INSECTICIDETC-2013cghfg

INSECTICIDES, PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING Ngatidjan Department of Pharmacology and Therapy Faculty of Medicine UGM Guest Lecturer for Faculty of Medicine UMY PESTICIDES  Insecticides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-serangga)  Herbicides (zat – obat pembasmi tanaman pengganggu)  Fungicides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-jamur)  Rodenticides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-tikus)  Larvacides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-larva)  Etc. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 2 THE USE OF PESTICIDES  Agriculture (insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides)  Timber industry (fungicides)  Transportation (herbicides)  Sport – intertainment (herbicides, rodenticides, etc.)  House hold (insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, etc.)  Etc. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 3 INSECTICIDES  Organophosphate (diazinon, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion, and azinphosmethyl)  Organochlorine (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and lindane)  Carbamate (aldicarb, carbaryl carbofuran, and propoxur)  Alkaloida (nicotine, and pyrethroids : allethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, resmethrin, and phenothrin) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 4 ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 5 LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat orally perdermally 1.1 2.4 – Mevinphos – Azinphosmethyl 6.ORGANOPHOSPHATE – TEP (tetraetylpyrophosphate).7 220 – Parathion – Chlorphenvinphos 13 15 21 31 – Dichlorvos –Ngatidjan Diazinon INSECTICIDETC-2013 80 108 107 200 6 .1 13 4. ORGANOPHOSPHATE – Dimethoate.000 > 5.500 > 4.000 > 1.000 260 > 2.000 7 .000 4. – Trichlorvon – Chlorothion – Malathion – Ronnel – Abate Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat orally perdermally 215 630 880 1375 1250 8. 000 3.8 37 > 2.400 > 4.CARBAMATES – Propoxur – Carbaryl LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat orally perdermally 83 850 > 2.0 > 1.500 8 .000 – Mobam – Temik – Zectran Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 150 0. . autonomic ganglia.ORGANOPHOSPHATES and CARBAMATES Organophosphates and Carbamates Inhibits cholinesterase Acetylcholine accumulation (in synaptic clefts) Sympathetic nerve. motor end plate. Cholinergic receptor stimulation (r-M and r-N) Symptoms of acute intoxication Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 10 . etc. • Cardiovasc system  r-M (bradycardia. lacrimation. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 11 . etc). lethargy.Sign & symptom of acute intoxication • Exocrine glands  r-M (increase salivation. perspiration) • Eyes  r-M (miosis. • Cardiovasc system  r-N (tachycardia. diarrhea. coma. hypersecretion. • Skeletal muscle  r-N (muscle fasciculation. headache. confusion. etc). fatigue. weakness. twitching. • CNS  r-M and r-N (dizziness. blurred vision) • GI tract  r-M (vomiting. transient hypertension). abdominal cramp) • Respiratory tract  r-M (bronchial. • Bladder  r-M (urinary frequency). hypotension). brochoconstriction). • Diarrhea. chest discomfort. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 12 . dyspnea. sweaty. cardiac arrest. fasciculation.Symptoms of acute intoxication • 30 – 60 minutes (after the insecticide enter into the body) • Maximal symptoms (2 – 8 hours after the insecticide enter into the body) • Headache. • Vomiting. hypersecretion saliva and lacrima. tremor palpepra and tongue. miosis. convulsion. blurred vision • Nausea. gastric lavage and forced diuretics are not effective Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 13 .Therapy Mild intoxication • Atropine 1 – 2 mg intravenous • Pralidoxim 2 mg intravenous • Emesis.  sweaty  dry skin.Therapy (in moderate to severe case)  Airway facilitation  from mucous material.  pallor of the face become redness.  bradycardia  slight tachycardia (critical).  hypersalivation  dry mouth.  Cholinesterase reactivator  oximes (pralidoxim etc.) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 14 .  Atropine injection  intravenous 2 mg repeat every 15 minutes  until reverse of the symptoms. . . ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 17 . Aldrien .ORGANOCHLORINE .Methoxychlor Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 80 5.DDT (Diphendiphenyltrichlorethana) LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat orally perdermally 217 2510 .Heptachlor .000 18 .Dieldrin 25 18 98 18 .Lindan .000 1.000 7.Chlordane 100 335 195 840 . convulsion tissue oxygenation Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 death 19 . irritable. disturbances on balancing tremor. dizziness.Organochlorine active transport (Na+ and K+ axon) sensory and motor nerve paraesthesia of tongue. lips and face excitable. Facilitation of respiration remove mucous from respiratory tract oxygen 2. Adsorbent Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 20 .Therapy of acute organochlorine acute intoxication 1. Antidote (nonspecific) - phenobarbital 100 – 200 mg (15 mg/kgBW) intramuscularly diazepam 5 – 10 mg (0.3 mg/kgBW) intravenously 3. Laxant MgSO4 5. Gastric lavage 4. Organochlorine and environment Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 21 . Organochlorine difficult to be eliminated (t1/2 335 days) spontaneous decomposition (t1/2 6 months) deposition in adipose tissue pollutes of food chain BIOMAGNIFICATION Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 22 . Inhibits bird breading eaten by human 23 . Cause food chain residues insecticide residues in soil get into plant (leaf. seed.) eaten by insect eaten by bird eaten by herbivore eaten by carnivore Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 2.Organochlorine 1. etc. flower. fruit. 00001 ppm) sea water INSECTICIDETC-2013 (0.000001 ppm) 24 .05 ppm) Ngatidjan plan water (0. lake and sea plant (0. lake and sea plant (0.bird (10 ppm) river fish (2 ppm) sea fish (0.1 ppm) plankton (0.01 ppm) river.5 ppm) river. Organochlorine insecticides now is prohibited Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 25 . PYRETHROIDS AND NEONICOTINOIDS Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 26 . Pyrethroids  pyrethrum  Allethrin  Resmethrin  Phenothrin  Deltamethrin  Cypermethrin  Cyhalothrin Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 27 . Neonicotinoids  Imidacloprid  Acetamiprid  Thiacloprid  Nitenpyram  l-Nicotine Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 28 . TOXIN (PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN) . Toxin – plant origin Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 30 . Emetics       Family Amaryllidaceae  in open space yard Elicits vomitus Mild vomitus – severe vomitus Last until 24 hours Therapy : symptomatic (phenothiazine) May stimulates CTZ Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 31 . Diarrhea • Traditionally for cathartics • Anthraquinone derivatives • Plant consists of saponins – Phytolacta americana. horse chestnut fruit. Hedera helix leaf. seed of Pachyrhizus erosus. emesis. may cause gastroenteritis • Cause gastroenteritis (Ricinus communis) • May cause chest pain. etc. – Unabsorbed. colic abdomen Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 32 . hypersalivation. • Strychnos nut-vomica • Symptom – sign : – – – Ngatidjan convulsion rhabdomyolysis acute renal failure INSECTICIDETC-2013 33 .Convulsant • May cause convulsion. Antimuscarinics • Datura stramonium (kecubung) • Brogmansia spp. (angel trumpets) • Consists of belladonna alkaloids • Seed and dry leaf may cause delirium • Effect : dry mouth. dysphagia. tachycardia. pyraxia. blurred vision. dryskin. dysphonia. delirium. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 34 . mydriasis. • 0 Ngatidjan Amanita muscaria INSECTICIDETC-2013 35 . • 0 Ngatidjan Papaver somniferum INSECTICIDETC-2013 36 . Animal Venoms Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 37 . Animal Venoms • Snake • Insects – Bee – Scorpion Ngatidjan – Spider INSECTICIDETC-2013 38 . Toksin (small molecule) Tetrodotoxin Saxitoxin Sumber Puffer fish. KATAK DSB. octopus.RACUN IKAN. salamander Shellfish contaminated with dinoflagellates Mekanisme aksi Na+ channel blockers Na+ channel blockers Ciguatoxin Large tropical fish contaminated with dinoflagellates Actin on Na+ channels Cardiac glycosides Batrachotoxin Domoic toxin Palytoxin Toad skin Frog skin Shellfish muscle Sea anemone ATP-ase inhibitor Na+ channel activator CNS toxin Ionophores Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 39 . (kraits) Elapid snake (kraits) Coneshells Coneshells Coneshells Elapid snakes Many snakes Mekanisme aksi Nicotinic recetor blockers Presynaptic cholinergic nerve Skeletal muscle Na+ channel blocker N-type Ca2+ antagonist Direct acting cardiotoxin Cell membrane destruction Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 40 .BISA ULAR. Toksin (protein and polypeptides) α-bungarotoxin β-bubgarotoxin α-canotoxin μ-canotoxin ω-canotoxin Cardiotoxin phospholipases Sumber Elapid snake. Fe. Co.Racun (bisa) Ular • Terdiri atas (campuran) : – protein terutama enzim (> 25 macam) – peptida atau polipeptida – substansi (zat) anorganis Na. K. Mg (sedikit Zn. Mn. Ni Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 41 . Ca. INSECTICIDETC-2013 42 .Racun (bisa) Ular • Enzim yang ada : proteolitik – arginine like hydrolase – thrombine like enzyme – hyaluronidase – fosfolipase – asetilkolinesterase – fosfodiesterase Ngatidjan – dsb. INSECTICIDETC-2013 43 .Racun (bisa) Ular • Kegunaan zat-zat itu bagi ular (dalam bisa) : – immobilisasi mangsa – membunuh mangsa – mencerna (pendahuluan) mangsa – bersifat neurotoksik – – Ngatidjan bersifat digestive hemotoksik. Ngatidjan do not do excision of wound. do not apply tourniquet.Therapy of snake bite – it is an emergency case. local and systemic – facilitate respiratory tract – coagulopathy :  give antivenin – hypotension : give intravenous electrolyte – give antidote (specific antivenin) – decontamination : clean and wash wound using soap.e. suck bitten wound before 15 minutes. immobilization of bitten area i. limb. INSECTICIDETC-2013 44 . • 0 Sting poisonous (Scorpion) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 45 . Scorpion (Kala) • Racun disimpan dalam gelembung pada segmen terakhir abdomen (yang dikenal sebagai ekor : dari yang ke 6) sebelum jarum sengat. • Racun berisi ensim hialuronidase dan fosfolipase) - neurotoxin (ion channel Na+) berpengaruh pada motor end plate dan saraf otonomik INSECTICIDETC-2013 46 Ngatidjan . Scorpion (Kala) • Gejala sengatan : – nyeri. opistotonus. salivasi. beberapa jam. – Pada kasus gawat sukar diam. Kadang ada koagulopatia Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 47 . kejang atau gagal pernafasan. berkeringat. takikardia. panas. nistagmus. kolaps kardiovaskular. fasikulasi. inflamasi dan paresthesia. hipereksitabilitas. diplopia. hindarkan tetanus – Beri antitoksin jika ada – Dekontaminasi dan mempercepat eliminasi tidak efektif Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 48 . – Jangan memberi sedativa berlebihan – Luka dibersihkan.Scorpion (Kala) • Terapi sengatan : – Supporive – Nonspesifik atasi takikardia dan kejang (jika ada). Sengatan Laba-laba (Spider) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 49 . sering tidak Ngatidjan beracun) INSECTICIDETC-2013 50 .000 jenis • Latrodectus (black spider widow) • Loxosceles (brown spiders) • Phidipus (jumping spiders) • Tarantulas (laba-laba besar.Sengatan Laba-laba > 50. Sengatan Laba-laba Racun laba-laba berisi : • Protein dan polipeptida – tidak khas – untuk melumpuhkan dan mencerna (mangsa (umumnya serangga lain) – neurotoxin (black spider widow) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 51 . aritmia.Sengatan Laba-laba • Black widow : gambar gelas jam (abdomen) • Racun black widow jauh kuat dari bisa ular • Jumlah yang masuk tubuh relatif kecil • Gejala keracunan : – sering tidak disadari – 30 . fever. dyspnea. headache. berkeringat. nyeri dan kejang otot abdomen. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 52 takipnea (mirip angina pektoris) . sering diikuti mual. muntah. fascial edema.120 menit kemudian sangat nyeri. paresthesia. dada. limphadenopathia. muntah. gagal ginjal (akibat hemolisis) Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 53 .120 menit kemudian timbul bull eye form lesi 1-5 cm (seperti mata sapi) berisi vesikel hemorrhagis dikelilingi oleh area pucat dan echimosis. 10 menit kmd. kterus. – 24-72 jam kemudian ulkus nekrotik (sebulan atau lebih) dapat diikuti mual.Sengatan Laba-laba • Brown spider : gambaran biola (pada punggung) • Gejala keracunan : – sering tidak disadari. nyeri-panas – 60 . demam. hemolisis. morfin (untuk nyeri) • Ngatidjan Beri antidotum jika ada INSECTICIDETC-2013 54 .v (jika ada kramp).Sengatan Laba-laba Terapi : • Rawat luka sengatan (risiko infeksi) • Beri profilaksi tetanus • Terapi suportif (cardiovaskuler) • Kalsium dan muscle relaxant i. bufotenidin. dopamine. bufopiridin)  ionophore toxin Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 55 . bufotenin.Racun Katak • Diproduksi oleh kelenjar kulit • Pertahanan thd. predator : (otot jantung) • Punya efek antibakteria • Berisi biogenic amine (noradrenaline. adrenaline. Ngatidjan INSECTICIDETC-2013 56 .