INDIAN STANDARDS IN WASTEWATERTREATMENT – AN OVERVIEW IFAT - 2014 October 9-11, 2014 By: Prof. T. I. Eldho IIT Bombay Mumbai, India 1 October 11, 2014 Outline Introduction Wastewater System Indian Situation Indian Standards for Wastewater Treatment (WWT) Scope of CETP Concluding Remarks 2 Source:http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php WASTEWATER SYSTEM The system of pipes used to collect and carry rain, domestic wastewater and industrial waste away for treatment and 3 disposal is called the Wastewater system Wastewater production in India Due to agricultural growth, industrialization and urbanization wastewater generation increased in recent years which is emerging as potential source for demand management after essential treatment An estimated 38354 (MLD) sewage is generated in major cities of India, but the sewage treatment capacity is only of 11786 MLD (~30%) Similarly, only 60% of industrial waste water, mostly large scale industries, is treated. (CPCB, 2009) Likely to face twin edged problem to deal with reduced fresh water availability and increased wastewater generation in coming decades (Kaur et al, 2012) Discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies has resulted in contamination of 75% of all surface water bodies across India (CPHEEO, 2012) 4 Waste water Challenges in Cities 5 . Waste Water Problems in Cities 6 . making effluent from these plants. Wastewater production in India Performance of state owned sewage treatment plants. is not complying with prescribed standards. often. for treating wastewater. Thus. not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste water is mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial 7 purposes . frequent electricity break downs and lack of technical man power. 8 . Wastewater production in India The sludge removal. 2007). 2001). Due to improper design. One of the major problems with waste water treatment methods is that none of the available technologies has a direct economic return. local authorities are generally not interested in taking up waste water treatments (Trivedy and Nakate. treatment and handling have been observed to be the most neglected areas in the operation of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) in India. poor maintenance. Due to no economic return. the facilities constructed to treat wastewater do not function properly and remain closed most of the time (CPCB. • on to the agriculture land in 63cities • directly into rivers in 41 cities. creeks. it is discharged both into rivers and on agriculture land. bays etc. (Around 25% of total wastewater) . • in 44 cities. Wastewater Disposal Options The mode of disposal is: • indirectly into the rivers/ lakes/ ponds/ creeks in 118 cities. In many of the coastal cities. the wastewater finds its way into estuaries. reuse and recycle Life cycle analysis of wastewater treatment systems. wastewater was a “problem” Zero Discharge Now. it is considered as a “resource” Example:“Newater” scheme in Singapore – Treated domestic wastewater for Industrial use – “Zero Discharge” norm for major industries – “Recycled water” for domestic use – Treated wastewater for groundwater recharge & irrigation ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED: To develop tailor made treatment processes for various situations Wastewater treatment. . PARADIGM SHIFT IN RECENT PAST In the past. Flotation. Absorption. Wastewater Treatment Options Processes: (UNEP. 2009) 11 . Traps. Absorption. Grit Chambers Septic Tanks. Oxidation-Reduction. Centrifugation etc Chemical Processes: Coagulation. 2004) Physical Processes: Screening. Disinfection Biological Processes: Aerobic Treatment. Adsorption. Sedimentation. Filtration. Ion-exchange. Anaerobic Treatment Primary Treatment Options Screens. Imhoff Tanks Sedimentation Tanks Anaerobic Baffle Reactors/Filters (BORDA. 2012) Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR) (MoUD. 2012) 12 . 2008) Fluidised Aerated Bed (FAB) Reactor (MoUD. 2008) Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) (MoUD. Wastewater Treatment Options Secondary Treatment Options Activated Sludge Process Trickling Filters Waste Stabilization Ponds Aerobic Lagoons Constructed Wetlands Rotating Biological Contractors (MoUD. 2012) Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR) (MoUD. Wastewater Treatment Options Tertiary Treatment Options Chlorination Ozonation Membrane Filtration (CPHEEO. a system of Wastewater Treatment can be designed from the above available options 13 . 2012) Micro-filtration membrane Ultra-filtration membrane Nano-filtration membrane Reverse Osmosis Based on Cost-Benefit or Cost-Effectiveness and requirements. 5 & 6 of the 12 th Schedule of Article 243 W). As per the Constitution of India (Item No. provides a framework and devolves upon the Urban local bodies for providing Water supply and Sanitation facilities in urban areas. Water supply and Sanitation is a State subject 74th Constitution Amendment Act 1992. Policies and Institutional set-up for WWTs Presently there are no separate regulations/ guidelines for safe handling. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). 14 . gives technical and financial support schemes for treatment of effluents generated from SSI units located in clusters. transport and disposal of wastewater in the country. 2006. Policies and Institutional set-up for WWTs The existing policies for regulating wastewater management are based on certain environmental laws and certain policies and legal provisions like Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Rules. National Sanitation Policy. 1989 Municipalities Act. District Municipalities Act etc 15 . 2008 Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. 1975 National Environment Policy. Flow calculations are based upon CPHEEO. 90% of per captia water supply is assumed to be entering into sewerage system. physical conditions. 2012). available resources: Separate sewer system Combined system Pressurized system Solids-free system etc 16 . The conventional sewers have a design period of 30 years whereas non- conventional 15 years (CPHEEO. major parameters to be considered are population to be served. 2012 estimates: 135 LPCD for Households. Indian Standards in Wastewater Treatment Design Principles: In design sewer networks. population density and water consumption. Based on needs. 2012) 17 . Indian Standards (CPHEEO. 2012) 18 . (CPHEEO. 3 mm G. 2012) A. 90 % survival of fish after 96 hours in 100 % effluent J. Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve F. Floatable solids max. E. C. 850 microns H. B. otherwise the discharge into sewers shall be treated as discharge into inland surface waters. For process wastewater 100 mg/l D. Desirable 19 K. (CPHEEO. Settleable solids max. All efforts should be made to remove colour & unpleasant odour as far as practicable. Shall not exceed 5°C above the receiving water temperature I. Maximum permissible . For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent. These standards shall be applicable only if such sewer leads to a secondary treatment including biological treatment system. 2012) 20 . For Biological Treatment (CPHEEO. 2012) 21 . Efficiency of WWT system’s (CPHEEO. 2012) 22 . Treated Sewage usage as Drinking water (CPHEEO. 2012) 23 . Solid Recovery Rate (CPHEEO. 2012) 24 . In Sludge Treatment (CPHEEO. Common Effluent Treatment Plant Scope & Standards (Ref: NEERI. July 2012) 25 . Presentation. • Concept is similar to the Municipal Corporation of cities and towns treating sewage of all the individual houses. • Improving public image & employer morale. • Organizing the disposal of treated effluent & sludge. Objectives of CETP The major objectives of CETP while protecting the environment include. Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) • CETP is concept of treating effluents by means of a collective effort mainly for a cluster of SMEs (Small & Medium Scale Enterprises) units. • Solving the problem of lack of space in the individual industry. thereby reducing cost of pollution abatement for individual industry. • Achieving ‘economy of scale’ in waste treatment. • Improving the possibilities of recycle/reuse. • Reducing the problems of monitoring by the regulatory bodies. • Homogenization of wastewater for heterogeneous industrial cluster. • Minimizing problem of lack of technical assistance and trained personnel. 26 . Madhya Pradesh 3 0. **Gujarat Pollution Control Board. #Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. October 2005.20 Source: *Central Pollution Control Board Report on Performance Status of Common Effluent Treatment Plants in India. no. of CETP Flow.4 12 Uttar Pradesh 2 70 Total 130 1066. Punjab 4 57. Delhi 15 133.3 6. Karnataka 9@ - 7. Himachal Pradesh 4 1.75 2.1 5.15 11. Maharashtra 23# 173. Gujarat 28** 500. Haryana 1 1.35 4.9 8.7 10. State No. MLD 1. 2012. 2010 . Tamil Nadu 36 44. 27 . Andhra Pradesh 3 12. 2012. Rajasthan 2 71.35 9. @Karnataka Pollution Control Board. State wise operational CETPS in India* Sr.2 3. • Modular process. • Low foot print. scalable and flexible. Methodology for designing CETP • Quantity of wastewater generated. • Recycle/reuse of treated water. • Characterization of wastewater. • Mode of disposal of treated effluent. • Inlet feed water quality. • Disposal of sludge. 28 . • Wastewater treatability and treatment option. ) inorganic salts Evaporation + secured landfill of evaporated residue 29 . precipitation mostly etc. etc.Selection of technology based on influent quality for CETP Wastewater Wastewater quality Treatment options characteristics Low TDS and low BOD Low organic Chemical treatment Low TDS and high BOD Organic effluent Anaerobic + aerobic treatment Low TDS and high COD Highly organic Chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or ozone or sodium hypochlorite Chemical + biological treatment Refractory Chemical oxidation + biological treatment High TDS Inorganic salts Solar evaporation Forced evaporation (after separation of volatile organic matter) Membrane separation High TDS and high COD Highly organic effluent Incineration (based on calorific value) +Secure landfill of incineration ash Waste is not easily Thermal Decomposition biodegradable but toxic Chemical oxidation (hydrogen peroxide. ozone.) Evaporation + Secured landfill Waste is not toxic but Chemical treatment (recovery. 0 BOD (3d.5-9.0 Manganese 2 Chromium 2 Selenium 0.0 TDS 2100 Oil and grease 20.5 . .2 Arsenic 0.Sec. except pH 30Dt.0 SS 100 Temperature (oC) 45. except pH and Lead 0.3 (i) pp10 All values are expressed in mg/l.2 Lead 1.2 Mercury 0. 27°C) 30 Ammoniacal-N 50.01 Iron 3 Cadmium 1. 27th Feb 1991 ISW-Inland Surface Waters.Part II.0 Cyanide 0.0 Nickel 3 All values are expressed in mg/l.1 temperature. Source: Selenium 0.0 Sulphates 1000 Total chromium 2.0 Phosphates 5 Copper 3.9.0 Zinc 15.0 Zinc 5 Boron 2.0 Arsenic 0.0 Chlorides 600 Hexavalent Chromium 2.0 Ammoniacal-N 50 Nickel 3. Inlet effluent quality and discharge Standards for CETP Parameters Inlet effluent quality Parameters Discharge Effluent Standards into ISW pH 5.0 Oil & Grease 10 Phenolic compounds 5.0 Fluoride 2.05 The gazette of India: Extraordinary.0 pH 5.01 Mercury 0.0 COD 250 Cyanide 2.05 Copper 3 Fluoride 15. 38-0.2 6.8-8 7. Pharm.6 8.6 6.0 SS 36-48 26 100 SS 1776-1864 100-132 100 COD 368-376 224 250 COD 5107-8373 382-395 250 BOD 48-52 24 30 BOD 2200-2400 40-50 30 TDS 12720-12820 12684 2100 TDS 68200-68830 7532-11836 2100 All values are expressed in mg/l.2-8.88 5.1-8.9-8.7-7.5-9. Performance of CETPs CETP :GETP. 31 .5 SS 88-140 12-22 100 SS 120-675 26-62 100 COD 678-832 84-100 100 COD 550-950 270-475 250 BOD 272-310 26-30 30 BOD 210-342 92-210 30 TDS 1632-2036 1604-2036 2100 TDS 6010-6644 6534-6840 2100 CETP: Punjab (Electroplating industry) CETP:Ankaleshwar (Heterogeneous effluent Dye & dye intermediates..5 6. textiles Discharge Parameter Discharge Equalized Secondary Equalized Parameter Standard into Tertiary effluent Standard into effluent effluent effluent ISW ISW pH 2.5-9. Contd… ISW-Inland Surface Waters.5 pH 7.5 pH 0.56 7. except pH.5-9.5-9. Palsana (Textile industry) CETP :Tirupur (Textile industry) Discharge Discharge Equalized Secondary Equalized Secondary Parameter Standard into Parameter Standard into effluent effluent effluent effluent ISW ISW pH 7.1 7. SS : 64-78 Low Bio-oxidationsand filtrationdual media BOD : 56-70 filtrationactivated carbon adsorption COD : 48-65 Chemical precipitationsand filtrationactivated SS : 52-74 carbon adsorption Catalytic oxidation BOD : 24-25 COD : 21-23 SS : 56-60 32 .Performance of primary. Moderate Electro-coagulationbio-oxidationchemical BOD : 68-79 precipitationsand filtrationactivated carbon COD : 60-73 adsorption. secondary and tertiary treatment Performance Treatment option Efficiency (%) High Chemical precipitationbio-oxidationchemical BOD : 84-93 precipitationsand filtration activated carbon COD : 80-90 adsorption SS : 77-98 Chemical precipitationbio-oxidationsand filtrationdual media filtration Chemical precipitation (3 stage)media filtrationactivated carbon adsorption Ozonationbio-oxidationsand filtrationactivated carbon adsorption. • Lack of access to capital investments and working capitals. • Poor management of treatment units. stringent regulatory norms. • Dismal percentage of water reuse practice in industries. 33 . • No separate treatment units to deal with hazardous and toxic effluents. • Existing treatment schemes are unable to handle ever-increasing hydraulic load. new pollutants. • Improper technological combination for wastewater treatment is discouraging water reuse and recycling. Issues & Constraints in CETP Operations • Consistency in compliance to the prescribed standards by the CETPs. Indian standards for quality tolerances for a few industrial uses are noted below: IS: 201 Water quality tolerances for the textile industry IS: 2724 Water quality tolerances for the pulp and paper industry IS: 3957 Water quality tolerances for ice manufacture IS: 4251 Water quality tolerances for the processed food industry IS: 4700 Water quality tolerances for the fermentation industry 34 . Process water (CPHEEO. this is done by having a multiple quality water supply system within the industry. 2012) To keep treatment to a minimum and maximize the reuse as process water. Additional Information The following Indian Standards lay down tolerance limits for industrial effluents : IS : 2296-1974 extent of pollution of inland surface waters permitted by discharge of effluents IS : 2490 -1974Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters : Part I General IS : 3306-1974Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into public sewers IS : 3307-1977Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged on land for irrigation purposes IS : 7968-1976Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into marine coastal areas. 35 . Water Cycle 36 Source: Chapter 4. Berlin . NaWaTech Technologies to cope with water shortages in Urbanised India. Concluding Remarks For wastewater treatment – as per International norms – specific standards defined in India – CPHEEO Manual – authentic for all designs Basic principle .Maximum Efficiency in usage of water and avoiding wastages Indian Standards prescribe . Financial. strategic. safe and sustainable reuse of wastewaters Further – There is a need for policy decisions and coherent programs encompassing low-cost waste water treatment technologies and modern sewage water application methods.Planned. it is essential to take care of Social. Institutional and Administrative. Environmental and Technical challenges 37 . For successful implementation of any system. Major environmental threat! Ganga action plan – started in 1986 – still not reached anywhere!!! 38 . CPCB – only advisory roles WWT norms – strict implementation issues! In most of the cities – WWT not implemented strictly Scope of CETP Untreated/ partially treated sewage – enters to surface water/ Groundwater/ ocean Most of the Rivers/ Lakes polluted .. Concluding Remarks Waste water treatment norms – state subject – Central Govt. Nakate SS (2001). Series: CUPS/70/2009-10.Wastewater production. Treatment of hospital waste and sewage in hyacinth ponds. . India. Water and Wastewater Reuse: An environmentally sound approach for Sustainable Urban Water Management. Advance methods for treatment of textile industry effluents. treatment and use in India. Singh AK and Lal K (2012). India. India. Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technologies. A Guide to Decision making: Technology options for Urban Sanitation in India. Bremen CPCB (2007). Trivedy RK. May 16-18. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. Central Pollution Control Board.. UNEP (2004). (Eds. India. Wani SP. CPCB (2009). In: Trivedy. S. Central Pollution Control Board. Kaul. Part A: Engineering Final Draft. Status of water supply. 2nd regional workshop on Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture.K. Ministry of Urban Development. pp. Osaka. References BORDA (2009).). 132–163. New Delhi Kaur R. wastewater generation and treatment in Class I cities and Class II towns of India. United Nations Environment Program 39 . Decentralized Wastewater Treatments Systems and Sanitation in Developing countries. Resource Recycling Series : RERES/&/ 2007. Jaipur.New Delhi. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation. CPHEEO (2012). R. Ministry of Urban Development. New Delhi MoUD (2008). ABD. 400 076. India.in 40 Phone: (022) – 25767339. Eldho Professor. Mumbai. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. Thank You Dr. Email: eldho@iitb. T. Fax: 25767302 http://www.in . I.iitb. Department of Civil Engineering.ac.civil.ac.
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