Question 1) a) What is an Industrial Sociology? And what is its scope; also narrate value of Industrial Sociology in India. Answer) The term industrial sociology includes two terms, industrial and sociology. The term industrial means concerning the industry. The word industry is derived form the Latin word Industria which means dexterity and resourcefulness. It is thus clear that industry is that technique under which anything is done efficiently and smoothly. Resourcefulness implies use of machinery, raw material etc., in an economic manner. Sociology deals with society and society is nothing but a different name for social relations. Thus sociology pertains to or deals with social relations. In sociology all kinds of social relations are studied. It should also be borne in mind in this connexion that sociology is a scientific study employing scientific methodology and techniques in its study of social relations. According to Maclver and page, “Sociology is about social relationships, the network of relationships we call society.” It is quite apparent from this definition that sociology is a science of social relations. If there is a group of persons who have no relation between them such a group would fall beyond the purview of sociology. The most important characteristic of the application of sociology in the filed of industry, however, is the sociological attitude towards industrial organization. In the words of William Faunce, “What sociology has to offer to the student of industrial social organization today is not a body of laws of social behaviour, but rather a particular perspective or a special way of looking at the world of work.” The concepts of “industry” and “sociology” become clear from the above discussion. The concept of “industrial sociology” is a compound of these two concepts. In Industrial sociology, social relations specifically connected with industry are studied. Of course, these relations are studied by scientific techniques employed in sociology. In modern world the industrial domain has expanded infinitely and it s problems have become complex and varied. There are innumerable problems which have come into being only on account of expanding industry. For example, the problems of slums are a direct outcome of industrial expansion. Thus we can say that industrial sociology is a direct outcome of modern industrial expansion. Definition of Industrial Sociology An examination of some important definition of industrial sociology will further clarify its meaning. 1. According to Charles B. Spaulding, “Industrial Sociologists center their interests upon the social organization of the work place, including the pattern of interaction between people who are responding to each other in terms of their roles in work organization or whose behaviour is being affected by those roles.” These patterns of interaction are included in three system of industrial social organization: 1. Management Organization, 2. Informal organization of workers, 3. Union organization. 2. According to Miller and Form, “Industrial Sociology is a substantive area of general sociology which might more accurately be termed the sociology of work organization or the sociology of economy.” In this definition industrial sociology has been admitted as an important branch of sociology, concerned with work organization and economy. These however, constitute important part of industrial sociology whose area is expanding fast. 3. According to Parkar, Brown and others, “Industrial sociology is concerned with how the economic subsystem is related to other subsystems, how the subsystem is structured in terms of particular work organization and roles and how persons fit into these roles.” Clarifying this definition further these authors have remarked. “The adjective industrial implies the application of sociological theories and methods to one segment of society, that is, the one concerned with the economic function of producing and distributing the goods and services which society requires.” Thus industrial means the section concerned with economic processes. Industrial sociology is particularly the study of this type of social relationships. The economic organization involves several systems and subsystems. Each of these includes innumerable roles. Industrial sociology studies the rules, process, methods and cause-effect relationships concerning industrial system and sub systems. ” It is suggested that industrial sociology deals with all types of work organizations. . “If we were to single out one statement that stamps the progress of industrial sociology upto and through 1947. “Industrial sociology then is concerned with the application or development of principles of sociology relevant to the industrial mode of production and the industrial way of life. its structure.” Value of Industrial Sociology in India All the above mentioned points concerning the value of industrial sociology are applicable to its importance in India. The following considerations may be noted in this connection. According to Moore. It includes industrial areas as a social system factors influencing it. Etzioni suggest that the scope of industrial sociology includes the study of that economic organization that have the “primary aim of producing goods and services. economic. including those factors (technical. Scope of Industrial Sociology According to Delbert C. political) which affect the structure.4.” Miller and Form describe the field as being “concerned broadly with the study of industrial society and also with the analysis of the social organization of work. or organizing and manipulating monetary process. industrial sociology is a particular branch of sociology in which the organization. Smith. “Industrial sociology is concerned with industry (or any form of work organization) as a social system. structure. According to J. we should probably record the fact that sociologists were still struggling to define the field.H. Miller. the function and the changes in that system. role and factors of change in the field of industrial sociology.” This definition of industrial sociology is wider that the preceding definitions. functions and implicit social relationships of industrial and economic systems are studied. In brief.” Schneider delimits the field of industrial sociology to the industrial institution with a focus on the social structure of large scale manufacturing organizations. exchanging them. Without industrial progress millions of new hands cannot be suitably employed. A scientific division of labour in the field of industry requires a fairly wide knowledge concerning different professions. 3. 7.In the present change in society the revaluation and reorganization of division of labour is necessary for harmony between different classes. In urban society these must be understood and solved. This requires industrial progress even more than progress in the field of agriculture. Infact.1. insanitation and slums.In India today one hears the slogan to remove poverty everywhere. It is scientifically studied by industrial sociology. Industrial development is the subject of the industrial sociology. The caste system however.The fast growing urbanization in India is creating problems of housing. 2. Industrial sociology extends help in this process. effort is being made to eliminate caste system. Solution of the Problem of Industrialization: . These may be solved with the aid of the knowledge of industrial sociology.Industrial sociology particularly studies urban and industrial families. role and problems. Labour Welfare: . Therefore. . economic development is essentially industrial development. Therefore. Therefore. Economic Progress: . In India division of labour has been traditionally based upon caste. industrial sociology may give direction to the economic progress in India. This has led to disorganization in division of labour. It enquires into the causes of their disorganization and suggests remedies. The present day industrial society requires labour welfare which presupposes scientific knowledge in this area. It will help in their Reorganisation. Knowledge of Labour Class: .Labour welfare and labour legislation requires an understanding of the condition of industry and labour. 6. high cost of living. Division of Labour: . Any one is now engaged in any profession whatever may be his innate ability. This requires knowledge of industrial society. is now appearing to be an impediment in national progress. 4. in India industrial sociology may help in preventing further disorganization of urban and industrial families. Help in family Reorganisation: . Therefore.Labour class has its peculiar status. the study of industrial society is a necessary prelude to the solution of problems of industrialization.Industrialization is a closely connected to urban problem. over-crowding. 5. Problems of Urbanization: . Help in Rationalizations: . Development of Labour Organisation: . 10. Social Welfare: . To remove this tendency and to reorganize labour unions to realize labour welfare. This has increased unemployment though on . their demands.A remedy to industrial disputes is the development of labour Organisation. 11.With the progress of large scale industries in India automation is increasing. Therefore.Modern state is a welfare state. This is particularly relevant to present day Indian conditions. Unfortunately. If this development is scientific. industrial sociology is useful. With the progress of education among capitalists and employers and the interference by the government. industrial bureaucrats require training in industrial sociology. Aid to Nationalisation: .8.When some private industries fail to solve their internal disputes. in India labour union are more busy in seeking political games rather than labour welfare. efforts are now being made for more and more rationalization in industries. Some other industries are nationalized due to the fact that they produce commodities which cannot be placed in private hands such as armaments. one of the remedy is Nationalisation of such sick industries. industries connected with raw material are nationalized so that raw material is nationalized so that raw material may be available to the industries on reasonable rate and in sufficient quantity. 13. Recent there is some trend towards profit in public sector industries. Aid to Industrial Management: . 12. Similarly. This is helped by industrial sociology.Success in industry very much depends upon industrial bureaucracy. This is particularly true in India today. A welfare state must plan for the welfare of back ward classes the poor and the degraded since these sections are unable to realize their welfare.Being backward from scientific and industrial viewpoint India lags in rationalization in industries. All these cause have led to increasing Nationalisation of industries in India. 9. This social welfare requires direction from industrial sociology. the laborers take resort to collective bargaining for the realization of. Solution of the Problems of Automation: . Efficiency of industrial bureaucracy depends upon perusal of scientific law of industrial management industrial sociology scientifically studies industrial management. Industrial sociology may be useful in the realization of Nationalisation of essential industries. automation has been opposed by some labour unions. legal formalities. in turn.Industrial peace and progress depends upon harmonious relationships between the employer and the employees. working conditions. These are however. black money. Industrial sociology makes a scientific study of labour legislation. Use in Labour Legislation: . Therefore. retarded agriculture. security of jobs. Therefore. all these problems are studied by the industrial sociologists. absence of data. This requires suitable attention to several factors such as rates of wages. pressure of taxes. Indian government have provided for the participation of labour representatives in the management of large scale industries. 14. In India today while increasing capitalism is creating new problems. far from being adequate. Industrial sociology makes scientific study of labour participation on industrial management.Indian government is making effort in the direction of industrial planning. Therefore.the other hand it has increased profits of the industrialists. and provision of housing and scientific method of recruitment etc. 17. This. In five year plans special efforts are being made towards planned development of industries. National Peace and Progress: . 15. It also requires removal of conflict among various sections in industry. Betterment of Employer-employee Relationships: . absence of trained personnel. Help in Industrial Planning: .Progress in any direction in the country requires national peace and progress at its first conditions. politicization of labour unions is equally increasing difficulties. low level of wages. requires understanding of urban and industrial problems. their suggestions may be valuable in the solution of these problems. its guidance may be useful in enacting proper and necessary labour legislations in India. behaviour of bureaucracy.In 20th century new labour legislation have been enacted along with progress of industrialization in India. A solution of the possible conflict requires theoretical direction from industrial sociology. all these fall within the scope of industrial sociology whose help is therefore necessary for the betterment of employer-employee relationships. This planning requires solution of so many problems such as illiteracy. corruption etc. . The solution of such disputes requires knowledge of industrial sociology. For example. too much population. inflation. 16. These acts have helped in the solution of so many problems. For example. As an organ of UNO it is connected with most of the nations of the world. India has been closely associated with it and received significant aid and assistance. International Labour Organisation (ILO) seeks solution of labour problems all over the world. Industrial sociology studies international labour organisation and directs efforts towards the betterment of working condition of the laborers everywhere.Several labour Organisation extend beyond the national frontiers. Thus it is useful in the betterment of international relationships. Betterment in International Relationship: .18. Son many organisations are international. since the beginning of this organisation. . It is particularly usful for the developing countries including India. Fortunately. It is rash to form an opinion about some hurriedly after a casual glance or brief hearing. 4) DON’T ARGUE WITH SUBORDINATES.A supervisor should under no circumstances indulge in argument with his subordinate. This creates frustration and sense of insecurity among the worker. 5) DON’T CRITICIZE PUBLICLY – Nobody likes to be told off or reprimanded in the presence of others. . some are certainly so and if these are not removed the morale in the company would suffer. The workers are usually rash and they tend to retaliate if they are wounded emotionally. The good leader does not argue but listens carefully. He must accord full opportunity to the worker to present his case. be cause if he fails to persuade or convince by his arguments.Question 1. 3) DON’T DECIDE HURRIEDLY . Only when the worker has presented his case should the leader express his opinion. If a worker is rebuked publicly he feels insulted. Therefore a good leader avoids discussing the fault of workers in public. b) Which are the five Principles that have been suggested by Psychologist Blum? Can you add a few more from your side? Answer: b) The Psychologist Blum has suggested the following Principles: 1) DO NOT AN AUTOCAT – autocratic leadership is not good leadership. Therefore autocracy in leadership should be eschewed. 2) LISTEN CAREFULLY – It is very essential that the leader should be a good listener. he is liable to issue orders to vindicate his point of view. Some persons deny their subordinates the opportunity to speak out their mind and pay no attention to their complaints. It is self-defeating because the workers feel alienated and do not obey the leader willingly. He points them out in private and in a direct manner. While it is true that most of the complaints are not genuine. The supervisor must listen carefully to everything told to him subordinates. Only when the worker has presented his case. Only after careful listening he issues order. When you have that team. supervise–go back and see that they did it. Before you are thirty years old. we gather our team on the basis of their strengths. Encourage them often! Understanding your strengths and the strengths of others is a key to effective leadership. an experienced entrepreneur. Seventy-nine year-old Muriel Tower. A hard worker–a producer. Or maybe you just love working by yourself. Review it often with your staff so you don't lose your focus. Give credit where credit is due. Say "thank you" to the people you are working with. Each of us has only some of the skills needed to do a great job. you can probably do all of those jobs without too much difficulty. but don't care about details. we need each other to reach our goals." In order to be effective. Number three. surround yourself with a team who are good at the other three. We lead on the basis of our strengths. and evaluate two or three times a year to see how you are doing. Number two. You do things right and at the right time. you realize you don't want to do the things you aren't good at. It uses up too much energy. We need to surround ourselves with people to fill in our gaps. What is your leadership style? Are you a visionary? A person who can see the big picture and take risks? Or are you a detail person–an administrative type? You see the need for systems and order. you need a team to work with. You are efficient. meet with them regularly and have a purpose statement that you work toward. But once you are over thirty. Number one in business is get the best person for the job. delegate. Set short and long term goals.According to my side some principles are : 1) KNOW WHAT YOUR STRENGTHS ARE: To be leaders. said. Your team will be motivated toward reaching your goals together. "You get things done through other people. Perhaps you are more of a sales person–a people gatherer. Let someone give you a track to run on and you'll do it. When you know what you are good at. . You love people and can sell anything to anyone. BE PERSISTENT : Mother Teresa was a determined woman. Although there was no mistaking the aura of warmth and kindness that surrounded her. BE WILLING TO STAND ALONE: If you have a passion. You will probably be lonely. Persistence is a key to effective leadership. senior women executives rated Determination and Perseverance as the number one essential qualities for Women's success in business." According to a survey done by Deloitte and Touches. One journalist wrote of Mother Teresa: "When I met Mother Teresa." Strive for excellence and you will motivate others to do the same. 4. set measurable goals and work toward accomplishing them. Margaret Thatcher was a determined woman. a dream or a mission. when the going gets tough.2) STRIVE FOR EXCELLENCE: The people you want to influence will not rise to a higher standard of excellence than what they observe in you. Be unwilling to throw in the towel. People are looking for leaders who are willing to give it all they have. Be determined. However. You will be tempted to quit and be encouraged to quit by those who are friends and enemies. focused and determined person I had ever met. She had gnarled hands and thick peasant feet that protruded from under her coarse white sari. when pleasure and comfort . You will find that many times you may have to work alone. 5. Leaders don't grow in a comfort zone. The authors of Mega trends for Women write. "Male or female. The key to being a good leader is endurance–being a non-quitter. and they will follow–for a while. they are people who have learned from their mistakes and get up and try again. I felt I was in the presence of the most powerful. the effective leader wins commitment by setting an example of excellence. In order to leave this world a different place. you have to be persistent. I discovered she was very tiny–less than five feet tall–and kept her head cocked to one side. Leaders are not people with exceptional talent. James Cook said.BE READY FOR RESISTANCE : One of the facts of life is that when you are in leadership. . As leaders. Sometimes we have the faulty notion that we should be able to go through life problem free–that if we have problems. so that you will keep going. you won't cave in when the going gets tough.compete with responsibility and long hours." 6. If you know you are doing what is right. you have to solve problems. Expect it. we have to be responsible. Be ready. We can easily fall into waiting for someone else to solve our problems. Facing problems and dealing with them by making good decisions is the difference between a leader and a follower. Running away is not an option. That is when you have to be sure that what you are doing is right. followers will drop away. You don't need to wait for someone else's help. no matter how painful it is. something is wrong with our life. You will have problems. "A person who wants to lead the orchestra must turn his back on the crowd. physical examination etc. reference checks.Emplolyment policies should provide clear guidelines on the following points : a] Minimum hiring qualification b] Preferred sources of recruitment c] Reservation of seats for scheduled castes. interviews. the employer conceives of a productive activity. usually in return for payment of wages. generally with the intention of creating profits. one being the employer and the other being the employee. Write short note on any five:a) Employment Answer: Employment : All policies concerning recruitment. oral or written. Employment is a contract between two parties. An employee may be defined as: "A person in the service of another under any contract of hire. where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed." In a commercial setting. and the employee contributes labour to the enterprise. and separation of employees are included in this function. express or implied. f] Basis (length of service or efficiency) to be followed in discharging an employee. selection. g] Probation period h] Layoff and rehiring . scheduled tribes.Question 2. handicapped persons and ex-servicemen d] Employment of local people and relations of existing staff e] Reliance on various selection devices such as university degrees. tests. control and cooperation for realizing industrial projects. capitals investments etc.In this we study the kind and quality of raw material. The important ones are as follow:1. . The materials of production include land. 5. Distribution Management: . speed and fatigue.In the production management are included the following elements: 1) Job analysis. 6. adjustment. 2. study of production of techniques and also the study of consumer needs. a number of elements are involved such as materials for production. Financial Management: . Maintenance Management: .C) Function & Concept of Industrial Management: Answer) According to Encyclopedia of social sciences a group of persons who cooperate to work for some project are engaged in industrial management. 7. and 4) Study of time. 4.Under this are included arrangement for packing.Under this are included advertising. Transport Management: . 3) standardization and. Sale Management: . raw material and machinery.Under this is included maintenance of building etc.Under this are included inviting tenders. 2) Determination of the system of production. Development Management: . Thus industrial management involves direction. According to J.Under the budgeting is done and also data regarding market conditions is collected. managers. Production Management: . planning. marketing research. industrial management consists of realizing the industrial aim with the help of wherewithal of industrial production. Terry. export and sale etc. In an industrial project. workers. 3.R. transportation warehousing etc. organizing sales and making provision for stock and storage. There are various types of management. In brief. R. following are the main functions of the industrial management:1) Forecasting. Office Management: . To organize means to entrust each worker in an industry with jobs for which he is suited.to speed up the work.First or foremost function of the industrial management is to make industrial projections. In the words of L. 4) Direction. Also the pay scales are determined and rules for promotion and increment laid down.Under this are included the recruitment and training of workers and mangers.According to Brech organisation is to divide the responsibility and entrust it to various departments.8.According to G. Besides when a new venture is undertaking forecasting consists of making assessment of the needs for labour and equipment.to speed. to inspire the group and to create in each worker an aptitude and liking of works. 2) Planning.By dividing the complex industrial processes into their consitutents planning are done. . a decision to do the work in proper manner. 5) Leadership.Under this data regarding production and distribution are collected and its record maintained. that is. to assess before hand the demand for the goods. 9. Terry direction consists of the following steps. Personnel Management: . Functions of Industrial Management The industrial management is a complex process and it involoves a number of functions.The business of leadership is to guide and inspire the workers in such that optimum production is achieved. 3) Organisation. Urwik planning is a mental process. Question 2) d) Maladjusted Worker . of workers comes under this head. d) To maintain and sustain coordination. B) In order to remove the defects of bureaucracy to maintain direct contact with the workers. The control is of four types: budgetary control. 8) Coordination. The quality of workers makes or mass the industry. The appointment. Brech writes that coordination in the industry means distribution of work in such a way that cordiality of relations is maintained. C) Coordination of production. Brech writes. control over management and lastly financial control.Defining control.6) Staffing. control over cost of production.The most important element of any industry is workers. 7) Motivation.In Industry production is done by machines but these machines are operated by men. 10) Communication. shareholders and suppliers is called communication. Marry Parker Follet has enumerated four principles of coordination: A) To effect coordination in various processes from the very beginning.Defining coordination. 9) Control.To maintain contact and rapport between workers. consumers. Men need to be motivated if satisfactory result is to be achieved. to achieve maximum product by determined effort. training etc. Therefore appointment of workers is the most important factor in the industry. sale and labour. f) Deficiency in power of attention. c) Tired feelings. as is evident from the name. In attaining his own interests he pays no attention to the propriety or impropriety of means and fights with others to gain all kinds of advantages. strong instincts. conflicts with labour. i) Fear. He wants to attract the attention of others towards himself for no reason and is not bothered about the propriety of the means he adopts for this purpose. Before turning to the proper adjustment of the maladjusted worker it is necessary to understand his main problems.Answer: Kinds of Maladjustment Workers with a nervous temperament are maladjusted because normalcy of personality is an essential condition of proper adjustment. fault finding. etc. 2. 1. Fisher and Hanna have pointed out six main problems in mild maladjustment and twelve main problems in the more serious manifestations of it. self-pity. Serious Emotional Maladjustment. h) Indigestion. It can either be mild or serious.In this form. absence of cheerful cooperation. abnormal desire to attract attention. b) Extreme reticence and withdrawal. . a worker with this problem is jealous of the other workers over very minor issues and at times believes himself to be a victim of other’s enmity. The maladjustment of the workers with a nervous temperament is essentially an emotional maladjustment. g) Extreme irritability. d) Spasmodic and irregular application. the emotional maladjustment is mild and its symptoms are jealousy. He does not cooperate with others cheerfully and is constantly engaged in finding faults of the management and other colleagues. Mild Emotional Maladjustment. e) Daydreaming.The main symptoms of this are the following: a) Frequent change of jobs. Sometimes they also hear voices which do not actually exist. Explanation of Causes of Maladjustment In the opinion of Fisher and Hanna. Maladjustment can also have causes other than these three. 2) Exaggeration or over-expression of one or more drives. the following: 1) Emotional immaturity. They are unnecessarily afraid of many things and feel that their friends are making complaints aboput them.j) Feelings of being spied upon. Inadequate personalities. They find it difficult to concentrate their attention in any work. mild and serious emotional maladjustment is caused by three main factors. H. k) Hearing voices. Small things irritate them. 2. Workers with serous emotional maladjustment are seen changing jobs frequently. Test of Maladjustment . M. instead they blame others for their own failure. They try to hide reality but despite this they feel inferior to other. They also suffer constantly from indigestion. Emotional instability. Adler examined one hundred patients in 1917 and pointed out the following three causes of professional maladjustment: 1. They are not very serious about many things in their minds and experience exhaustion after very little work. Their behaviour does not follow a definite pattern. Paranoid personalities. 3) Abnormal expression of emotions. 3. Many important researches have been conducted on this subject. They do not turn their attention to their own shortcomings. There is little synthesis between their emotions and feelings. They are not very practical and are inclined to be lost in the world of imagination. l) Miscellaneous symptoms. They are victims of self-pity on the one hand and jealousy on the other. All these methods should be used to discover the maladjustment workers in industry. Pressure Test.While the reports furnished by the authorities are useful. Medical Examination. many scientific methods are used to test maladjustment. The more extensively used methods are ergograph test. (f) Industrial Bureaucracy . finding out the emotional nature and development of the worker by examining his external behaviour. Graphic Pursuit Meter. etc. McDougall-Schuster Dotting Test. However. impartiality and absence of humanity”. 4. 2. that is it operates mechanically. 3. The term bureaucracy is derived from the French word “Bureau” which means desk. this control is not due to personal qualities of the officer but is on account of rules and regulations. an objective and impartial outlook and most important of all lack of human touch.Answer: The meaning of the term bureaucracy is hierarchical arrangement of authority in the field of industry. Hierarchy of Positions – In bureaucracy there is a hierarchical arrangement of posts and positions. A bureaucracy has rules of Control – In bureaucratic set. “Bureaucracy is a system of administration characterized by expertness. In this definition industrialized systems are taken to be akin to a type of administrative system whose chief characteristics are efficiency in work performance. There is clear and unambiguous division of labour in bureaucracy. . Rules and regulations strictly govern importance of Impersonal Rules – The bureaucratic set.up. The absence of human touch is due to the fact that bureaucracy functions under the framework of rule and regulations though this militates against human sensibility. This rules and regulations are impersonal and impartial. This leads permanence and continuity to the bureaucratic functioning. The basis division of labour is efficiency and ability. The word bureau also means tier or step and therefore it signifies hierarchical arrangement of officialdom or management in the field of industry. Clear and specified Functions .up the superior officer exercises control over his juniors. Functional Features of Bureaucracy 1. According to Max Weber. In bureaucracy not person is indispensable .In bureaucratic set-up each member whether low or high in the hierarchy has his functions determined and specified. 5. Administration by Able Persons – In bureaucratic set up the work of industry is divided into various levels and departments and the persons having suitable qualifications for each type of work are recruited. 4. Systematic Administration – As is evident from the various definitions of bureaucracy. Disadvantages of Bureaucracy: . 6 Lack of Monopoly – In a bureaucracy no person has monopolistic control and therefore no person is indispensable. Possibility of Large Scale Industry – The greatest advantage of bureaucracy is that with the help of this system huge industrial empires can be built up and run efficiently. any person can be replaced or transferred. Decisions and Commands are written – In bureaucracy set-up all rules. but this ensured effective control and minimizes arbitrariness. 3. 2. regulations and decisions are reduced to writing in order to avoid ambiguity and misuse. its system is devised to make administration systematic and scientific. If need be. Separation between administrators and proprietors. Advantages of Bureaucracy: 1. Effective Control – The bureaucracy functions on principles and under it no room is allowed for personal likes and dislikes.In a bureaucratic set up the owner of an enterprise is not necessarily the highest officer. Rules. At times this feature may render it seemingly inhuman. 7. In a bureaucratic set up. the subordinates feel slighted and demoralized. Circumlocution. Red Tapism – Red Tapism is the biggest defect of bureaucracy.In bureaucracy the officers tend to abide by a too literal interpretation of rules and give credence to statistics available in their in their books even when a responsible doubt can occur in this matter. Superiority Complex . 6. g) Suggestions for improvement of Trade Unions.In bureaucracy the top ranking officers are afflicted with egoism. . 4. the files and papers move at a snail’s pace and it takes inordinately long time to reach any decision on any matter.1. Emphasis on Routine.In bureaucracy innovation is scarified and routine encouraged. Thus bureaucracy tends to become non humane. They trend to act with scant consideration for the harmful effects of their decision upon the persons concerned. Authoritative Tendency – In a bureaucratic set up the officers occupying top ranks are liable to make an arbitrary use of their authority. 7. Class Consciousness .In bureaucracy the officers consider themselves as an upper caste and look down upon the subordinates. Drunk with power they treat their subordinates with little respect. they bluff and bluster. Therefore. 3. Emphasis on Impersonal Relations – It is a common observation that even those personnel who are very polite and courteous in their behavior turn rude and indifferent upon assuming the position of authority. 5. 2. if the leadership is of indifferent quality not much can be expected from it. . Mutual Co-operation – In spite of the fact that all labour unions pursue the same ends. 3. If the average worker educated and knowledgeable. Proper Election of Labour Leaders – The success of any organization depends upon its leadership. To ensure that workers get proper leaders. 2. He should know his rights and privileges as well as his obligations. a comprehensive scheme for the education of the workers is necessary. Beside literacy and technical education the Indian worker should also be told about labour laws relevant to his services. but on the other hand. they must be elected directly by them and should not be nominees of somebody. If the quality and caliber of leadership is available the success is most assured. The majority of Indian workers are thumb. the progress and development of trade unions is bound to be automatics. Another essential condition for the success of a labour union is that the labour leader should know the problems of the workers intimately and at first hand. Indeed unity is strength and a united organization is a formidable force. A professional who knows little about workers’ problem first hand is more often than not a misleader. they cannot write or read anything whatsoever. If all trade unions work jointly they will be such a force that the role of intermediaries will be over and the industrialists will listen to them most cautiously. it is regrettable that there is little co-operation among them. Provision for education of workers – For the proper growth of Indian Trade Unions. Therefore. only then can he be expected to give the proper leadership. They should be given the opportunity for technical training.embosses. The workers in India blindly follow their leaders. For a comprehensive development of trade unionism in India it is imperative that there should be broad based mutual cooperation and give and take among the various labour unions. the interests of workers are safe only if the leader is a selfless person dedicated to the upliftment if the downtrodden. Such workers are unskilled and technically untrained.Answer: For the proper development of trade union the following suggestions are :1. profess different religions . speak different tongues. Appointment of Paid Officials – Generally the persons working in trade unions and welfare associations has to work graits. . If the workers have to stay permanently in industrial towns it is necessary that vast labour colonies be constructed. 5. There is a great diversity among Indian workers.It is sine qua non of success of labour movement that there should be improvement of the economic and social conditions of the workers. This will put an end to the migratory habit of workers and secondly they will be able to stay with their families. Internal Co-operation :.For the proper development of trade unions it is necessary that the majority of worker must be permanent residents of towns and cities in which they work. It is required that workers should develop class consciousness. Even socially the worker are looked down upon.4. Under these circumstances a great effort is needed to weld this amalgam of individuals into a cohesive force. if not more important that there should be internal unity and co-operation with in a trade union. Providing Permanent Residence :. 6. Under these circumstances these persons do not function efficiently and are liable to avail any opportunity of embezzlement etc. An average worker is perennially under the threat of starvation and bankruptcy and social action has no meaning for him.Besides co-operation among various labour unions. languages etc. In order to develop a consciousness of class and a spirit of unity among workers labour have to strive very hard. must be forgotten. They come from different regions. 7. they are paid nothing for their services. They should realize that as workers their interest lie in unity among workers and that differences of religion. it is equally. By staying with other workers each worker will come to know each other intimately and this will foster a sense of unity and brotherhood among them. They suffer from an inferiority complex. It is essential in this context that these persons should be given remuneration commensurate with the nature of their work. Economic and social Uplift of Workers:. Co-operation of Industrialists and Government . Appointment of Specialists – In order to ensure the success of labour unions it is necessary that some specialists be appointed to assist these unions in intricate matters. Question 4: a) What is recruitment? What are the major channels through which the recruitment to industries in India is done in modern days.8. Whosever has it is assured of success. 10. promotion and retrenchment.Over and above the conditions listed above it is equally essential for the success of labour movement that it should win public confidence. 9. In these cases the services of specialists are much in need. arrears and matters of recruitment.The success of labour unions is not possible without certain amount of co-operation of industrialists. . In modern Industry very complex problems arise. bonus. Confidence of Public . The employers should consider labour unions not as adversaries but think of an useful instruments of industrial progress. Public confidence is an almighty force. There can be disputes regarding leaves. The employment of personnel is a four step process. So scientific principles of labour administration and labour management should be applied in recruiting the workers in various units of organized industries. DEFINITION OF RECRUITMENT – Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating and encouraging them to apply for jobs in an organisation. Following chart gives an idea of the various sources of recruitment. If the workers in any undertaking are not recruited in accordance with some systematic proper and judicious manner. These steps are - (a) To determine manpower requirements (b) Recruitment. (c) Selection (d) Induction or Placement or Orientation. .Answer : INTRODUCTION : Recruitment is the first step in industrial employment. It will hinder production which in turn. will mean a substantial loss to total output. most of them are likely to be found inefficient and often quite unfit for the jobs allocated to them. The ultimate success or failure of such employment depends on a large measure upon the methods and organization by means of which the workers are brought into the industry. These intermediaries or brokers are either in the pay of the industrialists or work as their commission agents. 1. Recruitment through Intermediaries : Most of the recruitment in Indian industry through intermediaries or brokers. The industrialists pay the travel and other expenses incurred by the intermediaries.SOURCES OF RECRUITMENT Internal Sources External Sources 1] Promotions 1] Employment Exchanges 2] Transfers 2] Advertisement 3] Absorption of Trainees 3] Colleges & Universities 4] Advertisement (Internal) 4] Recommendations of 5] Lent services present Employees 6] Extention of services 5] Labour Unions 6] Field Trips 7] Personnel Consultants 8] Factory Gate 9] Jobbers of contractors 10] From other Firms. To gather and recruit workers according to the needs and specifications of the industrialists is the Job of these intermediaries or brokers. The brokers go around the village and residential quarters of workers and offer them opportunities of employment. The functions and importance of brokers have been clearly brought out by the Labour Investigation Committee : “ He is almost an ubiquitous feature of recruitment and labour administration in India and usually combines in himself a formidable array of functions. Following are the channels of recruitment employed today in India. At times these these intermediaries bring the workers to cities by enticement and offer of illusory benefits. . becomes the responsibility of the contractor and the headache of the industrialist is off.availability of Permanent Workers 2. Recruitment by Contractors: In India a large number of workers are recruited to industry through the medium of contractors. These workers are the employees of the contractor. The contractors not only engaged the labour force but also provides for the raw materials. In contract work. Once a contract is made. machinery and equipment needed for the competition of Job. It is generally believed that the work done on contract is less costly. it becomes an exclusive responsibility of the contractor to complete the job in all respects within the given time period. Advantages of Contract work The contract work can be got done at short notice. Disadvantage of Contract work . the contractor recruits the entire labour force. The industrialists make arrangement for getting any job done against a specified amount with contractors. otherwise they would not get any payment. If a job is done on contract. Now it becomes the duty of the contractor to complete the job in a specific time. the completion of the job within a specified period.Advantages of Broker Recruitment Easy Availability of Workers Facility in Industrial Management Lessening of Employer’s Responsibility Disadvantages Exploitation of worker Recruitment of Incompetent Workers Increase in Industrial Conflicts Non. Answer) The inter-relationship between people and their environment is called society. not faith is the touchstone of every action and belief in an industrial society. People expect and demand a rational explanation of every phenomenon. the ways and modes of living have all been deeply influenced by industrialization. 3. fashion and manners. The methods and means of social control have changed. The worker recruited by contractors are denied various compulsory benefits available to their counterparts in the industry. Besides monetary exploitation the poor workers are also subjected to moral exploitation. the attitude of the members of industrial society becomes logical and precise. Superstition and blind faith has no place in an industrial society. The need are engaged at very low rates and the contractor also determines rates and their working hours. Freedom of thought and individualism are the cornerstones of the industrial society. The processes of industrialization are intimately related with scientific processes. The pattern of human relations in an agricultural society is quite different from that of the industrial society. They exploit the workers freely. Therefore. Industrialization has affected the society in every respects customs and traditions. The human relations are determined by people attitudes. The contractors mete out arbitrary treatment to the workers. Direct Recruitment Question 5) a) Write a synopsis on the impact of industrialization upon various aspects of society. The following discussion is an attempt to make an in depth study of the impact industrialization has upon the various facets of society: Impact upon marriage and family . The pattern of human relations and the nature of human civilization and culture mutually determine each other. Reason.