Indigenous Architecture of Kerala | Vernacular Architecture Study

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTUREVERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE - REPORT ON KERALA ARCHITECTURE SUBMITTED TO: AR. KAJAL ARSHI PREPARED BY : BHANU KHANNA (21008/2K10) Kerala ..God’s own country.. vernacular architecture of Kerala ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have completed this report for semester IX ,bachelor degree of architecture with the help of my faculty, my teachers, my dearest friend and family members, without their help this work was like to search water in the desert. First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my subject in-charge and guide, Ms. Kajal Arshi, who have guided me and supported me throughout my research over KERALA ARHITECTURE. I would like to extend my gratitude to the HOD of Architecture Department Ar. Bhupinder Pal Singh Dhot for his sharing his immense knowledge and Ar. Ranjit Kaur Johal for her valuable suggestion, precious time for the discussion over the topic. I would like to thank the students of NIT Calicut who helped me in the secondary data collection. I would like to express my gratitude to my friends and mates. Finally I offer my sincerest gratitude to my parents and family for their love and their support which helped me to cross all the hurdles coming in my successful education life. Ms. Bhanu Khanna B.ARCH IX sem 21008/2k10 3 vernacular architecture of Kerala ABSTRACT KERALA is often named as ‘GOD’S OWN COUNTRY’ this is not only because of its traditions but its history geography and mesmerizing scenic beauty makes it the place next to heaven. Kerala regionally referred to as Keralam, is a state in the south-west region of India on the Malabar coast separated by western ghats from top and side. Kerala architecture is a kind of architectural style that is mostly found in Indian state of Kerala and all the architectural wonders of kerala stands out to be ultimate testimonials for the ancient vishwakarma sthapathis of kerala. The architecture of Kerala has been influenced by Dravidian and Indian Vedic architectural science (Vastu Shastra) over two millennium. The Tantrasamuchaya, Thachu-Shastra, Manushyalaya-Chandrika and Silparatna are important architectural sciences, which have had a strong impact in Kerala Architecture style. The Manushyalaya-Chandrika, a work devoted to domestic architecture is one such science which has its strong roots in Kerala. The architectural style has evolved from Kerala’s peculiar climate and long history of influences of its major maritime trading partners like Chinese, Arabs and Europeans. The characteristic regional expression of Kerala architecture results from the geographical, climatic and historic factors. Geographically Kerala is a narrow strip of land lying in between western seaboard of peninsular India and confined between the towering Western Ghats on its east and the vast Arabian sea on its west. A regional character in construction incorporating the Dravidian craft skills, unique forms of Buddhist buildings, design concepts of vedic times and canonical theories of Brahmanical Agamic practices in locally available materials and suited to the climatic conditions was finally evolved in Kerala. The climatic factors thus made its significant contributions in developing the architecture style, to counter wettest climatic conditions coupled with heavy humidity and harsh tropical summers. The architectural style of Kerala temples has an inherent simplicity. Kerala temples have a distinct style of their own by the lavish use of wood, stone and metals. vernacular architecture of Kerala 1 INTRODUCTION - KERELA ….1- 2 2 STATICAL DATA ….3- 14 2.1 CLIMATE ….7 2.2 GEOGRAPHY ….8 …11 2.3 CULTURE …12 2.4 RELIGION 2.5 DEMOGRAPHY …13 2.5.1 POPULATION 2.5.2 ECONOMICS 3 ARCHITECTURE ….15- 45 3.1 HISTORY ….16 3.1.1 PREHISTORIC VESTIGES 3.2 TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE CONTENTS ….20 CASE STUDY: PERUVANAM SHIV TEMPLE 3.3 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE ….34 3.3.1 THEORY 3.3.2 CONCEPT 3.3.3 CASE STUDY OF TYPICAL KERALITE HOUSE 4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ….46- 47 5 CASE STUDY ….48- 54 PADAMABHURAN PALACE 6 CONCLUSION ….55 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ….56 5 vernacular architecture of Kerala mosques. climatic and historic factors. The ways in which the buildings are designed. caves. temples. this land is lush green with vegetation and rich in animal life. constructed and decorated speak not only the technical and artistic capabilities of the craftsmen. In the uneven terrain of this region human habitation is distributed thickly in the fertile low-lands and sparsely towards the hostile highlands. Geographically Kerala is a narrow strip of land lying in between western seaboard of peninsular India and confined between the towering Western Ghats and the vast Arabian sea. churches. The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate. None of these structures is very big. sloping roof and projecting caves was mostly evolved from climatic considerations - for protection from excessive rain and intense solar radiation. the aesthetic appeal of these buildings mainly arise from the simplicity of form and functional perfection. The characteristic regional expression of Kerala architecture results from the geographical. Fig. built and renovated over centuries representing a panorama of architectural development. for whom the construction is only a medium for thematic expression. Clustered houses are rarely seen in villages. houses.3_STATE SEAL OF KERELA 6 vernacular architecture of Kerala . Kerala abounds with many such architectural monuments- prehistoric megaliths. but also of the aspirations and visions of the perceptors.1_POLITICAL MAP OF KERELA this landscape. tombs. 1. INTRODUCTION The cultural heritage of any country is seen best exposed in its architectural monuments. palaces and public buildings. merging with nature. From the single dwellings to the magnificent edifices. The architecture of this region has been of a humble scale. The form of the buildings with low walls. theatres. Favoured by plentiful rains and bright sunshines. Large cities are also absent in Fig. 1. architecture also reflects the human endeavour meeting the ever changing social needs. 1.3_TOURIST DESTINATIONS/FAMOUS THINGS TO DO/STATE SYMBLS OF KERELA vernacular architecture of Kerala . Kerala’s Fame State symbols of Kerala Animal Indian elephant Bird Great Hornbill Fish Pearl Spot Flower Golden Shower Tree Flower Tree Coconut tree 7 Fig. 5 °C in the eastern highlands. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1. STATICAL DATA 2. and rises in sea level. During summer. Southwest monsoon. a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. the state is prone to gale force winds.000 mm (197 in) of orographic precipitation: the highest in the state. The moisture-laden winds. i. The rainy season lasts for about half of the year.e. which has greatly determined the character of built form with its characteristic sloping roof.250 mm (49 in).East. June to September is west to South west and the effect of land breeze is not dominant during this period. and relatively moderate temperature.0–22. occasional droughts. the influence of the northeast monsoon is seen in southern districts only. Wind speed and direction is determined by the season and the temperature differences between land and sea. because of its topography. storm surges. The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats in Kerala. Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the southwest monsoon. Kerala has only two predominant seasons- rainy and dry seasons.. on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula. thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon.107 mm (122 in) annually. become divided into two parts: the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch". India has been divided into five different regions with distinct climates in which Kerala comes under the warm – humid region. Though predominantly south west.1 : ANNUAL RAILFALL CHART OF KERELA With around 120–140 rainy days per year. In effect. wind direction changes from South - West to North . FIG: 2. cyclone-related torrential downpours. Summer comes under the dry season with hot and humid days and nights and intense solar radiation during the day time.1 Climate of Kerala According to Bureau of Indian Standards. Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon and northeast winter monsoon. the wind is influenced by the presence of other topographical features including the presence of large water bodies. During October – November. In Kerala.7 °C. the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5. The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20. and the rest from September to December corresponding to northeast monsoon. 8 vernacular architecture of Kerala .0–27. Kerala's rainfall averages 3. Predominant wind direction during monsoon period. Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns is reversed during this season and the cold winds from North India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India. Mean annual temperatures range from 25. The climate of Kerala is characterized by heavy rainfall and high relative humidity. In eastern Kerala. rolling hills. The Western Ghats rise on average to 1.).500 m (4920 ft. while the highest peaks reach around 2.3 : MUNNAR. it also created a natural harbor for spice transport. Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands. coastal plains.) above sea level. and the western lowlands. hence. is at an elevation of 2. the central mid-lands. The elevations of the eastern portions of the Nilgiri Hills and Palni Hills range from 250 and 1. 2. The state has a coast of 590 km (370 mi) and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 km (22–75 miles). Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22'. the highest peak in south India.695 meters (8. gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow.500 m (8200 ft.2 : VIEW OF ANAMUDI HILLS FIG: 2. A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history. FIG: 2.). hence also known Palghat.000 m (820 and 3300 ft.HILL STATION OF KERALA FIG: 2. The state is located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent and lies near the center of the Indian tectonic plate. The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad.BACKWATERS & BEACHES FIG: 2.).2 Geography of Kerala The state is wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats. Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain. it is subject to comparatively low seismic and volcanic activity. Geographically. Forty-one of Kerala's west-flowing rivers. Anamudi.842 ft. rugged and cool mountainous terrain.5 : PADDY FIELD IN KERALA FIG: 2.6 : PANAROMIC VIEW OF PERIYAR RIVER 9 vernacular architecture of Kerala .4 : PARUVAR. and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. edges the and gorges which are covered eastern boundary of Kerala and ascends with thick woods. Backwaters and Rivers-The Backwaters consists of lakes and inlets of oceans which straggle out in the land.7: TOPOGRAPHICAL CHART OF KERALA Coastal Belt-The narrow belt of coastal land along the Arabian Sea is characterized by paddy fields.500 m above sea level with the rivers of the state the lofty peaks rising upto 2. and rivers known as which lie along central Kerala. The largest backwater is the Vembanad Lake which stretches out into the Arabian Sea at Cochin Port. the Kerala Backwaters.Hill and Valleys. estuaries. and backwaters internally linked by rivers and inland waterways. FIG: 2. close to the Western from east to west and consists of-The Ghats.These plains lakes. Almost all roughly upto 1.500 m.The mighty Western Ghats. There are 49 river/lakes flowing in the state of Kerala among them 46 flows to the west and the other 3 flow to the east. deep valleys a sequence of Rocky Mountains. rows of coconut trees and serene. 10 vernacular architecture of Kerala . originate here.The narrow The topography and the geographical relief piece of land on the eastern features are marked by distinct changes border. and is crisscrossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals. precipitous hills. are located in the west of the hills and mountains. Midland Plains. They evolve from Western Ghats and rush towards the west into the Arabian Sea. encompasses Western Ghats. Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat to the eastern region. 10_PHYSICAL MAP OF KERELA FIG: 2. 2.8 _TOPOGRAPHICAL CHART OF INDIA vernacular architecture of Kerala .9_ IMAGERY OF TOPOGRAPGHY OF KERALA SHOWING BACKWATERS AND DELTAS FORMED WITH THE TROPICAL FORESTS 11 Fig. FIG: 2. language. the most famous of these being the Thrissur Pooram. pulluvanpattu and Thiruvathirakali are some of Kerala’s folk art forms. Onapottan. • Poorams : Temple festivals usually continue for a number of days. Mudiyettu. Bhadrakalipattu. poetry. • Thullal: This art is characterized by simplicity of presentation. the pluralist basis of Kerala culture & architecture of Kerala 4 culture mosaic is reflected in its art forms. kaduvakali . FIG. theatre and rituals. wit & humour. Chavittunatakam. Onavillu. • Martial Arts: Kalaripayattu is an ancient tradition of martial training and Discipline. The culture of Kerala is distinct with an admixture of innumerable facets of various cultures. music. Kazhchakkula.11_LEFT UP : THRISSUR POORUM / LEFT DN MOHINIYATTAM / CENTRE FOOD @ ONAM / RIGHT KATHAKALLI 12 vernacular architecture of Kerala . It is also the state festival of Kerala.2. thira. • Koodiyattam: Sanskrit drama performed in Kerala-the oldest existing classical theatre form in the entire world. • Kathakali: The spectacular dance drama of Kerala integrates dance. Pulikkali. kakkarissnataka kakkarissnatakam. Pookkalam. Some of them are Vallam Kali. It is one of the festivals celebrated with most number of cultural elements. Velakali.3 Culture of Kerala Kerala offers a cultural kaleidoscope in it literature. A common characteristic of these festivals is the hoisting of a holy flag which is then brought down only on the final day of the festival. Some festivals include Poorams.music. Atthachamayam etc. • Onam : It is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala. 2.Sep) and marks the commemoration of Vamana avatara of Vishnu . • Folk arts are: Theyyam. having originated much before Kathakali and most other theatrical forms. Onam Festival falls during the Malayalam month of Chingam (Aug . and histrionics. Thumbi Thullal. dance. Onatthappan. The tradition of classical arts which has been existed in Kerala for more than a thousand years Are: • Mohiniyattam (the dance of enchantress): It is one of the gracefully elegant classical dance forms with lasya as the predominant element. India. Thiyya. 19% are Christians. The rest of the Hindu castes. 24. are minority communities. Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.12_STATICAL DATA SHOWING DIFFERENT RELIGIONS FOLLOWED IN KERALA FIG.7% are Muslims. According to 2001 Census of India figures.13_GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF 4 MAJOR RELIGIONS OF KERALA AND THEIR UNITY 13 vernacular architecture of Kerala . 2.4 Religion of Kerala In comparison with the rest of India. Nadars. 2. FIG. Arayan. Nair and Nambudiri. 2.1% follows other religions. including those in the list of Other Backward Class (OBC). Ezhava. and the remaining 0. 56.2% of Kerala's residents are Hindus. The major Hindu castes are Dalit. 1 Population Kerala is home to 2.000 indigenous FIG. Kannada. WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR CITIES OF KERALA 14 vernacular architecture of Kerala .1 million residents in 1991. is Kerala's official language.64%. there are close to 2.5 times the overall population density of the state.10% of the population.6 million people to reach 29. Mahl and various tribal languages are also spoken. 2.3 million by 2011. leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. Around 31. Hindi.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17. are concentrated in the east. Bengali. at 859 persons per km2. Trivandrum is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. Malayalam. Tulu. one of the classical languages in India.2.5 million (7.76% of India's population.8 million Keralites are predominantly Malayali.15_LIST OF POLUTAION DENSITY AND RANK workers from other states of India in Kerala. Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15. State's 321.14_GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF POPULATION DENSITY IN KERALA tribal 1.] Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled with population density of coastal districts being 2022 persons per km2. In the state. which is at a population density of 370 persons per km2. and the decadal growth of 4.5. 2.5% of state population) migrant FIG. 2. As of early 2013. the rate of population growth is India's lowest. its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India. the population stood at 33. 859 persons per km2.5 Demographics 2. banking and insurance and real estate. Related animal husbandry is also important. Home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. the marginalized. packaging. communications. which in turn leads to calm ocean water and hence peak output from the fishery industry. AGRICULTURE Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper and accounts for 85% of the area under natural rubber in the country. processing. The state government promotes these activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the Sunandini. with varieties grown in extensive paddy fields.16_JUTE HANDLOOM INDUSTRY/MARKET PLACE IN KOCHI/PALM TREES AND PADDY FEILD 15 vernacular architecture of Kerala . about 1. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608. 23%. coffee. The key agricultural staple is rice.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying. According to 2003–04 reports. exporting and transporting fisheries. This phenomenon is locally called chakara. cinnamon. This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state.2 Economics Prime economy of Kerala consists of three major industries : 1. 400.000 tons in 2003–04.000 active fishermen. Agriculture 3. FISHERIES With 590 km of coastal belt.2. tea. storage. Fisheries 2. demersal species.5. FIG. and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women. Information Technology The tertiary source also consists of tourism department . crustaceans and mollusks.000 hectares of inland water resources and about 220. During the southwest monsoon. transport. and the landless. 2. Coconut. cashew. about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from the state. a suspended mud bank would be developed along the shore. and nutmeg—comprise a critical agricultural sector. In 2006. The fish landings consist of a large variety: pelagic species. 59%. vanilla. Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India. and spices—including cardamom. In the uneven terrain of this region human habitation is distributed thickly in the fertile low-lands and sparsely towards the hostile highlands. The characteristic regional expression of Kerala architecture results from the geographical. palaces and public buildings. Geographically Kerala is a narrow strip of land lying in between western seaboard of peninsular India and confined between the towering Western Ghats and the vast Arabian sea. The ARCHITECTURE of Kerala is divided into 2 basic categories : TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE & DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE 16 vernacular architecture of Kerala .for protection from excessive rain and intense solar radiation. houses. Kerala's style of architecture is unique in India. Manushyalaya-Chandrika and Silparatna are important architectural sciences. for whom the construction is only a medium for thematic expression. The ways in which the buildings are designed. None of these structures is very big. The architecture of this region has been of a humble scale. From the single dwellings to the magnificent edifices. Kerala abounds with many such architectural monuments-prehistoric megaliths. Favored by plentiful rains and bright sunshine's. Arabs and Europeans. Kerala architecture is a kind of architectural style that is mostly found in Indian state of Kerala and all the architectural wonders of kerala stands out to be ultimate testmonials for the ancient vishwakarma sthapathis of kerala. built and renovated over centuries representing a panorama of architectural development. this land is lush green with vegetation and rich in animal life. which have had a strong impact in Kerala Architecture style. a work devoted to domestic architecture is one such science which has its strong roots in Kerala. caves. sloping roof and projecting caves was mostly evolved from climatic considerations . architecture also reflects the human endeavor meeting the ever changing social needs. in its striking contrast to Dravidian architecture which is normally practiced in other parts of South India. climatic and historic factors. The form of the buildings with low walls. The Manushyalaya-Chandrika. Clustered houses are rarely seen in villages. the aesthetic appeal of these buildings mainly arise from the simplicity of form and functional perfection. The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate. merging with nature. but also of the aspirations and visions of the preceptors. Thachu-Shastra. ARCHITECTURE The cultural heritage of any country is seen best exposed in its architectural monuments. temples. mosques. constructed and decorated speak not only the technical and artistic capabilities of the craftsmen. Large cities are also absent in this landscape. The Tantrasamuchaya. The architecture of Kerala has been influenced by Dravidian and Indian Vedic architectural science (Vastu Shastra) over two millennium. theatres. tombs. The architectural style has evolved from Kerala’s peculiar climate and long history of influences of its major maritime trading partners like Chinese. churches. One or more such dolmens are marked by a stone circle. 3. Historic factors did not allow the continuance of the cultural isolation of Kerala from the remaining parts of India which was the arena of cultural invasions of Aryans and other races. stone symbols of Mother Goddesses or other naturalistic or animistic image as objects of worship. They can be grouped into two types . In the second rock edict of Asoka dated third century B. The earliest vestiges of constructions in Kerala belongs to this period dated between 3000 B. The continuity of this early culture is seen in the folk arts. the protecting deities of the villages were always in female form. Kerala is referred as one of the border kingdoms of the Maurya empire. While the custom of father worship can be seen in these cases. Kerala also started experiencing a cultural invasion by the slow ethnic migration of Aryans in the beginnings of Christian era. for example at Porkalam. They appear to be rather memorial stones. worship of trees.C. These hypaethral temples had trees. vernacular architecture of Kerala . to 300 B.C.1_ IDOL TO WORSHIP IN FEMALE FORM important faith. Among the megaliths are the umbrella stones.tomb cells and megaliths. hat stones (thoppikkal) and menhirs (pulachikkal) however have no burial appendages. cult rituals. These religious groups were able to practice their faith and receive patronage from the local kings to build shrines and viharas. who were worshiped in open groves (kavu). Aryans had spread their culture all over north India by about 1000 B. Another type of burial chamber is made of four slabs placed on edges and a fifth one covering them as a cap stone. contemporary to the Harappa civilization. The megaliths are not of much architectural significance.C. serpents and mother images in kavus. The tombs are roughly oblong in plan with single or multiple bed chambers with a rectangular court in the east from where steps rise to the ground level. Two other types of megaliths. (kudakkal) resembling handless palm leaf umbrellas used for covering pits enclosing burial urns. but they speak of the custom of the primitive tribes erecting memorials at sites of mortuary rites. The rock cut tomb cells are generally located in the laterite zones of central Kerala. 3. In the ancient times the sea and the Ghats formed impenetrable barriers helping the evolution of an isolated culture of Proto Dravidians.1 Pre-historic Vestiges The locational feature of Kerala has influenced the social development and indirectly the style of construction. These places later became the annual meeting grounds of the tribes and gave rise to occult temples of ancestral worship.C. Trissur district. contributing in its own way to the social 17 and architectural development of the region. It is possible that Buddhists and Jains were the first north Indian groups to cross the borders of Kerala and establish their monasteries. For nearly eight centuries Buddhism and Jainism seem to have co-existed in Kerala as an FIG. But literary references such as Mushika vamsa. This shrine is believed to have been washed away by coastal erosion. however. the dome shaped mounds. In their design features some of the temples such as Siva temple at Trissur and the Bhagavathi temple at Kodungallur are believed to be Buddhist viharas. The apsidal temples are modelled in the pattern of chaitya halls. Parswanatha and other Tirthankara's have been recovered from these sites. With the stylistic development of the Hindu temple this form of palisade is removed from the shrine structure (srikovil) and taken as a separate edifice beyond the temple cloister (chuttambalam). Although sculptural relics of Buddhist images have been recovered from a few places of southern Kerala. there are. Historians are also of opinion that many rituals including the elephant procession during festivals are of Buddhist origin and adopted in Kerala temples. 3. no extant Buddhist monuments in this region. which is a feature seen only in Kerala temples of the post-Buddhist period.2_ BHAGAVATHI TEMPLE AT KODUNGALLUR 18 vernacular architecture of Kerala . the assembly halls of Buddhist monks. The circular temples basically follow the shapes of the Buddhist stupas. a Sanskrit epic of the eleventh century suggests the fact that Kerala had important Buddhist shrines. a rock cut temple at Kahlil near Perumbavoor. The most renowned of these was the Sreemulavasa vihara with a magnificent image of Bodhisatwa Lokanatha. They include rock shelters at Chitral near Nagercoil. known as Ganapati vattam. In its most primitive form this construction is seen in the hypaethral temples enshrining trees and later on the outer walls of the shrines proper. in the tree worship owing to the association of Buddha's birth. Basically thorana is a gateway provided in the palisade seen in the vertical and horizontal members of thevilakkumadam. Influence of Buddhism The nature worship of the early inhabitants of Kerala has its parallel in Buddhism. according to Percy Brown. Sculptured Jain figures of Mahavira. Sultanbathery also has the remains of a Jain basti. FIG. but there is no irrefutable proof for such beliefs. being an example of a cloistered temple built entirely of granite. and remains of structural temples at Alathoor near Palakkad and at Sultanbathery. revelation and preaching under a tree. Inspite of the absence of architectural monuments there is conclusive proof of the influence of the Buddhist school on Kerala architecture of later periods. The chaitya window seen repeated in the decorative molding of the thorana around the temple shrine is clearly a Buddhist motif adopted in Hindu style. The Jain monuments are more numerous in Kerala. two main streams of Brahmanical religions _ saivism and vaishnavism _ eulogised by the nayanars and alwars respectively became the predominant religions patronized by the kings.first to third century - is also marked by the contact with Aryans and their vedic religion rooted in the fire sacrifices. 19 vernacular architecture of Kerala . were interwoven by Sankara in unified philosophical thought.3_ MAP OF DECCAN SHOWING EARLY The early Aryan religion in Kerala and Brahmanical practices showed a tendency to adopt and adapt the native rituals and hence exhibit a dual nature. In ritualistic worship this is manifested in offering of sandal paste as well as vilva and thulasi to the devotees of both Siva and Vishnu temples. kovil etc. Examples of temples with two main shrines one for Siva and another for Vishnu in the common enclosure are also the result of this cult synthesis. Siva and Vishnu thus became the most important deities of worship. The bhakti movement and the work of Sankara helped to firmly establish the Hindu religion and completely displace Jainism and Buddhism from Kerala by about eighth-tenth century. Its capital was Vanchi.D. Traditionally only vedic Gods were invoked in fire sacrifices and all divinities adopted from the native religion were worshipped in temples called kottam. The early Tamil Sangam literature shows that by the First century A. however. The two streams. DYNASTIES PF INDIA – CHERA/CERA IN KERALA FIG. With the bhakti movement of the sixth-seventh century. Brahmanas appeared to have settled in Kerala and established their religion. on the other hand there was also a practice of installing deities in temples and worshiping them by flowers. identified with the Thiruvanchikulam near Kodungallur. The most important of these divinities were Muruga.D. 3. Between fourth and seventh centuries A. The amalgamation of different cultures and religious philosophies helped to evolve the architectural styles of Kerala temples. the Ceras ruled the central regions of Kerala and the Kongu lands (present Salem and Coimbatore region). and a cult synthesis. The early period of Christian era . At this time the southern part of Kerala was ruled by the Ay chieftains and the northern parts by the Nannans of Ezhilmalai. On the one hand there was emphasis on the pure Aryan practice of fire sacrifice or yagas.Vedic and Brahmanical Influences Buddhism was co-existent with the indigenous religious and social practices of Kerala as well as the vedic religion of the early Aryan emigrants. Bhagavathi and Sastha. 3. After the decline of the Ceras several small principalities developed all over Kerala. The theory and practice of architectural construction were also compiled during this period. Kochi Maharajas in the centre. unique forms of Buddhist buildings. FIG. By fifteenth century. samutiris of Kozhikode in the north and Kolathiri Rajas in the extreme north. Kerala was broadly covered by the suzerainty of four principal chieftains - Venad rulers in the south.4_ MAP OF INDIA SHOWING ARYANS AND DRAVIDIAN CULTURE IN INDIA 20 vernacular architecture of Kerala . They were rulers who patronized architectural activities. A regional character in construction incorporating the Dravidian craft skills.Under the rule of the second Cera Perumals (eighth-eleventh century) most of Kerala except the extreme north and south got unified. design concepts of vedic times and cannonical theories of Brahmanical Agamic practices in locally available materials and suited to the climatic conditions was finally evolved in Kerala. This was highly conducive of architectural development and renovation of a large number of temples. This basic plan composition of the Kerala temple is seen emerging in this phase.2 TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE The variety of temples. a seated four armed Ganesh and dwarapalas. and patronized by the Cera. On the pillared facade as well as on the walls inside the ardhamandapa are sculptured reliefs of the donor. 3. The first phase is that of rock-cut temples.D. The other cave temples also have this general pattern of a shrine and an ante-room and they are associated with Siva worship. the temple architecture can be divided into three phases. This earliest form is contemporary to Buddhist cave temples. a beared rishi. In the north similar rock-cut temples of saiva cult are seen at Trikkur and Irunilamkode in Trissur district. In its stylistic development. A quadrangular building _ nalambalam _ encloses the srikovil and the namaskara mandapa. Rock-cut temples are mainly located in southern Kerala . The structural temples appear in the second phase spanning the eighth to tenth centuries. In rare cases a porch or ardhamandapa is seen attached to the shrine. Kottukal near Kollam and Kaviyoor near Alappuzha. 21 FIG. Ay and Mushika chieftains.at Vizhinjam and Ayirurpara near Thiruvananthapuram. At the entrance to the nalambalam is located the altar stone _ balikkal. A detached namaskara mandapa is generally built in front of the srikovil. Of these the one at Kaviyoor is the best example. 3. The rock-cut temples are all dated prior to the eighth century A. numbering more than 2000 dotting the Kerala state has no match with any other regions of India. Historically the cave architecture in India begins with Buddhism and the technique of rock-cut architecture in Kerala seems to be a continuation of similar works in Tamil Nadu under the Pandya.5_ BASIC LAYOUT OF TEMPLES IN KERALA vernacular architecture of Kerala . The Kaviyoor cave temple dedicated to Siva comprises of a shrine room and a spacious ardhamandapa arranged axially facing the west. The earliest temples had a unitary shrine or a srikovil. rectangular. Polygonal shapes belonging to the Dravida category are also adopted rarely in temple plans but they find use as a feature of shikhara. 22 FIG.7_TEMPLE LAYOUT vernacular architecture of Kerala . The apsidal plan is a combination of the semi-circle and the square and it is seen distributed sporadically all over the coastal region.6_ DIFF. A temple having all these elements is referred as a Mahakshetra (great temple) or Perumthrukkovil (like Vaikom Perumthrukkovil Mahadeva Temple in Kottayam). FIG. The circular plan and the apsidal plan are rare in other parts of India and unknown even in the civil architecture of Kerala. The rectangular plan is favored for the Ananthasai Vishnu and the Sapta matrikas. The circular plan shows a greater preponderance in the southern part of Kerala. It is categorized as the nagara style of temple in the architecutural texts. 3. A variation of circle-elipse is also seen as an exception in the Sivashrine at Vaikkom. The square shape is basically the form of the vedic fire altar and strongly suggest the vedic mooring. 3. The circular temples belong to the vasara category. Of these the square plan shows an even distribution throughout Kerala state. TYPE OF PLANS OF TEMPLES The srikovil may be built in different plan shapes . in regions once under the influence of Buddhism. circular or apsidal. but they constitute an important group of temples.square. The flagstaff or dwaja stambham is located outside of the dwajastambham. 23 vernacular architecture of Kerala . raised from the rest of the floor. elliptical or circular shape and may have one two or even three stories covered with copper or gold. Position of Sreekovil in the temple is equivalent to the position of Sahasrara Padmam in a human body. This has a stage. The part of the temple where the idol of the God or Goddess is situated is referred to as the Sreekovil. Gaja prishta sreekovil of Madhur temple and copper covered circular sreekovil of Thrikkodithanam temple. The central sanctum of a Keralite temple is referred to as the SriKovil. Idols are made according to the Dhyana Slokams. This is the site of the performance of Kathakali or Chakkiyar koothu recitals. Image shows the idol of Kathyayani Devi in Kumaranalloor Devi Temple. have undergone several phases of renovation. The shape of the roof is in accordance with the plan of the sanctum below. Most of the temples seen in Kerala today. or as a separate hall outside the innermost prakaram. on the south east corner facing north. The balipitham may be located in the mukhamandapam or in the outer courtyard. The outer prakaram or courtyard houses other subshrines. • Sreekovil or Sanctum Sanctorum: Sreekovil may be in square. Idols made of Granite. pierced at one or more cardinal points with a gopuradwara. With a circular plan. The roof is constructed with wood and is covered with copper plates. or Wood is usually installed inside the Garbhagriham or Sreekovil. It is surrounded by a cloistered prakara. either facing into the temple or facing north. A kitchen is located in the south eastern corner of ths cloistered prakaram. and a backstage area. The cloistered prakaram has a namaskara mandapam located directly in front of the sanctum. one sees a conical roof. The image shown are the gold covered rectangular sreekovil of Guruvayoor temple. Apart from the normal daily worship rituals for propitiating the deities. and optionally a temple tank. The Kuttambalam or the theater hall of the Keralite temple is located either as a part of the inner prakara. while with a square plan the roof is pyramidal. Panchaloha. This prakaram also houses subsidiary shrines. given the perishable nature of the construction materials. The mukha mandapam is integrated with the gopura entrance. The major parts of a typical Kerala temple • Deva Prathishta or Idol Deva Prathishta or idol of the God or Goddess is the most important part of a Hindu temple. Thus the kuttambalam plays a role in educating visitors on the rich legends of the Indian cultural fabric. rectangular. there are many Thaanthrik rituals aiming at increasing the glory and power of the deities and sometimes for atonement for any fading of such power. In many temples the sopanam has stone idols of guards of the God called as Dwarapalakas. Image shows the gold covered Sopanam and Dwarapalakas of Sabarimala Temple. Varahi. image show the Pradakshinavattam of kazhakuttom mahadeva Temple and Balikkallu representing Yama of Anandavalleeswaram Temple Kollam. • Namaskara Mandapam: Namaskara Mandapam is located in front of the sopanam facing the sanctum. Usually the Utsavabali ritual is performed in the Mathrusala. Vaishnavi. Pantheeradi pooja and Ucha pooja. Hence the name Namaskra manadapam. Agni.• Sopanam: The holy steps in front of the sanctum sanctorum is called Sopanam. Hence the name Mathrusala. The image shows the Mathrusala of Chengamanattu Mahadeva Temple near Aluva in Ernakulam district. It is an extended portion of Nalambalam towards Sreekovil to cover the Saptha Mathru balikkal. Saptha Mathrukkal (Brahmani. Usually sopanam is covered with Gold or Bronze. • Mathrusala: Mathrusala is located in the South side of Sreekovil. Nruryathi. Nirmalyadhari and Brahma the guards of the main deity are represented here by using stones of different shapes and are generally called Balikkallu. It is generally square in shape and has a roof hung by four pillars and usually has a Tazhikakkudam made of gold or copper. Image shows the Namaskara mandapam of Kumaranalloor Devi Temple near Kottayam. Anantha. 24 vernacular architecture of Kerala . Kubera. Indrani and Chamundi) . Yama. Kaumari. Usually Veda Japam and Kalasa Pooja is done at the Namaskara Mandapam and so it is also called Kalasa Mandapam. Veerabhadra. Subrahmanya. Maheswari. Sastha. Usually these balikkallus are covered with bronze sheets. Only temple priests are allowed to enter through this holy steps. Ganapathy. The Ashta-Dik-paalakas (Indra. Durga. In Shiva temples it is called Nandi Mandapam because of the presence of Nandikesa and in Vishnu temples it is called Garuda Mandapam because of the presence of Garuda. Varuna. Soma and Isaana). Vaayu. • Pradakshinavattam or Akathe balivattam: It is located just outside the sanctum. It is used by the priests for Sashtanga Namaskara after poojas like Usha pooja. • Well : A well is a must in a temple. Its water has to be exclusively used for abhisheka or preparation of nivedya. • Vilakkumaadam: Another distictive feature of Keralite temples is the use of Vilakku maadam. of the Nalambalam. Nivedyams to be offered to the deity is prepared in the Thidappally. Their function is to protect the temple as they cover the temple on all sides.• Nalambalam and Valiambalam : Nalambalam is also called chuttambalam. Its position is at the North-East. The one facing the sanctum is very broad and is called valiambalam. Image shows the well of Navayikkulam Shankaranarayana Temple near Kallambalam in Thiruvananthapuram district. Lakshadeepam is a spectacular celebration of traditional lighting where tiers of small oil lamps lining the outer walls of the inner prakaram are lit. The roof of the Balikkalpura may have the wooden sculptures of Ashtadikpalaka also in temples like Koodalmanikyam there is no Balikkalpura for Valiya Balikkallu. • Thidappally : Thidappally is the kitchen of a temple. They are less broad on the surrounding three sides and are called chuttambalam. Thidappally is constructed to the left side of the Namaskara Mandapam as an enclosure in the south eastern corner of the Nalambalam. or the multi-tiered brass lamps in front of temples. In between the Nalambalam and Vilakkumaadam there may be an open areaImage shows the Temple of the King (Cobra) – Sri Peralassery Subrahmanya Temple • Balikkalpura: It faces the sanctum and is the extended portion of the passage in between the valiyambalams. Between the two valiambalams there is a passage for devotees to enter and exit. image show the Balikkalppura of Kollam Anandavalleeswaram Temple and Valiya Balikkallu of Irinjalakkuda Koodalmanikya Temple 25 vernacular architecture of Kerala . It is located outside the Nalambalam. panchaloha. Sastha temple has Horse. Kodimaram is used for hoisting kodi or flag during festivals. • Oottupura: Ootupura is the dining hall of a temple. It will have a large kitchen. choroonu. Thus the koothambalam plays a role in educating visitors on the rich legends of the Indian cultural fabric.• Dwaja or Kodimaram: This tall pillar is visible from a distance. In some temples like Vaikom and Ambalappuzha the Ootupura is as sacred as the temple Sreekovil. This is the site where the performance of Chakkiyarkoothu and Koodiyattom art forms is held. It is the place where elephants stand during festivals. It is also used for functions like marriage. silver. In the past only Brahmins were allowed to take food from Ootupura. This is the place used for Kazcha Sreebali. Koothambalams are often decorated with large number of wood sculptures. etc.backstage area Nepadhyam or green room and a Prekshaka gruham for viewers. • Sheevelippura and Pradakshina Vazhi : Sheevelippura or Shreebalippura is not so common in Kerala Temples. thulabharam and bhajans. bronze or gold. 26 vernacular architecture of Kerala . It is located outside the balikkalpura and is usually made of wood and covered with copper. Durga temple has Lion. For ex : Shiva temple has Nandi. Ashtadikpalaka idols were placed at the bottom part of the dwaja. • Anakkottil: Anakottil facing balikkalpura is located in front of the Dwaja . • Koothambalam: The Koothambalam or the theater hall of the Keralite temple is located on the south east corner of Nalambalam. Kali temple has Vethala. Vishnu temple has Garuda. Now a days they are used for Annadanam and Varasadya. Padmanabha Swami Temple and Guruvayoor Temple have beautiful Sheevelippuras. Image shows the Oottupura of Vaikom Mahadeva Temple. Koothambalams are usually in rectangular shape and has three parts. parayeduppu. It bears on the top the deity’s vahana as emblem and one can identify the deity of a temple by seeing it. Ramgapeedam or stage raised from the rest of the floor. 3. • Gopuram : Major temples will have four Gopurams in East.KODUNGALLOOR.8_KURUMBA BHAGAVATI TEMPLE . Major temples are well protected with huge compound walls in Anappalla Mathil style if the temple compound is more than 4 acres. The four Gopurams are connected to the outer compound wall of the temple. • Mathil or Outer walls: These are the outermost protective coverings of the temple. 27 vernacular architecture of Kerala . • Theerthakkulam: Nearly every temple has a sacred pond or Theerthakkulam and kulappura outside the temple wall if there is no river nearby. and sometimes for the Arattu cerimonies. Normaly the temple pond is located on the North - East corner of the temple. bathing. TRISOOR DIST. There is the typical Kerala style of architecture of temple towers and it varies from single to multistoried. The four Gopurams of Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple and Thrissur Sree Vadakkumnatha Temple are examples of typical Kerala style. Thiruvanathapuram Sree Padmanabha Swami Temple is the only temple in Kerala having a huge Gopuram with stone works. The water of the temple pond is used for washing one’s hands and feet before going into the temple. The image shows the Anappalla style compound wall of Thiruvegappura Temple in Palakkad district. FIG. The image shows the Theerthakkulam of Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple Harippad in Alappuzha district. West. South and North. 3.9_ TYPICAL LAYOUT OF A KERALITE TEMPLE vernacular architecture of Kerala . 28 FIG. Soft laterite available at shallow depth can be easily cut. stucco work and painting . however its availability is restricted mostly to the highlands and only marginally to other zones. dressing and sculpturing of stone is scarce in Kerala. It is a rare local stone which gets stronger and durable with exposure at atmospheric air. although the base and the structure above are of granite and laterite respectively. wood work. • The natural building materials available for construction in Kerala are stones. • Karalite temples is the use of vilakku maadam. 3. Lime mortar can be improved in strength and performance by admixtures of vegetable juices. Such enriched mortars were used for plastering or for serving as the base for mural painting and low relief work. in order to protect the inner skeletal framework from the vigorous monsoons that inundate the region. Laterite blocks may be bonded in mortars of shell lime. clay and palm leaves.10_DETAILING OF THIRUVANCHIKULAM TEMPLE • The Kerala temple walls are of coursed laterite stone masonry plastered in mud and lime.12_ROOFING AND OUTER WALL OF THIRUVANCHIKULAM TEMPLE • Laterite on the other hand is the most abundant stone found as outcrops in most zones. FIG. Granite is a strong and durable building stone.harmoniously blended into a structure vibrant with traditions of the region. The wood work here is of great importance. Murals are seen on several of these temple walls. 29 FIG. The inner skeletal framework of the temple is of wood.• The Karalite temple is an amalgam of stonework. which have been the classic binding material used in traditional buildings. Owing to this.11/3.8_ DIFF. or the multi-tiered brass lamps in front of temples. The roof projects out at several levels. and it gives the essential verve and character to the Kerala temple silhouette. 3. 3. FIG. the skill in quarrying.9/3. Lakshadeepam is a spectacular celebration of traditional lighting where tiers of small oil lamps lining the outer walls of the inner prakaram are lit. dressed and used as building blocks. TYPE OF PLANS OF TEMPLES vernacular architecture of Kerala . timber. The Kerala murals are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. • The sculpturing of the stone was mainly molding in horizontal bands in the plinth portion (adhistans) whereas the carving of timber covered all elements _ pillars. The stone work was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. Laterite was used for walls. in filling the timber floors and making bricks and tiles after pugging and tempering with admixtures. 3. The exterior of the laterite walls were either left as such or plastered with lime mortar to serve as the base for mural painting. • From the limitations of the materials. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples. artful assembly and delicate carving of wood work for columns.15/3. ceiling. beams. FIG.16_STONE PLINTH IN KERAITE TEMPLE/ PALM TREES 30 vernacular architecture of Kerala . Perhaps the skillful choice of timber. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Kerala style FIG. • Clay was used in many forms – for walling. a mixed mode of construction was evolved in Kerala architecture. walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Kerala architecture. 3.13/3. rafters and the supporting brackets. Palm leaves were used effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls. accurate joinery.14_WOODEN DETAILING FOUND IN KERAITE TEMPLE • Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala – from bamboo to teak. 2.17_THE SHIVA TEMPLE AT PERUVANAM. near Thayamkulangara bus stop.2 TEMPLE LAYOUT. Some 10-15 Aswatha trees punctuate the temple grounds with their wide spreading canopies. STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE The temple stands on a sprawling 7 acre ground surrounded by a tall and hefty compound wall. 3. It is located about 10km south of Thrissur town on the Thrprayar route.18_WESTERN FAÇADE OF PERUVANAM 31 vernacular architecture of Kerala . SINCE 12TH CENTURY.2. The mathilakam (the bounding enclosure) is very extensive and has two dvarasalas.1 PROFILE The Peruvanam temple is at Cherpu comprised in Oorakam village of Thrissur taluk in Thrissur District. 3. ONLY THE TOP OCTAGONAL ROOF (SHIKARA) IS COVERED WITH COPPER AND THE OTHERS ARE TILED. A TEMPLE PRECINCT (USUALLY RECTANGULAR) IS ENCLOSED WITH WALLS CALLED NALAMBALAM. 3. FIG. the latter in ruins. at west and east. FIG. at a distance of 100 meters south. CASE STUDY : PERUVANAM TEMPLE 3. 19_BALIKKALS a granite adhishtana . contributing to the concept of Erattayappan. 3. screened by a carved phalaka in front of the western entrance to the Shrikovil. As one enters the western dvarasala. at the top of the flight of steps in the Sopana. It is an ekatala vimana built on FIG. The Sopana is having lateral steps meeting at a common landing. A recessed mukhamandapa exists. 32 vernacular architecture of Kerala .have been arranged around the square sanctum.33 mt diameter). One of the legs entwines the club and the other rests on the hood of the snake. signifying Ardhanareeswara to some and Shankaranarayana to others. standing on the coils of a snake. The coil of the snake in turn is placed on a lotus seat. Two rows of pillars . that of Eratttayappan on the north and that of Maadathilappan on the south. 3. with a free-standing pillar facade and shrine door proper at the rear wall. FIG. Of these the Erattayappan shrine is raised on a circular base (14. the lord in the double. 3. niches etc.20/21_CIRCULAR SRIKOVIL AND DWARPALA ON SNAKE MOTIF There are two dvarapalakas on either side of the Shrikovil entry. The idol consists of two lingas.22_CARVINGS ON LATERITE STONE AT PERUVANAM The superstructure (bhithi) is made of laterite blocks. There are two Balikkals (of 2 mt height) in front of the naalambalam coinciding with the axis of the two shrikovils. FIG.the inner row having twelve and the outer row sixteen . duly plastered and decorated with Kudya stambhas. the make-shift Koothambalam on an old foundation is seen in front of the Naalambalam. The garbha-grha is square in shape enclosed by the circular shrikovil. FIG. The ghanadvara is on the north. 3. is covered with copper sheets. WALLS AND DOORS OF PERUVANAM FIG. those in the south and east accommodate Dakshinamoorthy and Parvathy respectively.There are three functional openings and a ghanadvara (dummy door) in the circular ground plan. like the conical roof of the main shrine.23_VIEW OF TWO DOORS TO There is a spacious namaskara mandapa in front of the circular Shrikovil. just above the pranala. 3. there are twelve pillars along the periphery with four numbers larger ornamented pillars inside the mandapa. Beautiful wood carvings adorn the mandapa ceiling as well as the pillars. 3. Another woodwork which is worth mentioning is that of Garuda swallowing Jeemoothavahana and that of Dakshinamoorthy. built on a square plan. starting from Parvathi's shrine. As in all traditional swastika mandapas. Apart from the Shrikovil entry on the west. PERUVANAM FROM WESTERN FACADE FIG.24/25_VIEW OF NAMASKARA MANDAPA ADJACENT TO CIRCULAR SRIKOVIL AND PRESERVED TREES WITHIN THE TEMPLE PREMISES The southern side of the shrikovil has Kiratham katha engraved in wood. Its pyramidal roof.26_WOODEN CARVINGS ON 33 vernacular architecture of Kerala . which is supported on a bhuta-gana figure in the pose of drinking lustra water from a bowl. The garbha-grha. Pilasters are tetragonal in the lower half and octogonal in the upper with potikas or bevelled projections on top. wood has been used profusely with shukanasa projections. Wall decorations include ghanadvaras in the centre. There is no namaskara mandapa in front of the maadathilappan shrine. the plan of the first tala consists of a square shrine integrated with a narrow. pillared mukhamandapa in front. Above the first story of the shrikovil.27_VIEW OF TRI-TALA-VIMANA – 3 FLOOR SHRINE plain one without any ornamentation and issues out on the northern side. A small Nandi is seen placed on the midlanding. which is circular inside has a domical roof. the others being the ruined one at Uliyannur and the one at Parambu Tali) built on a high podium and approached by long flight of steps. kudyastambhas (ornamental pilasters) and false niches with panjaras. 3. in the upper talas. rise in succession the dvitala and tri-tala parts of the vimana. facing west. To the south of the Erattayappan shrine is the Maadathilappan shrine.28_DETAIL OF TRI-TALA VIMANA AND VIMANA 34 vernacular architecture of Kerala . Axially. It is a tri- tala-vimana (one of the earliest in Kerala. 3. The pranala at the first floor level is a FIG. 3RD TIER : TRITALA/CIRCULAR SHRINE 2ND TIER : DVI TALA/SQUARE SHRINE 1ST TIER : TALA/MUKHMANDPPA FIG. all the floors are made of tiles. The ground as well as the upper tala are plastered over with pilasters and panjaras. The ground tala (floor) constitutes the plinth with the shrine on the upper tala (first floor). Two lateral flights of nine steps (one each in the north and south direction) meet at a common mid landing from where ascends the middle flight of fifteen steps in an easterly direction towards the shrikovil. But for the octagonal shikhara with copper roofing. preserved the knowledge by rigidly following the canonical rules of proportions of different elements as well as the construction details to this day. This is called 'Chulli' as per Thatchusastra. specially carpenters. identical to the nalambalam of the temple. may be divided into several rooms for different activities such as cooking. • Prosperity will flourish if one lives in such a house. 35 vernacular architecture of Kerala . may have extensions from the northern Dhwamsyam . loss of children. The traditional craftsman. row houses seen in other parts of India are neither mentioned in Kerala texts nor put up in practice except in settlements (sanketam) occupied by Tamil or Konkini Brahmans. torture from and southern edges. 3. etc. 'Dhwamsyam‘ • The house that faces the East. inmates. Residents of such a house will suffer from loss of wealth. (They face towards the East.3 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE 3. dining. diseases for kids increasing enemies etc kids. storage of grains etc. Residents in 'dhwams' will suffer from loss of sons. This is called "Sukshetra'. Depending on the size and importance of the household the building may have one or two upper storeys (malika) or further enclosed courtyard by repetition of the nalukettu to form ETTUKETTU (eight halled building) or a cluster of such courtyards. Godliness will prevail always in such houses. studying. This attempt standardized the house construction suited to different socio-economic groups and strengthens the construction tradition among the craftsmen. In its most developed form the typical Kerala house is a courtyard type – NALUKETTU. If a house is constructed facing the south and extensions are taken from the made it is called 'Hiranyanabhi'.1 THEORY BREIF By tenth century. it becomes a house with three parts. it becomes a house with three parts. PHILOSPHY 'Sala' in Thatchusastra. • Living in such house bring in prosperity and wealth to the eastern and western edges. and obstructions for everything such other ruins. The central courtyard is an outdoor living space which may house some object of cult worship such as a raised bed for tulssi or jasmine (mullathara). enemies. the theory and practice of domestic architecture were codified in books such as Manushyalaya Chandrika and Vastu vidya. The four halls enclosing the courtyard. the North. the West or the South) the edges of the house facing west such a construction is called South). Basically the domestic architecture of Kerala follows the style of detached building. sleeping.3. The core unit may be raised to an upper storey with a steep stair located in the front passage. occupied by prominent people. a combination of two (dwisala) or a complex of three (thrisala) depending on the needs. The traditional craftsman. • The nalukettu is the principal structure of a garden compound. dining. The site planning and building design was done by learned stapathis (master builders) who synthesized the technical matters with astrological and mystical sciences. This attempt standardized the house construction suited to different socio-economic groups and strengthen the construction tradition among the craftsmen. The humbler buildings of the population are however smaller and simpler in form but basically derived from the nalukettu. but it is still categorized as ekasala with reference to its core unit. carpenters. In its most developed form the typical kerala house is a courtyard type - NALUKETTU. The central room is used as prayer room and grain store and the two side rooms are used as living rooms. barn. studying. By such extension the building may become much larger than a nalukettu in space. The four halls enclosing the courtyard. dinning.. additional sleeping rooms. farm buildings. Depending on the size and importance of the household the building may have one or two upper storeys (malika) or further enclosed courtyard by repetition of the nalukettu to form ettukettu (eight halled building) or a cluster of such courtyards. Being located on the western and southern sides of the anganam they are referred as western hall (padinjattini) and southern hall (thekkini) respectively • The core unit of ekasala consists of generally three rooms connected to a front passage. bathing rooms near tanks. grain stores etc. • Nalukettu type buildings are also seen in many villages and towns. may be divided into several rooms for different activities such as cooking.• By tenth century. front hall for receiving guests etc. The garden may contain cattle sheds. The building may also be extended horizontally on all the four sides adding alindams or side rooms for activities such as cooking. Nalukettu is a combination of four halls along four cardinal directions. If needed ekasala may also be provided with ancillary buildings for cattle keeping. wells. centered around the courtyard oranganam one may build any one of the four halls (ekasala). the theory and practice of domestic architecture were codified in books such as Manushyalaya Chandrika and Vastu vidya. gate house etc. • Basically the domestic architecture of Kerala follows the style of detached building. bathing tanks. 36 vernacular architecture of Kerala . identical to the nalambalam of the temple. as ancillary structures. wherein the site (vastu) was divided into a number of grids (padam) occupied by different deities (devatha) and appropriate grids were chosen to house the suspicious structures. the whole being protected with a compound wall or fence. storage of grains etc. The central courtyard is an outdoor living space which may house some object of cult worship such as a raised bed for tulssi or jasmine (mullathara). The most commonly found type in Kerala is the ekasala facing east or north. preserved the knowledge by rigidly following the rules of proportions of different elements as well as the construction details to this day. outhouse for guests. sleeping. Bhagavatham and Kumarasambhavam of Kalidasa.There are numerous buildings of the nalukettu type in different parts of Kerala.29_MODEL OF A TYPICAL OF NALAKETTU 37 vernacular architecture of Kerala . council chambers. Of the best preserved examples of this type are Mattancherry palace at Kochi and the taikottaram of the Padmanabhapuram palace near Kanyakumari. this shows the concept of the courtyard building in its purest traditional form. The Mattancherry palace standing in the panorama of backwaters on the east was built in 1557 for the use of Kochi Maharajas. 3. The double storeyed building follows the nalukettu plan with a courtyard in the centre housing a Bhagavathi temple. The ceiling work include a grid of wooden joints well proportioned and precision moulded with beautifully carved panels. The Kailasa mandiram at Kottakkal belonging to the Arya Vaidyasala is a standing example of a three storeyed nalukettu complex. The lower storey has many small rooms apart from the kitchen and the dining hall. Being of an earlier period. But the earliest structure of this group is the taikottaram _ which is a fine example of the old nalukettu. The murals in subdued brownish tints were executed on wet wall plaster depicting themes from Ramayana. An important feature of the palace is the exquisite wood work of the ceiling and fine murals on the walls. FIG. Changing socio-economic conditions have split up the joint-family system centered around the large nalukettu. council halls and bed chambers of kings and ladies. The Padmanabhapuram palace consists of a complex of buildings including the entrance hall. The different wings of the palace in the upper storey contain the coronation hall. though many of them are in a poor state of maintenance. temple and dance halls done in various periods. originally as a gift from Portuguese. Later it has undergone extensive repair by the Dutch. 'Nadumuttam' (central yard) will be usefull for getting light and air into the house. Padinjattini (western block). to live under one roof and enjoy the commonly owned facilities of the marumakkathayam homestead. Kizhakkini (eastern block) and Thekkini (southern block). FIG.  An 'Ettukettu' is that which is joined by two 'nalukettu's. The traditional architecture is typically a rectangular structure where four blocks are joined together with a central courtyard open to the sky.  Vadakkini is for cooking and dinning.  On both the sides there will be two bed rooms Thekkini and kizhakkini are meant receiving The guests. (Kitchen and dining room)  In the middle of the structure there will be the central yard which wil be in a rectangular shape. If all the four structures above are joined as one house it is called a 'Nalukettu‘. An 'Ettuketu' will have two nadumuttam‘s. The four halls on the sides are named Vadakkini (northern block).29_PLAN AND ELEVATION OF NALAKETTU 38 vernacular architecture of Kerala . NALAKETTU Nālukettu is the traditional homestead of Tharavadu where many generations of a matrilineal family lived. 3. These types of buildings are typically found in the Indian state of Kerala.  Among them at the middle of the padnijatini.  Moreover there will be an underground cave for flowing cut the rain water that falls in the 'Nadumuttam'. there will be the pooja muri(place of worship) and 'nellara' (room for keeping paddy). The architecture was especially catered to large families of the traditional tharavadu. water.2 CONCEPT Metaphysical aspects: Vaastu shashtra •The Vaastu shashtra is the ancient Indian treatise that sets forth principles on how the laws of nature impact human settlements. •The mandala is the graphical diagram on the basis of which the houses and even cities were planned. 39 FIG. If its planning was in sync with the forces of nature it would result in overall harmony and prosperity. 3. •The Vaastu Purusha Mandala It represents the metaphysical plan of a building. it incorporates the supernatural forces.3.) govern different squares of the mandala and impart their characteristics to these spaces. earth etc. The central space is always an open to sky courtyard providing the connect to outer space. •The mandala was regarded as the representation of the cosmos and the house was also considered sacred. Various deities/5 elements (air.3.30_VASTU PURUSHA MANDALA vernacular architecture of Kerala . 40 vernacular architecture of Kerala . 3. notably under the influence of late V. • The doctrine of Vastu Shastra is concerned primarily with architecture – building houses forts temples apartments and other houses. and Silparatna. master bedroom and northwest for the •It was planned in the 1700s cowshed. especially for Hindu temples. Vastuvidya. • While the fields are related. Shilpa Shastra explicitly deal with sculpture – forms. • While Vastu had long been essentially restricted to temple architecture. temples. or the Science of Carpentry and traditional Vasthu. statues. Thatchu Shasthra. • The designs are based on directional alignments. planning. southwest for the based upon a 9 squares mandala. FIG. and modified the grid to respond to the topography.  Planning cities using the mandala:  Mandala zones: •The idea of planning based on the •Functions are assigned to different spaces: mandala was even extended to city •Corners: Northeast for the home shrine. stone murals etc. there has been a revival of it in India. was the governing science in this architectural form.30_VASTU PURUSHA MANDALA Vastu shastra is an ancient concept & the laws of nature to affect human dwellings. existing infrastructure etc. The city of Jaipur is also southeast for the kitchen. who has been campaigning for a restoration of the tradition in modern Indian society since the 1960s. functional aspects like military needs. in recent decades. grain storage. topography as well as other for multi purpose use. forts. •However it encompassed the natural •The spaces lying between the corners are features. • The foundation of Vastu is traditionally ascribed to the mythical sage Mamuni Mayan in South and Vishvakarman in North India. This branch of knowledge was well developed in the traditional architecture of Kerala and has created its own branch of literature known under the names of Tantrasamuchaya. Ganapati Sthapati. buildings. Manushyalaya - Chandrika. It is primarily applied in Hindu architecture. icons. though it has started disappearing under the impact of 'modern architecture'. Paani (WATER). Vastu Shastra can be applied by keeping in harmony with these basic five elements of nature. to maintain a balance.The principles of vastu have been derived from Sthapathya Veda. however the system appears to be well founded on traditional computational methods and rigidly adhered to all sizes of buildings. They also give the proportional system of measurements for different parts of the building all based on the perimeter (chuttu) of the core unit. and Vayu (WIND). healthy. the system is still a living practice. These forces would get disturbed whenever any structure is erected on a vacant land. Agni (FIRE). If there are more positive energies (forces) than the negative energies.Vastu refers to 'abode' or mansion and Shastra or Vidya means science or knowledge. VASTU SHASTRA texts prescribe the dimensions of different house types suitable for different classes. Prithvi (EARTH). The scientific basis of this dimensional system is yet to be enquired by modern studies. These basic elements are Akash (SKY). contrary to this if the negative energies dominate the premises the effects could be negative. FIG. All over Kerala and specially in villages where the building activity is still carried out under the control of traditional stapathis.VAASTU SHASTRA is an ancient science which helps to get the natural benefits freely offered by the five basic elements of the universe. The ancient relics say that Vaastu is based on two forces "positive“ and "negative" which are constantly interacting with each other on the surface of the land. As per ‘Thatchusastra’ the Earth is called ‘Vasthu’.31_PARTS OF MANDALA AND THEIR ELEMENTS 41 vernacular architecture of Kerala . 3.. wealthy and peaceful life. Vastu Vidya is the sacred holistic science pertaining to designing and building of houses. the result of such a construction would yield more benefits to the inmates leading to a more successful.one of the ancient sacred books in Hinduism. the Head of the family called Karanavar used to sit here in a reclining chair with thuppal kolambi (Spittoon) by the side of chair. Traditionally the family members or visitors used to sit 42 on these Charupady to talk. • This is called Charupady. Traditionally it has a slope tiled roof with pillars supporting roof.3. vernacular architecture of Kerala .3. CHUTTU VERANDAH • either side in front of the house through open passage called Chuttu Verandah. • It has hanging lights in equal distance hanging from its slope roof. West and South in that order. wooden benches with carved decorative resting wooden pieces for resting the back are provided. In a larger plot.3 CASE STUDY OF TYPICAL KERALITE HOUSE SELECTION OF PLACE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE Place where the house has to be built is first selected. • It is the formal entry to the compound with the house. • In the earlier days. CHUTTU VERANDAH CHARUPADY CHARUPADY • By the side of Chuttu verandah and Poomukham. PADIPPURA • part of Compound wall for the house with a tiled roof on top. Other options of front of the house are North. TRADITIOL PADIPPURA POOMUKHAM POOMUKHAM • It is the prime portico soon after steps to the house. Sides are open. Plot has to be divided into four equal parts and the North eastern part of the divided parts is taken for construction of the house House is preferably built facing East and other options are considered only if there is no road or access to the plot from the east. which is used to worship. 43 vernacular architecture of Kerala . allowing sunshine and rains the Nalukettu. • There is an open area usually square shaped in the exact middle of the house to pour in. • Azhiyakam (the room with wooden ventilator) adds to the functional and architectural value NADUMUTTOM • Traditionally Nadumuttom or central open courtyard is the prime center • Nadumuttom will be normally open to sky.AMBAL KULAM (POND) • At the end of Chuttu verandah there used to be a small pond built with rubble on sides where water living plant called Thamara (lotus) or Ambal used to be planted . • The room for worship should not bloacated under any staircase as it is a bad omen & a call for misfortune NADUKATTILA • The spot for the central door frame (Nadukattila) for a house facing the east. • Architecturally the logic is allow tree to act as a natural air purifier. planted in center of Nadumuttom. closer to the arappura towards the centre. • usually the position for poojamuri is fixed in the arapurra (central store house for paddy and other riches) or East must also face the East. BATHING TANKS(KULAM) • Almost every house has its own Bathing Tank (Kulam) and hall at the entrance of tank POOJAMURI NADUKATTILA • The best spot for 'poojamuri' is in the east coner. • This is to allow natural energies to circulate within the house and allow dividing the house in its four sides. • A thulsi or tree will be normally Nadumuttom. • Due to this four side division of the house by having a Nadumuttom Houses positive vibrance within. • As the Ankanam is usually sunk it is also called Kuzhi(pit)-Ankanam • The inner verandah around the Ankanam is open. • The outer verandahs along the four sides of the Nalukettu are enclosed differently. NADUMUTTAM WITH TULSI PLANT IN CENTRE JASMINE PLATFORM (MULLATHARA). • The courtyard created at the centre by these four halls is auspicious and is called NADUMUTTOM/ANAKANAM.• Similarly there was Ettu kettu and Pathinaru kettu which are quite rare with two and four Nadumuttom a house with one Nadumuttom used to be called as Nalukettu house. keeping them cool even on the hottest of days. AN INTEGRAL PART OF NADUMUTTAM SNAKE-MOUND PAAMBUMPUTTU) IN NADUMUTTAM 44 vernacular architecture of Kerala . • The protruding roofs of the four halls formed shady verandas and protected the rooms from direct sunlight. • While both the western and eastern verandahs are left open. the northern and southern verandahs are enclosed or semi-enclosed. 32_PLAN OF KERALITE RESIDENCE vernacular architecture of Kerala . 3. 45 FIG. While milking the cow by the house wife Montha was used to collect milk pressed out of the mammary of the cow d) Uruly-It is a larger vessel to cook food for large gatherings and to keep cooked food stored. people who like this feature fix it mostly in family living area where family members can sit and swing in this as part of relaxation b) Kindy-It is a brass utensil filled with water used to be kept at the steps of Poomukham for cleaning feet of those who enter the house. one large with a level top and tne other round in cross section with length less than width of the base stone. It is not kept at the entry. It is kept inside the house for storage of drinking water. wide and long enough for two or three persons to sit. It is used to be fixed in large living rooms in old houses In present day houses also.It was a familiar sight in Kerala houses where many women used to chit chat and crush granules to powder in their respective Urals using Ulakka 46 vernacular architecture of Kerala . It has a side opening just like a tap so that a person can easily use it to clean his feet before entering the house In present day houses. Usually made of brass. e) Arakallu-Grinding stones-It is two pair of stones. One or two people will sit and somebody will push it for swinging.Usual items of use in old Kerala houses a) Aattu Kattil-It is a swinging piece of wood. Four corners of this wooden piece will be firmly fixed with thick coir to the roof. rice f) Ural-This is a granite piece almost cylindrical in shape with an opening at top which has a central portion with slight depth to keep granules to be crushed with a long piece of wood normally that of coconut wood with two ends fixed with metallic crushing elements. It is used for manual grinding of spices and coconut for preparing curries with the main meal. milk etc. This long piece of wood used to crush granules to powder by repeated crushing through forcing by hand up and down by women doing house hold work in olden days Kerala. probably you can see this as an antique item displayed and nothing more than that c) Montha-It is similar to Kindy made of brass. is called Ulakka. Only difference is that it has a wide opening at top and side tap like arrangement for pouring water is not there. wood.0 COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS • vernacular construction in Kerala are mud. artful assembly and delicate carving of wood work for columns. • Palm leaves were used effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls. lime mortar. the use of granite is limited to the foundation of buildings.for walling. is the other most important structural element used in kerala. laterite and granite stone blocks. called 'Vettukallu' in local language. due to its limited Availability mostly to the highlands. • Laterite stones. Timber • it is found so abundant in the state. • Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala – from bamboo to teak. bamboo. is abundant in the midlands of Kerala.1_CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED COMMONLY IN KERALA 47 vernacular architecture of Kerala . at relatively low depths. • Clay was used in many forms . • Laterite stones and timber are the most common material. 4. on which then the tiles are spread. FIG.4. LATERITE • Soft laterite stones are available in most parts of the state. • The elements are dressed and accurately cut on the ground and joined to form the • wooden roof frame. • Perhaps the skilful choice of timber. • Laterite stones improve in strength as they are exposed to sun and moisture. walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Kerala architecture. accurate joinery. clay roofing tile and coconut palm leaves. These are quarried and dressed for building the walls. • The local artisans use elaborate systems to ensure absolute accuracy in woodwork without which framing the roof structure would be impossible. • Large number of rivers and water bodies made it easy to transport huge trees from the hilly regions of the state to the plains. in filling the timber floors and making bricks and tiles. • Though granite stone is a strong and durable building material. This unique quality makes laterite a material of choice for construction. These are relatively soft stones that could be dressed and cut with ease. FIG.2. ceiling. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples.From the limitations of the materials. • Wood paneling of wall on either side of main door which can be opened as two parts to either side with carving work and possibly with pictorial lock like manichitrathazhu. beams. a mixed mode of construction was evolved in Kerala architecture.COLOR FUL MURALS / USES OF TIMBER/METAL/CLAY IN KERALITE RESIDENCE Even today this wood work and carving work is used in high cost houses being built in Kerala with all the beauty and splendor of yester years. Laterite was used for walls. The stone work was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. The exterior of the laterite walls were either left as such or plastered with lime mortar to serve as the base for mural painting. 4. • Wood paneling for round pillars inside the house • Wooden flooring • Wood paneling with top carving work • Stair case posts with carving • Wood carved Mukhappu above tiled sloperoof • Wood carved Thoomanam 48 • Aattu Kattil vernacular architecture of Kerala . The Kerala murals are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Kerala style. Some of the wood work now being used can be classified into following types: • Charupady for sit out and balcony. rafters and the supporting brackets. The sculpturing of the stone was mainly molding in horizontal bands in the plinth portion (adhistans) whereas the carving of timber covered all elements _ pillars. kitchen. 49 vernacular architecture of Kerala . bath houses. being very intimate in nature. around which all the other spaces are organised. most often. A 300 year old clock tower in the palace stands witness to the march of time and is still now in good working condition. feeding halls of various sizes. There are separate halls for audiences & gatherings. The various built spaces are interlinked & accessed through a series of courtyards & open spaces which vary volumetrically & in scale depending upon the level of privacy required. Though there is no formal symmetrical spatial layout to be found as such. The spaces move from the public spaces on the periphery to the more private spaces as one moves towards the core. the initial structures of the complex date from 1400s.2_VIEW OF PADAMNABHAPURAM PALACE / PADIPURAM OF PALACE The entrance to the complex is from the west. weapons store. producing very interesting spaces FIG. which is common in all the traditional dwellings of Kerala. Founded by the royal family of Travancore. a large dance hall. residences for the king & other dignitaries. located in Thuckalay of Tamilnadu. which is a testament to the technological progress at that time.0 CASE STUDY PADMANABHAPURAM PALACE The quite essential example of the vernacular architecture of Kerala is the Padmanabhapuram palace complex.5. The palace complex is a masterpiece . which creates a very coherent & unifying whole. all of which have a strong underlying cohesiveness. 5. offices and even a temple.1/5. constructed in the 1740s. with other buildings added incrementally over time. through a formal version of the ‘Padipura’ or the entrance gate. reflected through variations in scale & proportion.an intriguing play of volumes. there lies a strong organisation principle. scale. There is also a 4 storeyed ‘Upprika Malika’ in the complex. The central locus of the entire composition is the Mother’s palace or the ‘Thai Kottaram’. spatial planning & courtyards. It is one of the best examples of wooden architecture that has come to symbolise the vernacular architecture of Kerala. very adjacent to the Kerala border. techniques of joints. which has been designed very creatively to be functional as well as aesthetic. angles of roof forms etc. which through their wonderful juxtaposition creates an impressive visual composition – an ever changing play of light.3_ VIEW OF TILED ROOF FROM INSIDE WITH WOODEN RAFTERS AND JAALIS AND OUTSIDE WITH CLAY TILES The walls are usually made in laterite or brick & plastered over with lime. There are strict rules & canons laid down in the ancient building science of Vastu Shastra. which have been religiously followed over the various periods during which the complex was built. 5. FIG.The roof forms are the most dominating element in the whole complex. The columns are mainly in wood & stone and support the wooden roof structure. away from the blazing sun. The filtered light creates a dramatic play of light & shadow in the interiors and ensures a very cool & comfortable ambience inside. The overall effect of this being that there exist cohesiveness throughout the structures. shadow & mass. which is a direct derivative of the climatological need to counter the warm humid tropical climate. There are non-structural wooden screens called jaalis. The shaded interiors are cool. 50 vernacular architecture of Kerala . regarding the use of wood. rendering them timeless. which have the function of allowing in light & ventilation while ensuring the privacy of the person inside. calming. FIG. which is a direct derivative of the climatological need to counter the warm humid tropical climate. The filtered light creates a dramatic play of light & shadow in the interiors and ensures a very cool & comfortable ambience inside. 51 vernacular architecture of Kerala . soothing & contemplating. calming.4_ VIEW OF BLACK MIRROR LIKE FLOOR. The shaded interiors are cool. Indeed. away from the blazing sun. egg whites. WOODEN JALLIS AND NATAKSHALA OR NAVRATRI MANDAPPAM The walls are usually made in laterite or brick & plastered over with lime. retaining a mirror like polish even now after so many centuries. It is said that the flooring was done using a mixture of different structures like burnt coconut shells. which have the function of allowing in light & ventilation while ensuring the privacy of the person inside. one that focuses inside. one of the most significant aspects of the design is the sensitive handling of the light & shadows to create a wholesome comfortable ambience inside. There are non-structural wooden screens called jaalis. plant juices etc. 5. one that focuses inside. soothing & contemplating The flooring is unique and is black in colour.Indeed. one of the most significant aspects of the design is the sensitive handling of the light & shadows to create a wholesome comfortable ambience inside. It was built during the reign of Ravi Varma Kulasekhara perumal. and the top floor serving as the worship chamber of the royal household. Martanda Verma built the King’s Quarters in 1744 A.4_ INTRICATE WOODEN CARVINGS ON CEILING AND COLUMNS / KING’S PALKI FIG. which can host around 1000 guests. or of Performing Arts.A secret tunnel over one kilometer long from this building provided the royal family with an escape route in times of war. resting and study rooms. NATAKSALA – The Hall of Performance. A ceremonial feasting hall.D.5_ VIEW OF BLACK MIRROR LIKE FLOOR. sleeping quarters.Important buildings in the palace include: MANTRASALA – King’s Council Chamber THAI KOTTARAM – Mother Palace (also known as Darbha Kulangara Kottaram) The Thai Kottaram is the oldest part of the palace. WOODEN JALLIS AND NATAKSHALA OR NAVRATRI MANDAPPAM 52 vernacular architecture of Kerala . UPPARIKA MALIKA – The King’s Quarters — a four-story building at the center of the palace complex containing the King’s Treasury. FIG. 5. THEKE KOTTARAM – The Southern Palace. 5. 1592 – 1620 CE. CEREMONIAL DINING HALL.VIEW OF MANTRISHALA/3. WOODEN ORNAMENTATION ON STRUCTURAL WOOD : TEAK . 5. SANDAL AND ROSE WOOD.VIEW OF UPMALIKAS/2. NATAKSHALA/ 6. VIEW OF EKANTA MANDAPAM/4. 53 vernacular architecture of Kerala .6_ 1.OOTAPURA / 7. granite and rosewood teak wood work combinations. • PADAMANABHAPURAM PALACE Represents the most classic Kerala domestic architecture. NAVRATRA MANDAPAM / 7. FIG. • It is also the world's largest wooden palace made on sloping roofs. INTERIOR OF UPMALIKA-THE SMALL LATTICE WINDOWS/ 5. 5. the Padmanabhapuram palace.7_DETAILED PLAN OF PADAMANABHAPURAM PALACE/ SITE SECTION/ SITE PLAN/ TERRACE PLAN SHWING SLOPING ROOFS 54 vernacular architecture of Kerala . is a timeless architectural marvel and is a stark reminder to us of our rich tradition of innovativeness. play of light and shadow. intimate courtyards. with its amazing vocabulary of sloped tiled roofs. respect to nature and search for perfection. The graceful simplicity of the complex stands as a dignified beacon. FIG. mysterious corridors. Indeed. comfortable interior spaces etc. amazing woodwork. a reminder of what we should strive for in these times of mindless architectural gimmicks. intricate jaali works. 5.8_AXONOMETRIC OF PADAMANABHAPURAM PALACE vernacular architecture of Kerala . 55 FIG. This passage opens to a highly ornamented opening called as POOMUKHAM which can be related to gopurams of temple architecture-the main entrance to house. The closed form of the Kerala houses was thus gradually evolved from technical considerations. The main door faces only in one cardinal direction and the windows are small and are made like pierced screens of wood. • The projecting caves cover a verandah all round. the lower most part is still called adisthana. 6. including the location of trees and paths within the compound wall were to be decided from the analysis of the site according to the prescriptions in the classic 56 texts.. • Often the walls were also of timbers abundantly available in the land. The art which is close to its tradition. One can see the striking similarity of this form with the temple structure. • Structurally the roof frame was supported on the pillars on walls erected on a plinth raised from the ground for protection against dampness and insects in the tropical climate. • The lower ends of the rafters projected much beyond the walls to shade the walls from the sun and driving rain. The weight of the rafters and the roof covering created a sage in the ridge when the ridge piece was made of flexible materials like bamboo.. GOD’S OWN COUNTRY!!.0 CONCLUSION Socio-cultural aspects of Kerala with is impact of climate and geography developed its architecture. • An entrance structure PADIPPURA may also be constructed like the gopuram of a temple.. • The plinth. This analysis involved the concept of vastupurusha mandala. The primitive models were huts made of bamboo frame thatched with leaves in circular. • The rectangular shape with a hipped roof appears to have been finally evolved from functional consideration. square or rectangular plain shapes. This may contain one or two rooms for guests or occasional visitors who are not entertained in the main house. This ensured air circulation and thermal control for the roof. the upper ends being connected to the ridge. The sthambas or pillars and bhithis or walls are again of simple shape with no projection or recesses. • The rectangular plan is usually divided into two or three activity rooms with access from a front passage. Since people had larger families in older times so they planned and informal seating for people to gather and celebrate times together in the outer verandah as CHUTTUPADY. • Further gable windows were evolved at the two ends to provide attic ventilation when ceiling was incorporated for the room spaces. though it is plain or less ornate. and close to earth or vaastu /site. The position and sizes of various buildings. This sage however remained as the hall-mark of roof construction even when strong timber was used for the roof frame. • The evolution of domestic architecture of Kerala followed closely the trend of development in temple architecture. This gives an intense feel to house being shorter in ht. The roof frame consisted of the Bessemer or wall plate which supported lower ends of the rafters. vernacular architecture of Kerala . htm www.vernacular/PradakshinaPeruvanam.7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY www.htm www.htm www.vernacular/KeralaWikipedia.KERALA/Architecture. Vol.htm www.htm PDF-264 International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904. pp.vernacular/KERALAArchitecture. 02.encyclopedia.htm www. No. 264-271 57 vernacular architecture of Kerala . July 2009. 03.vernacular/ArchitectureKeralaTemples.Architecture/Kerala/Wikipedia/encyclopedia.