For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG.COM Modern India: 1857-1964 Assignment Course Code: EHI-01 Assignment Code: AST/TMA/2012-13 Total Marks: 100 Note: All questions are compulsory. Marks are indicated against each question. Section 1: Answer each question in about 500 words. 1. Discuss the early political activities of Mahatma Gandhi after his arrival from South Africa. OR Discuss the causes of the Revolt of 1857. Why did it fail? Solution: One of the primary and severe outbursts of resentment against the British rule came in the form of the Indian revolt of 1857. This revolt followed the battles of Plassey and Buxar and the main cause was resentment against setting up of British rule in Bengal. It is called the first war of independence by many historians though it is a debatable topic. The British historians termed it Sepoy Mutiny and Jawaharlal Nehru called it a feudal revolt which was much more than just a Sepoy Mutiny. Read further about the causes of revolt of 1857 in India. The revolt was basically started by the soldiers who worked for the East India Company and later was spread across the country by peasants, artisans and soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the sake of others. Different religions of India came together and fought united for one cause. There were many different reasons for the outbreak of the revolt of 1857. Exploitation by the British, imposing of their faith forcefully on Indians, etc. were just some causes. Some of the other causes are discussed below. Thousands of soldiers were rendered jobless when the northern states were annexed. The able soldiers of kingdoms like Oudh were very frustrated by this move and were waiting to seek revenge. The Indian soldiers employed under the British were made to use a special type of cartridge that was to be bitten off before being loaded in a rifle. It was rumored that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. This angered the Hindus and Muslims as it hurt their religious sentiments. The policy of annexation introduced by Lord Dalhousie was received with much discontent among Indians. Due to the introduction of the new policy, Baji Rao's adopted son Nana Sahib was dispossessed of the pension his father was receiving. It was announced that Bahadur Shah Zafar will not be allowed to stay in the Red Fort anymore and they would have to move to a place near Qutub Minar. It was also announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah would not be given the title of king. The British started to impose Christianity to provoke people further. Taxes were collected form temples and mosques and Hindu and Muslim soldiers were asked to accept the faith of Christianity. The Revolt of 1857 could not be successful on account of the following factors (reasons): a) Lack of unity and cohesion: The army was called out to assist the police. An unplanned early start: An unplanned early start (Much before the scheduled date i. Gandhiji launched the Quit India Movement (“Bharat Chhodo Andolan”). Balasore and Talcher were freed from British rule and the people there formed their own governments. Nizam of Hyderabad. Gandhiji‟s slogan of „Do or Die‟ („Karo ya Maro‟) inspired the nation. were unstoppable. The Congress decided to organize a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale. OR What did the Indian state do to promote industrialization after 1947? 20 Solution: In August 1942. law courts and police stations. Tamluk. It did not assume a national character. There was no unified programme. Delhi and West Bengal. The Sikh. The people attacked all symbols of the British government such as railway stations. Places such as Ballia.g. The people. Even old men and children were shot dead while taking part in processions. Satara. A resolution was passed on 8 August 1942 in Bombay by the All India Congress Committee. Jind Jodhpur etc. In some places. There were lathi-charges and firing at the unarmed demonstrators. Bengal. c) No common aims and ideals: The Hindus and the Muslims wanted to establish their separate empires. The movement was most widespread in Uttar Pradesh. Bombay. Rajput and Gorkha Battalions remained loyal to the British to suppress the Revolt.e. Nawab of Bhopal. big Zamindars and traders actively supported the British. May) alerted the British rulers. The government‟s response to the movement was quick. There were hartals and demonstrations all over the country. Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.COM Many state rulers e.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. They were brave and patriotic but lacked leadership qualities. Railway lines were damaged and telegraph lines were cut.. b) The rising was not widespread: The Revolt was limited to U. resources and organization: The revolutionaries lacked resources (men and money). however. =================================================================== 2. Every man. Write a note on the Quit India Movement.P. Protestors were arrested and tortured and their homes . women and child began dreaming of a free India. declaring its demand for an immediate end of British rule. people even set up their independent government. Holkars. Dharwar. discipline and organization. The British responded with terrible brutality. Bihar. Nabha. The revolt was crushed and failed miserably. the Scindias.. The Congress was banned and most of its leaders were arrested before they could start mobilizing the people. d) Lack of discipline. Rajas of Patiala. which once denoted a politically free society based on various forms of collectivism and equitable material returns for labor -. S M Joshi. The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians =================================================================== Section 2: Answer each question in about 250 words.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. 3. an emphasis that is draining it of its historic vitality. What is communalism? Discuss the process of its emergence in Indian society. the U. Congress members resigned from provincial legislatures. in principle. over sixty thousand people had been jailed.S. They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence. . despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers.[7] The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members.The few leaders who had escaped arrest went into hiding and tried to guide the mass movement. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. Among them were Jai Prakash Narayan. In response the British lifted the ban on the party. was an ally." for its part.[6] Muslim leaders opposed Quit India. This personalistic "lifestyle anarchism" is steadily eroding the socialistic core of anarchist concepts of freedom. During the 1980s and 1990s. Its cousin. after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard.marked by an advocacy of lifestyle changes. OR Discuss the controversies relating to the foundation of the Indian National Congress. Aruna Asaf Ali.COM raided and destroyed.is currently interchangeable with a somewhat humanistic bourgeois liberalism. 12 Solution: Communism.has become increasingly prominent. anarchism is being divested of its social ideal by an emphasis on personal autonomy. In the Anglo-American sphere. There was a terrible famine in Bengal in AD 1943 in which over thirty lakh people died. Bengal and Northwest Frontier. as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition. However. The government did little to save the starving people. Achyut Patwardhan and Smt Sucheta Kripalani. Smaller parties like the Hindu Mahasabha opposed the call.S. Today. the cultivation of behavioral idiosyncrasies and even an embrace of outright mysticism -. as the entire social and political spectrum has shifted ideologically to the right. and believed the U.[8][9] The nationalists had very little international support. once referred to a cooperative society that would be based morally on mutual respect and on an economy in which each contributed to the social labor fund according to his or her ability and received the means of life according to his or her needs. The Congress had little success in rallying other political forces under a single flag and program. enabling the League to take control in Sindh. A Stirnerite individualism -. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's opposition to the call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British. "communism" is associated with the Stalinist gulag and wholly rejected as totalitarian. and enlisting in the army. "anarchism" itself has not been immune to redefinition. The Communist Party of India strongly opposed the Quit India movement and supported the war effort because of the need to assist the Soviet Union.[5] The movement had less support in the princely states. Ram Manohar Lohis. "socialism" -. By December 1942. The Indians suffered greatly throughout the Second World War. During the nineteenth century. if an anarchist theorist like L. the Roman citizen enjoyed a great deal of autonomy to indulge his own desires -. from society. a word that shares etymological roots with the German Freiheit (for which there is no equivalent in Romance languages)." found its ancient apogee in the imperial Roman cult of libertas. of which the individual is part. liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic. By contrast. provided that he did not interfere with the business and the needs of the state. their interpretation of autonomy actually presupposed quite definite arrangements beyond the individual -.or "negative liberty. Indeed." which is substantive freedom. no more and no less. would never happen in reality. During the rule of the Julian-Claudian Caesars. liberals often invoked the word freedom. however. in the sense of "autonomy. despite its looser usages. In the last century and early .For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG." rooting anarchism in the abstract individual. freedom.notably. more broadly.2 Despite their assertions of autonomy and distrust of state authority. Susan Brown can assert that "a group is a collection of individuals. denotes the absence of domination in society. In the more theoretically developed liberal tradition of John Locke and John Stuart Mill. in our case constructed along socialistic lines? In the history of ideas. Such a dissolution. it was political economy. no more and no less" were ever to emerge. various anarchist historians have described it as implicit in the libertarian outlook. endowed with natural rights and bereft of roots in society or historical development." No rationally formed society can exist without institutions and if a society as a "collection of individuals. it would simply dissolve. This contrast becomes very important when individualist anarchists equate collectivism as such with the tyranny of the community over its members Today. autonomy and freedom are not equivalent terms. indeed nourish it? How can a "collection of individuals" institutionalize itself such as to give rise to something more than an autonomy that consists merely in refusing to impair the "liberties" of others -.COM Let me stress that in the British and American social tradition. The liberals. By insisting the need to eliminate personal domination. sustain it. these laws constitute a social organizing system in which all "collections of individuals" are held under the sway of the famous "invisible hand" of competition. Not that this view is entirely new to anarchism. which they often conceived not only as the study of goods and services. Thus the individual appears ab novo. takes its point of departure not from the individual but from the community or.1 But whence does this "autonomous" individual derive? What is the basis for its "natural rights. Excessive state authority was opposed in favor of a presumed economic autonomy.and lusts -without reproval from any authority. Alternatively. nonetheless. Individual autonomy to the contrary. but also as a system of morality." as they do to the present day. we have reason to be concerned. "autonomy." beyond a priori premises and hazy intuitions? What role does historical development play in its formation? What social premises give birth to it. freedom. if there was any single subject that gained the interest of classical liberals. autonomy acquired a more expansive sense that was opposed ideologically to excessive state authority. these classical liberal thinkers did not in the last instance hold to the notion that the individual is completely free from lawful guidance. the laws of the marketplace override the exercise of "free will" by the same sovereign individuals who otherwise constitute the "collection of individuals. autonomy focuses on the individual as the formative component and locus of society. the laws of the marketplace. can cling to the notion of a "free market" and "free competition" guided by the "inexorable laws" of political economy. Paradoxically." as Isaiah Berlin called it in contradistinction to "positive liberty." referring to strictly personal "self-rule. Indeed. Ironically. to be sure. In short. this historicization would be accompanied by ever-expanding new rights and duties. both society and the individual were historicized in the best sense of this term: as an ever-developing. Hopefully." dissolved the economic into the social. for classical socialist thinkers. to conceive of the individual without society was as meaningless as to conceive of society without individuals. concept. The newly rising factors which occupied the political scenario in India included factors like rise of Communalism. Discuss the factors that led to the partition of India. They sought to realize both in rational institutional frameworks that fostered the greatest degree of free expression in every aspect of social life. as Enlightenment thought and its derivatives brought the idea of the mutability of institutions to the foreground of social thought. a "collection" was a totally alien way of denoting society. came to be seen as mutable. What made their focus uniquely ethical was the fact that as social revolutionaries they asked the key question -. the relationship of Muslim League and Indian National Congress.3 In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.COM in the present one. As a foreign rule the British government made all efforts to understand these variations which helped them to great a strong base in India . no duties without rights" -. creation of new political parties and their rising political awareness. To the socialistic thinkers of the period. as the great socialist theorists further sophisticated ideas of freedom. very significantly.a demand that later appeared on the mastheads of anarchosyndicalist periodicals in Spain and elsewhere well into the present century. as well as a unifying. the institutions that distinguish society from mere animal aggregations. With the passage of time number of issues developed within Indian politics. The Partition of India was based on number of factors. self-generative and creative process in which each existed within and through the other. it at the same time left a deep rooted impact on the hearts of people who had struggled for years to see the dawn of peace with a new India. 12 OR Write a note on the non-Brahman movements in western and southern India. the question of security of the minority groups living in India and the inherent conflict within the existing parties. they properly considered individual freedom to be congruent with social freedom and. races. The partition of India not only changed the geography of the subcontinent. among which Kropotkin denoted anarchism the "left wing. =================================================================== 4. the individual. too. Where liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic.a question that abolishes the centrality of economics in a free society. caste and creed. they defined freedom as such as an evolving. and the demand of Muslim league for a separate country for the Muslims living in India. Thus.It was only during and after the Second World War that the British Government was forced internally as well as externally to grant freedom to India.What constitutes a rational society? -. The slogan of the First International. in fact. Solution: Causes for Partition of India mainly rests around three vital causes which include the British policy of divide and rule on the basis of religion. various socialisms (apart from Marxism). the individual and his or her development were consciously intertwined with social evolution -specifically. "No rights without duties.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. Among these factors the rise of communalism . was the demand. On the other side the British rule which lasted in India for last 200 years gave full encouragement to this growing in difference. As these principles formed the base of the newly created parties this forced them to remain away from each other. was formed for the liberation of India from the British rule. The major group affected by this was the newly created All India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The rise of communalism which turned out to be the most important cause for the Partition of India rested mainly on three factors. also known as the Azad Hind Fauj. and finally communalism arises when the interests of different religions are seen as antagonistic. With the roots of communalism already sworn by the British rulers it in the long run formed the base of the new party namely All India Muslim League. With this the British government for the first time raised the issue of difference within the communities of Muslim and Hindus to begin with which was though vehemently protested yet led to partition of India as a whole. Write a note on the Indian National Army (INA) 12 OR Write a note on the formation and the early activities of the Communist Party of India. social and cultural interest. The major concern of the present day politics was to look after one`s own security and the existence of their own community highlighting vehemently the issue of Communalism in Indian politics. The INA was initially formed under Mohan Singh.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. =================================================================== 5. the captain in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment in the British Army. 1940s witnessed the strengthening of some of the existing parties and their new generation politicians like the Akalis of Punjab and Hindu Mahasabha who added to the existing communal drift. was initially member of Indian National Congress but due to his differences with Mahatma Gandhi he chose to form a new party. Along with the existing dissatisfaction with the Muslim League the Indian politics faced some more changes within Indian politics. Solution: Indian National Army.e. This was further encouraged by the announcement of Communal awards. after the fall of Singapore. common political. Bose`s army was declared as the Azri Hukumat e Azad Hind. a belief which prevailed was that people of the same community who follow the same religion will have common secular interest i. However. Firstly. Indian National Army emerged along with Mahatma Gandhi`s peaceful resistance movement within . It was formed in South-East Asia in the year 1942 by pioneering Indian Nationalists and prisoners who wanted to throw off the yoke of foreign domination and liberate the country. the pioneer of the party. the first INA under Mohan Singh collapsed and finally it was revived under the leadership of Subash Chandra Bose in 1943. incompatible and hostile to each other. The encouragement provided by the British Government could be traced back to the period of Partition of Bengal. The struggle for Pakistan continued to remain as the bone of contention till the end of the struggle till it achieved its mission.COM was the most alarming one which sowed the seeds of partition in the long run. in a multi cultural society like India the secular interests of each community differs with the other. For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. OR Discuss various types of land settlements in colonial India. to induce the British government of India to grant selfgovernment. The prisoners faced the death penalty. freedom of India. life imprisonment or a fine as punishment if found guilty. Thus in South East Asia the concept of the Indian National Army emerged. The movement was to be nonviolent and to consist of the resignations of titles. In 1943 he Battles of Indian National Army The battles that were fought by the Indian National Army during World War II were fought in the South-East Asian region. and elections. It was supported by the Japanese 15th army and led by Bose. However. Origin of Indian National Army INA was formed during the first world war when the Ghadar Party and the emergence form of the Indian Independence League planned to rebel in the British Indian Army from the Punjab through Bengal to Hong Kong. At the time of Japan`s surrender in September 1945. 12 Solution: Non-Cooperation movement. the courts. Bose left for Manchuria to attempt to contact the advancing Soviet troops. and was reported to have died in an air crash near Taiwan. this plan met with failure after the information was leaked to British Intelligence. Germany as well as in South-east Asia. unsuccessful attempt. when the British killed several hundred Indians. government service. It arose from the outcry over the massacre at Amritsar in April 1919. to India.COM India. It began a long march over land and on foot towards Bangkok. and the eventual refusal to pay taxes. Gandhi strengthened the movement by supporting (on nonviolent terms) the contemporaneous Muslim campaign against the dismemberment of Turkey after World War I. These included the various "liberation armies" which were formed in as well as with the help of Italy. Composition of the Indian National Army Indian National Army had many valued freedom fighters that helped in the battles. the boycott of government educational institutions. (September 1920–February 1922). =================================================================== 6. or swaraj. along with Subash Chandra Bose. On the other hand the INA fighters were imprisoned. Write a note on the Non-Cooperation movement. The operations include Malayan Campaign in 1942 as well as Burma Campaign. During the Second World War. The revival of the Indian National Army was done by Subhash Chandra Bose. Bose advocated a more aggressive confrontation with the British authorities. the plan to fight the British found revival and a number of leaders and movements were initiated. In contrast to Mahatma Gandhi. and from later indignation at the government‟s alleged failure to take adequate action against those responsible. The INA freedom fighters were from every sphere ranging from barristers to plantation workers. Noncooperation was agreed to by the Indian . Pokoku and Irrawady River operations. They all had a brilliant background and fought for a similar cause. Kohima. The operations of the INA involved the battle of Imphal. organized by Mohandas Gandhi. foreign goods. ” =================================================================== Solution: Swaraj (Swarajya) Party was born on January 1. we cannot wait until the Nehru Report is established…The Musalmans feel that it is shelving the issue and postponing their insistent demand till doomsday and they cannot agree to it. =================================================================== Section 3: Answer in about 100 words each. confronted with a united Indian front for the first time. Jinnah responded to the Nehru Report by saying that “From now the paths of Hindus and Muslims are separate. After an angry mob murdered police officers at Chauri Chaura (February 1922). Consequently.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. Motilal Nehru. the next month he was arrested without incident. 1923. said Sir Agha Khan about the Nehru Report. Punjab and Bengal should have seats reserved on population basis for the Musalmans. but a revolt by the Muslim Moplahs of Kerala (southwestern India) in August 1921 and a number of violent outbreaks alarmed moderate opinion. It ignored even the Delhi Proposals while formulating the report.” Jinnah suggested four amendments in the Report: “There should be no less than one/third representation in the Central Legislature. Das. Gandhi himself called off the movement. The movement marks the transition of Indian nationalism from a middle-class to a mass basis. Hakin] Ajamal Khan. Write short notes on any two of the following: a) Drain of Wealth b) The Nehru Report (1928) c) Bankim Chandra d) Swaraj Party 6+6 Solution: The Nehru Report was an eye-opening episode for the Muslims of India as it totally bypassed them and the later could well imagine their future in case of the approval of these recommendations. In event of the adult suffrage not being established.R. This question is by far the most important from the constitutional point of view. the Muslim leaders rejected the Report. the biggest Muslim entity. the other member could not approve the Congress views. one was Syed Ali Imam who could attend only one meeting out of four because of his illness while Shoaib Qureshi. was visibly shaken. The form of the constitution should be federal with residuary powers vested in the provinces. 7. Nehru Report stayed only a Hindu report ignoring other parties especially the Muslim League. . when some leading members (of the Congress) including C.COM National Congress at Calcutta (now Kolkata) in September 1920 and launched that December. Nehru showed two Muslims participating in the Report (to justify the Muslim presence). Its ideological birth may be traced to the Gaya Session of the Indian National Congress in December 1922. With regard to the separation of Sindh and NWFP. Therefore. The report denied the separate electorate for the Muslims which the Congress had agreed with earlier. “Any sensible person cannot Muslims will accept these insulting conditions. In 1921 the government. They proposed an alternative programme of diverting the movement from widespread mass civil disobedience programme to a restricted one which would encourage Congress members to enter the Legislative Councils established under the Montford Reforms of 1919 and to use moral pressure to compel authority concede the popular demand for self-government. =================================================================== ===================================================================== ================================THE END========================== .COM Vithalbhai Patel and others.For more Solved Assignments Visit: IGNOU4UBLOG. had lost its momentum. declared that the Non-cooperation Movement had been a failure and. Remarkable seats in 1924-elections were achieved by the members but their triumph had been short-lived. with the detention of Gandhi.