middle mouse wheel.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Remove Underlay button Open icon Remove Layer button Figure 3-2: Standard toolbar Tutorial 3. a zoom factor of 2 will give 2 x magnification. Zoom icon Figure 3-3: Graphics toolbar • Right-click to cancel out of zooming mode.8. Zooming. For example. move your pointer to that corner and scroll using the mouse wheel. • Click the cursor in Zoom Factor field box (Digitise toolbar). 32 3 Viewing Data . • Hitting the [Z] key on your keyboard automatically makes the zooming icon active.0. provided you are not in rotate mode. click the cursor back on the Primary window to re-focus the cursor. • Hit the [ENTER] key any number of times. to zoom into the northeast corner. For example. Click Reset View on the graphics toolbar to return the Primary window to plan view. Pan icon Figure 3-6: Pan icon • Alternatively. • Hitting the [P] key on the keyboard will activate the panning icon. use the left mouse button to click a From point and click a To point to pan in the graphics window . down. • Right-click to cancel out of panning mode. dragging the cursor towards the circle will zoom out and moving away from the circle centre will zoom in. Zoom Data Extents icon Zoom Highlighted Zoom Current Layer Reset View button Figure 3-5: Zoom Data Extents menu Panning Panning is accomplished in a variety of ways: • Clicking on the Pan icon. • The arrow keys on the keyboard may be used to pan up. A circle (overlay) will temporarily appear on-screen. To zoom to the active layer select the Zoom Current Layer icon under the zoom data extents fly out toolbar. the [S] key from the keyboard may be used to activate zoom in/out. If zooming to a specific object(s) is desired.8 respectively. right and left. for those with a 3-button mouse. Zoom To Toolbar The Zoom Data Extents icon will set the zoom value to allow all graphics to be displayed in the Primary window. it is possible to zoom in or out using the middle mouse button and the right mouse button simultaneously. • When in virtual sphere rotate mode. Viewing and Animating Data 33 .25 and 0. • If the Zoom toolbar is loaded in the work area. highlight the object(s) and select the Zoom Highlighted icon under the zoom data extents child toolbar. • Panning can also be accomplished by zooming in and out with the middle mouse wheel and moving the location of the cursor. use either the plus or minus keys to zoom in and out. These toolbar icons use a zooming factor of 1. Once active.Zoom Factor field Figure 3-4: Digitise toolbar • When viewing data in a neutral situation. the middle and left mouse buttons can be held down simultaneously and the cursor moved to pan across the data. The axes are displayed in different colours. As you move the mouse over the sphere you will notice that the cursor changes from a hand to the Ortho Sphere Rotation icon. If using Z-Up or Virtual Sphere. in the plane of the screen [W]. the speed of the rotation then depends on the relative cursor speed before release for example. This mode can also rotate around vertical [V]. the graphics will continue to rotate. Virtual Sphere Rotation Figure 3-7: Virtual Sphere Rotation icon • Ortho Sphere Rotation . • Virtual Sphere Rotation . the Z axis is not fixed. the force of the throw.Very similar to Z-Up however. If the cursor is moved rapidly before the mouse is released. Figure 3-8: Virtual sphere 34 3 Viewing Data .This is a combination of Virtual Sphere and Ortho Sphere modes. • Z-Up Rotation .The Z axis is always up. Y and Z) by using a different mouse button for each axis. click [SHIFT+V] to display a virtual sphere on-screen. This mode also ensures that the horizon remains horizontal when viewing topographical data. Left-click and drag the mouse to rotate.Rotates about the three principal axes (X. and perpendicular to the screen [U] by using the respective keys. Left-click and drag the mouse to rotate. The hand cursor indicates that Virtual Sphere Rotation will be used. Furthermore.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Rotating There are four different rotate modes that can be used by holding down the Virtual Sphere Rotation icon on the Graphics toolbar. • Ortho Rotation . Left-click once to stop the rotation or press the [F] key. whereas the rotate ortho cursor indicates that ortho rotation will be used. Input tab Default rotate modes Figure 3-9: Input tab Tutorial 3. To decrease the rotation speed. Viewing and Animating Data 35 . It is generally used to simultaneously view data from two different directions. move the cursor in a tight circle around the centre point. Tip! The speed of rotation is controlled by the distance the cursor is away from the centre of rotation. moved or docked. Typically. translucency and textures of triangulations. Overview window Figure 3-10: Overview window icon This window also has its own toolbar for zooming. the Overview window would be displayed to show a top down view of data while the Primary window displays a cross-section. Each user can specify a default rotate mode via Tools > Preferences on the Input tab. To speed up the rotation.Tutorial 3. panning and rotating as well as buttons controlling visibility. View Ports and Overview Window The Overview window is a sub-window that may be opened to view data from the Primary window. move the cursor away from the centre of rotation and describe a wide arc. It is also equipped with a modified Digitise toolbar. The Overview window floats on top of the work area but may be resized. solid shading.3 Set your favourite rotate mode as the default To exit rotation mode press [ENTER] or [ESC] or simultaneously click all three mouse buttons. Further rotations in the current session (fourth icon on the Graphics toolbar) will remember the rotation centre until such time as another centre is specified.2 Try all four rotate modes and select the most comfortable option. Perspective View Figure 3-12: Perspective View icon Using Zoom in Perspective View mode. but it depends upon the depth of the zoom. Ensure you see the blue lines change in the Overview Window as you zoom.4 Load an Overview Window and zoom in/out in the main window. All objects inside the smallest box will still be visible after the zoom. Perspective View Perspective View switches to a mode where the data displays in an isometric perspective. will behave differently from zooming in normal view. All objects outside the largest box will not be visible after the zoom. three boxes are displayed to help you visualise the zooming process. 36 3 Viewing Data . Objects between these two boxes may be visible. When zooming in perspective mode.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 3-11: Overview window Tutorial 3. The middle box represents the user-defined area. Perspective mode may be toggled on and off by clicking the Perspective View icon or by pressing the [V] key. This is ideal for visualisation of topographic models. Tutorial 3. panning. Viewing and Animating Data 37 . all tunnels are of the same cross-sectional size. Turn off Perspective View. or rotating and pick out differences between being in regular view and Perspective View. Try zooming. Perspective View mode is a visualisation tool only and is not recommended for normal digitising work. the data closest to the viewer appears to be distorted by the perspective.5 Turn Perspective View on. In actuality.Figure 3-13: Perspective View mode Figure 3-14: Distorted data In the above example. The apex of the pyramid is the viewing point and the pyramid itself defines the depth of view. 38 3 Viewing Data .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 3-15: Regular mode and Perspective View Tip! When you use Perspective View. Data not within the pyramid overlay will not be visible in the Primary window. Reset View Figure 3-16: Reset View icon • View > Windows > Fit Layer . open an Overview window to display a perspective pyramid. temporary window for the coordinates of a nominated layer. The most common tools are: • View > Change View > Set View . This is useful if the data is located in a different coordinate system or far away from the standard coordinate system.Will generate a new. and then will be re-set to an exaggeration of one. Y. This exaggeration will have an effect until the Reset View icon is used.Enables you to enter a vertical exaggeration. and Z axes.. Other Views The on-screen view can be changed in several ways using the View menu. • View > Change View > Vertical Exaggeration .Enables you to select a centre of the screen (Axis position) and specify the rotations around the X. you can not snap to an object that is shadowed or invisible. However. The visible objects are displayed normally. Figure 3-17: Visibility toolbar Make Objects Invisible Make Objects Visible Make Objects Shadowed Make Triangulations Translucent Make Triangulations Solid Figure 3-18: PRIMARY:Visibility toolbar A parent window PRIMARY: Visibility Figure 3-19: Parent window PRIMARY:Visibility Toolbar • Click the Make Objects Visible icon (or press [SHIFT+V]) to turn shadowed or invisible objects visible. shadowed or invisible. • Click the Make Objects Shadowed icon (or press [SHIFT+S]) to make visible or invisible objects shadowed. The PRIMARY:Visibilty toolbar is associated with its parent window and can not be used with other windows. • Click the Make Objects Shadowed icon to make all invisible objects shadowed. press and hold the [SHIFT] key while selecting the object. The Visibility toolbar is located under View > Visibility and can be used with the current window. • Click the Make Objects Invisible icon to make visible or shadowed objects invisible. Viewing and Animating Data 39 .Visibility Vulcan has two visibility toolbars. Right-click to exit all commands. Visibility and PRIMARY:Visibilty. To make a layer in which the object resides visible. Create Section View Figure 3-21: Create Section View icon 40 3 Viewing Data . Figure 3-20: Translucent triangulation Create Section View Select View > Create Section (or press the Create Section View icon on the Standard toolbar) to limit what is viewed on-screen to a defined section and thickness. A translucent triangulation can be reverted to opaque by pressing the Make Triangulations Solid icon. To unfold a section. this option does not unfold a section based on a multi-segment line. the drilling section options should be used in the Geology menu. Right-click to exit. However.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Click the Make Triangulations Translucent icon to make opaque triangulations translucent. a Guided centre line. • Clipping Planes . the view will change to display according to the specifications made in the dialog box. a line segment. • If Create a section through all objects or Create a section through a single object are used. step size and grid spacing.Used to define the section plane using. an Easting. If 2 or 3 points are used.Figure 3-22: Create Section dialog box The Create Section dialog box is broken down into four areas: • Section Type . or a Level. standard snap modes can be used to define these points.Used to show the next and last sections as shadows in user selected colours. Align View icon Figure 3-23: Slice dialog box • Primary Section Shadows .Sets up section thickness. However. the view will not be realigned until the align icon from the Slice Properties toolbar (Graphics subtoolbar) is selected. 3 points. • The option Create or Replace the windows primary section is used by default. Viewing and Animating Data 41 . a Northing. These are referred to as ‘nonprimary sections’. • Select Plane By . 2 points.Defines the window and objects to slice through. the clipping width of each individual section is influenced by the others. This is intentional so you are able to view block models sliced in different orientations at the same time. Beware as these coordinates only update when the screen plane is put in focus by leftclicking on-screen.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 The coordinates of the current screen plane are displayed in the dynamic display in the status line. A fail-safe way to have the current section obey the clipping criteria (on the Slice toolbar). is to set all of the non-current sections to No Clipping. Where multiple non-primary sections have been created. • Make your step size 50. In the example shown below. the dynamic block model has been sliced in both a vertical and horizontal orientation. • Select the plane by 2 points and click anywhere along the topo triangulation. To exit section view. Toggle Sliced View Figure 3-24: Toggle Sliced View icon Tutorial 3. all section slices will be displayed at once. Other Section View Notes If multiple non-primary sections have been created. 42 3 Viewing Data . left-click the Toggle Sliced View icon on the Graphics toolbar.6 • Create a section view with a clipping width of 25 on either side of the section. • The Clip Translucent Solids icon allows the clipping of translucent triangulations. be displayed in non-orthogonal planes. Refer to the example (below) where the slicing plane (red) is on an oblique section. Tip! The colour of this grid plane display and optionally. this function is On. The grid display is invisible when the slider control is all the way to the left (the default position) and fully visible when the slider bar is all the way to the right. it can. • Use Move Slicing Plane icon to drag the slice plane through the data dynamically (hold down the left mouse button while dragging). Figure 3-26: Slicing plane Viewing and Animating Data 43 . is set in the Create Section dialog box using the Display colour palette. • Align views using the Align View With Current Slicing Plane icon with the current section plane. however. although it is frequently used after creating a non-primary section (because this type of section does not automatically change the view to be in the plane of the section). By default. • Toggle the intersection profile on/off using the Highlight Intersections icon so the section plane intersects. This command can also be accessed using View > Move Sections. This is useful in cases where you have rotated out of the section view.Section View Properties Right-click the Toggle Sliced View icon from the Graphics toolbar to open the Slice toolbar. The section plane underlay is similar in appearance to 2D coordinate gridlines. This dialog box is used to change the slice width and or step size. and also performs several important functions related to viewing in slice mode Move Slicing Plane Clip Translucent Solids Slice Backwards Slice Forward Clip drop-down menu Display slider bar Highlight Intersections Align View With Current Slicing Plane Figure 3-25: Slice toolbar • Slice Forward and Slice Backwards. for example triangulations. • Use the Display slider bar to control the visibility of the section plane grid by dragging the pointer. the coordinate annotation. 44 3 Viewing Data . the coordinate grid is displayed in blue as a contrast. a slice is clipped by width in which case the data is clipped by the distance specified in the Front and Back widths. then the Front and Back slice width is ignored as if the slice width had been set to an infinite width. Forwards clipping has been used. Tutorial 3. The colour of these intersection profiles is set in the Tools > Preferences > Graphics > Colours preference for label colour. These tools will be used again after drillholes are created.7 Move up and down through the sections and become familiar with getting in and out of section view. Polygons are displayed at the section plane where the coloured triangulations intersect the section. Typically. Figure 3-27: Forward clipping The section plane is displayed in red. If a slice is clipped using Forward then all the data forward of (and on) the slice at the plane is visible. In the example below.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 • Use the Clip drop-down list to change the view of the section by altering the clipping. If No Clipping is selected. • Undo/redo functionality can be used to undo an entire object rather than just a point. it is not necessary to digitise the closing segment as this will be created using the shortest distance between the first and last points digitised. These lines can be connected to create polygons. Textured Polygon New Layer Line Spline Ellipse Arc Point Polygon Rectangle 2D Arrow Grid 2D Text Feature 3D Arrow 3D Text Symbol Figure 4-1: Design toolbar • Before digitising. The Design toolbar can be turned on/off under Tools > Toolbar Visibility. Line segments can be created between these digitised points. splined curves. 3. lines.Y and Z location in 3D space using the mouse cursor. If however. 2. Create a polygon through Design > Create > Polygon. 4. arc and ellipse commands. Create five points anywhere on your screen using Design > Create > Point. not to edit them. Select a bottom left and a top right corner to define the rectangle. Select Design > Create > Layer and enter DESIGN for the name and a description. • When digitising. arcs. right-click has been used to cancel out of the menu option. This menu is for the initial creation of CAD objects. • Rectangular polygons can be created using Design > Create > Rectangle. Tutorial 4.1 CAD Creation – Points. Ensure that a design database is open (otherwise. no layers can be created or edited). text and symbols. arrows. • When creating polygons. if a mistake is made use the backspace key to undo the last digitised point. Lines. After the layer is created. such as polygons and circles. can be filled with a pattern. • Points are created by indicating their X. the point edit menus should be used to move/delete the points. • Any CAD data that is closed. Design Menu Create Tools 45 . and Polygons 1. Create a line anywhere on your screen using Design > Create > Line. To add a pattern right-click on the object. polygons. select properties and choose a pattern. a layer must be allocated (created) into the current design that will be saved. objects in the Vulcan Envisage 3D window can be digitised. Curves can also be automatically created using the spline.4 Creating Design Data Design Menu Create Tools Use the Design > Create tools for creating layers and objects including points. grid arrays. Vulcan contains a symbol database found in the Vulcan Explorer window under the Resources tab. In Envisage. In addition to points. The description is limited to 80 characters.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 When creating a layer avoid the use of ‘special’ characters such as !. The Arc length step size defines the length of these line segments. In the Layer field. Underscore ‘_’ is a valid character. Features present an additional way to characterise an object.sis. the Design > Create menu can be used to create arrows. and curves. The layer name is limited to 40 characters.$. A circle or arc is defined by a series of small line segments. lines.or *. digitise a centre point and a radius point and select Accept. text and symbols. 2.&.^. 8. 46 4 Creating Design Data . 5. This database contains some standard symbols for oil and gas wells. Symbols from this database can readily be added to a design layer using the Design > Create > Symbol option.dgd. which are digitised using the standard Vulcan CAD tools. Create a new layer using Design > Create > Layer. Choose an Arc length step size of 20. More on this functionality is discussed in a subsequent chapter.Arcs and Circles 1. polygons. Figure 4-2: Circular Arc dialog box 6.#. On the Circular Arc dialog box. Click OK.@. Tutorial 4. Custom Symbols are created using the menu File > Symbols > New. type DESIGN2. The object is assigned a feature attribute. 7. Custom (user-defined) symbols can also be created. Use Design > Create > Arrow 2D or Design > Create > Arrow 3D to create arrows in 2D or 3D. Add a Description. Click OK. select the Centre and Radius option (used to allow the centre and radius of the curve to be selected in the Envisage window). You can choose to label objects by adding arrows and text for 2D display (for labelling in plan view) or 3D arrow and text (for labelling in multiple planes). 9. 4.2 CAD Creation . Select Design > Create > Arc.%. Symbols can also be chosen for use in the design and stored in the symbol database symbols. 3. 3 CAD Creation . Figure 4-3: Triangle Primitive dialog box 13. When prompted. Right-click to exit all commands. Once a rectangle is created. Indicate Snap Snap To To Points Grids Track Section of Existing Line Bearing input Cancel Current Operation Toggle Dynamic Volume. indicate the centre point. 3. 2. Right-click to exit command. 4. 11. Click OK. Create a new layer using Design > Create > Layer. 10. right-click for properties Snap To Objects Key In Create line at given angle Point Enter Zoom Factor Data Smart Snap. 7.More Object Types 1. 15. right-click for properties Figure 4-4: Digitise toolbar Design Menu Create Tools 47 . 14. 5. 12. Insert a symbol using Design > Create > Symbols. Snap Modes The Snap Mode buttons are located on the Digitise window toolbar. Click OK. type DESIGN2. Select Design > Create > Rectangle. When promoted indicate first alignment point. Right-click to exit the command. 8. Select Design > Create > Arc. 6. Add a Description. add texture using Design > Create > Polygon Textured. In the Layer field. Select both options Centre and Radius and Radius and set the diameter to 10.Tutorial 4. 9. Y and Z coordinates are interpolated from the line segment on which the object is snapped. the point (at mouse) located may not be the point you are trying to draw. In all cases (rotated and plan views) hold down the [SHIFT] key to digitise a point with the same Z level as the last edited/selected point. 48 4 Creating Design Data . Clicking on the actual point is not as precise as clicking along the line segment. snapping occurs to the closest existing point. The X. Snap to Points Use Snap to Points to snap to points or intersections. The additional snap modes include Snap to Objects.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Indicate Indicate (or Free snap mode) requires no snapping to digitise while in this mode. When executed. Bearing Input Key In Point Data Create Line At Given Angle Figure 4-5: Digitise toolbar Key In Point Data Keyboard Input can be used in two different ways • Get point coordinates • Create points with coordinates Both options have a button in the Keyboard Input dialog box shown on the following page. The X. Bearing Input and Create Line At Given Angle. you can snap to graphical entities based on the snap mode. hold the [SHIFT] key to show where Vulcan will ‘snap to’. When executed. When a position is indicated on-screen. If the screen is rotated. closest to the desired point. Y and Z coordinates for the new points are the existing point. Ensure this mode is only used in plan view or in section view. Before creating a point. Snap to Points and Snap to Grid. input is snapped onto the closest point beneath the cursor on the grid plane. Points are created on the default Z elevation (status bar) at the X and Y point on mouse indication. Digitise Tools Vulcan has three main tools to aid in the digitising process: Key In Point Data. These features can be controlled by the buttons in the Digitise toolbar (shown below). Snap to Objects Use Snap to Objects to snap to any graphical object (point or line). Snap to Grid Snap to Grid requires that a 2D mapping grid is loaded on-screen. If a gradient is set (status toolbar) the first point will assume the default Z value and the remaining points will follow the defined gradient. The best way to guarantee Vulcan snapping to the correct point is to click on a line segment. Click on any point on-screen. X. 2. Design Menu Create Tools 49 . • For example Z dialog box entry r100 will be interpreted as 100 units bigger than the previous Z value. • If you use the r symbol to convert coordinates into relative ones. r-100 will be treated as 100 units less than the previous value. arc or rectangle. Click the Create Point button to enter relative as well as absolute coordinates. Y and Z windows will be immediately populated with the point coordinates. Select Design > Create and create an object. 2. Tutorial 4. • Select the All Relative check box for relative coordinates. • To mix and match values type the letter r before the coordinate entry to convert that value into relative. make sure to turn off the All Relative option. Figure 4-6: Keyboard Input dialog box Getting point functionality: 1. Open a layer. 3. On the Keyboard Input dialog box click the Get Point button.Select this check box to make all coordinates relative to the last point. Creating point functionality: 1. for instance a line.4 Use Key In Point Data to create the shape shown below in a new layer named CAD_INPUTS. 4 Creating Design Data . Bearing Input Use Bearing Input to create new points at specified angles and distance from the last designed point in digitising when in mode (point. The inclination value must be entered in decimal degrees. Figure 4-7: Bearing Input dialog box • The angle can be input as a Bearing value or Inclination value. • A positive inclination value results in the point being projected above the horizon. • Angle . • Inclination value refers to the amount of deviation from the last digitised point. degrees.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! When a point.Use to create a point at a given angle.Use to create a point at a specified distance and direction. • The Bearing value can be entered in decimal degrees (dd). line and polygon). Vulcan remembers the coordinates of the last created or selected point when you use relative values they are calculated from the last point entered or selected in Vulcan.Use to create a point at a given angle and to a specified distance. 50 Tutorial 4.minutes.seconds (dms) or gradients (grad). and a negative value produces a point below the horizon. Tip! Bearing values can be converted in Vulcan using the toggle buttons in the Bearing Input dialog box. line or polygon is created.5 Use Bearing Input and Keyboard Input dialog boxes to create the shape shown below (in red) in a new layer named CAD_INPUTS. • Distance . You can create a new point using: • Distance and angle . . Use to create a point perpendicular to the specified line segment in the plane of viewing. • Parallel to given line. Figure 4-9: Positive to negative Before the Angle Input toolbar can be used a reference line must be selected. If no line is specified.Create Line At Given Angle There are four methods for creating a new point with Angle Input: • At specified screen angle . Parallel to given line on screen and Parallel to given line in 3D will create a new point in the same direction as the reference segment. both the origin and direction of the line are stored in memory for as long as the current session of Vulcan is open. A positive distance is defined by looking at the point order of the reference line. Once a line segment has been selected as a reference line. decimal degrees (dd). If the input point is to be at a specified screen angle.Use to create a point at a given angle and to a specified line segment. In each case. then the Angle field must be filled out.seconds (dms) or in gradients. click the Get Line button and select the desired line segment. The specified distance can be either positive or negative.Use to create a point parallel to the specified line segment in actual 3D space. Walking from point one to point two. on screen . Design Menu Create Tools 51 . • Parallel to given line. the angle will be drawn at the specified azimuth. a default reference line with zero azimuth will be used. Figure 4-8: Angle Input dialog box Angles may be entered in percent (%). A specific distance may be entered into the Distance field once the Enter distance box has been checked. a digitising mode must be active. in 3D .minutes. • Perpendicular to given line. If no reference line has been selected. Options At specified screen angle. to the right is positive.Use to create a point parallel to the specified line segment in the plane of viewing. on screen . degrees. To select a reference line. The option Perpendicular to given line on screen will create a new point 90 degrees to the right of the original direction of the reference segment. to the left is negative. Z:200 3. The Angle Input option will only work if you are in a menu option that prompts for a point coordinate (for example.7 1.6 Use Bearing Input. Vulcan may measure the desired angle from the last digitised point rather than from north. Create a new layer named REFERENCE_POINT. Angle Input and Keyboard Input dialog boxes to draw the shape shown below (in purple) in layer CAD_INPUTS. Tutorial 4. 2. Design > Create > Point). Digitise a point: X:77800. Tutorial 4. Track Section of Existing Line Track Section of Existing Line 52 4 Creating Design Data .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Note: If using the At specified screen angle option and a line segment is not specified. Draw a polygon (as shown below). Y:5000. 3D text however. 2D text is always oriented in plan view. Create a polygon that traces around all four lines in the loaded layer. In order to use the track section option. In the picture below. or polygon. can be in any user defined plane. If the track section is tracing the line or polygon the wrong way. Load layer TRACK_SECTION on-screen. Figure 4-11: Tracing with a contour line Tutorial 4. Text Using Fonts There are two types of text in Vulcan. Add polygon to a new layer named TRACK_SECTION_POLYGON. pit and orebody outlines. a menu option must be active.Figure 4-10: Track Section of Existing Line icon Use this option to trace portions of objects without clicking on each point in the existing polygon for tracing contours. hold down the space bar and move the mouse to trace the opposite way. 2D text and 3D text. a line is being drawn (in green) and then a contour line is traced (in black). 3.8 1. 2. such as drawing a line. Text 53 . the text will not appear. if the environment variables TEMP and TMP are not set up correctly. Figure 4-13: Preferences > Text dialog box Tutorial 4. 2D Text There are several different 2D fonts. no matter how the screen is rotated (or zoomed) and are ideal for drillhole labelling or on-screen labelling. • Fixed Fonts .9 Select Tools > Preference and turn off text defaults for both 2D and 3D text. the text dropdown lists will be blank. Furthermore. 2D and 3D text defaults can be set in Tools > Preferences. Resources is located under the Vulcan Explorer window. 1. Fixed fonts are always horizontal and legible.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 4-12: 3D text Text fonts are stored in Resources1 as . . Do not use for plotting as it is difficult to determine the text size on the actual plot. 54 4 Creating Design Data .font files if missing.Remains the same size on-screen. Tutorial 4. Add three separate 2D text objects using: • A fixed font. 2.10 1. 2. Select Design > Text Edit to edit text and text attributes. • Vector Fonts .• Scaled Font . it is a particular size at a particular scale. Select Design > Create > Create Text.Fonts supplied with Vulcan will resize as you zoom in and out. These fonts are a particular size at a particular scale. Ensure the text is a reasonable size and is easy to read. In the boundary layer. Create a layer name practice_test layer. The text is only legible in plan view. • A vector font. For example. • A scaled font.Resizes as the screen zooms in and out. 4. Text 55 .Appears on-screen and can be converted to a true type font. Apply a true type font to the scaled text. • Basic Scaled Font . 3. When prompted. Right-click on any text and select properties for more text options. The text is only legible in plan view. label the boundary polygon with your name and today’s date. Figure 4-14: Context menu Creating 2D text: 1. 3. indicate the direction of the text. Figure 4-16: 3D Text Attributes dialog box 56 4 Creating Design Data . Available fonts are listed. 3D text is a particular size at a particular scale. they are similar to the vector fonts of 2D text. all 3D text is grouped into one group.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 4-15: Text example 3D Text Unlike 2D text. and therefore becomes larger and smaller with zooming. Tutorial 4.11 1. 2. Select Design > Text 3D Edit to edit the text or text size. Text 57 . Select Design > Create > Create 3D Text. • The limits for 3D text are 132 characters per line with a maximum of 60 lines. If you manually rotate to the view you want. indicate text origin and direction. In Vulcan. Label the warehouse in the plane of the roof. you can use 3D text to mirror the text. 1. 3. 2. it may not be exact and the text will end up floating apart from where it should be. 3. This guarantees the text is in the exact plane. Set up 2D and 3D text defaults in Tools > Preferences.Tip! To ensure text is in the correct plane. although text properties (such as size and font) must be edited by using the options in the Text 3D Edit menu. Use the mirror horizontal and vertical options to get the text to face the correct way. Create 3D text in a practice_test layer using various rotations to get a feel for how 3D text works. When prompted. it is recommended to create a section view in the plane you want text to appear prior to creating it. • The text can be edited using the right-click function. . Table 1: Layer Edit commands Editing Tools Command Definition Identify Displays information on an object. or they perform similar tasks such as inserting points.5 Editing Design Data Editing Tools Vulcan data is structured into various levels in decreasing order: • Layer • Objects • Points Edit options that correspond to a data level: • Layers: Design > Layer Edit • Objects: Design > Object Edit • Points: Design > Point Edit Other edit options designed to work at object and point levels: • Design > Polygon Edit • Design > Line Style Edit • Design > Text Edit • Design > Feature Edit • Design > Text 3D Edit • Design > Point Insert • Design > Arrow Edit • Design > Attribute Edit These menus have been separated from the first three menus because they apply to a specific class of object. Delete Deletes layers from a list or an object in a layer on-screen. Layer Edits The Design > Layer Edit menu has commands for layer editing. for example a polygon. then create a copy of the original design data. You must allocate a layer and then select the CAD data. Name Displays the layer name and description in a dialog box. If planning to use the independent objects later. Transfer Transfers data from one layer to another. Copy Copies information from one layer to another. Unify Unites any number of loaded objects from any layer to form one object into a new or existing layer. All information in the layer will be greyed out when selected. 59 . The destination layer can be created on the fly or can already exist. The merged objects in the layer will replace the objects that were chosen for the unification (objects will be removed from the layers). Lines of the trimmed objects may not be flush with the selected polygon. Matching objects can be recognised using any combination of point or object attributes. In the Layer Name and Description dialog box enter a layer name and description. Alternatively. 6. Table 2: Object Editing tools 60 Command Definition Identify Displays object information such as coordinates and sequence number of points that make up that object. Command Definition Make Current Use to set the current drawing layer. Select Design > Layer Edit > Name. select an object in the layer. Multi Object Filter Filters duplicate objects from layers. 3. Delete Deletes objects.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Table 1: Layer Edit commands (Continued) Tip! All options in Vulcan will prompt in the lower left hand corner (as well as the top of the screen) for selections and actions. You can select another object or right-click to exit the command.1 Transfer the boundary polygon from the REFERENCE_POINT layer into a layer named BOUNDARY. Select File > Save to update the Explorer window. 7. Follow these prompts when figuring out a new menu option. Load the layer. 4. use the toolbar to select the current layer to draw in. 5 Editing Design Data . Click OK. such as point. Figure 5-1: Layer Name and Description dialog box Tutorial 5. or object name or point sequence. Delete By Poly Deletes points outside and inside selected polygons. or all unique objects can be placed into a new layer. 2. Changing a layer name: 1. When prompted. 5. The duplicated objects can be deleted. Object Edits The Design > Object Edit option and associated tools allow you to perform edits to objects loaded in Vulcan Envisage. The layer name selected will appear in the layer window of the status bar. Join Lines Combines two separate strings (objects) into one. using the reverse function point 1 would now be named B and point 2 would be A. Coalesce Combines objects into one without modifying point information of the strings. If point 1 was named A and point 2 was named B. For comparison. Join Point Select points within an object to join. for example. However. neither of the lines needs to have a constant Z level.Table 2: Object Editing tools (Continued) Editing Tools Command Definition Clip by Poly Deletes points outside and inside selected polygons and relimits them to the edge of the polygon. Using Reversed Advanced point 1 would keep its name of A. The difference between the Intersection Split option and the Split option is that the latter only allows you to split a line into used strings. Intersection Split Splits a line into two or more separate objects at the points of intersection between the original line and another line. 61 . Vulcan recognises the order in which objects are drawn for applying other functions. but remain two separate colours. Trim Cuts and trims lines to a nominated object so that they are flush with the object. dumps and fault strings. Paste Takes a whole string (entire object) and inserts it into another string. that are coalescing will become one object. This option will assume that the data is in plan view. The joined points will form a separate object. Reverse Advanced Reverses a point sequence (point number) of an object while keeping point properties such as number and W tag with the associated point number. Trimmed object lines will be flush with the selected polygon. the Join Lines option allows only two strings to be joined end to end. This is similar to the AutoCAD trim function. Two contour lines. Reverse Reverses a point sequence (point number) of an object. This is particularly useful when digitising pits. or segment). Split Splits an object in a variety of ways based upon the method selected in the dialog box (such as by point. Drag Interactively move selected objects. Offset Copies an object perpendicularly offset at a specified distance. Grid Snap (The display grid must be turned on for this option to work. When snapping text objects. The intersection points are drawn in a new layer. Register Changes the Z elevation of an object to correspond with Z value of a triangulation. not inserted into either object. you may decide to reduce the number of points in a string. beneath the cursor and the angle of the text set to the closest 90° quadrant of the grid. Figure 5-2: String after sorting along the X axis Figure 5-3: String after sorting along the Y axis 62 Consistent Makes point order within each selected object either consistently clockwise or counterclockwise. For example. Cross Check Inserts points at intersections/crossings of selected objects. Filter Filters out unnecessary points (either 2D or 3D filter) based on an input tolerance.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Table 2: Object Editing tools (Continued) Command Definition Sort Connect points along point number with respect to the X or Y-axis. 5 Editing Design Data . so that less disk space is used and processing time is reduced. Disconnected points will not have line segments between them.) Use to snap each point on an object to the closest point on the grid. the text will be moved to the closest point on the grid plane. where detail is not required. Point Name Sets or clears point names for all points within an object. The object can be draped directly on top of a triangulations highest point registration. Connection Connects or disconnects points. or you have automatically generated contour data. The polygon should now be directly on the triangulation. the last point is determined by the point sequence. The object can be draped directly on top of a triangulation. Interpolate will insert extra points into the polygon to allow it to lie directly on top of the triangulation. Delete End Point Deletes the last point on the object. Registering an object: 1. 2D registration will change the Z elevation of the polygon to drape it onto the triangulation. Select Design > Object Edit > Register. Explode Splits an object so that each individual line segment and point becomes an individual object. select the polygon in the TOP_PIT layer. When promoted to select the object to register. Select Retain. 5. Deleting the end point of a polygon will maintain the closed polygon but will change its shape. If you hover the cursor over the TOP_PIT layer. 6. highest point registration. 4. W Tag Changes the W tag value for all points on an object to the value entered into the dialog box. Transform Changes the orientation of an object interactively in the X. When prompted select the model surface to register onto.00t triangulation on-screen. you will notice at the bottom of the Vulcan screen that it has a Z elevation of zero. Several examples of how the Object Edit functions work are shown below. Grade Changes the grade of an object by either a nominated grade or by grading in between endpoints. The String Registration dialog box will be displayed. 2. Y and Z directions by entering values in a dialog box. Select Object in the Select By menu. Editing Tools 63 . The options are easy to understand by following the prompts and reading the associated dialog boxes.Table 2: Object Editing tools (Continued) Command Definition Z Value Changes the Z elevation of an object to correspond with Z value of a triangulation. 3. you will not be able to see the layer without rotating the display or making the triangulation transparent. Rotate the display to view the changes. If the triangulation is solid shaded and you are in plan view. Load layers TOP_PIT and topo. which assigns new X. Select to Retain the grade. 8. choose the line on the upper left. in such a way that the gradients following the end point are not changed. 9. Select Design > Object Edit > Grade. 13. Use a gradient of 20 for this exercise. 17. Right-click on the object and select Label > Point Sequence. 3. Pick the upper middle line. 10. You can continue selecting objects for editing. Load GRADE_LINE layer and rotate the layer into full view. 4. 5. Pick point 2 as the start point and point 3 as the end point. When prompted to select object. Y and Z coordinates to all points following the end point. We will use Design > Object Edit > Grade to apply different types of grades to each of the upper objects in the layer. We will not apply a constant length to the grade. Select Move points following the end point. You will be prompted to Retain or Reject the graded object. Select Specify grade manually from the Grading Method menu. Pick the upper right line. Enter a gradient of 20. Pick point 2 as the start point and point 3 as the end point. Pick point 1 as the start point and point 2 as the end point. 11. Click OK. The Confirm menu will be displayed. 12. 64 5 Editing Design Data . 18. The Gradient dialog box will be displayed. Enter a gradient of 20 again.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Changing the grade of an object: 1. Figure 5-4: Grading Method menu 6. Select the Do not move following points option. 14. 15. 16. Select to Retain the grade. A Confirm menu will be displayed. 2. 7. select Retain filter. 4. You will be prompted to select the type of data. 6.1. The filtered line will be displayed in grey. and you will be prompted to Retain or Reject the filter.19. The circle in this layer has an excess amount of points. 3. Filtering unnecessary points: 1. Output from the filtering process will be displayed in the Report window. Apply a 2D Filter with a Minimum deviation from the line of 0. The majority of the points could be filtered without losing the shape of the circle. Filtering occurs when the specified perpendicular distance between a point and the theoretical line between the points on either side of it deviate away from that line at less than the nominated distance. Select to Retain the grade. Zoom in close enough to view the filtered points. Select Design > Object Edit > Filter to remove points. If the new object is acceptable. Editing Tools 65 . pick Object and select the circle. Figure 5-5: need caption 5. Load the FILTER layer. The objects should look like those shown above. 2. 3 Load the 50_METER_LINES layer on-screen. whereas the 2D Filter will not change the Z value. Z values such as shells. If you are filtering topographic lines. Tutorial 5.2 Register the polygon in the BOUNDARY layer to the topo triangulation as shown below. this option will not affect the Z values as each object has only one unique Z value. Tutorial 5. Y. select the 3D Filter option. Use any of the options in the Object Edit menus to cut the lines back so that they exist only within the boundary polygon as shown in the following figure. 66 5 Editing Design Data . Y. Z values. This option will allow you to specify the deviation from the line and will filter X.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Note: If you have an object with X. Y and Z. Move Moves a point to a new location. Table 3: Point Edit Tools Editing Tools Command Definition Resequence Changes the starting point of a sequence in a string. Y and Z. Symbol Edits the size and position of point symbols displayed on-screen. and W) by the distance from a reference point. Grid Snap Snaps a point in an object to the nearest intersection of grid lines. another point value in the same coordinate. Delete Duplicate Removes sequential duplicate points from an object. Y and Z. If the two chosen lines do not intersect. Each of these tools can also be found in the Modify toolbar and associated subtoolbars. Remove Attribute Colouring Removes the attribute colouring assigned to point values. Name Names and labels one or more points in an object.Point Edits The Design > Point Edit option and associated tools allow you to edit points loaded in Vulcan Envisage. Colour by Attribute Colours points by the X. or a constant value. Delete Removes individual points from an object. 67 . W Tag Sets a fourth parameter for a specific point. Z Edit Changes Z value of a point. Move to Intersection Moves a point to a position that is defined by the intersection of two existing lines. Weight Point Values Weights point values (X. Register Registers a point or a sequence of points to a loaded grid mesh or triangulated surface. and/or W coordinate values. with the other three parameters being X. then the selected point will be moved to the point of the projected intersection. When prompted. it is best to select along the line near the point. The original strings remain unchanged. The object will appear highlighted once selected. it does need to be in plan view when the geometry is performed. Moving a point(s) to a new location: 1. a rubber band line will extend from the point to your mouse pointer. then the points will be replaced by the start and end points of the best fit line. Select Design > Point Edit > Move. select the point to move. select an object. The string will be replaced by the line of best fit. While the screen does not have to be in plan view when using the operation. This line is the line joining the point that you want to move and a reference point. The selected point will be highlighted and as you move the mouse pointer around. Cut Deletes a section from a string of points. Start and end points of a string are also considered to be adjacent. which does not need to exist prior to this operation. 3. Move By Point Moves a point to the right angle intersection of an extrapolated line (defined by a reference point and the point to be moved) and a line projected from a nominated point. Figure 5-6: Selected point 68 5 Editing Design Data . Move By Line Moves a point to the intersection of a line (defined by a reference point and the point you want to move) and an existing line. While the screen does not have to be in plan view when using the operation. Best Fit Creates a line of best fit between points using the least squares method. it needs to be in plan view when the geometry (right angle intersection) is performed. Move By Distance Moves a point to a specified distance along a line. Command Definition Disconnect Removes the line between two points. When prompted. not on the point. Adjacent points are those that precede or follow the nominated point in a digitised sequence. 2. Append Adds extra points to either the start or end of a string. to ensure that the desired point is accurately selected. Connect Connects a nominated point to adjacent points in the same object. if your points are not connected.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Table 3: Point Edit Tools (Continued) Note: When selecting points along the line of an object. Link Creates new strings by linking existing strings within a user defined distance of one another. • You can move more points or right-click twice to exit the command. Enter the new elevation of the point. 3. Figure 5-8: Enter the following value dialog box 4. When prompted. Options in Tool > Preferences on the Input dialog box allow the user to change how Z elevations of points are handled. When prompted. select a point. Figure 5-7: Moved point All snap modes can be used when moving points. Change the Z elevation of the first point to match the elevation of the topo triangulation. Editing Tools 69 . 2. • The point will be moved to the new elevation. 3. Tutorial 5. Select Design > Point Edit > Z Edit. Changing the Z value of a point: 1. select an object. Load the ramp layer on-screen. Evenly grade the ramp from the first point to the last point. then the Z elevation of the point that is moved will change to the default Z elevation. . The Enter the following value dialog box will display. If indicate is on.4 1. You can move more points or right-click twice to exit the command.4. Click OK. 2. 5. indicate the new point location by clicking on the desired location onscreen. Holding down the shift key while moving a point in indicate mode will allow it to keep its original Z value. When prompted. Measure Similar to interpolate with more options for defining distances. Apply Curve Inserts points to create a smooth curve based on nominated radius. Replacing a string: 70 5 Editing Design Data . The point is inserted into the first object selected. Intersection With Triangulation Inserts points into selected objects where they intersect a triangulation (surface or solid). Plane Insert Inserts points into an object on a nominated plane. polygons). Replace String Selects a start point and end point of the replace and allows the user to digitise where the new points should go. Interpolate Inserts points into a single line segment (between any two points) based on distance between points or number of equal parts. Table 4: Point Insert Tools Command Definition Insert Inserts points between two existing points. Multi-Insert at Intersection Inserts points on various objects where they intersect a single separate object. Insert At Distance Inserts a point at a distance specified in the dialog box. Insert at Intersection Inserts a point at the intersection of two selected objects. thus replacing a piece of the string. If the point is not an end point. The triangulation does not need to be loaded onscreen but can be browsed for within the menu option.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 5-9: Changing Z point Point Insert The Design > Point Insert option and associated tools allow you to insert points into various types of objects (lines. select This way or Another way. Intersection At Elevation Inserts points into selected objects at a elevation. 2.1. You will be prompted to Interpolate or Do not interpolate. Right-click to exit the command. 7. Right-click twice to exit the command. 6. Click on where the new points should go beginning at the S (start) and working toward the F (Finish). From the Replace String menu. 4. then you will be prompted to select the highlighted or not highlighted portion. draw a polygon as outlined below with reference to the boundary polygon. Ensure this polygon is in layer WAREHOUSE. Tutorial 5. Reject or Cancel. select either Retain. If the object selected was a polygon. Figure 5-10: Start and end points 5. This will change the Z values of your digitised points. 9. Load layer TRACK_SECTION_POLYGON and EXTENSION. Right-click once all the points have been inserted. 8. Modify the polygon in the TRACK_SECTION_POLYGON layer to include the object in the extension layer as shown below. Using various CAD tools you have learned. When prompted to select an object. Right-click to exit the command. 2. Original Modified 3.5 1. click on a start and end point. 3. Draw a polygon on-screen (Design > Create > Polygon). This will serve as the base of our warehouse. Editing Tools 71 . Select Design > Point Insert > Replace String. making sure the check box for Move is selected.5 (Continued) Figure 5-11: Polygon 4. they can be specified anywhere onscreen. Use a lowest point registration so that the base of the polygon stays flat. The toolbar can be turned on under Tools > Toolbar Visibility. The selected objects are then moved the distance and direction between the reference point and destination point. not necessarily snapping to the data.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 5. Since moving of the object(s) is based solely on distance and direction of the reference point and destination point. It is used to specify a start point (reference point) for the movement and then the translation point (destination). The Move toolbar is also a subtoolbar on the Modify toolbar. Move subtoolbar Figure 5-12: Move subtoolbar The most common moving command is Translate (Design > Transformation > Translate). 72 5 Editing Design Data . Register this polygon onto the topo triangulation. Moving Data The Move toolbar contains various tools to change the position of objects. . indicate the destination of the point. select Translate original. As a reference point. Figure 5-14: Duplicated polygons Drag Use Design > Object Edit > Drag to select the design object that needs to be moved. On the Confirm menu. Tutorial 5.Tip! Use the Input options (keyboard. bearing. When prompted. In a rotate view. 4. select Translate and then Retain. 3. 1. use Snap To Points mode (Digitise toolbar) and snap to the top corner of the original box. or to generate a Copy of the object to this location. Figure 5-13: CAD_INPUTS layer 2. Select Design > Transformation > Translate. Create copy or Create multiple copies. indicate the translation reference point. Using Design > Transformation > Translate: Load the CAD_INPUTS layer on-screen. When prompted. 6. and angle) in the Digitise toolbar to specify exact coordinate locations to move a design object. The object is dragged by left-clicking and holding the mouse button as it is moved to the desired position. When the object has been moved. 5. On the Select By menu. select by object and pick the original purple polygon.6 Create a copy of the WAREHOUSE polygon ten metres directly above it. We are going to create a copy of the purple box in the location shown below. the user will be required to confirm the Move. Editing Tools 73 . On the Translation Option menu. it should look as shown below. 7. use snap to point mode and click on the lower right hand corner of the green box. As the destination point. The user can also specify a relative distance for the movement. This means that the string follows the general shape of the surface.7 Create a line for the top of the warehouse roof as shown below. 74 5 Editing Design Data . Design > Object Edit > Point Value Changes the Z value of a point. Tutorial 5. Design > Transformation > Rotate 2D Rotates an object at a specified angle around the Z axis. Design > Object Edit > Register Registers an object onto a grid mesh or triangulated surface. However. The context menu contains an option that is also called Move. Other commands in the Move toolbar are briefly described below: Table 5: Move Toolbar Tools Command Definition Design > Point Edit > Move Moves a point to a new position.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! You can also drag 2D text objects and choose to either Move or make a Copy of the text to the new location. You will see the movement of the object on-screen and left-clicking once places the object in the desired location. a grid must be displayed on-screen. The line should divide the roof into two equal parts. Design > Object Edit > Grade Applies a gradient to a nominated string or part of a string. It can be specified as part of this option. Design > Object Edit > Grid Snap Snaps all points in an object onto the closest point on the grid plane. Design > Object Edit > Z Value Applies a nominated Z value to an object. Design > Point Edit > Move by Line Moves a point to the intersection of a line (defined by the point to move and a reference point) and an existing line segment. To snap objects. Design > Transformation > Calculate can be used to create a matrix (either 2D or 3D) from a set of original and transformed points. beneath the cursor. Design > Point Edit > Move to Intersection Moves a point to a position that is defined by the intersection of two existing lines. Text objects can also be grid-snapped. Another useful command to move objects can be accessed by right-clicking on the loaded design object. Design > Point Edit > Move by Point Moves a point to the right angle intersection of an extrapolated line (the line joining the reference point and the point to be moved) and a line projected from a nominated point. Design > Point Edit > Move by Distance Moves a point a specified distance along a line. Design > Transformation > Matrix Enables you to use a matrix to move an object. Figure 5-15: Line top of warehouse layer Tutorial 5.8 Change the Z elevation of this roof line to be three metres higher than the upper polygon. Figure 5-16: Warehouse roof line Editing Tools 75 . . layers. Changing Attributes To change attribute information use one of the following commands: Table 1: Attribute Information Data Attributes Property Menu Option (To modify property) Layer Name Design > Layer Edit > Name Layer Description Design > Layer Edit > Name 77 .dgd. use the information icon located on the Status toolbar. The following properties are associated with each object. • Layer Name • Value • Layer Description • Group • Object Name • Primitive • Object Description • Feature Information To get information on the properties listed above for any object on-screen.6 CAD Introduction Data Attributes In addition to having a hierarchy for . Information icon Figure 6-1: Status toolbar The details of the object will appear in the Report window. each object has other associated properties to classify or group information and simplify data selection with the Select By menu. Figure 6-2: Report window The layer and object names appear first on their respective lines. information in parentheses ( ) provides the layer and object descriptions. and objects. Figure 6-4: Group By Attribute dialog box The following selection boxes (Colour. In the Enter the following dialog box. type the group name. Use the information icon to check that the grouping worked correctly. By taking advantage of the group property you can work on a number of otherwise un-related objects simultaneously. and Value) allow you to specify the selection criteria.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Table 1: Attribute Information (Continued) Property Menu Option (To modify property) Object Name Design > Attribute Edit > Name Object Description Design > Attribute Edit > Description Value Design > Attribute Edit > Value Group Design > Attribute Edit > Group Primitive Design > Attribute Edit > Primitive (various options) Groups Groups are created by selecting objects and setting their group property to a common value. 3. Line Type. Select Design > Attribute Edit > Group. 2. line type. Select the data to be grouped. 78 6 CAD Introduction . Pattern. pattern or object value. Objects may be selected within single or multiple layers. Specify attributes by which to display objects in the Group by Attribute dialog box. Figure 6-3: Enter the following dialog box Select Design > Attribute Edit > Group by Attribute to group different objects by their graphical attributes such as colour. Grouping data together manually: 1. Even level contours (100. Prompt For when a feature is being used for values. Note: When specifying a feature name. For example. Once the data has been grouped. the name ‘Surveyor Name’ is the prompt for Object Name. Setting up Features Feature objects are created by using the Design > Feature Edit > Create menu option.1 1. Group the contour lines into MINOR and MAJOR groups. A feature must first be set up before it can be applied to data. line type or pattern. Multiple features can be created (up to 512) and are stored in a <project prefix>.Tutorial 6. can be set as follows: Table 2: Attributes for features Attribute Definition Current Uses the current Vulcan Envisage properties. such as colour. 2. which are set for a feature. the pop up dialog box will say Surveyor Name. however.105) are major contours.ftd file in the current working folder. Load the CONTOURS layer on-screen. Features A feature is a predetermined set of attributes. 79 . the word ‘SYMBOL’ can not be used. Data Attributes The attributes. hide all minor contours to show only majors on-screen. Force Automatically forces this property with the feature entered into the dialog box. The text entered to describe the feature in the dialog box will appear in the prompt when using a feature. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 The following dialog box shows the various properties that can be set for a feature. • Object Name and Description. • Layer Name and Description. Figure 6-5: Layer/object name for dialog box • Object Attributes – To set the feature to create points. lines or polygons. Figure 6-6: Object attributes for dialog box • Object Properties – Colour line type. and pattern can be pre-set. • Grouping • Primitives 80 6 CAD Introduction . Y.• Direction of strings – Forces the string to be clockwise or counterclockwise even if digitised the opposite way. • Object Value Figure 6-7: Digitising for ‘TEST’ dialog box • X. • Point Names • Digitising Modes – For digitising points on-screen. Table 3: Set up guidelines Data Attributes Toes Crest Layer Name Prompt for survey number/date Prompt for survey number / date Object Name Prompt for Surveyor name Prompt for Surveyor name Colour Green Red Group Toe Crest 81 . one for toe lines and one for crest lines using the following guidelines. Z and W values.2 Set up two features. Tutorial 6. Tutorial 6.4 Create a new layer named SURVEY and using the features created. or points will be drawn onscreen with properties as specified in the feature. draw a toe and a crest line. Based on the set up in the feature. In Vulcan you can change the visibility settings of feature objects.csv files. the feature visibility settings can be found under View > Visibility. The Primary window visibility toolbar contains the feature visibility icons: • Visible by Feature • Shadow by Feature • Invisible by Feature The Design Visibility icon will prompt with the Select By menu and this enables groups or layers to sort visibility.3 Load the TOES_AND_CRESTS layer. Tutorial 6. Select the feature and then digitise points on-screen. a polygon. select Design > Attribute Edit > Feature. Alternatively. Features can automatically be applied when importing data from . To apply a feature to existing data. Original With features If creating new data. line. they can be applied to existing data or to new objects. Features can not be assigned to text objects or symbols. invisible or shadowed. Objects that share a common feature can be made visible. and the Crest feature to the crest strings. Assign the Toe feature to the toe strings.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Using Features After features have been set up. select Design > Create > Feature. Design Visibility Figure 6-8: Visibility toolbar 82 6 CAD Introduction . Group Selects all objects within a specific group.5 Practise using the visibility settings using both features and groups. Layer Selects all objects within a specific layer. Data Attributes 83 . Feature Selects all objects within a specific feature. Name Selects objects entered by name rather than picking on-screen.Figure 6-9: Select By menu Table 4: Select By menu Command Definition Object Selects one object at a time. Feature and Layer Selects objects with a specific features within specified layers. Group and Layer Selects all objects within a specific group and layer. Tutorial 6. . The data is loaded into the working area in designated layers.7 Data Import and Export There are various ways of transferring data in and out of Vulcan. Figure 7-1: Import DXF file types Importing DXF Files 85 . 1.dxf. Direct import and export options for other software packages such as AutoCAD®. Select File > Save to write the data to the database.dxf file into the open design database file. In the Import dialog box. Select File > Import.dxb) then select the file type. Datamine®. select AutoCAD (dwg. Importing DXF Files You can load data contained within a . Micromine® and Surpac® are located in File > Import and File > Export. 2. 3. dxf shapes.dxf blocks into Vulcan. select AutoCAD (dwg. and Buffering.dxf. Inserts. • Arcs – Sets the angular steps for arcs and allows drawing of circles. layer name.dxf will be stylised to fit the parameters setup within the ICF tables.dxf file.dxf objects. Exporting DXF Files To export a . In the Export dialog box. such as arcs. Colour.dxb) then select the file type. • Inserts – Inserts the . Filter.dxf into Vulcan. The Import DXF dialog box is displayed which has tabs for Import. • Filter – Allows filtering of the data based on geometry or Z value. line type. 2. • Buffering – Buffers the objects as they are imported. Transform. the browse button brings up Windows Explorer to help locate the file. so they can be saved as a ‘multiple’ object in the Vulcan Envisage design database.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 4. Select File > Export. The data itself will not change. • Text – Controls the importing of invisible . text and symbols can be modified. Figure 7-2: Import DXF dialog box • Import – Type the parameters for importing a .dxf. • DXF layer to load – The layers being imported can be selected or a wildcard * can be used to load all the layers contained within the . • Input DXF file name – The drop-down menu lists the . Extrusion. Arcs. This reduces the chance of running out of graphical segments when importing the . • Shapes – Applies shapes from the . • Use ICF translation tables – Data contained in the . Text.Allows you to apply a ‘thickness’ (extrusion distance) to . Y and Z scale and offset. 86 7 Data Import and Export . Shapes. the data to export must be loaded on-screen in Vulcan.dxf planar objects.dgd symbols to replace . • Extrusions .dxf files in the current working directory. Click OK. • Transform – X. 1. If the file is not in the current directory. only how it is imported into Vulcan. Setting up an ICF table is described below.dxf text. Figure 7-3: Export DXF file types 3. such as WordPad. Importing ASCII Data Files It is common for data in ASCII format to be imported. or triangulations can be exported. grids. Click OK. minimising future manipulation of the data. It is important to be aware of the format of the ASCII file. Always open the file in a text editor. X. 3 and 4 respectively and any additional information in the remaining fields. Design data (CAD layers). Importing ASCII data: Importing ASCII Data Files 87 . Click to add multiple files Files to store output data Press to add files Press to remove files Use to remove ALL files Figure 7-4: Export to DXF Selection dialog box The file name of the output file can be specified. Often files will contain a point number in the field. and observe the data and how it is stored. and then the data will need to be selected off the screen. Vulcan tools make importing ASCII files easy and efficient. The Export to DXF Selection dialog box will display. Y and Z correspond to fields 2. The ASCII Data Read Selection dialog box will display. Formatted and Character separated. When importing a number of files in the same format. In the Import dialog box. as they are comma separated values. there will be the option to save the specifications. Figure 7-6: ASCII Data Read Selection dialog box Two main types of data dispositions can be used when importing. the specification is saved without entering data into the dialog box each time. At the end of the import. Click OK.csv files. Select File > Import. a specification file will not yet exist. Figure 7-5: Import ASCII file types 3. Characters separated are used for . 2. For the first import. 88 7 Data Import and Export . select ASCII then select the file type.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 1. csv files that contain point data import into a layer in Envisage. *. it may be because this option has not been selected. indicate the character that they start with. since some software products remove them when exporting to ASCII. • Point Data Fields – Enter the field numbers (or column numbers) for X. enter a comma. Do not use the option File > Import > CSV as this imports . or single point objects can not be imported. tick Object record. • Implied decimal places – Assumes that there are decimals. • Comment lines start with character(s) – If there are comment lines in the ASCII file.csv file. for these lines to be ignored on the import of the file. Object Records. If the first point is missing from objects. for example. If this code is in field 5. Select Change of field and type 5. • New Object Specification – Connects points of the same code into the same object. which also contains the point data box. even if there are not.Figure 7-7: Character Separated ASCII Data Read dialog box Tip! To import .csv files into an Isis database. For a . by making a new object every time this code changes. • Object Point Data – If the records contain point data. specifies the parameters by which Vulcan connects objects on import and specifies information for objects. Several aspects of the ASCII files must be defined: • Field separating character – Type a character separator. Importing ASCII Data Files 89 . Y and Z fields (or W and Name fields if they exist in the ASCII file). • Object Data Fields – Specify where to apply data too an object. The second tab. use the option File > Import > ASCII. • Point Connection – Specify whether the data should be loaded as point or strings. Select File > Import.csv file of the boundary polygon. The Export to ASCII dialog box will display.tin) then select the file type 90 7 Data Import and Export . Features can be used while importing an ASCII file saving time. By default it is C:\Program Files\Vulcan_v800\etc\resources.grid. 2. Features such as X.1 Import the roads. 3. Tutorial 7. Click OK. features are specified on the Object Records dialog box. In addition. In the Export dialog box select ASCII then elect the file type: Design Strings or MINEX. After the dialog box is filled out.csv file into a layer named ROADS. the data to export will need to be selected from the screen. Type the column number that defines the feature.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! If the program has not been exited. Tutorial 7. These specifications are saved to a file named asciiread. even if the newly saved specification file is not used. Importing Shape Files You can import ESRI shape files storing both non-topological geometry and attribute information.spc under Resources. Exporting ASCII Files 1. 2. Click Finish and Save the import specifications for use with other files of the same format. Figure 7-8: Export to ASCII dialog box This will create either a . as the properties of the imported data will not need to be modified after import. object and name can be exported. the fields will be populated with the data from the last import.asc file with the nominated columns. Depending whether the ENVIS_RESO environment variable has been set. Select File > Export. Y and Z and point number in the file. 1.2 Create a . In the Import dialog box select ESRI (shape. the location of the Resources tab may vary.csv file or a . Include X. Y and Z coordinates point name. The shape file to be imported must have a main file (. (. Figure 7-10: Import Shape File dialog box Importing Shape Files 91 .Figure 7-9: Import ESRI file types 3. an index file.shp) that needs to be imported. Each of these files will contain the same prefix. While these files will reside in the same file folder. 4.shp). 5. Click OK. only import the shape file (.dbf). Click OK. Navigate to the file containing the shape file. The Import Shape File dialog box will display.shx) and a database table (. .grid. To save each of the objects in shape files with their respective layer names. The Export Shape File dialog box will display. Click OK. 92 7 Data Import and Export . description. and Optional numeric database.shp. and . group. Z value and W value from the database (shape files). Exporting Shape Files Export shapes to save objects (from the screen) as shape files. 1..shx. fields. 3. This option will create three files (. select Layer (Save By menu). 2.. In the Export dialog box select ESRI (shape.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Every ESRI shape file contains attribute information for the objects that can vary from the individual object ID to large sets of data describing that object. . A limited amount of shape file attributes may be imported under the Optional character. feature. Use these fields to type information such as object name.. Select File > Export.dbf) for each exported shape file in the Vulcan working directory.tin) then select the file type. Right-click once to exit the command. Distance Between Points The Distance Between Points option measures the linear distance between two designated points. Right-click once to exit the command. A quick way of determining or positioning an object at a specified location distance and position is to use a custom cursor.8 Analysing Data Data Information Tools under the Analyse menus are used for obtaining information such as area and labels. or a point digitised in space. The total length reported will always be greater than the plan length should the two points be on different levels. easting and elevation of a point. Data Information 93 . Distance Along Line Layer Range Curvature Coordinate Distance Between Points Angle Distance Polygon Area Area Strike Full & Dip Centroid List Multiple Object Headers Legends Find Objects List Object Details Remove Labels Figure 8-1: Analyse toolbar Coordinate Use Coordinate to report the northing. A point can be an existing point. It gives a 2D and 3D distance measured along the path of the line segments. coordinates of a point. which not only is the distance reported. a point on a line picked with the snap to objects button. The coordinates will be displayed in the Report window. Distance Along Line The Distance Along Line option determines the total length of the line segments between the nominated start and end points. and distance along a line. More information is found under Envisage : Toolbars : Analyse in the Vulcan Help. the bearing and the gradient of the line between the two points. selected using the snap to points button on the Digitise toolbar. Right-click once to exit the command. but also the difference in level. distance between points. Analyse Toolbar The Analyse toolbar (or Analyse > Details) is used to gather details of an object such. if Circle is checked as the Scaled Cursor. Rightclick the icon to modify the properties. Right-click once to exit the command. Custom cursor icon Figure 8-2: Custom Cursor Properties dialog box The scaled cursor will change accordingly when zooming in or out. Tutorial 8. This option also includes the ability to calculate the area of ‘doughnut’ polygons (polygons within polygons). the Object Area dialog box will display where the area and volume units can be specified. The output will be displayed in the Report window. The polygon must already exist and be loaded on-screen. the snap to point or snap to object curser options can be used. Polygon Area Use Polygon Area to measure the planar areas of selected polygons and use those areas to compute volumes. the fixed cursor will not dynamically scale up or down but will remain the specified size.1 Find the surface area (in square metres) of asphalt needed to pave the roads located in the ROADS layer. Area Use Area to define the section to be measured by drawing a polygon around the objects of interest. Right-click to close the polygon and exit the command. The viewed layers must be in plan view. The calculated volumes and areas are shown in the Vulcan Envisage Report window. then the specified size is the diameter of the circle. Furthermore.The specified size for the cursor is from edge to edge of the cursor. However. the custom cursor icon must be active (Graphics toolbar). 94 8 Analysing Data . When selected. otherwise the user defined area will not represent the area that is being measured.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Custom Cursor To access a custom cursor. the thickness can be specified if a volume is desired. If the layers are in orthogonal view. For example. or combination of those. can be found here. this option can also be used. feature. The box for Projecting onto a 3D plane must be active.Table 1: Other Analyse Options Command Definition Centroid Finds coordinates of the centroid (gravitational centre point of a two or three dimensional object) or for closed polygons and closed solid triangulations. value. which can be used to connect two objects (their selected segments). Y and Z per layer or per object. The output (centroid coordinates) is shown in the Report window. In addition.2 1. Layer range Provides information on minimum and maximum X. feature or group. including layer and object name. in layers. List objects Provides a list of all objects selected either by name. 2. Full Gathers detailed information on the objects. Possible uses: • Vulcan in the rotated view. Tutorial 8. polygons) with a minimum of three points. The coordinates of all the object points (in the order in which they have been digitised) are reported in the Report window. and colour. coordinate. Strike/Dip Provides Vulcan with three points and strike with dip will be calculated for the plane containing those three points. value. For example. Click any point of the object (except the endpoints) to report the radius and the centre coordinates for the circle which goes through the selected point plus two points on either side of the selected point. such as layer name. The strike/dip of the plane made from those three points will be reported. Curvature Used for graphical elements (lines. Find objects Highlights objects on-screen (or sends a report to the Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet) based on the specified condition. Angle/Distance Reports the length and angle of the shortest line. description. Find the dip of the warehouse roof. layer. Useful tool to see a list of objects for example. Search objects using attributes. List Gathers detailed information on the object. and point types. Data Information 95 . number of points. click on the empty screen (not on the data) and the strike/dip of the view will be shown. • Enter Snap to object mode and click three times on any triangulation. you can select one string from an object and obtain details for that specific string. Then find the number of points in the boundary polygon. if one object is named ‘LINE_TEST’ then the condition LIKE ‘LINE_TEST’ will highlight this specific object. and grades of the segments. Such information as enclosed area of an object. linestyle. If the objects are not in the same plane. . can be edited using Z Value (Design > Object Edit). The resulting labels can contain up to six decimal places. Z values. The Point Label to Text option described later in this section allows you to have multiple labels and to control the properties of those labels.9 Labelling Analyse Tools There are several options for labelling data on-screen located in the Analyse > Label menus. which is derived from the Miscellaneous section in Tools > Preferences. Table 1: Label Object Point(s) Options Analyse Tools Command Definition Name Point names can be assigned using Name (Design > Point Edit) or Point Name (Design > Object Edit). Select Analyse > Label > Point Label. 97 . 1. Figure 9-1: Label Object Point(s) dialog box The Point Label option only allows one set of labels to be displayed at any given time. The Analyse options are broken down into five sections: • Point Labels • Point Labels to Text • Object Labels • Object Labels to Text Menu Options Point Labels Point Labels are fixed font type meaning they remain the same size on-screen regardless of the current zoom and will always appear ‘face on’ regardless of the screen orientation. 2. Z Value Displays the points Z (RL) value. Options under the Attributes sections depend on the labelling method chosen. which are assigned through the Status toolbar when the object was initially created. On the Label Object Point(s) dialog box select a labelling method and attribute. Points Displays all of the points contained within the chosen object. right-click on an object and select the appropriate labelling method. which is derived from the Miscellaneous section in Tools > Preferences. may be necessary when. Sequence Used to label the points with their sequence number. Knowing the order of digitising. Data to be labelled must be selected on-screen using the Select By menu. Choosing to display the sequence number will require you to specify whether to label all points within the chosen object. The resulting labels can contain up to six decimal places. for example. the W Tag (Design > Point Edit) or Assign W Tag (Design > Attribute Edit). Figure 9-2: Points labelled with their Point Names Figure 9-3: Points labelled with their Z value You can label points through the Vulcan Envisage context menu.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Table 1: Label Object Point(s) Options (Continued) Command Definition W Tag Labels the points with their W tag value. which are assigned through the Status toolbar when the object was initially created. can be edited using W Tag (Design > Object Edit). appending objects. 98 9 Labelling . To label the points using the context menu. The point settings within the Graphics section (Tools > Preferences) are used to control the size and appearance of the point markers. for instance the order of digitising. W tag values. or only the first and last points. or the location of the first and last points. or Gradient. The converted labels can also be saved with other design data. the Display Style properties will be available to choose how to define different labels. right or centre. When multiple label options are chosen. scale and drafting angle or to place a box around the text. Value. To change the font size use the Object Label to Text option. Analyse Tools 99 . Placing the labels into a layer will also allow you to retain the labels on-screen while displaying other labels. The position of the label can be specified as left. Figure 9-5: Convert point data to text objects The colour properties allow you to choose and use the colour value already assigned to the object or specify a new colour. Object Label Use Object Label to display the object labels for a chosen object. Labels will be displayed as Fixed Fonts. The Attributes option is displayed when numerical labels are selected. select Name. Feature. size. Use the Font Settings tab to control the font type.Figure 9-4: Applying labels through the Vulcan Envisage context menu Point Labels to Text The Analyse > Label > Point Label to Text option allows you to place point labels within an Vulcan Envisage layer. Group. When prompted. converting them into text objects and therefore making them printable. the fonts stay the same size on-screen regardless of the zoom factor. For example. Figure 9-7: Convert object data to text objects dialog box Tutorial 9. The converted labels can also be saved with other design data. Keep labels on-screen while displaying other labels by placing them into a layer (Design > Text Edit).1 1. Label the gradient of the RAMP layer. 2.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 9-6: Label Object dialog box To remove the object label select Analyse > Label> Remove. Object Label to Text Use Object Label to Text to place object labels within an Vulcan Envisage layer and convert them into text objects (printable). Label the start point of the boundary polygon with X and Y coordinates. Save the labels to a layer named REFERENCE_POINT_LABEL. 3. 100 9 Labelling . <name>. each file imported into the database is its own table.<name>. When Isis is opened the Open Database dialog box will first display. there must be a design corresponding to the data to be imported. click Cancel.dsf files. The design is used to specify how many tables the database is made up of and the names of those tables and stores how many fields are contained within each table. editing the database. the index file is created automatically.isix Each database file must have a corresponding index file to be accessed and used. DSF Creation To create a . Isis must be opened. In addition. To open/close databases and .isis • The database index file . and viewing the database are all performed in Isis and Vulcan Envisage is used to display information graphically on-screen. Normally.dsf file. This file will be located in the local working directory. The database is created when the raw data files (typically in ASCII/CSV format) are imported within Isis (or Vulcan Envisage) using the design as the template that controls the structure of the database. To import raw data files and create a database.10 Creating a Database Database Overview Isis and Vulcan recognise three different database styles: • Header style • ODBC style ODBC databases make it possible for the Vulcan software to read information from a external database such as Microsoft® Access or acQuire™.tek – geotech database Database Overview 101 . • The database files itself . though it can be re-created by compressing and rebuilding the database.dhd – drillhole database • . To create a new design select File > New Design. select the File menu in Isis. Every user-defined database in Isis (and Vulcan) is comprised of two entities: • The database design • The database itself A database design is a single file (<name>. Creating the design.smp – samples database • .dsf)that describes and enforces the structure of the database. If you do not need to open a database.cmp – composite database • . with the fields being the columns in each data file. • . DSF file names are limited to three characters in length and the general naming convention is shown below for different types of databases. which defines how a curve is applied to curved drillholes. The Design properties dialog box will display. it is similar between all of the tables. The first table in the . do the following: • Enter a description. For each . To insert a table into the .dsf named DHD. Other options are for connecting external databases (Microsoft® Access) using an ODBC link. The . The two types of databases are Drilling and Blockout.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 10.csv file a table will be made in Isis.dsf use Table > Insert or Table > Append commands.dsf set up will need to be similar to the data which you want to import.1 Open Isis and create a new headered . Tutorial 10. In other words. If Drilling is selected then a Desurvey Style must be specified. • Ensure the data source is Isis. The data source will automatically be filled out with Isis. a database type (Attributes button) and data source. Note which field is the key field.csv files provided (collar. 102 10 Creating a Database . In a drillhole database this is the HoleID/Name field.dsf. Insert will place a new table to the left of the current table. • Select a Tangent Desurvey Style. geology. survey.2 In the Design Type dialog box. this will be a standard Vulcan database into which data will be imported through . It is a good idea to familiarise yourself with the current data as well as thinking about what calculated fields may be necessary at a later point in time.dsf must contain the Key Field. • Select a Drilling type database. assay. Tutorial 10.3 Open the five .csv files. Figure 10-1: New Database Design dialog box Use design properties to add a description of the . In other words. and structure) to get an idea of the tables and fields to include in the design. whereas Append will place it to the right. Figure 10-2: Isis user interface Tutorial 10. an Easting. Depending on what is selected here.4 Create five tables and name them collar. survey. geo and struct. with collar being the left most table. Database Overview 103 . and an Elevation field. a collar table generally has a HoleID field.csv files. For example. Figure 10-3: Isis table setup Each table will contain fields that correspond with data in the . Each table has a drop-down list box in the Table Properties portion of the dialog box where Synonyms can be specified. assay. Certain fields contain critical information so the Vulcan software can display them properly. the individual field drop-down list boxes will be populated accordingly. These fields are defined using Synonyms. Northing. 104 10 Creating a Database .Numeric value < 7 significant figures (for example DEPTH = 123. Tutorial 10. • Type . • Single . Tutorial 10. single for smaller numbers or Integer value.csv files. Note that the Primary Key must be defined on the first or left-most table. Synonyms must also be defined for downhole survey information.Numeric value with no decimals (for example ROCK = 1). the .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! Not every field needs a Synonym. Northing and Elevation). Each field in the table has several columns that describe the properties. right-click in the gray area to the left of the field name and select Primary Key. however Synonyms must be defined for the collar information (Hole ID. In a drillhole database. Enter the information for the remaining tables to correspond with the . integer.Data type including Text. Double for large numbers or with decimal places. • Synonyms . Key Fields Key fields must be defined to tell the database which field is similar between each table.Setting field Synonyms is an important and necessary step since the field names that you specify are not necessarily the field names that Vulcan recognises. • Name of the field. The remaining Synonyms are optional. Tutorial 10.dsf and exit out of Isis. Easting. • Description of the field. • Text . There are four data types available for use in Isis: text. Because Integer values are actually stored as Text in an Isis database. • Length .7 Save the .Numeric value > 7 significant figures (for example XCOORD = 12345. single and double.5 Enter the information for the Collar table as shown below.567). • Double . To define a key field.Maximum length of the field.6789).Alphanumeric value (for example ROCK = GRANITE). Once all information has been entered and a Primary Key has been defined.6 Define HOLEID as the Primary Key. • Integer .dsf will need to be saved using File > Save. you will save space in the database by storing a number with no decimals as a single precision variable. Select CSV (Drill. Select File > Import. 2. Import drilling data into Vulcan Envisage: 1. or Isis.Importing Data into the DSF The final stage in creating the database involves importing the data using the database design as a template.Channel).<dsn>. Figure 10-4: Import dialog box 3. 4.Sampling. The importing process can be performed in either Vulcan Envisage. Database Overview 105 . Click OK. • The imported files must be stored in the current working directory. which are entered into this dialog box. • The database name will be based upon the design name and ODI (Optional Database Identifier). • The final database name will have the following naming convention: <project_code><ODI>. Select Databases. Both methods will be covered in this section.Isis (the database file). Specify the data file extension and the format of the files. which is the rows with field names and where records start. Tutorial 10.<dsn>. This must be done for each table before proceeding. then Databases).isix). with the exception that the file extension suffix ends with the character X. The first Field Connections dialog box will look slightly different than the others.csv files. Name the database thordrill. and the database index file (<project_code><ODI>. The database is comprised of the actual database file.isis.dhd.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 10-5: CVS Load . Figure 10-6: Datafile to Record Connections dialog box Field Connections match up database fields to columns in the .csv file name. The next dialog box allows for connecting the design table name to the .8 Complete the CVS Load .Data Files and Database dialog box Note: The index file always has the same naming convention as the database file. select CSV. 106 10 Creating a Database .Data Files and Database dialog (File > Import. after supplying a suitable name. The specification is saved in a file named csv_specs in the \csv_load_specs folder of the Vulcan Resources area. Figure 10-9: Specification save dialog box If you choose Save the specifications. Figure 10-8: Index field Tutorial 10.9 Complete the Field Connections dialog box for each table in the design. For example. HoleID is similar among all tables. a progress bar is displayed showing the status of the importing. Click Finish to start the importing process. you can avoid having to set the table and field connections each time you import . During the import process. The specification file will automatically make the connections when the specifications are selected by nominating the Use existing specifications on the CSV Load .csv files into the same design. Database Overview 107 .Figure 10-7: Field connections All subsequent dialog boxes will have an Index field on this table drop-down list where the key field must be selected. Any errors in the data file (overlapping intervals) are reported in the Report window.Data Files and Database dialog box. Choose either New Database or Existing Database and click Next. The database design and name must be specified. similarly to the Vulcan Envisage database naming. Figure 10-12: Database Import dialog box Figure 10-13: New Database dialog box 108 10 Creating a Database .10 Finish importing the files and ensure there are no errors. The filename is an equivalent of the ODI and again the database will be named <project_code><Filename (ODI)>. Always examine the Report window to determine if there are any errors in the data files. fix the errors in the . Importing drilling data in Isis: 1. Select Utilities > Import > Tables.<dsn>. 2. Figure 10-11: Report window Tutorial 10.csv files and re-import the data. If there are errors.Isis.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 10-10: Loading data file dialog box Any errors should always be investigated and corrected before using the database in other parts of Vulcan. Database Overview 109 .iia file is used by clicking on the Folder icon and selecting the required . Figure 10-15: Import Tables progress bar A confirmation message is displayed showing the total number of objects (drillholes) in the new database. and can be used to quickly import data files using the design.iia. If a field is not found at the position expected by the design. Each table shown in the dialog box must have a corresponding data file. and positions. a progress bar is displayed showing the status and remaining time of the import. The Save icon allows you to save the import specifications created to an Isis Import Ascii specification file.The Import Tables dialog box is displayed in order to make the connections between the tables and fields in the database design. Therefore. Folder icon Save icon Figure 10-14: Import Tables dialog box The . This file is stored in your working folder. The naming convention of this file is <name>. then the import process will not be executed. During the import process.iia file from the displayed list of files. match each other exactly. then Isis will import the incorrect field contents into the field expected by the design. and the columns in the data files. without having to manually make the data file connections at a later stage. The fields in the data file must follow the exact sequence of the fields in the data files. importing within Isis is only ideal if the design and data file table and field contents. If a table shown in the dialog box is not linked with an appropriate data file. The initial ODBC link setup is a standard windows option. 110 10 Creating a Database .11 1. they are accessed in the same way as a standard header database. 4. Name the database thortables. Click the Add button. A link must be set within the . acQuire™ or Oracle®. On the ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box. 2. Double-click Administrative Tools. as the database is automatically created through the link. ODBC links can be created either per user or per system. To set up an ODBC link in Windows XP: 1. select the User DSN tab and highlight MS Access Database. When set up.isis. Double-click Data Sources (ODBC). ODBC Database Creation Vulcan can link to most standard database packages via an ODBC link. This allows information to be viewed straight from Microsoft® Access.dsf after which. 3. 2.dhd. Click OK. data import is not necessary.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 10. Click Start and then click Control Panel. 5. Create a second database by importing through the Isis menu options. an ODBC connection has to be configured. ODBC Databases can be viewed in the Vulcan Explorer window under User Databases. Figure 10-16: Vulcan Explorer window Setting Up an ODBC Link to Microsoft® Access Database To access information from a database. Click Select and Browse to the correct .User DSN tab Add button Figure 10-17: ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box 6. Click Finish. Database Overview 111 . 10. 8. 9. Add a Description. Figure 10-18: Create New Data Source dialog box 7. The maximum allowed name length of the Data Source Name is eight characters. select Driver do Microsoft Access Driver (*mdb).mdb file. On the ODBC Microsoft Access Setup dialog box. On the Create New Data Source dialog box. add a name in the Data Source Name field. the dropdown list box will be populated with fields existing on that table.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Select button Figure 10-19: ODBC Microsoft Access Setup dialog box 11. Once the initial ODBC source has been set up. The table source is set via the Configure button in the table properties. If a user name and password is set up for the database it must be entered. Point to the connection created in Administrative Tools/ Data Sources (ODBC). If not. Tutorial 10. 2.12 Set up a ODBC link to the thordrillholes. 112 10 Creating a Database . 3. Figure 10-20: Data Source Setup dialog box 5. 4. The individual field sources are set by clicking on the Browse button in the source column for each field. In the Data Source Setup.mdb MS Access database located in the Introduction to Vulcan training data set. Select File > New Design. and then each field must be set up. Setting up an ODBC link in the DSF: 1. select ODBC from the Source drop-down list box. In the Design Properties click the Configure button. Click OK. Depending on which ODBC Table was selected in the Table properties. Open Isis. leave blank. the source for each table. 7. 5. Highlight SQL Server. Once the link is in place the interface performs exactly like the original acQuire dialog boxes for selecting which data to display. Figure 10-23: Create New Data Source dialog box 6. Name your data source and give it a description. Click the Add button to create a new driver. 2. Double-click Data Sources (ODBC).acq. There is no need for a . Setting up an ODBC connection in Windows XP: 1. Double-click Administrative Tools. This link is saved as a file in the working directory with a file name <project prefix><link name>. 3. The server to connect to should be the name of the computer. 4.dsf file in the creation of an acQuire link.isis.Figure 10-21: Source information button Figure 10-22: Source Information dialog box AcQuire™ The acQuire interface in Vulcan creates a link to an acQuire database containing drillhole or composite data. Setting a link to acQuire requires an ODBC connection. Click Start and then click Control Panel. Click Finish. Database Overview 113 . Click Next. Select option Change the default database to and insert a new name. Click Next. 9.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 10-24: Create a New Data Source to SQL Server dialog box 8. Click Next. 114 10 Creating a Database . 11. 10. Select option Connect to SQL Server to obtain default settings for the additional configuration options. Accept the defaults and click Finish. 14. Select option Attach database filename and insert the path and filename of the database to use. 13. 12. Copy and paste the path and file name of the database to avoid errors. 2. Name your new acQuire database link. 4. Click OK. 1. Select File > acQuire. 16. 5. Database Overview 115 . 3. The ODBC Microsoft SQL Server Set up dialog box will display the settings for the newly created link.13 Set up a SQL link to the database provided. set up the Vulcan portion of the link. To verify the connection click Test Data Source.Figure 10-25: SQL Server ODBC Data Source Test dialog box 15. Open Isis. Verify that the ‘TESTS COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY!’ and click OK. Select from the list the SQL Server connection created earlier and click Connect. Setting up an ODBC connection in Vulcan: When the ODBC link is set up. Tutorial 10. 116 10 Creating a Database . Type in a user name and password to connect to the database.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 10-26: Select data from acQuire dialog box 6. Figure 10-27: Connect to Database dialog box The resulting dialog box is the same as that displayed by acQuire. 2. 4. Click preview to view the selected drillholes. Check the use box for the desired fields. 3. Database Overview 117 . load the Collar_BH data set under Alchemy. 3.14 1. Click the Filter button to limit the drillholes by a specific field. Tutorial 10. 2.Figure 10-28: Select data from acQuire dialog box The following tutorial shows how to load drillholes using several of these acQuire dialog boxes.15 1. Figure 10-29: acQuire table Tutorial 10. Select all the fields in the Assay_BH directory. From the Select Holes tab. Under the Assay tab expand the Alchemy header. Click OK to accept the settings. 16 1. Field names are limited to six characters and can not have the same name on the same table. Figure 10-31: Setup DSR dialog box Creation of the link to an acQuire database is now complete and the Isis database thorlink1.acq. Figure 10-32: Open Geological Database dialog box 118 10 Creating a Database . Click OK. The most common style is tangent.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 10-30: Select data from acQuire dialog box Use the Abbreviations dialog box to change the name of the Vulcan field the data will be imported into. By default. Tutorial 10.isis will now function just like any other Vulcan database. Verify or change the Vulcan field names and click OK. the Vulcan field name is a shortened version of an acQuire field name. DSR file settings are the same for acQuire as for other Isis files. • Select File > Close or File > Quit Isis to close the database. The Isis Library Database option is only used if working with the older library-style databases.1 Open the headered database created in Chapter 1 in Isis. Select File > Open Database. Ensure everything looks correct and that each table has been populated with information. Opening the Database 119 . Selecting a HoleID from the drop-down list box will populate the tables with the information for the particular hole. Figure 11-2: Collar table Tutorial 11. 2. Open Isis. Figure 11-1: Open Database dialog box Tip! The ODBC Link option is only used if you work with ODBC link databases.11 Viewing a Database in Isis Opening the Database Opening a Isis database: 1. When a database is open. The Ensure project prefix option is ticked by default. you can switch between Vulcan Envisage and Isis by using the toggle buttons in the lower right hand corner of the screen. which will prevent any changes being made to the database. Use Open as read-only to open the database in read-only mode. • Databases can also be opened from the Vulcan Explorer window. and ensures the project code is appended to the front of the database name. Notebook/Multiple Window Views There are two ways to display the database in Isis: • Notebooks • Multiple Windows Notebooks Notebooks is the default view that displays databases as a single window with the various database tables shown as tabs. and then pressing the [ENTER] key. typing the drillhole name exactly. The contents of the tables are viewed by selecting the table tab. Tip! Drillhole names are case sensitive. In the top left corner of the window. ODBC) representing the different database styles in use. The Vulcan Explorer window comprises of several virtual folders in which various Vulcan data files are stored. • The Objects subfolder contains a listing of every drillhole record in the database. If Edit is selected. there is a drop-down list box. The User Database folder at the bottom of the folders tree contains all userdefined Isis databases. use the drop-down list box to select the required drillhole. right-clicking on any column name in a table will open a different context window used for sorting the data. To view the table contents for different database records. | etc. Drillholes named AB1. Each tab is a window made up of rows and columns. If you select View. Ab1 and aB1 are all treated as unique drillholes. the database is also opened in Isis. Library. A drillhole can also be selected by “blanking” (deleting the contents) the drop-down list box. depending on which record (drillhole) is selected.) in drillhole names. but in read-only mode. Figure 11-3: Notebooks view 120 11 Viewing a Database in Isis . You can right-click on the actual drillhole database to open a context menu. The columns correspond to the database fields. ab1. Right-click on any row number in a table to open the context menu used to edit contents of the row. and the rows correspond to the field data entries. The actual database files are shown as containers within these subfolders. in which every database record (drillhole) is listed. Avoid using spaces or special characters (%. Furthermore. • The Design subfolder lists every table in the database. $. the database will open in Isis. This folder can contain up to three subfolders (Headered. Right-click on any table or field under the Design subfolder to open the context menu. The contents of the rows and columns in each table tab vary.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! Double-clicking on the name of the database will open it as well. 121 . The view will only be applied when the database is reopened. Tile Horizontally or Tile Vertically methods. Each window can be resized or positioned as required using the standard Microsoft Windows® resizing and positioning techniques. Figure 11-4: Preferences dialog box Tutorial 11. Initially. The drop-down list box in the top left corner of the index table lists all the database records (drillholes) for the database. To change between views use Edit > Preferences and select the multiple windows view.2 Open the database in a multiple windows view. a database will open in a single window.Multiple Windows The multiple windows view allows several tables to be viewed in separate windows. To close the database choose File > Close and reopen using any of the methods mentioned in the previous section. Figure 11-5: Database records Tip! The Window menu allows you to rearrange the table windows using the Cascade. This window acts as an index table to the database and lists the tables contained within the database. A window may be opened for each table. Opening the Database Double-click on a table name to open a separate window with information for the chosen table. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 11-6: Multiple view Tutorial 11. 122 11 Viewing a Database in Isis .3 Select the view you prefer and set it as your default. Legends Note: Data can be copied and pasted between columns. A drill legend scheme is used for the standard colour scheme for colouring drillhole traces while a scale legend scheme uses the drill scheme and allows you to make intervals thicker (discs). Furthermore. the value for To is TO and for From is FROM. Note that the legend must match the database table and field names exactly. Legend options are found under Analyse > Legend Edit. • Field Name .Type of data the legend will be showing. a list of schemes will appear. The two schemes applicable to drillholes are DRILL and SCALE. the following options need to be considered: • Alpha/Numeric . For example. When creating a drill scheme legend.12 Databases Drillhole Databases Use the Geology menu to query Drillhole databases in Vulcan Envisage.Tells the software how to draw the intervals. Most often.(only available for Numeric legends) Defines how the software handles Greater Than/Less Than/Equal To. would be orange. using a GELT would mean greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1 would be green. if a row has been pre-made and data is entered in the To column. Table 1: Intervals 0 1 Green 1 2 Orange Colours can be selected manually or a range of colours can be selected by right-clicking in the Colour column and selecting Colour Range from the context menu. Drillhole Databases 123 . When using the Analyse > Legend Edit > Legend Editor. given the intervals shown below.Type the name of the column/field exactly as it appears in the database. a colour legend must be created. • Range Mode . and greater than or equal to 1 and less than 2. however. • To/From methods . it will automatically appear in the From column on the next row. The Drilling option allows you to display drilling data in several ways. if incorrect the drillholes will either be loaded as the wrong colour or they will not load at all. • Record/Table .Type the name of the table exactly as it appears in the database where the data is located. Select Geology > Drilling > Open Database. Table 2: Alpha legend -99 0 0 0.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 12-1: Colour Ranges dialog box Tutorial 12. Alpha legends are case sensitive. not lowercase. meaning an A in the database must be an A in the legend.5 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 999 Loading drillholes on-screen: 1.1 Create a drillhole legend to display the gold values in the database.5 1. Figure 12-2: Open Geological Database dialog box 124 12 Databases .5 1 1 1.5 0. Use the following intervals listed in Table 2: (see below). The data can be loaded in a variety of ways as shown in Figure 12-3. • Selection File . • Polygon .Loads all drillholes that intersect a specified triangulation.Loads all drillholes matching the names contained in a Vulcan selection file.Loads subsets of drillholes by using a selection filter set up under Geology > Drilling > Selection Filter. • Extent . Select Geology > Drilling > Load Drillholes. and Z coordinates. Figure 12-3: Load Drillholes dialog box • Name . Drillhole Databases 125 .Loads all holes or a subset based on drillhole names (wildcards may be used). Drillholes that display as all one colour indicates a problem within the legend database fields.2 Load the drillholes using the legend created in Tutorial 6. • Section .Note: The legend name and line style thickness must be specified.1.Loads all holes within specified minimum and maximum X. Tutorial 12. • Filter . Y. Ensure that the drillholes are curved and that they are multi-coloured.Loads all drilling within the boundaries of a pre-existing (displayed) polygon. • Triangulation . 2.Loads all holes within a specified distance from a pre-existing (displayed) section line. size) of the labels. When prompted. Tutorial 12. use Geology > Drilling > Multi Label On. Figure 12-4: Multi Label Drillholes dialog box 126 12 Databases . as this is the temporary layer drillholes are loaded into. The Label On option first prompts you for which drillhole to label using the standard selection criteria. For one single drillhole. on both the left and right hand side of the trace. choose Object. select which field to label on the selected drillholes. Multi Label allows multiple labels to be displayed. For more labelling options. Use Geology > Drilling > Multi Label Properties to change the font properties of the labels. as well as drawing a tick mark for the start and end of the intervals.3 Label the gold grade values on-screen using the Label On. select Geology > Drilling > Label Off. With Multi Label On. To remove labels. Label colour and decimal places can be controlled on the dialog box. Note that the Label On option only labels a single field and the labels are displayed in the centre of an interval. To label all drillholes. Confirm layer DIG$DRILL.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Labelling Drillholes Add labels using Geology > Drilling > Label On or Multi Label On. select Layer and then click on any drillhole. several labels may be displayed as well as the properties (colour. 3. Only alpha/numeric legends will be displayed in the drop-down list box.3 2. create a scale legend using Analyse > Legend Edit > Legend Editor. To display discs around portions of drillholes. will populate the drop-down list box in the next dialog box. depending on how the previous dialog box was filled out. Select a font style and size that works best with your data. The Field Type (Alpha or Numeric).4 1. The disc width entered will be the diameter in feet or metres of the disc. The width of the discs can be manually entered or taken from a column in the database. Remove the labels created in Tutorial 12. label the gold values on the left and the copper values and the drillhole ID to the right. Ensure the Field Type should match the drill legend type associated with this scale.Tutorial 12. Using Multi Label On. Select the drill legend to link with the scale legend. Drillhole Databases 127 . Create a scale legend associated with the Gold Drill legend which was created in previous steps.5 10 1.5 1 0.5 1 5 1 1. 2. Table 3: Disc Widths From To Disc Width -99 0 0 0 0. 128 12 Databases .5 2 15 2 3 20 3 4 25 4 5 30 5 999 35 Tutorial 12.6 Create a legend to display the different rock types shown in Figure 12-6.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 12-5: Legend Editor Tutorial 12.5 1. Use the disc widths in Table 3:. Figure 12-6: Colour Ranges dialog box Tutorial 12. Check to display only collar points without drillhole trace Figure 12-7: Load Drillholes dialog box Tutorial 12. To display only collar points without the drillhole trace.7 Create a scale legend to easily identify the TQ1 lithological unit. Drillhole Databases 129 . Displaying drillhole collars does not require a legend.8 Load only the drillhole collar points and save these points to a layer named DRILLHOLE_COLLARS. check the Display drillhole location only option on the Load Drillholes dialog box (Geology > Drilling > Load Drillhole). . 8. the same dialog box and view as when you open a design of a database is displayed. that include adding or deleting tables and/or fields. 2. It is ideal to edit both the design and header of a database in order to maintain consistency between the database and its associated design. On the ASSAY table. Select File > Save. which in turn is determined by the database design. rename the AU name field to AUG. Changes to a database structure include any alterations to the original database structure. changing table and field descriptions and changing table and field Synonyms. When you open a database header in Isis. 4. click Browse select your file. Open Isis.13 Database Maintenance Modifying/Editing Databases Editing the Database Structure A database structure is controlled by the header information contained in the database. Changing the database structure: • Edit the design of the database. 7. 6. lengths and decimal places. It is recommended to edit the design of the database and then edit the header of the database. Click OK. Select File > Open Design. Tutorial 13.dsf) option. Editing the design of a database: 1. 5. renaming tables and/or fields. You can not modify the structure of a database without modifying the appropriate database design. Select the Headered template (. changing field character types.1 Make the changes outlined below (see Editing the design of a database). 3. Figure 13-1: Isis Design Database Modifying/Editing Databases 131 . Add an additional field to the ASSAY table called DOLLAR. type 3 for the AUG field. • Edit the header of the database. Under the Decimals column. If this is not the case. you will also need to modify the legend in order to be able to display the drillholes on-screen. Save your changes. To make changes in a database it must be open. then the database will not contain the correct information. Select File > Save. Saving new changes to a database: 1.5. only the design (.isis) and click Browse to select your file. Figure 13-2: Open Database Design dialog box Note: Only header-style databases have database headers that can be edited. 3.1.dsf) needs to be changed.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! When changing the name of a field. 2. changes in the Header of a database must be made to the design. Editing the header of a database: In order to edit an existing database. A warning displays that modifying the header may make the databases unintelligible. Inserting and Finding Values In many instances it is necessary to manually edit existing field values in a column. With the database open. Click OK. Select File > Open Design. Furthermore. If the database is linked using ODBC.3 Change the AU ASSAY value for the second sample interval of hole L11 to . the header of the database must be opened. Click OK. Tutorial 13. select the hole to edit and type a value in the correct cell. 132 13 Database Maintenance . Editing. Figure 13-3: Save Headered Database Design dialog box Tutorial 13. 2.2 Make the same changes to the header as you did to the design in Tutorial 13. Select Header of Headered template (. 1. the drillhole will not be displayed on-screen in Vulcan Envisage. Type all the necessary information into the different tables. Figure 13-5: COLLAR table If only a collar location is specified with no downhole information. You must have write permissions to the database in order to save the changes. 2. Tutorial 13. select Edit and not View in order to make changes. Select Object > Insert from the Isis menu. • Locating conditional entries (entries that meet conditions). Insert a drillhole with the following properties into the drillhole database: • HoleID: H99 • Easting: 78260 • Northing: 4650 • Elevation: 180 • Depth: 100 2. Display the drillholes on-screen in Vulcan Envisage ensuring your new hole is displayed properly. again the database must be open.Tip! If opening a database from the Vulcan Windows Explorer. Figure 13-4: ASSAY table To insert a new hole/object into the database.4 1. A new object will be inserted into the database. Select Edit > Find. Modifying/Editing Databases 133 . Search and locate entries in a database by categorising one of the following: • Locating specific entries. Save the changes to the database. Locating values within a database: 1. If a specific table is selected. Searching for U8 is different from searching for u8.For locating exact entries or wildcard characters. Figure 13-6: Find text dialog box If an entry that meets the parameters located. You can search for both numeric and alphanumeric characters. force exact record matching using character case. Click Cancel to exit the Find dialog box. Equation Equation is used to locate database entries that meet certain conditions or criteria. which will continue to locate and highlight fields if they meet the search criteria. Use this list to nominate the field to search. • Look in . wrap the search to the start of the database once it reaches the end. • More>> . You can apply one or more conditions to a search on a single nominated table. To continue the search. that field is highlighted. • Find What .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Text Tip! Alphanumeric characters are treated as case sensitive. In this case. click Find Next again. and the condition or conditions are typed in the Condition field.Advanced features for reversing the direction of the search.Use the drop-down list box to select the table to search. the additional drop list is not displayed. Text is used to locate specific database entries. The table is selected from the Table drop-down list box. Both numeric and alphanumeric characters can be used in conditional searches. an additional drop-down is displayed. Figure 13-7: Finding Conditions 134 13 Database Maintenance . Use [CTRL+G] from your keyboard to keep on searching (using the last parameters). You can also select to search every field in every table of the database. and to use wildcards. Only drillholes AB1 through to AB9 (maximum three characters) will be considered in subsequent equations. • AB* .Only drillhole AB1 will be considered in subsequent equations. Standard wildcard characters can be used: • An asterisk (*) means that all drillholes will be considered in subsequent equations. Modifying/Editing Databases 135 . • AB1 . Conditions are useful when a field does not have a legitimate value for use in the calculation (for example dividing by a field whose value is zero).fcl file Which conditions? Which field for the result? Load existing calculation file Which calculation? Evaluate and execute calculation Figure 13-8: Field Calculation dialog box • Key patterns . Both alphanumeric (enclosed in double quotes) and numeric characters can be used in conditions.Field Calculations Occasionally you may want to create new fields by performing a calculation between existing fields in a database. and divided into several sections. Which drillhole? Which table? Save calculation to a <name>. use Utilities > Field Calculation. If you specify a field which already contains data. One row generally means one equation. If a database is already created. the database structure allows you to append additional fields as you need them. Examples include converting an imperial unit to a metric unit. • AB? .Only drillholes starting with AB will be considered in subsequent equations.Use to apply the subsequent equations to all drillholes or only selected drillholes in the database. or calculating metal equivalent grades. • Table . Include extra blank fields in a table when your database is first created. in case you want to perform a calculation later. The Field Calculations dialog box is comprised of rows and columns.Specifies field conditions in calculations. A field must exist in the database to which the result of the calculations can be written.In the drop-down list box nominate the table in which the fields for the calculation reside. then this data will be overwritten by the results of the calculation. The specific set of operators that can be used in field calculation dialog box are shown in Table 1:. • Condition . Calculations can only be performed between fields in the same table. Calculations can only be performed between fields in the same table. In Isis. Multiple conditions can also be applied to several fields in the same table.1.9 9. >. <> == Comparison operators. This is two equal signs. but not both. LIKE Everything that is included in this condition for example. NOT Everything that is not included by the condition for example. The + can also be used on strings. 4^2^3=4^8=65536 rather than 4^2^3=16^3=4096.5 and AU less than 6.1 AND CU >4. ^ Integer modulus. Table 1: Basic Field Calculation Operators +. For example.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 For more information. ?: (if-else. Exponents are right associated. meaning. NOT LIKE Everything that doesn’t follow the pattern for example HOLEID NOT LIKE “7” include records that do not start with a 7.4 MS1 2. PB greater than or equal to 3.3 12.6 2. NOT EAST>78327 include records that have an Easting less than to equal to 78327. all of which work with strings.Exponent. >=. Consider the following extract from an ASSAY table for a fictional drillhole database: Table 2: Fictional Drillhole Database ROCK PB CU AU MS1 5. / Arithmetic operators. then the condition would be specified as ROCK == “MS1” AND PB >= 3. Equal. 136 13 Database Maintenance .2 6.5 AND AU<6. CU greater than 4. The <> are not equals. *. %. 7%3 returns 1. EAST<78327 AND NORTH>4730 includes all records that have both an Easting less than 78327 and a Northing greater than 4730.5. EAST>78327 XOR NORTH>4730 include records that have either. 4<3? ”Four is less than three” : “Four is larger than three” would return “Four is larger than three”. 2^3 returns 8. . visit Isis : Utilities : Field Calculations under Database Management in the Vulcan Help. EAST>78327 OR NORTH>4730 include records that have either or both an Easting less than 78327 and a Northing greater than 4730. -. For example. <=.1 To perform a calculation where ROCK is equal to MS1. For example. OR At least one of the conditions must be true for example. an Easting less than 78327 and a Northing greater than 4730. XOR Only one of the conditions must be true for example. <condition> ? <value if true> : <value_if_false>. HOLEID LIKE “7” include records that start with a 7. AND Both conditions must be true for example. <.5. The run-time of a field calculation depends entirely on the complexity and number of calculations to be performed. the Field Calculation dialog box will need to consist of three lines. For example. Equations can also incorporate alphanumeric characters. Equations can be a constant value or character. one for each condition and calculation.Using the AND operator means that all the conditions must be met before a calculation is performed. The calculations can be an interaction between the values or characters in two existing separate fields. and the size of Modifying/Editing Databases 137 . Figure 13-10: Apply all true equations option Saving and loading field calculation files: The Field Calculation dialog box also allows you to save a field calculation to a field calculation file.4 ? 5. • Field . Consider the following example: Table 3: ASSAY example VALUE CAT 1. Figure 13-9: Conditions and Calculations Applying equations: Towards the bottom left corner of the dialog box are two options. and a constant.2 To populate the CAT field with the terms GOOD. The naming convention for a field calculation file is <name>. • Equation .Use to nominate fields in a table for results of the calculation to be stored.fcl. or they can be simple or complex calculations. MEDIOCRE or POOR. The file resides in your working folder. or they can be the interaction between an existing field value. whether used to control several equations should be applied to the same table.3 ? 9. or to load an existing field calculation file. in which you set a grade category for different ASSAY values. or whether all equations should be applied to the same table. Executing field calculations: Click OK to evaluate and execute the field calculation. you could calculate a new field called CAT (for category).Use to specify the resultant or calculation when the condition has been evaluated as true. depending on the contents of VALUE. 3 – the dollar column should be populated with gold grade * length of interval * 50 * 50 * density *gold price (where 50 is the width and depth of the drillholes influence). select Utilities > Validate to check for: • Unique Collar Locations • Downhole Checks • Along Record Checks • Individual Field Checks The Validate option creates a specification file of data typed into the Database Validation dialog box so you can run the same checks on multiple databases. the dollar column should be populated with a -500. The specification file has an extension of. Figure 13-11: Field Calculations dialog box Specifying the gold grade: If gold grade is less than . the results are written to the database and can be saved using File > Save. Once the field calculation has been completed.3.dbv and is stored in the current working directory. Figure 13-12: Database Validation dialog box 138 13 Database Maintenance .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 the database being queried. If the gold grade is greater than or equal to . Database Validation In Isis. A specification file name and database must be selected before continuing. space or character. Along Record Checks Field sum . northing and level information in case the data is different from the previous selection.Checks that no identical values are found within the nominated individual tables and fields. • Mandatory . Modifying/Editing Databases 139 .Checks that the nominated tables and fields add up to a specified value. Downhole Checks Downhole Checks are divided into six different areas: • Total Depth . only a file created in the designated directory. • Derived Value . The expression can be a number. • Case Of .Checks all values within the nominated tables and fields match the given list.Checks for occurrences where the top or bottom of a horizon (from the depth record) crosses into another horizon. • Expression . letter. You can specify the table and the field to be checked. Select 2D check if you want to limit your search to the northing and easting coordinates only.Checks that there are values within the nominated tables and fields. • Increasing and Decreasing . • Unique Values .Checks that all values within the nominated tables and fields fall within the specified range. If no errors are encountered then there will be a window stating such. • Overlapping Intervals . • Translations . there will be no message if there is an error.Checks that a derived value is correct in a nominated field. The report will have the extension .Checks that all data contained within the nominated tables and fields are listed in an order that matches a specified sequence. select Override database Synonyms to enable manual selection of the easting. If Viewing > View report in > Text editor is selected.Checks that all values have translations.Unique Collar Location Use Unique Collar Location to check for duplicate collars.csv or standard) it will output. Individual Field Checks Individual Field Checks are divided into five different areas: • Minimum and Maximum Values .Checks that the nominated tables and fields increase or decrease as specified.dbv.Checks the depth from the collar table and the Geology table are the same. Select Viewing > View report in > Excel to open the error report in an Excel window.Checks that all values within the nominated tables and fields match an expression. To specify the exact database field used for the collar location. Save and Run The Specifications file allows naming of the report. Report Use Report to designate where the error report will reside and in what format (. If no errors were found a Validation Passed message will be displayed. • Sequence . select Individual Field Checks > Case Of to check the geology of your database. Select Object > Delete.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 13. select Unique Collar Locations. Click Save and then click Run. Select Check for overlapping intervals to check for places where the top or bottom of a horizon (from the depth record) crosses into another horizon. Select Report and designate a name for the report (the report generated will have the extension of . 2. Run the report again to ensure all errors are cleared.5 Use the Validate option to ensure the integrity of your data by following these steps: 1. Tick View report in and choose Excel. 3. northing and collar RL. You must click out of the modified cell prior to saving or your change will not be saved. In the Database Validation dialog box menu. Use the error report to handle discrepancies in the database. Find the area that lists your drillholes. In the Database Validation dialog box menu. 4. 2. 3. 10. In the Database Validation dialog box menu. select Report. This will start the error report if errors are encountered. The error report contains all of the information necessary for resolving the discrepancies in your database. Select Check for unique collar locations to ensure that you have unique easting. Figure 13-13: Locating an error in the database 140 13 Database Maintenance . 11. select Save and Run and choose the appropriate report from the Specifications file drop-down list box. Go to those drillholes by selecting them in the drop-down list box. Select File > Save after rectifying the issues listed in the error report. 7. select Downhole Checks > Overlapping Intervals. 8. In the Database Validation dialog box menu. To modify the values for the drillhole click in the cell and change it. 6. Deleting a drillhole from a database: 1. 3. 5. 9. 2. In the Database Validation dialog box menu.dbv) in the Report file field. Resolving database discrepancies: 1. The following image outlines how the information is displayed.dbl).dbl file.dbl and by default is saved to the working folder. For example. • Standard ASCII format (. The entire database will be exported. . and to suppress decimal points in floating point numbers.csv). The .dbl file has a specific format. The resultant file name is <name>. Using the Isis Utilities > Export > Database Option The Utilities > Export > Database option exports a database to ASCII format. It is not possible to export only certain records from the database.txt. Both options are accessed from the Utilities menu. Modifying/Editing Databases 141 . The latter is required by external programs that can not handle floating point precision in numeric fields. Isis allows you to export databases to two ASCII formats: • Database Listing format (. exporting database records (drillholes) to a new database for estimation if the core recovery field in a table in the database meets a certain value. Figure 13-14: Export Database Export file is constructed from the existing Isis database name and can be altered if required.Exporting Data You can export all or part of a database to an ASCII format file (or files). The remaining options in the dialog box allow you to add a space between each field written to the . The number of files depends entirely on the database structure. in which commas or other characters are specified as the delimiting characters. • Field names . Any file extension can be specified with either format. Figure 13-15: Export Tables dialog box Use a single table or a condition to choose the information to export. If Condition is selected.csv) format. Using the Isis Utilities > Export > Tables Option Use Utilities > Export > Tables to export a database to one or more standard ASCII format files. The Export Tables dialog box is divided into three sections: • Tables to export . • Export style . Resultant files are saved to the current working folder. These can be renamed at a later stage if required. since it can easily be imported back into a database using Utilities > Import > Database. and the extension from the type of export format you are using.Optional. • Delimited format (formatted). 142 13 Database Maintenance . with the naming convention <name>.dbl format is a quick method of creating a backup of the database.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! Exporting an Isis database in .Relates to which tables of the database you wish to export. The entire database or parts can be exported as either: • Character separated value (. Isis will always attempt to construct a name from the database name. and the export parameters specified.<extension>. in which a space or number of spaces is used to arrange the data into columns.Relates to the ASCII format of the resulting files. determines whether the field names of the database are also written to the exported files. the define button will give a Conditions dialog box. Tutorial 13. except there is an option which allows the adding of new data records found in the CSV files. GEOL and ASSAY) would be exported. only a single table (the COLLAR table) would be exported.csv file.6 1. Ensure only LK holes exist. with the same column order. Select Databases (update).csv). Then The CSV Update – Data Files and Database dialog box is similar to importing CSV data (see “Importing Data into the DSF” on page 105).Exports only records from the table referenced in the dialog box. In the above example. 3. Export the LK* holes to files. and would only contain entries for those drillholes whose BHID started with the letter D. This will overwrite any original . SURVEY. Saved specifications can be used to fill out the following dialog boxes correctly. In the above example. meaning a .csv.Sampling.tbe and it is stored in your working folder. 2.Exports all the tables from the database. Choose File > Import > CSV (Dill. the import should work correctly. • Whole object . all four tables (COLLAR.csv files are named the same way. Open the collar. Modifying/Editing Databases 143 . As long as the new .cvs files (for example collar.Channel). The naming convention of this file is <name>. Updating an existing database in Vulcan Envisage: 1. The disk icon allows you to save the conditions to a specification file.Figure 13-16: Enter Record Selection Conditions dialog box Using the Enter Record Selection Conditions dialog box: • Matching records . assay. The new information must be in the same format as the existing database. and it would contain only those drillholes whose BHID started with the letter D. Updating an Existing Database An existing database may be updated with new drilling information.csv file must exist for each table in the database. 2. GEO.Data Files and Database dialog box Tutorial 13. Change the name of the LK* drillholes to TK* using the search and replace option. 144 13 Database Maintenance .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 13-17: CSV Load . Open the collar. Import these newly named drillholes into your database using the CSV Update option.7 1. 2. ASSAY. and struct. Saved specifications are stored in the Resources area. Make similar changes in the SURVEY.csv files.csv file in Microsoft® Excel. All users can use the same specs if their environment variable named ENVIS_RESO points to the same area. set up the Horizon List which will define the seams and lithology names in a database by descending order. For each table (in the database). For the automatic function to work. The Sampleid column should contain the geological Horizons/seams.1 Complete the Database Record Definition dialog box for all tables except COLLAR and SURVEY. Database Record Definition The Database Record Definition dialog box interprets how Vulcan Envisage treats various tables in Isis for checking and modelling.14 Drilling Utilities Using Geology Tools The Geology > Drilling Utilities tools are used for checking drillhole intervals and locating holes of interest on-screen. it is essential to complete the Database Record Definition dialog box correctly. The information entered into the Database Record Definitions dialog box is stored under <prefix>. This can be manually created or built automatically. Figure 14-1: Database Record Definition dialog box Tutorial 14.gute_spec. This in mainly used with stratified deposit type data sets such as coal. the From and To intervals must be defined. Setting up a Horizon List: Using Geology Tools 145 . Horizon Lists Next. 14 Drilling Utilities . Click the Build Horizon List button. Select Geology > Drilling Utilities > Horizon List. Vulcan Envisage will search the database and find all of the different entries in Isis and complete the dialog box. finishing with the parent seam listing. go back into the database and correct the upper and lower case issues. if different cases were used to enter data into the database (re and RE) both entries will display and will be treated as two different seams by Vulcan. type these entries into the dialog box.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 1. seams with splitting should be listed with the smallest degree of splitting in the left column and work to the right in increasing value. Seams with no splits will be listed under Child Split column. 2.The dialog box should now list all of the Horizons. If both entries refer to the same seam. In addition. Choose the GEO field from the Horizon Record drop-down list box. 146 • Horizon List . However. the automatic function is quicker and easier. copy and paste the Horizons into an appropriate dialog box in the Analyse > Legend Edit > Create menu. Figure 14-2: Globals . • Splits List . and can identify erroneous entries in the database.This option starts a new dialog box in the splitting relationships of coal seams. 3.Horizon and Splits Lists dialog box Figure 14-3: Globals .Horizons List Tip! To create a legend with all Horizons. If you already know which Horizons to use. Figure 14-4: Globals - Splits List Checking Holes At this point, it is a good idea to check the drillholes to verify that there are no overlaps or crossing intervals. 1. Select Geology > Drilling Utilities > Check Drillholes. 2. Check each table in the database individually. Horizons will be checked based on the Horizon List. 3. Use Highlight colour and Highlight size for marking holes that fail checking. In an imperial data set, entering 10 for the highlight size will draw a 20 x 20 box around the collar of the drillhole. Information for failed holes is displayed in the Report window. Figure 14-5: Check Drillholes dialog box Tip! For a standard metals type database, only the report overlapping intervals option will be used. Using Geology Tools To remove highlighted marks select Geology > Drilling Utilities > Clear Located. 147 Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Locating Holes Often it is necessary to locate holes on-screen that meet a set of criteria like lithology or grade. 1. Select Geology > Drilling Utilities > Create/Modify Locate. 2. Specify a locate ID to store information into the next file. Several different locate IDs can be set and run later. These locate IDs will be added to the <prefix>.gute_spec file. Figure 14-6: Locate - ID dialog box Figure 14-7: Locate - Definition dialog box Specify a table, field, and condition to locate. For example, to find a particular geologic unit: 1. Select the Table with geology and select the Character field. 2. Enter the name of the unit. If it is a numeric variable, then it will be found in the numeric drop-down list box and a minimum/maximum value can be specified. There are three options toward the end of the dialog box. • Dependent - All conditions must be true for any one interval of the hole (for example between 0-10ft, AU gt .5 and CU gt 2). • Independent - All conditions must be true at some point in any one hole (for example between 0-10 ft, AU gt .5 and between 10-20 ft, CU gt 2). • Any Condition - Either condition can be satisfied by any part of a hole. 148 14 Drilling Utilities If multiple locate definitions are run, you can use only the previously located holes to continue narrowing down the search. To do this, check the Use located option. Tutorial 14.2 Locate the holes with the lithology where at least one gold value within the TQ1 lithology has a gold value greater than .3. Tip! When searching for character type values, remember a8 is different than A8. This dialog box is case sensitive and looks for the case in the database. Set Visibility of Located Holes Located holes can be used to make them or non-located holes invisible (Geology > Drilling Utilities > Set Visibility of Located). Located holes can be named visible/invisible as can nonlocated holes. If multiple locate IDs have been used, only use Last located invisible or All located invisible. Figure 14-8: Make Context Menu Extracting Located Holes to CSV/Database Located holes can be extracted to a database or .csv files by using Geology > Drilling Utilities > Extract Located to DB or .csv. If extracting to a database a name will need to be entered and if extracting to .csv files the files will be automatically named <Table Name>.csv. Figure 14-9: Extract drillholes to context menu Figure 14-10: Extract Drillholes to Database dialog box To remove located hole marks off the screen select Geology > Drilling Utilities > Clear located. This clears only the locate square and leaves the drillhole on-screen. Using Geology Tools 149 Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 14.3 Dump the holes located in the previous tutorial into a new database named thorhg.dhd.isis. Mapfile Overview Mapfiles are text files that represent drillhole data in a spatial X,Y, Z format, as opposed to the relative depth from collar representation found in a drillhole database. They are similar to a straight composite database. Mapfiles are typically used in stratigraphic modelling, as they can easily record top and bottom intercepts of a seam and the quality values therein. A mapfile consists of two parts; a header and a body. The header defines the columns that exist in the mapfile, while the body contains the data broken into columns. Mapfiles can vary in size and data composition. An easy way to display them is using the Geology > Drilling > Mapfile option, where they will load to the screen much like a simple survey file. Figure 14-11: Geological Mapfile dialog box Click OK once you have completed this dialog box, and on the subsequent dialog box choose which variable from the mapfile to be loaded (typically a SR (structure roof) or SF (structure floor) variable). The point data should load into Vulcan Envisage. 150 14 Drilling Utilities Figure 14-12: Point data Using Geology Tools 151 . . This is true for both solids and for volumes between surfaces. however if renamed in Vulcan Explorer with spaces. Figure 15-1: Triangulated planes Triangulations are stored as individual files and can be copied. and ore body models. such as cut-and-fill Introduction to Triangulations 153 . renamed and deleted through Vulcan Explorer. If data is sparse the resulting triangulation will be coarse. including topography or digital terrain models (DTM). which results in more accurate volumes than possible when using the more traditional polygonal or end-area type volumetric methods. fault surfaces. This allows for the creation of any complex shape. first wireframe a standard wildcard listing and then by typing the selection criteria. those spaces are retained and may cause options not to work correctly. they do not interpolate intermediate points. surface and solid. and where data is dense the resultant triangulation will be detailed.15 Triangulation Modelling Introduction to Triangulations Triangulations are highly accurate mathematical representations of data in three dimensions. pit shells. which form a series of triangulated planes that define a surface or enclose a volume. Advantages of Triangulations Triangulations accurately represent any surface or solid shape. This menu option allows for narrowing down triangulation pick lists. • A solid triangulation model is a closed 3D representation of the data. Tip! Avoid using spaces in triangulation names. A triangulation model is a series of 3D coordinate points and the linkages between them. Unless smoothed. An understanding of its underlying concept is important when applying it to particular geological or mining situations. Vulcan will remove any spaces used when naming a triangulation. Triangulations in Vulcan are saved with the file extension . and does not encompass a volume. • The final option for loading triangulations is Load by Location (Model > Triangle Utility). The versatility of the triangulation structure allows it to be used for many purposes. Two terms are used in Vulcan to categorise triangulations. The closed model has no distinct edge and must encompass a volume. • Surface triangulation models are 3D representations of the data.00t. Triangulation models honour all of the data points from which they are created. They are referred to as open because the triangulation has a distinct edge. Processing time is directly proportional to the number of data points being considered.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 volumes. are available to solve this. Sometimes the triangulation algorithms create shapes that do not match the perceived shape that should occur based upon prevailing experience and the data at hand. Large flat. for example tie strings. Triangulation modelling methods may not be ideal for modelling sparse data. The wide range of utilities provided for modelling triangulations enables triangulation models to be very powerful display and analysis tools. Several manual techniques. Triangulations enable the modelling of a very broad range of cultural structures or natural shapes such as: • Topography • Mine excavations • Geological surfaces • Ore bodies • Underground development • Underground stopes • Arbitrary attribute models • Groundwater levels The 3D nature of triangulations coupled with Vulcan’s powerful graphical tools enable high quality visualisation that can rapidly convey the concepts of a geological model or engineering design. Some options within Vulcan Envisage attempt to correct these problems but they do not satisfy all cases. Disadvantages of Triangulations The complex nature of (some) triangulations requires that considerable care needs to be taken during their construction. Work procedures should be established to streamline these processes. triangles give a surface a coarse 154 15 Triangulation Modelling . the following dialog box will appear. • Select Model > Triangle Utility > Load and a triangulation from the drop-down list box. Loading Triangulations The different options in Vulcan for loading triangulations into the Vulcan Envisage window include: • Double-clicking on an individual triangulation name. Selections are made from the list of triangulations displayed on the left side of the dialog box. right-click on the triangulation itself or the file in the Vulcan Explorer window and select Remove. Unloading Triangulations To remove a triangulation. The Remove by Name and Remove by Location options found in the Triangle Utility options in the Model menu. right-click and select Load. Introduction to Triangulations 155 . • Multiple triangulations may be selected and loaded simultaneously if the left mouse key is depressed while holding either the [SHIFT] or [CTRL] keys. The arrow buttons in the centre are used to move selected triangulations between the selection list and the triangulation list. work the same as the loading options. • Multiple triangulations may be selected and loaded simultaneously if the left mouse key is depressed while holding either the [SHIFT] or [CTRL] keys. The entire selection may be dragged into the Vulcan Envisage window using the left mouse key. After all desired triangulations are selected. • Select Model > Triangle Utility > List or click the List Triangulations button from the Open toolbar.resolution while grid modelling techniques allow the estimation of values in the gaps between the raw data points to provide a smooth surface. It allows users to build up a list of triangulations to be loaded. Figure 15-3: Open dialog box This dialog box is an extension of the common open dialog that you may have seen in other programs. List Triangulations icon Figure 15-2: Open toolbar If selecting triangulations from a list. 1 Loading and unloading triangulations: 1. Solid shade triangulation or Draw as wireframe. Load both the pit. 3. and then selecting Remove All. The triangulation properties dialog box has two tabs. Remove the triangulation by right-clicking on surface topography in the Vulcan Envisage window. click the plus (+) symbol to expand the Triangulations folder.00t by selecting both files in the Explorer window. In the Vulcan Explorer window. 6. Remove both triangulations at once by right-clicking on in the Vulcan Envisage window. Double-click the topo. Triangle Attributes (Properties) When triangulations are created. 7. there are two options for solid shading. 2. the triangulation properties dialog box displays. Right-click on either and choose Load.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 15. 5. Open a design database. The attributes of a triangulation can be changed at any time by going to Model > Triangle Utility > Attributes or by right-clicking on the triangulation and selecting Properties. Figure 15-4: Solid shade triangulation 156 15 Triangulation Modelling . Shading and Advanced. Both tabs control the appearance of the triangulation. On the Shading tab.00t file. 4. and select Remove.00t and topo. Use the rotation tools to view the triangulation in 3D. which is where colour and other attributes are set. Figure 15-6: Solid triangulation with wireframe mesh Figure 15-7: Smooth shading with surface definition angle set to 180. The option Ensure triangulation is not striped is used to remove strange lighting effects caused when overlaying images onto surfaces. Smoothing does not affect the surface area or volume of a triangulation. The last option is to apply Smooth shading.Figure 15-5: Wireframe triangulation There are three options for solid shaded triangulations. Introduction to Triangulations 157 . which is purely a visual effect and does not change the true surface of the triangulation. Selecting Draw wireframe mesh over surface is useful for simple visualisation of complicated triangulations as this option will draw the individual triangles that are used to build the triangulation. this option may make the display slightly slower. even if the direction of the light is changed later. For example. If you set the angle to 180°. then all of the triangles are considered to be on different surfaces. Fill triangles with pattern. if the angle between your bench and batter is 70°. allows you to specify a pattern to apply to a wireframe mesh. There are two different ways to colour a triangulation. right-click on the box below the chosen option to display a colour palette. and the colours will blend over the whole model. Figure 15-9: Colours dialog box 158 15 Triangulation Modelling . then select an angle less than 70° to ensure that the bench and batter appear as different surfaces in the model. However. This means that the shading will not change until the triangulation is reloaded. On the right hand side. Two options are available when choosing to display the triangulation as a wireframe. then all of the triangles are considered to be on one surface. When the Use load time shading check box is ticked. Figure 15-8: Simple contours at 10 unit intervals. If an angle is less than this value. using the current light direction and a two-sided lighting model. the lighting calculations used to shade the triangulation are performed at load time. With some graphics cards this option may cause the display to load significantly faster than allowing changes in the light direction to dynamically change the shading of the triangulation. The option in the lower left hand corner of the triangulation properties dialog box allows you to specify any RGB (Red Green Blue index) colour and is not restricted to one of the 32 colours in the user’s colour index. If you set this angle to 0°. you can select a colour from the palette. The Display simple contours option is a simple way to designate a contour interval and display contour lines for any given triangulation. then the triangles are considered to be on different surfaces. The first option. After selecting the option for the preferred colouring option.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 The Surface definition angle refers to the angle required between the triangle normals for the surface to be considered continuous. The Advanced tab on the triangulation properties dialog box provides more options for enhancing the visual effects of triangulations. Figure 15-11: Surface coloured by Z-axis with Spectrum scheme Introduction to Triangulations 159 . Alternative axis colouring options are accessed using the Modify button. or using a Vulcan colour scheme (see the section on the Analyse > Legend Edit menu for details). Y and Z axis using the Axis Colouring options. When using solid shading the triangulation can be coloured by the X. This option does not work for wireframes. Figure 15-10: Triangulation > Advanced tab The default colour scheme option is Spectrum. including Interpolate colours between two RGB values. The Equalise range option ensures the entire spectrum is used across the entire range of the axis. which is a simple rainbow colour scheme stretched across the range of the triangulation along the specified axis. You can choose to colour triangulation by using some other surface as a reference point. Colour by the Z axis using the Spectrum colour scheme (remember the shading settings must indicate solid shading.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 15-12: Surface coloured by Interpolate between two RGB values The Texture Mapping option allows the triangulations to be draped with a texture.00t triangulation and select Properties. An example of the use of textures is in pit or face mapping. where a digital image of the rock face can be draped onto a pit or stope design. Before loading an image. 2. Figure 15-13: Texture mapping with image overlaid on a topography triangulation The last option for triangulation properties is Translucency. Change from solid shading to wireframe mesh. it must be registered with the triangulation.00t surface triangulation. Load the topo. 160 15 Triangulation Modelling . Select the Attributes option under Model > Triangle Utility or simply right-click on the topo. Tutorial 15. Select the option Blend texture with triangulation colour to ‘blend’ the solid shaded triangulation colour with the image file to see both lighting and texture effects. 4. for example an image of an aerial photograph or a satellite image. To use this feature select the Texture resource option and pick the image file from the list.2 Changing Triangulation Attributes: 1. not wireframe mesh). 6. 5. Change the colour of the triangulation. which is used to set a triangulation from 0 (not translucent) to 100 (completely translucent). 3. Change the translucency to 75%. Surface triangulation models may be created using any object data. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Create. for example points.16 Triangulation Surfaces Creating a Surface In the previous section we learned how a surface model could be loaded and its attributes changed to provide the best viewing criteria. The Triangulation dialog box will display. We will now go back a step and look at how this triangulation was created. Figure 16-1: Triangulation dialog box Figure 16-2: Triangulation models Creating a Surface 161 . lines or polygons. However. Use Breaklines to set a tolerance for controlling the maximum distance a triangulation node can be from a breakline. Figure 16-4: Excluding a boundary polygon • Relimit triangulation with boundary polygon . all selected data will be used in the triangulation. select Triangulation of data inside boundary polygon so only data inside the polygon is triangulated. The most common method for creating horizontal and sub-horizontal surface triangulation models. use Triangulate data projected against a plane or Triangulate data projected against a sphere. if using a boundary. The option Alternative elevation value will replace the Z coordinates with a W tag (creating a model for contouring by W tag). 162 16 Triangulation Surfaces . Boundary Tab The Boundary tab allows the use of polygons to limit the data to triangulate. If Use boundary polygon to limit triangulation is not checked.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Data Tab The Data tab controls how the data is projected and where it is located after it is created. The resultant triangulation goes to the nearest data points to the polygon. The polygon simply controls which data points are triangulated. One of the following three options must be selected: • Use boundary polygon as part of triangulation data .Excludes data points forming the polygon. The breakline tolerance stops the formation of long narrow triangles (crossing triangles) and breaking inconsistencies. is by using the Triangulate data in plan view option.Includes the data points from the polygon. before the breakline modifies adjacent triangles. Enabling this option will allow you to specify an offset for the W value.The data points forming the polygon are not used. For triangulations in other orientations. but the polygon is used to clip the triangulation. for instance inside or outside. Figure 16-3: Using a boundary polygon • Exclude boundary polygon from data . It is common to use a polygon that forms part of a data set as the bounding polygon (for example an outermost contour). Table 1: Surface Variations Order Surface 1 Plane surface 2 Dome or simple syncline (parabolic) 3 Folded surface (anticline and syncline) • Return only trend model results . Saving the spurs to a layer allows the triangulation to be regenerated with the same spur strings. Bearing. This trend surface will pass through the data as a surface of best fit.Applies local variations to the surface by direction. semi-major radius and minor radius need to be specified. • Use bounding constraint points . dip. Use Incorporate spurs in triangulation so the spurs are used as part of the data in the triangulation. Do not use the spur creation options if triangulating a pit design as crest/bench definition may Creating a Surface 163 . Flat spots are overcome by employing spur strings in the valleys and along the ridges of the contours. Spurs are flat spots that can occur where the surrounding data points all have the same Z value. the trend outside the area of the data (surface strings. If the layer name is left blank. you can add an extra variable (for example easting or northing) and compute a 3D surface of best fit. When trend surfaces are normally built. The trend represents a best-fit mathematical model. A trend order that relates to the complexity of the trend surface must be specified. In the same manner a line of best fit can be determined from a scatter diagram. which estimates the surface shape between the data points. It is not recommended to go above three. triangles can not always be created between adjacent contours due to the geometry of nearby points.Controls the trending. Spurs Tab The Spurs tab allows you to Generate spur strings and save them to a new or existing layer. This is useful for future reproduction of the model using the trending results. The mathematical method used is a regression method that gives the best fit. plunge. However sometimes it produces poor results at the edges of the data which can corrupt the original data.Figure 16-5: Relimiting triangulations Trending Tab The Trending tab allows you to apply overall geological trend to the surface and build it in to the triangulation model. In the case of contours. major radius. points) will generally oscillate wildly into infinity. Ticking this option will prevent this from happening. The fitted surface represents the regional trend present in the data. This is usually fine as it is away from the area of interest.Applies a regional variation to the surface. the spur strings will be created as an underlay.Produces the trend surface as the triangulation and does not add back the raw data. for example inside the data. This can cause discrepancies with actual surfaces. • Apply ellipsoidal trending . • Apply polynomial trending . or return to change any attribute. Tutorial 16. it may be more appropriate to use spot heights to control the triangulation. select Incorporate spurs in triangulation and Apply arbitrary levels to flat spur strings. Use Layer in the selection criteria menu. select the CONTOURS layer and Confirm.00t.1 1. Trim the edge triangles will restrict the size of triangles around the edge of a triangulation based on the specified minimum angle. On the Spurs tab select Generate spur strings.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 be lost. Once all data is selected. right-click to exit the command and then Confirm Triangulate. Load layers CONTOURS and BOUND. You can remove the CONTOURS layer if desired. 10. If the wrong polygon is selected. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Create. 6. Triangulation of data inside boundary polygon and Use boundary polygon as part of triangulation data. 12. minimum area and maximum edge length. 7. 164 16 Triangulation Surfaces . As the data is selected. Vulcan will automatically add the file extension . If a boundary polygon is to be used. Condition Tab The Condition tab allows you to perform some limitations on triangulations. Once all the specifications in the Triangulation dialog box are set. 11. The option Prevent the formation of flat triangles where possible will distort triangles that have all vertices on the same contour. Remove the triangulation to see the spur strings more clearly. select the boundary polygon and confirm the correct object. After the correct polygon has been selected and confirmed. name the layer SPURS and add a description. 9. Click OK. the first prompt will be to select the boundary polygon. Rotate and zoom in on the triangulation and inspect the spur strings. Arbitrary levels can be applied to flat spur strings (to prevent mesa or tabletop type features). When your surface triangulation has been created. it will grey out. remember not to uses spaces or special characters. Occasionally unpredictable or undesired shapes can occur in saddles or when using the ‘flat’ spur string generation. a selection criteria dialog box will appear. choose Pick and select the correct polygon. When prompted. 2. You can set properties for the triangulation now. 8. a triangulation model name dialog box will appear. Trending and Condition tabs set to default. Right-click to exit command and Confirm triangulate. Leave Data. On the Boundary tab select Use boundary polygon to limit triangulation. The triangulation would not be a good reflection/interpretation of the pit design strings. click OK. 3. In these cases. Use the best option to select the data to be included as part of the triangulation. 4. 5. When defining a name for your triangulation. Name the triangulation topo_contours. Select File > Save. Relimit by Polygon creates a new triangulation from an existing triangulation surface and one or more nominated polygons. effectively creating doughnut shapes. The Relimit by Solid option creates a new surface triangulation by relimiting an existing triangulated surface against a selected solid triangulation. An example of this is to triangulate between contours. The boundary polygon is used as part of the triangulation.Tutorial 16. Grid Mesh The Grid Mesh option is used to create a simple grid over an existing triangulated surface between extents determined interactively by a ‘rubber band’. Use the Relimit option under the Model > Triangle Utility menu for 3D relimiting. Relimiting Surfaces There are two relimiting options Relimit by Polygon and Relimit by Solid. The Relimit by Polygon option only works in plan view. Relimit by Polygon allows you to either keep or delete. Creating a Surface 165 . This is useful when removing the topography within a pit crest string. what is inside the polygon.1 (Continued) Figure 16-6: CONTOURS and BOUND layers Two Polygons The Two Polygons option allows the surface triangulation to be re-limited to be within a bounding polygon (identical to the options under the Create menus) or to be created within internal and external boundaries. 3. Figure 16-8: Relimited surface triangulation 166 16 Triangulation Surfaces . then select the solid_1. 4. Ensure no triangulations are loaded.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 16-7: Relimited surface Tutorial 16.2 Relimiting Surface Triangulations: 1. Remove all triangulations except topo_relimit_2. Load layer RELIMIT and triangulation topo. 8.00t is automatically selected as it is the only triangulation loaded.00t. 7. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Relimit by Solid. Name the new triangulation topo_relimit. 2. Name the resulting triangulation topo_relimit_2. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Relimit by Polygon. First select the topo. The topo. Now select the polygon from the RELIMIT layer. Choose Keep Inside and confirm Relimit. 5.00t triangulation. and choose Keep Inside.00t triangulation. 6.00t and load triangulation solid_1.00t. Remove RELIMIT and triangulation topo. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Surface Area. The cut volume is the volume of the pit below the topo and the fill is the volume above the topo inside of the pit projection. the Polygons Volume option calculates the volume between two triangulated surfaces within a set of polygons. The Volume option is used to calculate the volumes between two triangulated surfaces with overlapping areas and uses the relative vertical positions of the two surfaces. Figure 16-9: Surface area Figure 16-10: Triangle surface dialog box The Volume option can create a report file.txt. In addition. 5. 8. square yards or square metres. First select the topo triangulation. A cut value is calculated for areas where the lower triangulation has a lower Z value. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Volume and then Cubic feet.00t surface triangulation.00t. If other triangulations are loaded. depending on the order in which the surfaces were selected.csv. This option is similar to the Volume option. select the topo.asc). Ensure the only triangulation loaded is topo. the user must specify the file extension (for example . Click OK. 3. Tutorial 16. or the results will appear on-screen and in the Vulcan Envisage tab of the Report window.00t triangulation. When generating a report. Right-click to exit the command. On the Triangle surface dialog select Square feet.3 Surface Area and Volumes: 1.Areas and Volumes Use Surface Area to display the total surface area of triangles for a selected triangulation in square feet. Surface volumes are often referred to as ‘cut and fill’ volumes. 6. as the areas of overlap of the triangulations define positive and negative volumes. . 2. . 7. 4. and then select the pit projection triangulation. Load the pit. except it limits the area between the two surfaces by one or more polygons. otherwise a fill volume is calculated. The triangulation is automatically selected if it is the only one loaded. Creating a Surface 167 . the resulting triangulation will fail one or more validation checks. If deleting individual triangles. Once the desired triangulation is selected. The triangles created by adding a point inside an existing triangulation will automatically be added to the triangulation. use Snap to point to ensure the vertex of the new triangle matches with vertices of existing triangles. Using Insert Triangle. If using Delete by line. there are several different techniques for choosing which triangles to delete.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Surface Triangulation Manipulation Several of the Model > Triangle Surface tools are used for editing existing triangulation surfaces and solid triangulations. Delete Vertex Removes vertices from triangulations. however there is no option to save as a new triangulation. add or remove extra triangles from existing triangulations. The current Z value for the node is displayed when the Triangle Vertex Value dialog box appears. Move Vertex Allows you to change the location of a vertex in a triangulation. 168 16 Triangulation Surfaces . Insert Triangle and Delete Triangle Similar to the vertex edit options. In the Delete Triangle option. all triangles that intersect with the line will be deleted. you can create new triangles outside the boundary of the original triangulation. To preserve original triangulations. create a copy of the triangulation prior to editing. Delete by polygon deletes either triangles insider or outside a polygon. These edit tools modify existing triangulations. If vertices do not match. Figure 16-11: Move Vertex Add Vertex Inserts a vertex into a triangulation. the option works best with Snap to object is active. Table 2: Triangle Surface editing tools Command Definition Vertex Z Edit Modifies the Z value of an individual triangle node.This option can not be used to add new points outside the triangulation boundary. the option will prompt for the desired Z value. When using Insert Triangle. the Image Registration Properties dialog box will appear. Fix the problem area shown. Figure 16-12: fix_1 triangulation problem area Image Registration The Image Registration options under the Model menu allow images to be draped onto triangulations. Most commonly these are aerial photos that are draped onto surface triangulations. Vulcan will also accept CompuServe Gif (. Under the Image Registration menu.4 Load the fix_1 triangulation. Once an . the first option is to Create or Open an .tiff).gif) files and ER Mapped ECW images (.Tutorial 16.ecw). This option works best if only two or three control points are used.ireg file name specified. The Use loaded triangulation is most common and allows the user to specify an existing triangulation to overlay the image.ireg file is selected or a new .ireg file containing the specifications of the registration. The most common file extension for images are JPEG (.jpg or . The Use automatically generated triangulation option creates an underlay that will cover the extent of the mapping. but there are many other uses for registering images to triangulations.tif or .jpeg) and tagged image file format (. First an image file must be specified. Creating a Surface 169 . Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 16-13: Image Registration Properties The check box for Sharp pixel boundaries makes pixels larger instead of smoothed under strong magnification. world window points. Select specify Image width if one control point is used. Once you click OK on the Image Registration Properties dialog box. Options to specify colours for image window points. Vulcan will first prompt for the image coordinate. 170 16 Triangulation Surfaces . Figure 16-14: Registered image The next step is to add control points that match points on the image (image coordinate) to the real world coordinates. The image width specified is used for draping an image. It may help to tile the windows vertically (Window > Tile Vertically). and highlight points will be covered later in this section. Right-click to exit the command. a new Image Registration window will open. then for the real world coordinate. Use Model > Image Registration > Add Point. When selecting real world coordinates. Display the topo. use Snap to object to ensure they are on the triangulation. the option must be closed by going to Model > Image Registration > Close. Once all points are added.Tip! The more points added to correlate the image with the triangulation. Load the layer IMAGE_TOPO.pexel image (it should be in your current working folder) on this triangulation. If a point is in the wrong place. Figure 16-15: Image registration Creating a Surface 171 . The Clear All Points option will delete all the points. The properties of the image registration can be changed at any time by returning to Model > Image Registration > Properties. however it is usually easier to use Delete Point and start again. Create a surface from this data. 2. use Move Point. This will close the window and save the .5 1. Tutorial 16. 3.ireg file. the more accurate the registration will be. . The option takes the perimeters or strings selected from the Vulcan Envisage screen and builds triangulations between them. besides building a 3D model. the two most common are creating solid models. ensure the following: • All strings are in the same direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise). Therefore the model has no distinct edges and must encompass a volume. • No overturns (bowties) exist. dump. or stope. • No duplicate points exist. is as a prerequisite for building block models. Figure 17-1: Building triangulations To ensure valid and accurate solids are created. They can be found in the Model > Triangle Solid menu. Modelling Techniques 173 . Triangle Solid Menu Create Use Create to build continuous solid triangulations from strings or polygons representing a solid body. boundaries or development. Vulcan has several tools for creating solid triangulation models.17 Triangulation Solids Modelling Techniques A solid triangulation model is a closed 3D representation of data. such as an ore body. Block models will use the solid triangulations to flag ore zones. using Polygons and Boolean operations. They are also used for underground mine development planning. Of several different solid modelling techniques. The main purpose for building solid triangulations. Solid triangulations are commonly used to represent geological features and structures in 3D. however the nonclosed portion will not be triangulated. These should not be checked if using Break solid by strings. Without these options checked.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Note: Closed polygons are not required. unless there is no intent to append the solids into one. Figure 17-2: Create 3D Solid dialog box Table 1: Create 3D Solid Options Command Definition Build single solid or Break solid by strings Creates one continuous solid unlike Break solid. which creates separate triangulations between each string. Figure 17-3: Tie strings 174 17 Triangulation Solids . Under Build single solid triangulation. Use tie strings Uses of existing lines to connect polygons. the 3D solid appears as a tunnel. thus creating a closed solid triangulation. Construct first end plate and Construct last end plate Checking these options creates walls on either the first and/or last polygon. Select Model > Triangle Solid > Create. The Create 3D Solid dialog box will display. there is an option to append resulting triangulations to an existing triangulation. 3. It should only be used when triangulating long. Vulcan will increment through the sections. pick the first string. When finished. Select Model > Triangle Solid > Create. pick the next string to triangulate. to close selected strings. Show triangles on shaded surface Displays the actual triangulation lines as well as the solid shading. When prompted. 7. Building a solid triangulation: 1. 6. similar strings. Use automatic section increment Creates a triangulation from a section view rather than in 3D. 8. Solid shaded surface Displays new triangulations as solid shaded surfaces and not as wireframe meshes or translucent. Specify your settings in the Create 3D Solid table. however. unless well defined by the tieline. Figure 17-4: Select triangulation colour A triangulation between the first two strings will be generated. A section width and step size must be specified to correlate the distance between the polygons. 9. This option only works if Solid shaded surfaces option is selected. colour the triangulation. It is recommended to keep this option checked. which takes into account the overall shape. right-click to exit the command. User guided triangulation produces the simplest case model and is not suitable for complex structures. Use crossing triangulations/trifurcation check Should be checked to ensure the triangulation will pass validity tests after it is completed. This constructs the best triangles between the two shapes to represent the structure as a solid object. Prompt to close open strings Prompts when open strings are selected. Now pick the next string to triangulate. Vulcan will prompt when it detects a crossing triangulation. Once a polygon is selected for triangulation. 4. even with the option turned on. the polygons and the number of points in the polygons. From the Select triangulation colour palette. Type a shell name.Table 1: Create 3D Solid Options (Continued) Command Definition Optimum triangulation Specifies the triangulation method using a complex triangulation algorithm. 2. Modelling Techniques 175 . 5. When prompted. some triangulations may still fail these checks. Open strings may affect the volume of the final triangulation. Click OK. Reverse Reverses the direction of the last selected string and then re-triangulates between the last two strings. deletes. Polygon Interactively creates a polygon used as the next string. This is the same Filter option as found in the Design > Object Edit submenu. so that the last string is not in the middle of the solid. or more advanced options are required. whether digitised interactively or beforehand. are used to pinch-off solid triangulations. Use the Undo within the Create Solid menus. moves or filters points or delete strings.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 3D Picking Context Menu The 3D Picking menu controls how to select strings for the triangulation. For example Select by layer. Do not use any other Undo shortcut options when in Create Solid. Undo Removes the last section of the triangulation. 3D Create Context Menu The 3D Create menu has the following options: Table 3: 3D Create Options 176 Command Definition Save Saves the triangulation. Caution should be used if the Construct End Plates options are turned on. Table 2: 3D Picking Context Options Command Definition Complete Uses the entire string or polygon to create the triangulation. Edit Inserts. Vulcan will connect all the polygons in the selected layer into a valid solid triangulation. which Vulcan will use to continue the triangulation. 17 Triangulation Solids . Translate Copies and translates existing polygons. Filtering points removes excess points without altering the shape of the string. Split Stops the progression of the triangulation and allows you to select a new start string. Delete Deletes selected polygons. Point Interactively selects a point to triangulate. Lines. right-click once or select Cancel to switch to the 3D Create menu. Partial Use this option when only part of a string or polygon is to be used and for creating splits in triangulations. stopping strings being digitised in different directions. Ties Digitises tielines interactively when triangulating. If all polygons (for the solid triangulation) are picked. Be careful not to right-click too many times. as this may cancel the function and require you to begin again. Line Interactively creates a line. Multiple Specifies an object using the standard criteria selection. 6. Name the triangulations Practice19-1a. Caution should be used with the right-click action. Use the Continue option and one right-click to return to the 3D Picking menu. Choose Remove Flaps. rightclick twice and choose Save edits. Continue selecting all subsequent polygons. 4. Click OK and close the solid. Leave as default and click OK. pick the first string. When prompted. Cancel Right-clicking in this dialog box confirms the cancellation of the Create Solid option. 9. 8. Open the layer T19_1_SIMPLE_SOLID.Table 3: 3D Create Options (Continued) Command Definition Continue Returns the Create Solid option to Vulcan Envisage to allow you to continue selecting strings to triangulate. but more of a tunnel. 2. Figure 17-5: Simple solid Modelling Techniques 177 . Note that our triangulation is not a solid. Select a colour for your triangulation. When prompted. 3. 10. Select Model > Triangle Solid > Close Solid. as you can not go back to previous Create Solid menus. 7. Tutorial 17. This is the last chance to save what has been triangulated. 5. and prompts you to either Save edits or Don’t Save. Select Model > Triangle Solid > Create. This is because Create first and last End Plates were not selected. pick the next string.1 Creating simple solid from polygons: 1. Once all polygons are selected. 11. 2. Figure 17-6: Solid triangulation . Load the PANT_LEG layer.stage 1 Figure 17-7: Solid triangulation . Complete and Split commands from Model > Triangle Solid > Create.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 17. Follow the steps using the Partial.2 Creating a splitting solid triangulation: 1.stage 2 178 17 Triangulation Solids . 3. Create a solid triangulation (see below). right-click once and select Partial. Partial mode lets you pick part of a string to triangulate. Right-click twice and select Split. Figure 17-9: This part selection Modelling Techniques 179 . This will clear the memory of the last string.Tutorial 17. 6. Select Model > Triangle Solid > Create. Figure 17-8: Solid triangulation . When prompted.2 (Continued) 4. 8. pick your strings until you come to the last single polygon. 7. Click two points and then select This part or Other part. To pick half a string.stage 3 5. Beginning at the top where there is one polygon and working down. Vulcan will prompt you to pick the next string to triangulate. pick a start string to triangulate. Pick half of the last individual polygon. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 17. Right-click once and select Complete. switch to Complete mode. 11. End Plates Use End Plates to close a solid triangulation by creating End Plates on a solid. 12. 15. Right-click twice and select Save. 14. Figure 17-11: Start and End points 13. Right-click and select Complete mode. Return to the single polygon and select the same two points as chosen previously. To pick the entire polygon. Select Split and then Partial. Continue down to the end of the leg. do not right-click and cancel out or you will have to start over. Name the triangulation Pant_Leg.2 (Continued) 9. Continue down to the end of the other leg. If at any point something goes wrong. Figure 17-10: Selecting the entire polygon 10. 180 17 Triangulation Solids . Use this to undo your last step only. There is an undo option on the second dialog box when you right-click. Close the string. or creating any flat surface triangulation with a polygon. Figure 17-12: Open solid triangulation Figure 17-13: Closed solid triangulation Model > Triangle Solid > End Plate Figure 17-14: Construct end plate dialog box • Construct a new triangulation . Tri Polygons WARNING No topological corrections are performed. though each polygon must be clicked individually on-screen. also selecting the polygons for the End Plates. in which case that triangulation will be selected. For example. Vulcan prompts you to select the appending triangulation unless only one triangulation is loaded on-screen. Modelling Techniques The Tri Polygons option is similar to End Plate. this option converts polygon data into triangulations. Load layer TRI_POLYGONS_TQ2. Vulcan will then prompt you to save the triangulation. 2. if the polygons do not meet properly or have trifurcations. Tutorial 17.4 1. When prompted. In addition. Save using a new name so not to overwrite existing triangulations.3 Use End Plates to close the Pant_Leg triangulation. Tri Polygons is useful for imported data (. Tutorial 17. select a string from the end plate. then this will be reflected in the resulting triangulation. Create a triangulation from this data using the Tri Polygons option. • Append a resulting triangulation . 181 . Multiple polygons can be selected to create multiple End Plates.dxf files) as other software packages sometimes represent a solid as a group of polygons.Creates a triangulation with the End Plates. however you can select multiple polygons using the Select by menu.Appends End Plates to the triangulation selected by the user. if the chosen object is a centreline and Top is ticked then the centreline will run along the top of the primitive.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Primitives Primitives apply shape to any object. attributes or both. Instead of re-designing the object each time. primitives are applied to centrelines. An attribute is simply a graphical attribute saved in the layer which looks similar to a triangulation. other options such as closure. Primitives can be saved as attributes of objects or triangulation. Save Options tab) must be specified. The alignment option determines where on the selected object the primitive will be located. Figure 17-15: Primitives dialog box There are several predefined primitives of common shapes (Predefined Primitives tab) that can be applied at any size and alignment. it can be designated as a primitive and applied to an object. Generally. If the Save as Triangulation option is selected. Before applying primitives. which can be then saved as an attribute of the line or as a triangulation. data area. Primitives are useful when repeatedly using complex 3D designs where the shape is the same. when designing a decline you could create a centreline and then apply an arc-shaped primitive. 182 17 Triangulation Solids . and naming. For example. can be completed. Primitives can be saved as triangulations. For example. preferences (Model > Preferences > Create/Edit Primitives. a Map Object button allows selection of an object from the screen in Vulcan Envisage. Any of the standard CAD tools may be used.Figure 17-16: Primitives > Predefined Primitives tab Click the Select Objects button. The red point on-screen is the alignment point. You can create your own primitives of any shape and size. Use a size of 10 x 10. and the shape should be drawn in plan view. Load layer RAMP. this point will be aligned on the object selected. Assume the centreline runs along the floor. Modelling Techniques 183 . When applying a primitive to a line. The object must already be drawn in Vulcan Envisage before typing the Primitives menu option.pgd) in the current working folder.5 1. Several CAD tools within the Primitives dialog box can be used to design a new shape. 3. Tutorial 17. User defined primitives are stored in a Primitives specification file (<proj>. Apply a primitive to this layer which has an arched back. 2. If these tools are not sufficient. choose an object and then apply a primitive shape. Always ensure the CAD data is correct and clean (for example centrelines do not overlap) and follows correct naming conventions before creating triangulations. Standard visibility tools should be used for triangulations. Another way of applying primitive shapes is to use the Original Primitives dialog box. 184 17 Triangulation Solids . This is only used for primitives saved as attributes and not for triangulations. • Toggle Primitives – Unlike the Primitive Visibility icon. the Toggle Primitive icon reverses the visibility setting of a chosen primitive. A useful toolbar for working with primitives is the Primitives toolbar. • Model > Primitives > Triangulate Primitive – If a primitive has been applied to an object and only saved as an attribute. it can be turned into a triangulation by using this option. User defined primitives can also be applied.pdg file. • Design > Attribute Edit > Remove Primitive – Deletes a primitive attribute. select Tools > Toolbar Visibility and tick Primitives. This is only used for primitives saved as attributes.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 17-17: Primitives > User Primitives tab Saved primitives are stored in the . not for triangulations. which requires you to specify whether a nominated primitive is to be shown or hidden. The user defined primitives can be applied by using the Select Objects button. Remove Primitive Create/Edit Primitives Primitive Visibility Triangulate Primitive Toggle Primitive Figure 17-18: Primitives toolbar • Model > Primitives > Create/Edit Primitives or Design > Attribute Edit > Create/Edit Primitives – Opens the Primitives dialog box. Standard delete options should be used for triangulations. to select the data from the screen. • Design > Attribute Edit > Primitive Visibility – Hides or shows primitives. Rectangles or circles can be selected and sized. Figure 17-19: Primitive Tutorial 17. 2. Load layer CROSS_CUT.7 1.Tutorial 17. Name the stopes ST_Object name. 3. Name the square openings with their Group_Object names. Name it STOPE1. 4. Figure 17-20: Duplicated layer using primitives Modelling Techniques 185 . Apply primitives to duplicate the layout.6 Create the primitive shown below. Figure 17-21: A road Tutorial 17.9 Using any triangulation method. if they are touching. Boolean will not work. This is useful for creating solid triangulations of items such as pits. splits them into pieces and builds a third triangulation. Two triangulations must be loaded on-screen prior to selecting the menu options. Apply primitive to the road using a fill angle of 37 degrees and assume a road width of 10m. For instances. 186 17 Triangulation Solids . or they have points at exactly the same points. Load layer PRIMITIVE_ROAD. create a solid triangulation of the warehouse building. Moving one of the triangulations by a small amount can fix this problem. In addition. roads and dumps. Figure 17-22: Warehouse building Boolean The Boolean option takes two triangulations.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 17.8 1. 2. but not intersecting. the triangulations must fully intersect in order for Boolean to work. The image above shows a new pit topography with the pit taken out. Modelling Techniques 187 .Figure 17-23: Two triangulations Once triangulations have been selected. various triangulations could be created. a bold line shows the intersection of the triangulations (see below). Figure 17-24: Intersecting triangulations Figure 17-25: New pit topography with pit removed Using the Boolean option. Undo Returns the last piece excluded back to visible. and then select Invert. Reset Resets the colours and visibility of triangulations. 188 17 Triangulation Solids . Solid Shows the selected portion as a solid triangulation. Boolean options are available. distance from a level or sequence. it can be cut into pieces using the Model > Triangle Solid > Shells option. Load the contours triangulation and the pit triangulation on-screen. Invert Makes the visible pieces invisible. An underscore ‘_’ is automatically placed between the base name and the shell name identifier.10 1. Use Boolean to create a solid triangulation of the material to be mined from the pit. Save Saves as a new triangulation. • Tri save directory – Chooses a subfolder where created triangulations are saved. • Shell Base Name – New triangulations will be labelled with this name in addition to the shell name identifier. This will leave the original triangulation intact. Tutorial 17. Shelling Solids Once a solid is created. Pieces may need to be excluded to create the desired triangulation. Table 4: Boolean Options Command Definitions Preview Prompts for colour and shows the triangulation created. 2. Choose the pieces to exclude and the pieces to keep. and create new triangulations based on parameters input to the dialog box. Z elevation will be part of name).Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Once two triangulations have been selected and split. Exit Cancels out of the command. Colour Colour a piece of triangulation with a user specified colour. Colour All Colours each piece of triangulation with a different colour. Exclude Removes the selected piece from the triangulation. • Shell Name Identifier – Part of the new triangulation name is according to the coordinates (if shelling in the Z direction. If the colours look strange. the reference plane can be anywhere and all the shells will still be created. • Graphical Attributes – Colours and shading properties of the new triangulations. 2. . Figure 17-26: Create Shells dialog box If Create all shells is selected on the previous dialog box. remove the original solid. Figure 17-27: Pit solid triangulation shelled into benches Modelling Techniques 189 . Name the shells PIT1_<elevation>.• Parameters – Defines width of shells and how many to create. The new triangulations and the original will be displayed on-screen.11 1. Load the pit solid triangulation created in a previous tutorial. as sometimes it is difficult to see the new shells with the original still loaded. they will be created from the reference plane. • Features – Crossing and closure options to help make the new triangulations valid. Shell it into 10m benches as shown below. Tutorial 17. If only a few shells are being created. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Editing/Fixing Solids Triangulations are the foundation on which many of the Vulcan utilities are built. any operation on that triangulation is not guaranteed to be correct. If the closure test fails. but fails the stability tests. If the self-intersection test fails. and also to apply a thick line style to make it stand out. A triangulation that passes the validation tests. then an inconsistent string is produced. The process of validating and improving the quality of solid triangulations is outlined below. Check options look at the following: • Closure – Tests for openings (holes). will still provide accurate results. If the consistency test fails. 190 17 Triangulation Solids . appending and poor data. To save a string to a layer. • Self Intersection – Tests for self-crossing triangles. • Consistency – Tests for triangle edges shared between more than two triangles. This is particularly the case in grade estimation where volume and grade calculations are undertaken. then the outline of every triangle that intersects another triangle will be displayed. Using poorly constructed triangulations will result in errors. limitations in the precision of some algorithms may produce errors when the triangulations contain small triangles. Unless a triangulation passes all of the appropriate validity tests. It is a good idea to change the colour of the layer to contrast with the colour of the triangulation being checked. Figure 17-28: Check Triangulation Validity dialog box You can save the strings produced from each test into an underlay or layer. then a boundary string is produced. However. Checking Triangulations Use Model > Triangle Solid > Check to validate the stability of triangulations. a layer name must be specified. If a triangulation fails the stability checks and you create new triangulations from it. This may occur where internal walls have been produced after Boolean operation. they are more likely to have errors. To create a new layer type the new layer name. • Coincident Points – Tests for coincident points. Some of the most commonly used commands are discussed below. Nearly all triangulations that fail a validity check do so because of problems associated with the raw data (design data or other triangulations). • Small Surface Area – Tests for triangles that have a small surface area. Close Solid The easiest way to fix closure problems is with Triangle Solid > Close Solid. Basic Fixing Options Various commands for fixing triangulations are located in the Model > Triangle Solid menu. If the small angle test fails. Fixing the data also prevents the problem from occurring again. • Small Angles – Tests for triangles that contain a small internal angle. This is effective in simple situations.12 Check the topo triangulation and Pant_Leg triangulation to ensure they are valid. If the test fails. Modelling Techniques 191 . less than or equal to the specified tolerance will be displayed. The triangulation will then be closed and the Triangulation Name dialog box will be displayed. will be displayed in the chosen colour. which allows you to automatically close all the holes in a solid. then the outline of every triangle that has an area less than or equal to the specified tolerance area. then the outline of every triangle that contains an internal angle. The triangulation must be loaded on-screen before selecting the menu option. Select the triangulation and you will be prompted to retain or remove flaps (where three triangles share a common edge or internal walls). then points that are within the specified tolerance are highlighted. Tutorial 17. The tolerance value is the maximum distance between two points that are considered to be coincident. Start with the Minimum Area and Angle values obtained from the triangle analysis (Triangle Edit > Analyse Triangles) and increment the tolerance values until all of the problems have been detected. when the same data is used to create a new triangulation. If the small surface area test fails. although if a triangulation has multiple open areas the option may not always work correctly. In most cases it is quicker and simpler to correct the raw data rather than attempt to correct the resultant triangulation.The Check Triangulation Stability dialog box is then displayed. Split will eliminate these. A solid has been created through the use of Boolean and a few small pieces have been left floating. Figure 17-30: Splitting triangulations 192 17 Triangulation Solids . Split The Split option takes a triangulation that contains many disjointed sections and splits them. The image on the following page is a perfect example of when to use the Split command. Use the Close Solid command to make a valid solid triangulation. The user can then choose. If there are multiple openings in the triangulation. Tip! Always name the newly closed triangulation with a new name. through various methods. the Closed Solid option may give undesired results. which pieces are wanted to create a new triangulation.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 17-29: Removing flaps Tutorial 17.13 Re-create the Pant_Leg solid triangulation. as shown on the following page.Once the triangulation has been selected. The cut line can then be digitised. Load the split_pit. Cut The Cut option allows you to cut a triangulation in two by interactively digitising a cut line. if the line were continued it would intersect the triangulation again. which can cause errors. Cut can also be used to break up large triangulations into smaller pieces. Tutorial 17. Always exaggerate the ends of the line. If a chunk of the triangulation has less volume than this. similar to the options within the Boolean command. Remove the outlying pieces and save. The additional option on this dialog box is By Volume. Figure 17-31: Cut Triangulations dialog box Figure 17-33: Incorrect line Figure 17-32: Correct line Modelling Techniques 193 . to ensure there will be a clean cut. This is useful if there are small problem areas around the edges as they can be removed to fix the triangulation. it is automatically removed. which allows the user to type a minimum volume. it will automatically cut at 90 degrees. various options are available. if the dialog box below is left blank.00t on-screen. Triangulations can be cut at angles.14 1. In the incorrect line shown on the following page. Model > Triangle Utility > Merge Creates a new triangulation by merging two loaded triangulations. The new triangulation can be the intersection. Model > Triangle Surface > Vertex Z-Edit Views and modifies the Z value of individual triangle nodes of a displayed triangulation. Model > Triangle Surface > Add Vertex Inserts a vertex into a triangulation. Load a triangulation. Triangles (facets) connecting the new vertex to the triangulation will be added automatically. Generally used for surface triangulations. Locate the problem area and remove it (cut). 17 Triangulation Solids . 194 It may be necessary to close the solid after fixing consistency and crossing problems. The triangles created by adding a point inside an existing triangle will automatically be added to the triangulation. Model > Triangle Utility > Multi Boolean Uses a collection of surface triangulations to split a nominated triangulation. information is provided on how many triangles and points were in the original triangulation. the original triangulation remains as a backup. Model > Triangle Surface > Move Vertex Changes the location of a vertex in a triangulation. union or difference of the two triangulations.15 1. Triangles are deleted depending on whether they are totally inside or totally outside the selected polygon(s). the output triangulation. By saving as a new triangulation. The triangulation can be saved as a new triangulation or the input triangulation can be updated. resulting in all connecting triangles being deleted (termed a ‘patch’) and a hole being created. The hole can be filled or left open. Generally used for solid triangulations. 2. Note: It is good practice to Save as new triangulation. If any triangles are removed. Model > Triangle Edit > Clip by Polygon Clips a triangulation by either one or a series of polygons. Other options are: Table 5: Triangle Editing Options Menu Command Definition Model > Triangle Solid > Triangle Delete Deletes triangles from a solid or surface triangulation model. Model > Triangle Edit > Delete Vertex Removes a vertex from a triangulation. as sometimes the Delete Crossing Triangle function can produce unwanted results. and how many triangles and points were removed. Model > Triangle Edit > Add Vertex Inserts a vertex into a triangulation. Always run a check of the resultant triangulation before moving on to volume or grade calculations. Triangle Edit > Delete Crossing Triangles This option will remove crossing triangles and fix the triangulation (correcting the self intersection validity test when checking triangulations). Model > Triangle Utility > Relimit Relimits a triangulated surface to inside or outside boundaries that are represented as polygons.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 17. select Model > Triangle Solid > Close Solid. A density may be entered and a tonnage will be calculated. Check the triangulation. Both must be loaded on-screen prior to starting the menu option. If there are still errors try: • Model > Triangle Edit > Delete Crossing Triangles (for crossing triangles) • Model > Triangle Edit > Snap Vertices (for consistency issues) Volume Calculations Volumes of triangulations can be calculated in Vulcan for solid triangulations or between two surface triangulations. New triangles are defined by indicating either existing design points and/or triangulation vertex points. Try to identify the problems with the original data. use the Solids by name option.Table 5: Triangle Editing Options (Continued) Menu Command Definition Model > Triangle Surface > Delete Vertex Removes a vertex from a triangulation. Model > Triangle Surface > Delete Triangle Deletes individual triangles from a displayed triangulation. If multiple triangulations are highlighted on-screen. Tutorial 17. Vulcan will prompt to select the original and new triangulations.txt file with volumes for each bench of the pit triangulation which was shelled earlier. The triangles containing the vertex being deleted will automatically be removed from the triangulation. The order of Modelling Techniques 195 . Model > Triangle Surface > Insert Triangle Adds triangles to an existing triangulation. For fixing triangulations. 3. check again and save the problem areas to a layer. If volumes are needed for multiple triangulations. use Model > Triangle Utility > Cut to remove it. 2. If the problem area is around an edge and is very small. Surface Volumes The option Model > Triangle Surface > Volume will generate volumes between two surfaces. A dialog box allows the picking of triangulations individually from the screen or picking by name from a Windows browser. 4. Solid Volumes The menu option Model > Triangle Solid > Volume can also be accessed by right-clicking on a triangulation on-screen. The cut and fill volumes will then be displayed. the volume option is not available. If it fails consistency or crossing.16 What is the volume of the triangulation named pit? Create a . If it fails closure. use the following steps: 1. Generally used for surface triangulations. Generally these four steps will fix most triangulations. Create a valid solid triangulation out of this data. Load the TR_TQ1 layer on-screen. as the cut and fill volumes will be reversed if triangulations are chosen in the opposite order. Ensure the triangulation honours the data and splits into two.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 triangulation selection is vital. 3.17 What is the volume of fill necessary to build the road (created in a previous tutorial)? 1. creating a hole in the middle as shown below. Tutorial 17. 2. What is the volume of your TR_TQ1 triangulation? Figure 17-34: Splitting triangulations 196 17 Triangulation Solids . The default project name and grid file identifier are assumed if these portions are omitted from the grid name. Each node value is spaced from the surrounding values by a fixed distance. • <proj> = Project code (maximum of four characters). used to represent a grid file. Grid models represent surfaces with a regular pattern (usually square) of nodes which can be thought of as X. Y and Z points in space. density or thickness grids. whereas quality grids represent a quality value at a particular X and Y location where the Z value represents the quality variable value. which is called the grid size. roof and floor grids. • <gfi> = Grid file identifier.topography Grid Mesh Surfaces 197 . Examples of structure grids include topography. Tip! When referencing a grid. then the name must be specified in full. or grid cell size. only the distinguishing components of that grid name need to be specified. structure grids and quality grids. Common grid file extensions are: • sr – structure roof • sf – structure floor • tk – thickness • st – structure thickness • pt .18 Introduction to Grids Grid Mesh Surfaces Grid modelling is particularly useful for modelling stratigraphic deposits. • g = Standard suffix on the file extension. Structure grids represent the surface of a seam or geological contact in space. while quality grids may include ash. Values for grids are stored at the grid nodes where the grid lines cross. • <mv> = Mapping variable name. Grids can generally be divided into two types. Figure 18-1: Nodes The standard grid filename has the following format <proj><gfi>.<mv>g. sulphur.parting thickness • tp . If the project name does not point to the required grid. two letter code indicating the variable being modelled. Figure 18-2: Plan view and isometric view of a grid model A unique function of grids is that they can be mathematically manipulated. • Right-click the grid and select Load. Grids are stored in the Grids folder (Vulcan Explorer). • Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Load. Loaded grids in Vulcan Envisage are dependent on the file extensions that have been nominated in the Tools > Preferences menu under Vulcan Explorer > File Types > Grids. click the Remove Underlay icon from the Standard toolbar. Loading and Removing Grids Existing grids can be loaded and unloaded in the same way as triangulations: • Drag and drop the grid into the Primary window. include reverse faults and recumbent folds. grids can not represent structures where more than one Z value exists for a particular X and Y location. For example grids can be added and subtracted to derive new grids. it is not necessarily planar. To remove. Alternatively. Refer to the following figures. 198 18 Introduction to Grids . Examples of structures that can not be modelled by grids. right-click on the grid and select Remove or select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Remove By Name. • Double-click the grid. For this reason.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Note: While a grid model may represent a surface. dgd. • Open thordesign.dgd. and the date/time the grid was last modified. Results are displayed in the Report window.isis and is an example of an interpolated grid.Tutorial 18. Use the rotation tools to see how the grid conforms to the CONTOURS layer. Figure 18-3: Grids example Managing Grids in Envisage All grid models are accessible through the Vulcan working directory and information on models is available under Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Directory. Figure 18-4: Envisage Report window Creating Grids The two primary methods for creating grids in Vulcan are found under Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces and under Grid Calc.tpg has been provided in the data set.isis and load layer CONTOURS. access information. Grid Mesh Surfaces 199 .tpg to load from the Grids folder. including filename. • Double-click thorgrid. This grid was created from the design layer CONTOURS in thordesign. file size.1 The grid named thorgrid. Simple Grids from Object Data Use Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Create Simple to create simple grid models from displayed coordinate data such as points. as exceeding this can make viewing the grid cumbersome. 4. lines and polygons.2 1. Load thordesign. Grid Calc has the added ability to create and manipulate grids using sophisticated modelling algorithms. The grid resulting from this exercise will have the name thortopo. 6.000 cells.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Use the modelling methods under Grid Mesh Surfaces to create grids directly from displayed coordinate data. Select all of the following check boxes.isis and layer CONTOURS. Set the Model Surface Name to topo. Figure 18-5: Model Create dialog box Below is an example of how a grid would be displayed if only the X Mesh or Y Mesh check box was selected. The grid extents must be divisible by the grid cell size.tpg where thor is the project prefix and ‘g’ is the grid suffix. generated from a design or geological database. 3. When creating a grid. or use simple interpolation and smoothing algorithms applied to mapfiles. Figure 18-6: Grids with only X and Y Mesh 200 18 Introduction to Grids . set the X and Y Mesh Size to 25. Use Grid Calc to create simple grids. 5. Tutorial 18. 2. making it a powerful tool. On the Model Create dialog box.dgd. A minimum of three data points are required to create a model. Grid extents are often multiples of 100 and so it is ideal to set the grid cell size to numbers divisible by 100. which control the creation and display of the triangulation and/or grid. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Create Simple.tp. Set Generate mesh from to Z elevation (a grid mesh can be generated from either Z elevation or W tag). keep it less then 300. Select Model > Triangle Surface > Grid Mesh. The grids created from this specification have the standard grid file name format. See the following figure: Figure 18-7: Preserve strings and Points only options 8. Click OK. The Preserve strings and Points only options determine how points are connected during triangulation. Name the triangulation thortopo. 11. Select Model on the Confirm menu. it must be created from a design or geological database. The main difference between this option and Create Simple. indicate the model origin point. Define the extents to model by choosing the bottom left and top right corners. A triangulation and a grid model of the topo lines appear in the Vulcan Envisage window. 13. This option ensures that the maximum and minimum coordinates of the grid are multiples of the mesh size. 12. Make sure the extents include all of the contour lines. the Vulcan Grid Model option uses mapfiles to create grids. Load a triangulation. The Points only option connects points regardless of digitised strings. 16. Grid Mesh Surfaces 201 . 10. Select Cancel on the Select By menu. 14. Select Regularise grid area to grid size. Creating Grids from Triangulations Creating a simple grid from an existing triangulation: 1. Interpolated Grids Use Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Vulcan Grid Model to create grids. Using the Preserve strings option prohibits the triangle facets from crossing digitised strings. Click OK. Choose the CONTOURS layer. If a mapfile does not already exist. 2.00t. When prompted. is that the Vulcan Grid Model option uses interpolation and smoothing algorithms.Tutorial 18. Select the Preserve strings options. 9. The parameters of the grid (such as size and modelling method) are stored in a specification file. Select Layer on the Select By menu. 15.2 (Continued) 7. In addition. indicate model origin point. 202 18 Introduction to Grids . Editing Grids Grid Masking Each grid occupies the full rectangular area defined in the grid creation process. but the whole grid may not be visible. Type a X and Y Mesh Size and a Grid Model Name. If more than one triangulation is loaded.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 18-8: Grid parameters dialog box 3. 4. This menu uses Vulcan Envisage polygons to mask grids. If it is set to 1 the node is visible. only the nodes that lie within the polygon are visible. In addition to each node having a Z value. Figure 18-10: Masked grid Figure 18-9: Unmasked grid After masking with the polygon. Masks can be modified or replaced readily using the menus Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Unmask and Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Mask. Grids can be masked and unmasked and the Z values will be unchanged. which can be set to 1 or 0. the node is invisible. or there is uncertainty about what happens geologically beyond some extent). This is useful if the grid does not exist over the whole rectangular area (for example data does not cover the whole area. it also has a mask value. A grid of the triangulation will be created. If it is set to 0. The following figure shows an unmasked grid where the polygon represents a mask limit. When prompted. 5. Click OK. Select the bottom left and top right corners of the area to be gridded. Mask values can be set using the menu Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Mask. Z values are not affected by masking. one of the triangulations must be selected prior to the Grid parameters dialog box appearing. The following diagrams show the results of the various masking options: Grid Mesh Surfaces 203 . In addition to the previously selected options select Save design strings and type a layer name.tp. Click Cancel when the Contour dialog box reappears. . Suggested values are 0. On the Colour Ranges dialog box choose appropriate From. The manually entered colour allows intervals and colours to be selected manually.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Colouring and Contouring Contouring The Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Contour option allows grids to be contoured. Tutorial 18. it is usually best to set up a Colour Legend using Analyse > Legend Edit > Create. Legends give the user control of grid colouring by allowing the specification of intervals and colours for each. 600. • Drape with surface model specifies the chosen model in the surface field draped over it. When colouring grids. • Intersection results in an intersection line being displayed between the contoured model. Use the rotate function to see how the design strings follow the grid.tpg. The contour strings are now displayed as an underlay. 4. Colouring The default method for colouring a grid is to make it all one colour. Under Grid mesh model to be contoured. 6. 7. The default colour scheme and the alternative colour scheme use intervals and colour legends. This can make it difficult to distinguish trends in the grid model unless the model is rotated. Four options are available for the contour colours.3 1.0. Colouring a grid is achieved using the Model > Grid Mesh Surface > Drape menu. Open a design database and load the grid created in Tutorial 18. 11. 10.2 by double-clicking on thortopo. For example. 204 18 Introduction to Grids . select topo. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Contour to save the design strings as a layer. The contoured model can be displayed in one of the following ways: • Normal contouring results in each contour being displayed in 3D at its elevation value. Click OK. Select Normal and type the colourscheme. 2. and the model specified in the Surface field. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Contour. • Fixed Contour Level results in each contour being displayed at the selected Z value. Colouring the grid based on Z values (either of the grid itself or from another grid) allows trends to be identified more easily. Select File > Underlays > Remove to remove the contour strings by selecting the contour lines. an ash grid can be draped over structure roof contours to reveal any relationship between ash and seam level. and 25. 5. 8. The selected colour sequence allows a range of colours to be selected. 9. To and Interval values. 3. Click OK. 9. Grid nodes can be edited on an individual basis or by using a polygon to alter all nodes inside/outside the polygon. Select Design > Create > Polygon to draw a polygon around a portion of the grid. Drape with an alternative colour scheme and select the legend created earlier in this Tutorial. 4. 11. The Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Set Value option can be used to edit multiple nodes inside/ outside a given polygon. Right-click on thortopo. Load the grid created in Tutorial 19. Tutorial 18. This process does not always produce the desired values. and it may be necessary to alter the node Z values. Name the legend. Select Analyse > Legend Edit > Legend Editor. 8. Node Editing Grid node values are generated through mathematical interpolation and extrapolation. Choose CONTOUR. Open a design database. 10. 2.tpg and select Load.2.5 1. 3. 6. 5.Tutorial 18. 2.tpg and select Load. The Drape dialog box displays.4 1. Click OK. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Drape. Grid Mesh Surfaces 205 . 3. To alter grid nodes individually use the Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Node Edit menu.2. Fill out the Colour Ranges properties that follow: Figure 18-11: Colour Ranges properties 7. To use this option the grids must have the same cell size and extent. 12. The thortopo. Open a design database and load the grid created in Tutorial 19. Click OK. 4. Right-click on thortopo. The Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Patch option can be used to copy values from an existing grid into a second grid. Choose Drape mesh name as ITSELF. Select Design > Create > Layer to create a new layer.tpg grid is now coloured according to the legend. The nodes inside the polygon have been shifted to a value 50 feet above their original value. 8. Clear Clip grid mesh to current window and click OK. Figure 18-13: Set Grid Node Value 7. 206 18 Introduction to Grids .Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 18. Select the polygon and choose Set inside values.5 (Continued) Figure 18-12: Polygon 5. Select Save. Select Relative to node and Enter grid mesh value of 50. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Set Value. 6. various quality models can be selected. Selecting Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Create Mapfile generates the following dialog box. Grid Mesh Surfaces 207 . These models must exist in order to be selected and can then be combined in either a database file or a mapfile.5 (Continued) Figure 18-14: Nodes inside a polygon Creating a Mapfile Use Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Create Mapfile to generate either a mapfile or a database that can be used for grade estimation. This option requires quality grids such as Moisture and Ash in addition to a Structure surface model grid.Tutorial 18. Figure 18-15: Structure/Quality Grid Processing dialog box In addition to structure surface models. 2. Select Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > To Object. 7. Select Design > Create > Layer to create a new layer. To view the points remove the grid by right-clicking on thortopo. 3.tpg and select Load.tpg and selecting Remove. Draw a polygon inside the grid extents using Design > Create > Polygon. Figure 18-17: Removing point objects 208 18 Introduction to Grids . into a series of points.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Exporting Grids Grids can be exported into other formats including triangulations and points. Right-click on thortopo. Only the visible nodes are exported to the triangulation. The Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > Triangulate option creates a triangulation from a loaded grid model. Figure 18-16: Polygon inside grid extents 6. Choose the layer the polygon is drawn in and click OK.2. select the boundary polygon and then the grid mesh surface. When promoted. The nodes bounded by the polygon have been converted into point objects. The Model > Grid Mesh Surfaces > To Object option converts grid mesh data that is bounded by a polygon. 8. Load the grid created in Tutorial 19. Tutorial 18. 5. 4. Open a design database.6 1. Introduction to Grid Calc Grids can be the basis for powerful modelling options. Grid Calc can also be driven using macros that allow command sequences to be recorded and played back. 3. Grid Calc automatically creates polygons to mask grids when it is operating. The File > Import Export > Export DXF option exports grids to a DXF (Drawing Exchange) file. The Grid Calc module offers significantly more complex modelling and manipulation abilities than the Grid Mesh Surfaces menu.Grids can be exported for use in other third-party applications using File > Import Export > Export DXF and File > Import Export > Export Grid. Creating a Specification File Most of the modelling commands within Grid Calc require that grids be the same size and extent. This menu option can be used to export numerous grids simultaneously. To ensure this. a specification file must be produced. Tutorial 18. Specification files are created using the menu Grid Calc > Edit Modelling Defaults > Create Grid Specifications. Select File > New and create a design database named GRIDS. this file appears in the Vulcan working directory. 5. Click OK. It uses a memory buffer to store and manipulate data. . 6. Select OK. If this is the first time the Grid Calc module has been opened in the current session of Vulcan the Access Specs dialog box will display. Grid Mesh Surfaces 209 . These Grid Calc polygons should be stored in a design database. Vulcan’s Grid Calculator Utility. Select Close Current Spec. the specification file should be saved through the Grid Calc > Edit Modelling Defaults > Save Grid Specifications menu. Once created. Select Grid Calc > Edit Modelling Defaults > Create Grid Specifications. Additionally.7 1. Once created. The File > Import Export > Export Grid exports grids to an ESRI ASCII grid file. Name the model area all. especially in the application of Grid Calc. Grid Calc also operates as a separate entity from the other modules within Vulcan Envisage. One of the key features of Grid Calc is the ability to perform arithmetic to build new grid models. 2. The Grid Area Specs dialog box will display. The menu options in the Grid Calc module must be used to control data within the memory buffer. 4. Select OK. Loading Data Grid Calc operates as a separate entity from the other Vulcan Envisage modules data and must be loaded specifically into the Grid Calc module.7 (Continued) Figure 18-18: Grid Area Specs dialog box 7. 3. Tutorial 18. Click OK. Design data. Load grid topo.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 18. 9. 2. It must be displayed before it becomes visible.isis.dgd. and grids can all be displayed using this menu. mapfiles. Fill in the coordinates for the grid extents as shown. Triangulations. triangulations. Load design database thorgrids. design data.tp. The Grid Calc > Display > Remove Underlay option is used to remove data from the display. Displaying Data Select Grid Calc > Display to display data that has been loaded. 4. and grids can all be loaded into Grid Calc. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Load/Calculate Grid. Data is loaded into Grid Calc using the menus Grid Calc > Data and the Grid Calc > Grids. The grid extents must be divisible by the grid cell size.8 1. 210 18 Introduction to Grids . 8. Select Grid Calc > Edit Modelling Defaults > Save Grid Specifications. The grid has been loaded in Grid Calc. including triangulation. Numerous modelling methods can be used. Grid Calc Preferences When working in Grid Calc it is desirable to automatically display the data and grid models without having to pick an icon or select a menu. 5. Select Grid Calc > Display > Static Display Grid. 2. Display Z= 1 x grid + 0 yields a display of real world Z values. Modelling Data Use Grid Calc > Model > Grid Model to model data (loaded using Grid Calc > Data). Using Grid Calc > Edit Modelling Defaults > Save Grid Specifications will save the selected preferences so they do not need to be reset with each new session of Grid Calc. and Grid Lines. Grid Mesh Surfaces 211 . On the Grid Display Attributes dialog box the Z Mapping option allows grids to be displayed using a combination of exaggeration and offset.isis. The grid is now displayed in the Vulcan Envisage window. Load design database thorgrids. In addition. Select Grid Calc > Display > Preferences to set the preferences. 6. Figure 18-19: Grid Display Attributes dialog box 4. Click OK.Tutorial 18. and kriging.dgd.9 1. Grid Surface. Z = 1 x grid + 100 yields a grid display offset in the Z direction by 100 units. user defined modelling methods can be applied. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Save Grid to save new models. Choose a Colouring option. inverse distance. 3. dgd.-.10 1. 7. 2. The Load Design dialog box will display. Name the grid contours.*. 212 18 Introduction to Grids . select Triangulation and click OK.isis. 9. Click OK. Although nothing appears to happen./) or a number of more complex functions. leave all tabs to their default values and click OK. 3. 8.isis database has selected the CONTOURS layer (and all objects) contained within the database. The thordesign. Figure 18-20: Load Design dialog box 4. Click OK. Select Grid Calc > Data > Load Design. Load design database thordesign.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 18. Grid Arithmetic Grids can be manipulated using powerful grid arithmetic accessed through the Grid Calc > Grids > Load/Calculate Grid menu.dgd. Arithmetic can be performed using simple arithmetical operators (+. On the Model Select dialog box. On the Model dialog box. Set the Grid size to 50 and leave the rest default. the grid has been created and must be displayed to become visible. The grid should appear in the Grids folder in the Vulcan Explorer. Complete the Source tab as shown. 5. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Save Grid.tp. Select Grid Calc > Model > Grid Model. 6. 10. To prevent the commands in the replay. 3. 7. Click OK. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Save Grid. Load design database thorgrids. 6. 3. On the Save tab. On the Load/Calculate dialog box. On the Levels tab. Under Database name choose grids and type CONTOUR as the layer name. These layers can be loaded and viewed in Vulcan Envisage.0. Macros Macros augment Grid Calc by allowing a series of command sequences to be recorded and played back. 4.11 1. While using the Grid Calc module all of the commands that are used are saved in a macro called replay. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Load/Calculate Grid.tpg grid have been shifted in the negative direction by 150 units. Select Grid Calc > Contour and Limit Generation > Contour. The contour lines generated using this menu are closed and can be used for masking grids and as reserve limit lines. select a grid. Tutorial 18. The thorgrids.dgd.00 and Interval at 25.12 1.gdc_cmnd. 2. It is overwritten with each new session of Grid Calc. select Save to database. the macro can be saved with a new name using the Grid Calc > Macros > Save Macro command. Contouring Use Grid Calc > Contour and Limit Generation > Contour to contour grid models.isis now contains layers CONTOUR 100 through CONTOUR 700. This file is automatically generated and is stored in the Vulcan working directory. Select Grid Calc > Grids > Load/Calculate Grid and choose thorcontours.tpg. Click OK. select the Range Selection option and set the From at 0.gdc_cmnd macro from being overwritten. Grid Mesh Surfaces 213 . The Contour dialog box displays.dgd. To 700. This creates a new grid where all of the values from the thorcontours.0.isis. 2. 5. 5. The grid is not shown in the Vulcan Envisage window but it has been loaded in Grid Calc. 4.Tutorial 18. select Less than. On the Advanced tab. The grid should now appear in the Grids folder in the Explorer window. Macros can be replayed using the Grid Calc > Macros > Invoke Macro command. . 19 Data Organisation .TRI Folders Vulcan recognises .00t files as triangulations and places them into the Triangulations folder (Explorer window). To arrange triangulations in subfolders inside of the main project folder, the subfolder name must end in .tri. This will direct Vulcan where to look for triangulation files. Note: This subfolder also appears under the Triangulations folder in Explorer window. Subfolders inside the .tri subfolder do not need the .tri extension in order for Vulcan to recognise triangulation files; however it is good practice to continue the .tri extension in case the subfolder is copied or moved in the future. If a .tri folder is created in the Vulcan Explorer while Vulcan is open, the subfolder will not automatically be detected until Vulcan is restarted. To create the .tri folder, right-click the Triangulation folder in the Vulcan Explorer and select Create Directory. This way the .tri folder will show up automatically without restarting. Remote Directories Tutorial 19.1 Set up a .tri folder named facilities.tri. Remote directories are different than .tri folders in that the folder does not need to be in the working directory and is set up for .dgds, grids, triangulations, and more. Remote directories are useful to access data in another working folder from your computer, or to access data in another folder located on a network. Setting up a remote directory: 1. Select Tools > Preferences. You can browse to the data and data types needed. 2. In the Remote Directory column, left-click in the blank cell. The down-pointing arrow is for a drop-down list box option and the three-dot button is for a browse option. • The Browse button will enable you to find any folder on the local computer or on the network to use as a remote directory. • The Display Name is used if a unique name to this remote directory is required. For example, if the remote directory is C:\NETWORK\Vulcan\MASTER\ENGINEERING, a consistent display name may be Master_Engineering. If a display name is not used, Vulcan will apply the full file path name as the name in the Vulcan Explorer. The various check boxes will determine if Vulcan files will be listed in the Vulcan Explorer. The options are: • Triangulations • Grids (stratigraphic modelling) • Dgds • User Databases (Isis databases for drillholes, composite points) • Screen Files (saved screens) • Block Models • Lava Scripts .TRI Folders 215 Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Multiple remote directories can be added following the same process in subsequent rows. When finished adding the required directories, close the dialog box. The Vulcan Explorer subfolders have been created in the appropriate sections corresponding with the check boxes for the remote directories. Using the Remote Directories Once a remote directory exists, its files are available for access. DGD Files DGD files can be accessed just like any other .dgd in the work area. They can be locked for editing or opened with layers loaded on-screen in the current directory. • To open a .dgd for editing, double-click on the file or right-click and select Open. A green lock will appear on the newly opened .dgd. • To load layers from a closed Remote .dgd, click on the plus symbol to expand the layers. Double-click on the layer to load. When prompted, either Accept the selection, open as a read-only file, close and try again or Cancel the operation entirely. • Yes - Creates a layer in your working .dgd as a duplicate of the layer in the remote .dgd. • As read-only - Loads the layer and objects and can be edited as normal. However, the objects and any edits will not be saved when the layer is removed from the screen. • No - Applies when there is more than one layer being brought over from the closed .dgd. If you have picked an incorrect layer, selecting No will skip the layer in question and the process will continue for subsequent layers. • Cancel - Cancels the entire operation. The check box to Remember My Selection for This Operation is useful when loading multiple layers. Pick one of the Load options and Vulcan will apply the selection to all layers loading – otherwise you will need to click to confirm every time. Triangulations and Grids Triangulations and grids can be directly loaded and edited. User Databases and Block Models User Databases and Block Models should be directly accessible. However, if the set of colour schemes in the .scd file differs from the set in the remote directory, the drillholes and block model blocks may colour than if the remote directory was directly accessed. Furthermore, some colour may not be available from one to the other. Screen Files and Lava Scripts These will load as normal, unless the screen file calls for data that does not exist in the user folder. Likewise, if a Lava script calls an external function that is on a file path different than that specified by the remote directory, it may malfunction. 216 19 Data Organisation 20 Master/Working Directories Multiple User Directories Often more than one user is working in the same data area and potentially in the same layers in a .dgd. In this situation, it is useful to create a master and a working directory to distinguish the final data set from the draft that other users are editing. To create multiple user directories on a network, file management and administration privileges may be necessary. Setting up directories on a network: 1. In a place accessible to all users, create a new folder named Vulcan. 2. Inside the Vulcan folder, create five subfolders named Master, Geology, Survey, Engineering and Mineplanning. • MASTER - This subfolder will contain final data (for example, .dgd, triangulations) that are not to be edited. • The final data is the final draft of work completed by a Vulcan user from their working folder. 3. Create five master subfolders, Geology, Engineering, Documentation, Survey, and Mineplanning. Additional folders may be added as needed. 4. Ensure the master subfolder is set to read-only for anyone that is not in the corresponding department. For example: • Geologists can view and write data to the Geology master subfolder. • Surveyors can view the Geology master subfolder but can not change any data within the folder. 5. Once the five master subfolders have been created, add clean and accurate data compiled from the various users. • The Documents folder should hold procedural information such as model update details. • The Working Folders - The four other folders in the Vulcan directory should be the Working Folders, which are subfolders for each user. For example, if there are three engineers, there should be three subfolders in the Engineering folder. Each user subfolder contains all of the data they will need to perform their tasks. When setting these folders for the first time, the data in each folder must be uniform and identical to what is in the master folder. There are several files that should be copied from the master folders to the user folders: • The Project DG1 • The .scd Colour Scheme file • The .ftd Feature Code file The gdc_glob and gdc_spec files (if applicable, usually only for stratigraphic deposits). Multiple User Directories 217 Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Setting Up Administrative Restrictions Once the master and working folders have been set up, using the Windows tools, set which users will have write privileges. You may need Administrator privileges. To set up write privileges for a user: To allow an engineer to write data to the Vulcan\ENGINEERING\Username folder and to the Vulcan\MASTER\ENGINEERING folder, right-click on the folder and select Properties. In Folder Properties, set the Security parameters to Allow. Blocking a user: To block a surveyor accessing the Engineering folder, set the Security parameters to readonly so data the engineers are working with can not be changed. Accessing the Master Data Once the folders are set up, each user’s Vulcan workspace requires configuration to access the master data. 1. Select Tools > Preferences. 2. Select Vulcan Explorer. 3. Double-click the cell under the Remote Directories and Browse to the subfolder in the master folder. 4. Type a Display Name. 5. Check for data you want to see from the master folder. For example, an engineer, can browse to the Vulcan\MASTER\ENGINEERING folder (and rename to Master_Engineering), and select to see the .dgd and the Triangulations in that folder. 6. Click OK. Figure 20-1: Preferences > Vulcan Explorer All the folders will appear in the Vulcan Explorer that correspond with the check boxed items selected from the Remote Directory. For example, a folder will appear in this Design Databases 218 20 Master/Working Directories folder for the Master_Engineering .dgd, as well as a similarly named folder in the Triangulations folder. Viewing Data from a Master Folder When the master folder has been set up as a remote directory, that folder should appear in your Vulcan Explorer under each of the files that were selected. You may then use files in the master folder and copy layers from design databases in this folder in the same way you copy them from one design database to another. Data from the master .dgd should be brought into the working .dgd for editing, and saved back to the master .dgd when it is done. No data should be edited directly in the master .dgd. When users are working in their respective .dgd and folder, they can expand any remote directory .dgd and access the data. Do not switch the active .dgd to one in the remote directory. The active directory is signified by a green lock – make sure the green lock stays on the working .dgd for the individual user, not on the master .dgd. Posting Data to a Master Folder There are two methods for posting or saving data to a master folder. The first option is to select the master folder from the Vulcan start up and save data directly to the folder. The second is Save Layer To, which is accessed under the File menu. The Save Layer To option is most often used when the master folder is accessed using a remote directory and allows you to save loaded layers into a design database (headered) other than the open database. The database may be in any directory. Saving a layer: 1. Select File > Save Layer To. The Open Data Area dialog box will display. Figure 20-2: Open Data Area dialog box • Use environment variable - Use for environment variables that point to the data area. Type the environment variable. Make sure to add a forward slash (/) to the end of the environment name. • Use absolute/relative path - Select this option to specify the path (relative or full) to the data area. • Filter by project code - Tick this box if you want to list all of the design databases that have the same project code as your project file (.dg1). • Load when starting Vulcan - Tick this box if you want to force Envisage to start with the chosen design file. It is also possible to specify a design file to open when Envisage starts by editing the project file. Multiple User Directories 219 Once selected. Once selected. • If you wanted to highlight all layers that begin with ‘S’. • After the desired layer has been chosen. When using master folders. you may be required to confirm that you wish to overwrite its contents. 220 20 Master/Working Directories . A list is then produced of all the design database files found within the specified data area. then type ‘S*’ into the pattern field and click the Apply Pattern button. Left-click on the required design database and click OK. all matching layers are highlighted.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 2. Figure 20-3: Design Files dialog box 3. 4. An arrow will be used to indicate the currently open design database. and wildcards (* multicharacter and ? single character) to highlight the layers that begin or end with certain characters. Click OK. the Apply Pattern button. 5. the chosen design database is opened and a list of all the layers stored within it is displayed. Left-click on the required layer and click OK. you will need to set the environment variable LOCAL_WORKFILE to any value and this will override the default that the work file has created in the same folder as the design database file. • You use the Pattern field. such as Microsoft® Office products or Printer Data File (. • This is where the plot file name is specified. you can produce an Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) file representing a video clip of the Vulcan Envisage window. • Plot All Wizard plot files have a .pasf file extension. For interactive images. Select File > Plot > Plot All Wizard. you will learn how to use the Plot All Wizard. a 3D interactive NGRAIN model can be used to export from Vulcan into another format. Screen dumps captures still images. In addition.pdf). There are multiple ways of presenting data electronically.vpgz file extension. Plot All Wizard Changing the default settings: 1. • Plot All Wizard specification files have a . • Use options Create or Load specification file to save the plotting specifications to allow reproduction or editing of existing plots. Figure 21-1: Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box Introduction to Plotting 221 .21 Plotting Introduction to Plotting In this section. which will enable you to plot anything that is displayed on-screen. WYSIWYG is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get. the Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box will display. use caution. Vulcan always remembers your last plot filename and will use it by default. Figure 21-2: Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box . do so in the settings for your printer in Windows. • Use Drafting Sheet . This option takes a screen shot of your plot area. 1. Be sure to change the plot filename. The next screen will prompt you for the drafting template or drafting sheet to use. • Use Render WYSIWYG to plot underlays (triangulations.second screen • Use Default Template . the orientation of the plot is selected as landscape or portrait.Picks a drafting sheet from a drafting sheet database (drafting. It is not recommended that these margins be changed here in Vulcan. You can also specify a printer to use. If using a title block with the default template. the Title block dialog box will appear allowing you to fill in the title block fields. which is only to determine the margins set for that printer. which can by modified to specify a resolution in . rather if they need to be changed. block model slices). If the default template does not meet the requirements for plotting needs. You will not be given a warning before overwriting a file. 222 21 Plotting . If the required sheet size is not available. a custom size may be specified.dgd. otherwise any previous plot with that filename will be overwritten. Vulcan provides several drafting sheets that can be used for creating a new or customised drafting sheet.A dynamic template for basic plotting needs that will work for any paper plot size in either landscape or portrait. Using a Default Plot Template If the default template is used.isis in the Resources folder).dpi (dots per inch). or using a drafting sheet with field’s set up. a drafting sheet should be used.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tip! When naming a plot file. Lastly. and give you the option to Render WYSIWYG1. %ROOF% Maximum Elevation %XMIN% Minimum Easting %YMIN% Minimum Northing %ZMIN%. %EASTING% Easting %Y%. Table 1: Plotting Variables Variable Text Plotted %XAVG% Average Easting %YAVG% Average Northing %ZAVG% Average Elevation %X%.Figure 21-3: Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box . %TOE%. %SILL%. %FLOOR% Minimum Elevation %COUNTER% Plot file counter %PLTFILNAM% Plot file name %SC%. %ELEVATION% Elevation %XMAX% Maximum Easting %YMAX% Maximum Northing %ZMAX%. Use Plot Grid Annotation to specify a grid colour and spacing. %NORTHING% Northing %Z%. %NORTH%. %SCALE% Scale %SCALE% Date The next dialog box allows you to control whether or not grids are plotted. If there is a grid currently displayed on the screen that should be included in the plot. There are two main options. These grids may be displayed as crosses or lines. %EAST%. Plot Grid Annotation or Draw Dynamic Grid. %CREST%. %RL%. Use Draw Dynamic Grid Introduction to Plotting 223 . %ELEV%. Use caution when typing the variables as they must appear exactly as they are here (case sensitive). %BACK%.third screen The following table contains a list of supported plotting variables that Vulcan allows in the Field Value column. 224 21 Plotting . When using dynamic scale adjustment. The Adjust Extents tool can also be used to move the box by clicking and holding any edge of the box and moving it to the desired location. then clicking and holding any corner and dragging it to adjust the size. With dynamic adjustment. A box will appear in the Vulcan Envisage window illustrating the extents of the plot based on the specified scale. Manual adjustment allows you to key in a scale (example 1:1200). Figure 21-4: Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box . select No Plot Grid Annotation. Allow dynamic scale adjustment or Manual scale adjustment.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 and the current grid will plot with the selected colour.fourth screen The next dialog box allows you to specify the scale of the plot. the size of the box can by changed by selecting Adjust Extents. Figure 21-5: Envisage Plot All wizard dialog box . an origin must be specified by selecting Digitise Origin and then selecting the origin in Vulcan Envisage. If no grid is required.fifth screen There are two options for setting the scale. Using a Plot Template Using a user defined plot template in the Plot All Wizard is similar to creating a plot with the default template. Tutorial 21. Information can be entered based on the prompt. Tip! For WYSIWYG plots. WYSIWYG Plotting To plot triangulations. • Check the Preview plot file button to show the resultant plot in the Plot Utility. Resolutions greater than 300 will create large plot files and the results may not be any better than they would at 300 . This changes how the graphics card and drivers are used when creating the image and can fix issues that occur with graphics cards and drivers. 225 .Figure 21-6: Plotting extents box • Check Remember extents settings button so the current extents and scale settings for each plot created in the current Vulcan Envisage session are retained. On the second dialog box of the plot all wizard setup. select a template by choosing the Use Drafting Sheet option. go to Tools > Preferences and on the Video Capture dialog box. 2.dpi. This option works with both user defined templates and with the default plot template. Reset the view to plan view. The Finish button will generate the plot.1 Creating a simple plot using the Plot All Wizard: 1. Introduction to Plotting If Vulcan crashes when creating a WYSIWYG Plot. check the box that says Use software rendering for single frame and WYSIWYG capturing. Load layer CONTOURS and triangulation TQ1. All other dialog boxes will be the same. All other dialog boxes will be the same as with using a default template. the image resolution should be between 100 and 300. regardless of whether the WYSIWYG check box is active or not. the WYSIWYG option needs to be active. 8. If you wish you may select an alternative printer. Click Next. Leave resolution at 100. Accept all the defaults for page and printer selection. 9. 5. Choose to create a specification file and name it plot1spec. Select File > Plot > Plot All Wizard. Figure 21-8: Application bar 226 21 Plotting . Select Use Default Template and select Title block and border. To switch between them. either double-click on any plot file or click on the Vulcan Start button the lower right-hand corner of the Vulcan window and select Plotting Utility. Click Next. To open Plot Utility. Select Render WYSIWYG plot. 7. 6. Click Finish.1 (Continued) Figure 21-7: Creating a simple plot 3. 10.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Tutorial 21. North point and Bar scale. 11. select the appropriate icon on the Application bar in the lower right hand corner of the Vulcan window. Name the first plot plot1. Plot Utility The Plot Utility is a separate program in Vulcan and can be open concurrently with Vulcan Envisage. 4. and orientation of the paper will need to be changed. page drag mode. When you open a plot file in Plot Utility. it will become invalid. Note that this will change the scale and if a scale bar is present on the map. use the Fit to page check box on the print dialog box. plot file properties. Ensure there is ample room for margins as well. Figure 21-10: Plot Utility Application toolbar Use the Printer Controls to choose or edit paper size and the plotter used to print out the plot file. a white sheet of paper will display to represent the selected sheet size. Use the Page Drag Mode icon on the Plot Utility Application toolbar to drag the sheet around the screen. printer setup. and zoom in/out mode. Introduction to Plotting 227 . If the plot was larger than the paper in the plot utility.Figure 21-9: Plotting Utility Plot Utility has its own specialised toolbars. zoom box mode. This will make the plot larger or smaller so that it fills the entire page. If the plot file is too large for the page size. Figure 21-11: Printer Controls toolbar This plotter can also be changed by using the printer icon or (File > Page Setup). The first is the Plot Utility Application toolbar. Once the layout of the plot is set up. the printer. the plot can be sent to the printer using File > Print. page size. which includes options to plot. Only what fits onto the white paper is printed. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 21-12: Print dialog box Tutorial 21. 2. Name the plot Facilities1. 228 21 Plotting . Create an 11”X17” plot showing the boundary polygon.2 1.vpgz. and warehouse polygons. the following child toolbar will be displayed. • . • . green and blue that follow colour receptors in the human eye and are used in computer display and image scanners.22 Presentation Screen Dumps The Screen Dump option is available from the Screen Dump toolbar.Image has three channels: red. • .bmp files are usually not compressed and much larger than compressed image file formats of the same image.jpg are the most common formats. Screen Dumps 229 . .rgb .Commonly used standard method of compression for photographic images. which is accessible by leftclicking on the Screen Dump icon. Figure 22-2: Screen Dump toolbar The screen capture will only capture data within the 3D Envisage window. Data can be captured in the following outputs: • .png . These can then be image textured onto a triangulation. Figure 22-1: Screen Dump icon Once the option is active.jpg) and ireg file are captured.ireg .bmp . Tip! In general .jpg . • .png or .Bit mapped graphics format used by Microsoft Windows®.Portable Network Graphics is a bit mapped image format.Vulcan image registration file – both an image (. When using smaller resolutions. To save the screen dump. are preferred where the screen captures are used for printing at large scales. a blue box will appear to show you the extent of the screen dump. Figure 22-5: Copy to Clipboard icon 230 22 Presentation . click the disk icon on the toolbar. Smaller resolutions are suitable for input for reports. otherwise the blue box will remain on screen even though the Screen Dump option is closed. 1024 x 768 is the resolution of many projectors. Figure 22-4: Screen Dump resolution size Resolutions at Screen and higher. To copy the contents of the screen dump to the Windows clipboard use the copy to clipboard icon. Figure 22-3: Screen Dump output format Images can also be saved in different resolutions as indicated in the drop-down list box.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 The name of the screen dump and output format can by changed by selecting the drop-down list. as the image is mapped per pixel. and the file will be saved to the current Vulcan working directory. such as posters. so viewing in an image viewer at full screen on such devices will give good results. Make sure to reset your resolution back to screen when finished. Figure 22-6: Screen dump in Microsoft® Word Tutorial 22. Screen Dumps 231 . AVI Video This option allows you to capture the image currently loaded in your Vulcan Envisage window along with any movement applied to it.00t and drillholes (Geology > Drilling > Load Drillholes) using your assay legend.The screen dump can then be pasted into other software.jpg to view the screen dump.1 1. 3. Rotate your view in order to see both the drillholes and topography.jpg. 2. Open your working directory and double-click on drill. Select a resolution of 320 x 280 and click Save. 5. such as Microsoft ® Word (see below). Load contours. 4. Open the Screen Dump child toolbar by left-clicking on the Screen Dump icon and create an image called drill. Remember to reset your resolution back to screen when you are finished. 2. Zoom in on the tq1 ore body while in free rotate mode. 9. Anyone can then download the free NGrain viewer and view the model. pause the recording by deselecting the Enable recording AVI icon. and block models to the NGrain format. 3.avi. 2. Deselect the Enable recording AVI and then the Save Screen Dump icon to stop recording.00t and drillholes (Geology > Drilling > Load Drillholes) using your assay legend. • When using the continuous recording mode. Tutorial 22. Select the AVI format from the Save As drop-down list. Click the Save Screen Dump icon to begin recording. Select a rotate mode and free rotate the data. 7. Deselect the Enable recording AVI icon and load tq1.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Capturing an AVI video: 1. Click the Enable recording AVI icon. 5. Click the Enable recording AVI icon to start recording. as well as the desired resolution. NGrain NGrain is an interactive 3D viewer that can be embedded in electronic documents such as Microsoft® Word and PowerPoint. Deselect the Enable recording AVI and the Save Screen Dump icon to stop recording.00t and click the icon again.2 1. 3. Create a new audio video named drill. The file will be closed. 4. A new AVI file name can also be entered manually. This format allows users to view and rotate 3D data in space without having a Vulcan licence or Vulcan software. triangulations. 8. • Clicking the [D] key adds single frames to the file. Left-click the Screen Dump icon and open the Screen Dump toolbar. which must be done before you can view the file externally. 6. Set the screen resolution and click the Save Screen Dump icon. The Export to NGrain option allows you to export design data. Save Screen Dump Enable recording AVI Figure 22-7: Screen Dump toolbar 4. Load contours. 232 22 Presentation . The speed at which the object(s) moves during the recording process is not the playback speed (playback is much faster). grids. Audio video files can become large very quickly so use caution when creating files. The Export to NGrain option is found under the File menu in the Import Export submenu. • The Enable recording AVI mode allows you to capture frames each time the view changes. right-click to Cancel. Block Models to NGRAIN Once Block Models are selected from the NGrain Export dialog box. Use the Browse button if you want to select a block model file from a different location. The file will be saved within your current working directory under the Other folder. 3. This will return you to the NGrain Export menu. When all desired design data is selected. When all triangulations and/or grids are selected. 1. 2. Enter the grade variable that you wish to export. Vulcan will automatically select the loaded triangulation or grid. If no further data is to be exported. Enter the colour legend that will be used to colour the chosen grade variable. Figure 22-8: Convert to NGrain dialog box Type the name of the file that will store the exported data. If exporting triangulations or grids. Click OK.Design data. Enter the name of the block model that you want to export. right-click or select Cancel. right-click or select Cancel. If only one grid or triangulation is loaded. The resolution can either be manually entered or specified using the slider bar. Triangulations. and Grids to NGRAIN If exporting design data. 4. Vulcan will prompt for which triangulations or grids to export. the Convert to NGrain dialog box is displayed. Screen Dumps 233 . The Convert to NGrain dialog box will then appear. the following dialog box will display prompting for selecting desired data from the loaded layers. type one or more of the following criteria: Table 1: Block Selection options Command Definition Variable Restricts blocks by a block model variable. Use Block Centres Uses the full cell evaluation method. If you choose to select specific blocks.0 (iron value greater than 10. Condition Constrains the (numeric) block model variable. Section Thickness Restricts blocks by a section plane. Reverse Matching Selects outside the specified regions. Bounding Triangulation Restricts blocks by a triangulation. The bounding box is defined in Interactive or Coordinate mode. Inserting and Viewing NGRAIN Models The first step in using an NGrain model is to download a viewer from the internet. The following is an NGrain model inside a Word document. You can either choose to export additional data or right-click again to display the Convert to NGrain dialog box. you will need to make sure that you can run Macros and enable ActiveX controls within Microsoft® Word. then the proportional cell evaluation method will be used. Click OK and the NGrain Export dialog box is then re-displayed.0) Cut and Fill Surfaces Restricts blocks to those that fall within two intersecting surfaces. Once installed.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 Figure 22-9: Export to NGRAIN dialog box The Block Selection dialog box allows either all of the blocks or just specific blocks to be selected and exported. for instance Fe GT 10. Bounding Box Restricts blocks by a box. If this check box is not ticked. This option is not applicable to open or 2D triangulations. 234 22 Presentation . In order for others to view NGrain in documents you create. they will need to download and install the NGrain viewer as well. To insert NGrain models into Microsoft® Office documents follow the instructions under ‘Adding Viewer to Documents’. Screen Dumps 235 . Tutorial 22.Figure 22-10: Exported NGRAIN model The NGrain viewer will appear in the start menu under NGrain. Once installed. It can be used to view and manipulate NGrain models at any time.3 Export the contours triangulation to NGrain and insert it into a Word document. they will be able to view and manipulate NGrain models by simply opening the document. . 197 H Hardware/System Requirements. 77 Data Import/Export. 51 Create Section View. 3 237 . 157 E Editing Tools. 18 Clip. 95 Check Triangulation Stability. 190 Client windows. 44 Clip Translucent Solids. 191 Coincident Points. 2. 94 Areas and Volumes. 156 Draw wireframe mesh over surface. 15 Export Shape. 1. 167 At specified screen angle. 4 Exercise. 162 Database Validation. 90 Exporting Data. 4. 86 Exporting Grids. 51 Docked windows. 1 Hidden windows Highlight Intersections. 3 ENVIS_RESO. 11. 43 Display simple contours. 191 Checking Triangulations. 48 Display. 95 Custom Cursor. 204 Coordinate. 142 Exporting ASCII Files.Index Symbols . 143 Environment variables. 210 Distance Along Line. 215 Numerics 2D Filter with a Minimum deviation. 139 Analyse. 50 Blend texture. 218 Align View With Current Slicing Plane. 4 Create Line At Given Angle. 209 Grid Masking. 95 Fit Layer. 165 Grid Mesh Surfaces. 65 2D Text. 93 Corporate Standards. 199 Curvature. 149 F Fill triangles with pattern. 51 B Bearing Input. 158 Displaying Data. 157 Enter Record Selection Conditions.TRI Folders. 73 Drape. 158 Find objects. 59 Ensure triangulation is not striped. 193 D Data Attributes. 162 C Centroid. 138 Dgd Files. 18 Fonts. 149 Along Record Checks. 191 Condition Tab. 94 Cut. 7. 160 Boundary Tab. 43 HOME directory. 13. 164 Contouring. 93 Distance field. 56 A About this manual. 93 Area. 15 Administrative Restrictions. 38 Floating windows. 85 Data Tab. 92 Export Tables. 202 Grid Mesh. 139 Drag. 54 3D Text. 18 Downhole Checks. 43 Close Solid. 93 Distance Between Points. 53 G Grid Calculator Utility. 141 Exporting DXF Files. 40 Creating Grids. 12. 208 Extract Located to DB. 216 Digitise Tools. 204 Draw as wireframe. 43 All located invisible. 1 Rotating. 149 Slice Backwards. 3 Texture Mapping. and toolbars main menu windows.Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 I Image Registration. 5 Set View. 87 Importing DXF Files. 90 Importing ASCII Data Files. 51 Parallel to given line on screen. 222 Use Drafting Sheet. 156 Solid Volumes. 158 Utilities > Export > Tables. 169 Import Shape File. 192 Spurs Tab. 17 Minimum Area and Angle. 168 T O Object Area. 218 Menus. 222 Use load time shading. 51 Perpendicular to given line on screen. 155 Updating an Existing Database. 149 Lava script. 15 Two Polygons. 157 Snap to Grid. 205 Relimiting Surfaces. 43 Track Section of Existing Line. 226 Plotting. 48 L Last located invisible. 4. 97 Point Labels. 199 Mapfile Overview. 99 Polygon Area. 215 Render WYSIWYG. 99 Object Label to Text. 148 M main menu. 52 Trending Tab. 153 Tutorial. 34 Other Views. 160 Toggle Sliced View. 163 Triangulation Modelling. 94 R K Key In Point Data. 43 Slice Forward. 34 Ortho Sphere Rotation. 139 Section View Properties. 38 Set Visibility of Located. 85 Indicate. 38 Own windows. 31 Loading and Removing Grids. 43 Moving Data. 139 Unloading Triangulations. 158 Surface Triangulation Manipulation. 94 Object Edits. 67 Point Insert. 150 Master Data. 70 Point Label to Text. 18 P Panning. 165 U Unique Collar Location. 48 Snap to Objects. 36 Plot Utility. 143 Use Default Template. 7. 48 Solid shade triangulation. 12. 191 Smooth shading. 198 Loading Triangulations. 97 Point Labels to Text. 43 Small Angles. 60 Object Label. 216 Loading and Removing Data. 43 Service packs. 13. 100 Ortho Rotation. 165 Remote Directories. 48 Interpolated Grids. 2. 44 Node Editing. 142 Index . 33 Parallel to given line in 3D. 95 Surface definition angle. 1. 18 Managing Grids. 191 Small Surface Area. 11. 51 Perspective View. 222 Report. 221 238 TEMP and TMP. 48 Snap to Points. 160 Texture resource. windows. 191 Modelling Data. 34 S Save and Run. 155 Locating Holes. 72 N No Clipping. 163 Strike/Dip. 211 Move Slicing Plane. 139 Requirements. 195 Split. 201 Point Edits. 34 239 . 33 Zooming. 34 Visibility. 39 Volume Calculations. 17 Z Zoom To Toolbar. 195 W windows. 38 View Ports and Overview Window. 31 Virtual Sphere Rotation.V Vertical Exaggeration. 32 Z-Up Rotation. 35 Viewing and Animating Data. 18 Work area. Introduction to Vulcan | Maptek Vulcan 8 240 Index .