ijahm

ISSN-2249-5746International Journal Of Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicine 2:2 (2012) 394:402 Journal Homepage http://interscience.org.uk/index.php/ijahm Nighantus (Materia Medicas) of Ayurveda – A Chronological Review sudipt kumar rath, Ashashri Shinde, Lalit Nagar, Ringjhin Lome, pankaj gahunge, Naresh Khemani Dept. of P. G. Studies in Dravyaguna, National Institute of Ayurveda,Amer Road, Joravar singh Gate,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Correspondence Author :- sudipt kumar rath Lecturer in Dravyaguna, National Institute of Ayurveda,Amer Road, Joravar singh Gate,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 302002 Ayurveda, one of the oldest flourishing systems of health care uses substances of natural sources to improve the health condition. Due to apparent lack of uniform nomenclature system and communication gap among authors of various geo-cultural background, correct determination of the substances occurring in the formulation in the present context has become a huge challenge. The nighantus, Ayurvedic form of Materia Medica could help significantly in this direction. Numerous nighantus have been written from the very beginning of Ayurvedic period to solve the clandestine meanings of cryptic names of medicinal plants. The present work aims to compile the various nighantus that have been created over the period of time and are now available in various forms – published completely or partially, as manuscripts or just as evidence - in a chronological order. This will appraise the global population regarding the rich literature and offer new vistas to the scholars involved in natural products research. Key words – Nighantu, Ayurvedic Materia Medica, Medicinal Plants Introduction Ayurveda, the hindu system of healthcare has documented history since 2nd century B.C., evident from the fact the period of Charak Samhita – a treatise on Ayurveda whose period is determined to be 200 B.C.[1] Ayurveda aims to offer a better and longer life by following its guidelines and rational use of substances of natural origin – herbal, animal, mineral, marine,[2] mainly of herbal origin. These substances were mentioned in the Vedas, of which Ayurveda is a branch.[3] There is evidence of attempt to classification of the medicinal herbs as per their morphology and medicinal values in the Vedas.[4] Over the period of time, the nomenclature and classification of the medicinal herbs evolved. These substances were named in Sanskrit signifying an attribute of the substance like morphology, place of origin, major therapeutic application, etc.[5] This method of nomenclature resulted in assigning of multiple names to a single substance. Further, since many substances have common attributes, many substances also acquired a same name. Apparently, due to lack of a uniform identification system and different geo-cultural background of the authors, often the correct and unambiguous determination of the substances mentioned in the formulations has remained a challenge. During those days, to solve this problem a distinct category of literature was developed in which the substances used for therapeutics were described in an objective to throw light on their identification. These texts were named as nighantu.[6] Nighantus are glossary like texts that comprise of information regarding the substances used in therapeutics, with a primary objective to help in determination of correct substance mentioned in therapeutic texts.[7] Like any other literature, nighantus have also witnessed evolution over the period of time, acquiring different styles in different eras. The nighantus of the initial period contained verses having the basonym – the primary name and all the available synonyms of the substances, like a glossary. The sanskrit term nighantu also means the collection of single meaning words in order to resolve the cryptic meaning of the terms. Further down the time, nighantus started mentioning pharmacological profile and therapeutic applications of the substance in addition to the synonyms.[8] As on date evidences are available for existence of fifty seven nighantus,[9] written during different times. This article aims to sensitize the global scientific fraternity regarding the rich, multifaceted and evolving knowledge of materia medica of the Ayurvedic scholars. The knowledge of the Nighantu literature is of significance in the current era because It helps in determining the correct identity of the therapeutic substance in the current context. It throws light on possible therapeutic application of the substance. this is the golden period of the Ayurvedic Materia Medica literature. These Vedas were appended with nighantus to derive the meaning of cryptic words. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta and Ashtanga Hridaya of Vagbhatta are the most important. The period also paved the way for the beginning of controversies as unlike Samhitas which by and large used a synonym only for a single plant. the nighantus used a single synonym for various plants and also there were serious 395 . Synonym . pathological. physiological. 2012(394-402) It shows the evolution of flora.[12] Nighantus of Samhita Period [Table -1] Sl No Name of the Author Period Style Published No of Nighanṭu Groups 1 Vedic Commentary .D. Evidences are available that these treatises were appended by nighantus. The History of Ayurveda is divided into 4 phases according to the importance of the type of literature prevalent during the period [10] Vedic Time Samhita Period Samgraha period Nighantu Period History of Ayurvedic Materia Medica during Vedic Period The Vedas are the earliest documented source of hindu literature and these also contained many medicinal plants for prevailing clinical conditions. These are exhaustive treatises addressing anatomical. out of these three epic treatises. theories of Darshana[15] Ayurveda History of Ayurvedic Materia Medica during Nighantu Period As the name of this period suggests. 3 Rasa Nāgārjuna 5th century Fundamental . fauna with time with relation to their medicinal use reflecting the incidence pattern of diseases and approach to their management. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April . These texts occasionally have gone into identification aspects of the therapeutic substances through the synonyms. but not adequately enough to enable correct determination of all therapeutic substances. clinical and therapeutic aspects. - Vaisheshika A. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha. pharmacological.D. The Vedas also contained guidelines of life style in form of hymns. 6 Nighantu[13] by Yask 2 Sauśruta Nāgārjuna 5th century Synonym Yes 37 Nighanṭu[14] A. Many samhitas were written but very few are available now. Current Status of the Nighantu Literature A huge amount of work has been done by India to retrieve the legacy of nighantu literature by bringing forth these into printed form from the scattered manuscripts. which dealt with determination of the substances used in the treatise. In the last one century many nighantus have been published. but still many nighantus remains unavailable.[11] History of Ayurvedic Materia Medica during Samhita Period The Samhita period witnessed the emergence of scientific discussions based on philosophic ideas and formulation of rational theories of substance and their pharmacological activities. This is a herculean task considering the partial availability of manuscripts and multiple manuscripts of one text with variations. Many nighantus were written during this period and this period saw the evolution of nighantus from glossary form to materia medica form with introduction of pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects of the substances along with the existing style of compiling the synonyms. D.D. 11 Nimi Nighanṭu Nimi 11th . - [26] century A. Yes 15 groups Samgrah [23] Dutta century properties A. . these nighantus. . 2 Paryaya Indukarasuta 9th Synonym Yes - ratnamala[17] Madhava century A.D.D.D.D. 9 Dhanwantari Dhanwantari 11th Synonym. 7 Dravyagunaakar King Bhoja 11th Synonym Yes 28 groups [22] century A. 8 Dravyaguna Chakrapani 11th Synonym. 5 Chamatkar Rangacharya 10th Synonym Yes 14 verses/ Nighnatu[20] century 225 A. substances 10 Indu Nighanṭu Indu 11th . - Nighanṭu [27] century properties A.D. 13 Shabda Chakradatta 11th Synonym Yes 9 groups Chandrika [28] century A. 3 Siddhasara/ Ravigupta 9th Synonym Yes 31 topics / Sarottara century 197 Nighanṭu[18] A.D. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April . 2012(394-402) typographical errors. - 396 . substances 6 Madanadi / Chandranandan 10th Synonym Yes 32 groups Chandranandan century Nighanṭu[21] A. Nighanṭu[24] century properties 373 A. Yes 7 groups.D. Nighantus of Nighantu Period [Table -2] Sl No Name of the Author Period Style Published No of Nighanṭu Groups of plants / total no of substances 1 Ashtanga 8th Vahatacharya Synonym Yes 26 groups Nighanṭu[16] century A.D. - Nighanṭu[19] century A. 12 Arundutta Arundutta 11th Name – . - [25] century A. substances 4 Harmekhala Mahuka 10th Prose form .D. when used with an analytical approach offer a lot for correct determination of the substances and also throws light on the then prevalent flora and fauna. 14 Vashpachandra Vashpachandra 12th .D.D. Still. . pharmacological action- therapeutic uses 24 Ayurveda Sushena 14th Annapanavidhi . Yes 6 groups [31] century description A. Pathyapathya Vibodhaka [42] History of Ayurvedic Materia Medica during Modern Period Continuing the trend of evolution. the nighantus of the modern period started incorporating the new substances that came into Ayurvedic practice under the influence of changing socio-political order like Mughal. 397 .D.D. 27 Kaiyadeva Kaiyadev 1425 Pathyaapathya Yes 9 groups Nighanṭu / A. Yes 13 groups Nighnatu [38] A. 22 Shatashloki [37] Vopadeva 13th Synonym .D. nonmedical terms 16 Nighanṭu Shesha Hemachandra 12th Synonym. Vaidyaka [39] 25 Raja Nighanṭu Narahari 14th Synonym Yes 16 groups [40] Pandit Century A. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April .D.D.D. 13 groups century A. Nighanṭu [34] 20 Siddhamantra & Vaidya Acharya 13th properties Yes 8 groups Prakash Keshava century (Bopadeva) [35] A. 2012(394-402) Nighanṭu [29] century A. 17 Sodhala Sodhala 12th properties Yes 26 groups Nighanṭu [32] century A. Portugese.D. 15 Anekartha Manaka 12th Glossary of - Kosha [30] century medical & A. and British invasion.D. - Mahodadhi / Century Sushena A. 21 Hridaya Deepak Vopadeva 13th Synonym Yes 8 groups Nighanṭu [36] century A. 26 Guna Samgraha Trimalla 14th . [33] 19 Abhidhan Chatura Rasika 13th Synonyms Yes 6 groups Ratnamala / Century Sadrasa A.D.D. 23 Madanpala Madanapala 1374 Synonym.D.D.D. 18 Madhava Madhava 1250 . - [41] Century A.D. Yes 29 Verga Dravyaguna A. 2 Dhananjaya Anonymous 16th Nighanṭu [44] Century A. 3 Saraswati Anonymous 16th Nighanṭu [45] Century A. 14 Nighanṭu Katobhatta 1893 A. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April . Prakasha Herbs on their Commentary source [47] season 6 Vaidya Lolimbaraja 17th Description Yes 7 Vatamsa [48] Century groups A. 2012(394-402) Nighnatus of Modern Period [Table -3] Sl No Name of the Author Period Style Published No of Nighanṭu Groups 1 Bhavaprakasha Bhava Mishra 16th Synonym & Yes 22 Nighanṭu [43] Century Properties groups A. ahardravya 9 Chudamani Surya 17th Synonym Yes 7 Nighanṭu [51] Century groups A.D. - Ratnavali [54] Century A.D. Diagnosis of diseases 12 Dravya Anonymous 18th .D. 5 ShivaKosha Shivadatta 1677 A. Name of Yes - with Shiva Mishra plants. . 4 Ayurveda Todarananda 16th Rasa.D.D. 3 Kosha [49] Century groups A.D.trees.D.D. Yes 6 Nighanṭu [52] Century groups A.D. 8 Dravyaguna Trimallabhatta 17th Properties & Yes 15 Shataka [50] Century uses of groups A.D.D.D. Name of Yes - Samgraha [56] dravya in ten language 15 Shaligrama Lala Shaligrama 19th Dravya & Yes 26 398 . 11 Nighanṭu Vishnu Vasudev 18th Description of Yes 2 Ratnakar [53] Godbole Century dravya & Khand A. 10 Rajaballava Raja Ballava 18th .D. 13 Laghu Vyasakeshavaram 18th Synonym Yes - Nighanṭu [55] Century A.D.guna Yes 23 Saukhyam [46] Century veerya groups A. 7 Kalpadru Keshava 17th Synonym . D.D. The nighantus generally were coined using a therapeutic text. dravya 26 Mahaushadhi Pt. - Chintamani Mishra [65] 24 Vanaushadhi Chandra raj 1938 A. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April . Aryadash 1971 A. Authors used the prevailing and popular texts of their time and region as basis to write nighantus.D.D.D.D. Properties & Yes Kosha [70] actions 29 Bedi vanaspati Ramesh Bedi 1997 A. Chemical Yes 10 Chandrodaya Bhandari constituent volumes [66] 25 Abhinav Dattaram Chaube 19th Synonym & . 20 Nighanṭu Bapalal Vaidya 1928 A. Description of Yes - [63] plants with photographs 22 Shankar Shankar Datta 1934 A. 2012(394-402) Nighanṭu [57] Century patients groups A.D.D. .D. - Nighanṭu [67] Century photographs of A. Name in Yes 3 parts Nighanṭu [64] Gauda different language Properties. Shiva Sharma 19th Synonym & Yes 24 Nighanṭu [61] Century properties groups A. 19 Haritakyadi Pt. 399 . Synonym Yes 13 [69] groups 28 Dravyaguna Priyavrat Sharma 1997 A. Photos Yes 6 Kosha [71] volumes Discussion The indexing of the nighantus reveals that there were persistent endeavours to solve the problems pertaining to the correct determination of a substance occurring in a particular formulation.D. 17 Vanaushadhi Biraj Chandra 19th Fundamentals Yes 2 Darpana [59] Gupta Century of dravyaguna groups A.D.D. relation on basis of horoscope 16 Vanaspati Jayakrishna 19th Family Yes - Shastra [58] Indrajit Thakur Century characters A. Nirukti & Yes 126 Adarsha [62] properties of groups individual dravya 21 Rupa Nighanṭu Rupalal Vaishya 1934 A.D. .D. Properties & Yes 7 Nighanṭu [68] Kumarasingha uses groups 27 Priya Nighanṭu Priyavrat Sharma 1983 A.uses & dosage 23 Ayurveda Baladeva Prasad 1937 A. (vol) 18 Vanaushadhi Shankarjee 19th Gunaadarsha Phade Century [60] A. This explains the emergence of more than one nighantu during one period.D. Dhanwantari. Each of these texts has its own history.7th edition.Madanadi Nighantu. two different nighantus are seen to be have groups with same name but have kept different substances under them. edited by Prof.S. Prof. Pt. 5. Varanasi.Dr.Mooss.edited by Prof. 8.Chamatkara Nighantu.12.2003. edited by Prof.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan. pp.P. Madhava.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan.2003.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan.Indradeva Tripathi.Jyotimitra. pp. edited by Prof. Rangaacarya.publisher Chaukhambha Orientalia.pp-118.Shanthkumar Lucas.Vaidya Ram Manohar.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan. pp.Shanthkumar Lucas. 400 . 6.pp-133 12.P. sudipt kumar rath International journal of ayurvedic & herbal medicine 2(2) April . An introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda.R.V.Sharma . Sharma suvedi & Dr.published by Mahendra Samakrta Visvavidyalaya Belajhundi. An introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda. Varanasi. 17.2006. 3.Shanthkumar Lucas.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan.edited by Prof.Publisher Mahendra Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya.An introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda.Print-1998. su.2006.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan.2003. 15. Prof.Dr.reprint- 1946. 4. Y. Varanasi.Print-1985.Print-1980.Varanasi.2006. An introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda.Publisher Chaukhambha orientalia.2006.Jyotimitra.2006. Dr.byMr.pp-121. 16.Sausruta Nighantu by Dr. edited by Prof. Acharya. Reprint 2006. 23.Dr.Dr.Emmerick.V.Varanasi.Publishers Chaukhambha Sanskrit bhawan. Pandit Narahari. 20.Jyotimitra.31.Jyotimitra.4. 19. Vahatacarya. pp.Dr.Reprint-2006.V. References 1. 22. Dr.Dadha.2006.Astanga Nighantu by prof.Dr. 2. An introduction to Nighantu of Ayurveda. Prof.E.Sharma.2003.2 patna.P.Shanthkumar Lucas. idiosyncrasies and controversies offering avenues for research not only from literary angle but also as solution to the contemporary health problems from the cryptic descriptions of the nighantus. This offers a tremendous scope for research in order to explore the therapeutic application of a substance in different regions and era. Caraka Samhita.Dr. Rastriya Sanskrit Samsasthan .2006.Siddhasara/Sarrottara Nighantu. edited by Prof.Jyotimitra. Verse No.publisher Kuppuswamy sastri Research institute Madras.Sharma.Shanthkumar Lucas.publisher Patna University Journal. 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