HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE 1How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style Michael Shell, Member, IEEE Abstract— This article describes how to use the IEEEtran.bst IEEEtran.bst: The standard IEEEtran BIBTEX style file BIBTEX style file to produce bibliographies that conform to the (unsorted, i.e., references will appear in the order in which standards of the publications of the Institute of Electrical and they are cited). Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEEtranS.bst: The IEEEtran BIBTEX style file, but with Index Terms— bibliography, BIBTEX, IEEE, LATEX, paper, style, additional sorting code (similar to that of plain.bst) which template, typesetting. sorts the entries based on the names of the authors, editors, organizations, etc. May be of interest for non-IEEE related I. I NTRODUCTION work. Do not use for work that is to be submitted to the IEEE. IEEEexample.bib: A BIBTEX database that contains the T HE IEEEtran.bst BIBTEX style file described in this document can be used with BIBTEX to produce LATEX bibliographies of high quality that are suitable for use in IEEE references shown in the references section of this document. Users can copy the entries therein to serve as starting tem- plates. The entries also have comments which may be of publications. Other potential applications include thesis and additional help. academic work, especially when such work is in the area of IEEEfull.bib: A file that contains a comprehensive set electrical and/or computer engineering. of BIBTEX string definitions for the full names of IEEE This document applies to version 1.10 and later of the journals and magazines. Because IEEE’s bibliography style IEEEtran BIBTEX style. Prior versions do not have all of the uses abbreviated journal names, this file’s intended use is for features described here. IEEEtran.bst will display the version work that is not to be submitted to the IEEE. number on the user’s console during execution. The most IEEEabrv.bib: Same as above, but contains the abbreviated recent version of this package can be obtained on CTAN [1] form of the journal and magazine names. Recommended for and may also be mirrored at various places within IEEE’s work that is to be submitted to the IEEE. website [2]. IEEEbcpat.bib: Older versions of IEEE BIBTEX style files It is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding usually provide several string definitions (“acmcs,” “acta,” etc.) of the operation and use of BIBTEX. Documentation for the for a few of the popular computer related journals. However, it use of BIBTEX includes the user’s guide [3] as well as is inappropriate to provide journal name definitions within .bst supplementary information which addresses frequently asked files as this prevents entries that use them from working with questions [4]. The large collection of sample bibliographies other .bst files (that may not contain the needed definitions). and string definitions at the TEX User Group Bibliography Furthermore, these older definitions are not abbreviated as Archive may also be of help [5]. General support for BIBTEX needed for IEEE related work. IEEEtran.bst does not provide related questions can be obtained in the internet newsgroup the older definitions as it is designed to work with the newer comp.text.tex. “external” IEEEabrv.bib definitions instead. To provide for Note that the references section of this document is used backward compatibility, IEEEbcpat.bib contains these obsolete for two purposes: (1) to provide information where additional definitions and can be loaded prior to any existing database information can be found; and (2) to provide examples of files that still depend on them. Do not use the IEEEbcpat.bib references created using the IEEEtran BIBTEX style. The first definitions for new entries, or work that is to be submitted to few citations above fall into the first category, while virtually the IEEE. all of the citations that follow will serve as examples and are BIBTEX .bst files can be accessed system-wide when they not meant to be actually referred to. Hopefully, it will be clear are placed in the from context which way a particular reference is used. <texmf>/bibtex/bst II. I NSTALLATION directory, where <texmf> is the root directory of the user’s The IEEEtran BIBTEX package consists of the following TEX installation. Similarly, system-wide .bib files (IEEEful- files: l.bib and IEEEabrv.bib) can be placed in IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf: This documentation. <texmf>/bibtex/bib Manuscript created on June 20, 2002; revised September 27, 2002. The On some LATEX systems, the directory look-up tables will opinions expressed here are entirely that of the author. No warranty is need to be refreshed after making additions or deletions expressed or implied. User assumes all risk. M. Shell is with the Georgia Institute of Technology. to the system files. For teTEX and fpTEX systems this is Email:
[email protected] See [1] for current contact information. accomplished via executing c 2002 Michael Shell To avoid this problem. However. U SAGE 1) The URL Field: Every entry type supports an optional IEEEtran. Alternatively. Most modern BIBTEX at the end of the definitions within the url.bst is invoked using the normal LATEX bibliography URL entry field for documents that are available on the commands: internet. URLs will appear at the end of the bibliography entry \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} and proceeded by the words “[Online].5 or earlier. Available:” as is shown \bibliography{IEEEabrv. may be unable by line feeds within the \url command: to provide the required memory space. future” releases of the standard BIBTEX styles.5 and prior of url. it is recommended that users reproduce the IEEE bibliography style as accurately and as modify (or possibly upgrade) their url. their own.sty should Another. not be compatible with BIBTEX databases that employ ad. Note that any renamed style file needs additional features are necessary for IEEE style work and were its “\ProvidesPackage” line updated to reflect the current designed to closely follow the existing as well as “probable filename or else LATEX will issue a (harmless) warning. the original url.bst entry types are: (1) Users not willing or able to install the files system-wide “electronic” which is used for internet references. The \url command from recent versions of hyperref. MikTEX users can run be ignored. Even with intelligent URL breaking. command options may be needed to obtain the higher capacity. or than many other BIBTEX style files. new documents will require a URLs.mybibfile} in [1].bst is \g@addto@macro{\UrlSpecials}{% \endlinechar=13 \catcode\endlinechar=12 fully compatible with. series of runs will be required as citations are added to the However.sty package if they are fully as possible.g. .2 HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE texhash if it encounters a (cited) entry type that the style file does not support. ”url 15b. will correct the problem by configuring lem. For this reason. issue is that IEEEtran. \gdef\Url@percent{\@ifnextcharˆˆM{\@gobble}{\mathbi n{\mathchar‘\%}}}% \endgroup % B. Use bibtex8 -help to list the possible options. published standards. url. An additional the hyperref.bib) file of to accomplish the same thing. The most important extensions to the supported fields will now be briefly mentioned. A.sty package (version 1. some earlier BIBTEX platforms. (3) “periodical” which is used for path (full or relative) as well as the filename when referring journals and magazines. Nevertheless. but will then have to provide the which is used for patents. but unsupported fields within an entry will simply as root. For more details. IEEEtran.sty might be a document.sty package [7] also provides a \url command. users are encouraged to keep all initexmf -u nonstandard entry types in a BIBTEX database (.bst is to the URLs. More \catcode13=12 % details on this topic can be found in [4].bst.bst will consume significantly more using version 1.sty [6] is also loaded to LATEX run followed by a BIBTEX run and then two more LATEX provide some intelligence in URL line breaking. runs in order to resolve all of the references. especially those url.5) is loaded. (2) “patent” can make the copies local. III. It strongly suggested that. String definition files must be loaded before any database files URLs are notoriously difficult to break properly. see [4]..g.sty IEEE’s bibliography style has several unique attributes that interacts with BIBTEX (version 0.bst provides exten. when using entries with In standard BIBTEX fashion. bibtex8 -H myfile. IEEE does not place any punctuation at the end of a URL as this could be mistaken as being part of the URL..sty”). be retained and the modified version given a different name sions beyond the standard BIBTEX entry types and fields.bst containing entries that utilize them — so the file names within places all URL text within a \url{} command so as to the \bibliography command must be listed in a proper provide “plug-and-play” use with packages that provide such a order. unless the user needs hyperlinks. IEEEtran. related. Because the primary design goal of IEEEtran. the \endinput line). Such platforms often \begingroup provide as an alternative the higher-capacity1 “8-bit BIBTEX” \makeatletter in the form of a “bibtex8” executable which IEEEtran. better approach because it is “lightweight” and less likely to exhibit compatibility issues.sty file (just before installations will be able to meet these demands without prob.99c and prior) in way that increase the complexity of BIBTEX styles that attempt to mimic can result in the anomalous appearance of “%” symbols within it.2 when placed computation resources (especially memory) during execution just after where the url. BIBTEX will generate an error with a URL can still pose challenges as URLs may contain 1 However. the popular LATEX package url. long segments within which breaks are not possible (or at least e.sty users should be aware that many current BIBTEX styles may does not exhibit this problem. Resource Requirements Users should be aware that version 1. and (4) “standard” which is used for to them in LATEX. formatting an entry vanced features of IEEEtran. The nonstandard IEEEtran. The following code. These (e. command. Users who encounter BIBTEX resource \do\%{\Url@percent}\do\ˆˆM{\break}} limitations should upgrade their BIBTEX installation. 2 This TEX code can also be obtained from [4]. Nonstandard Extensions If the TEX system is used by others.sty to ignore “%” symbols that are immediately followed running on the MS Windows operating system. K. O. into ones with more complex or obscure details. Sin electronic. T. IEEEtran. erences.dat Journal articles.sty entries. the default will be used and a warning will be issued. underfull hbox warnings. IEEEtran. example of each of these common entry types before divulging so it cannot be done with impunity. The default value of min-crossrefs on uses the language field.myxrefbibs} each time LATEX is started. Therefore. Nevertheless. To accomplish this. and misc entry types. For MiKTEX users. users who employ cross-referenced entries are in language other than the default. 3) Expanded Use of the Howpublished Field: The standard A typical journal article entry looks like BIBTEX styles support the howpublished field for the booklet @article{IEEEexample:article_typical.bib) file(s) so that they image) and. Therefore. the default value of this stretch factor can be adjusted via a C. Adding hyphenation It may be helpful to the user to briefly illustrate a simple patterns does reduce the amount of memory available to TEX. Alternatively. manual. files. a need to explain in what form the given work was pro. this value is set for languages that alter the spelling of words based on how when BIBTEX is compiled and cannot be altered within . See section V for more details. }. month = nov. file and rebuild their LATEX format file3 . Users wishing to add hyphenation patterns will need IV. E XAMPLES OF THE T HREE M OST C OMMONLY U SED to activate the desired ones in their E NTRY T YPES <texmf>/tex/generic/config/language. it is recommended that the cross- ation pattern must be loaded within a “format file” (memory referenced entries be kept in separate (. the names given in the invoking BIBTEX: language field must follow Babel’s convention for the names bibtex -min-crossrefs=900 myfile of the hyphenation patterns. just after the title (or problem by allowing the interword space to stretch more than booktitle.bst extends this to also include author = "S. In fact.bst does not format entries that use cross references (via the crossref field) \providecommand\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfac tor{2. usual. See the Babel documentation for details [8]. a hyphen.sty to allow more possible break BIBTEX will automatically. entries that refer to them. journal = IEEE_J_EDL. which must be placed before the bibliography IEEE bibliographies do not normally contain references that begins: refer to other references. the command pages = "569-571" “initexmf --dump” will do the trick. when using cross-referenced package is not required to use this feature.cls as the former can value (greater than the number of bibliography entries) when interfere with the latter. and without warning. there is often title = "A Novel Ultrathin Elevated Channel Low-temperature Poly-{Si} {TFT}". as given.bib) database files: file. This feature is especially important most BIBTEX systems is two. E E by running “fmtutil --all” as root. see need to ensure that the cross-referenced entries are not added sections V-N and VI-B as they each contain a reference that to the bibliography. K. it does allow the entries using the crossref field to silently inherent any However. users must remember to set min-crossrefs to a large should not be loaded with IEEEtran. IEEEtran. However. In its publications. The rational for and P. if used) of the entry. For examples. If a requested hyphenation pattern is not available. with these entry types. . The additional information provided by howpublished volume = "20".” Because such additional entries are unwanted be used for the title and/or booktitle fields when these fields in IEEE style. referenced entry to the end of the bibliography if the number of 2) The Language Field: IEEEtran.5} any differently from entries that don’t.bst they are hyphenated.bst supports an optional references using the cross-reference is equal to or greater than language field which allows alternate hyphenation patterns to “min-crossrefs. A list of available patterns is displayed on the console \bibliography{IEEEabrv. Unfortunately. doing this is because. add a cross- points. BIBTEX does offer a way to control it on Unlike some other BIBTEX style files. 3 On teT X (UNIX) and fpT X systems this can be accomplished simply year = "1999". cannot be loaded when running a . Another way to handle problem advantage of this “parent/child” feature are cautioned that URLs is to configure url.mybibfile. Reference [1] illustrates this feature. standard and techreport. the use of the Babel the command line. IEEE deals with this is placed. Section VII discusses how users can control the amount of allowed stretch in entries with URLs. therefore.HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE 3 strongly discouraged). Use With Cross-referenced Entries LATEX command. conference papers and books account for the vast majority of references in most IEEE bibliographies. Because cross-referenced entries must always appear after any It is a TEX limitation that.bst automatically engages IEEE exploits this feature most often for electronic ref- a “super-stretch” feature for every entry that contains a URL. However. Zhu and J. Zhang and C. in normal font. Mok". duced. to be available for use. However. but it has application with any entry whose exact The interword spacing within entries that contain URLs is form would be unclear without additional information (unlike allowed to stretch up to four times normal without causing optional notes which tend to be more “by the way” in nature).tex can be loaded after the other (. these adjustment mechanisms are of limited use missing fields from their respective cross-referenced entries because reducing the stretch factor usually just results in in the standard BIBTEX manner. Babel. users who take underfull hbox warnings. title = "Introduction to Magnetic Materials". D. month = sep # "/" # oct. One of the unusual attributes is used only by the given database file (“IEEEexample” in the of IEEE bibliography references is that. feb.bib file will not contain the needed string definition. it is a good idea to provide all the authors’ names at the beginning of each of the subsections below. @article{IEEEexample:TBParticle. A bold rather than using “and others” to get “et al. the cations do not show the number. jul. volume.bst does not do this automatically as it may not be author = "M. the user can configure IEEEtran. Nowak and B. D. title. journal name at hand. the display of booktitle = "Proc. users are encouraged to use full names whenever they are known as IEEEtran. the month is entered as a standard BIBTEX three letter code4 so that the month format Supported fields: author. As mentioned previously. while a slanted font is used describes how IEEEtran. aug. braces are used to preserve the capitaliza- The reader is reminded that IEEEexample.” if the number of names exceeds a set limit. apr. The journal name is entered as a string that the actual BIBTEX entries that were used to make the references is defined in the IEEEabrv. Although a larger than normal space. Not only does this approach demonstrated here. year = "submitted for publication" nov and dec.” [10]. VII). number. Because number. Note also how IEEE uses small spaces title = "Pull-in Time Dynamics as a Measure to divide page (and other) numbers with five digits or more of Absolute Pressure". “#”: which is shown as reference [11]. Gupta and S. or additional months [14]. author = "R. mentary string definition file. S UPPORTED E NTRY T YPES styles that use full names will require them to be present). Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month = jan. }.bib file contains tion of acronyms.4 HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE which is shown as reference [9]. {ECOC}’99". Section VII font indicates a required field. Yu". Article submitted to the IEEE). @book{IEEEexample:book_typical. can automatically be controlled by the string (macro) month journal. language. oct. or enter the abbreviated journal A typical paper in a conference proceedings entry looks like name directly into the journal field. url. {IEEE} International Workshop on Microelectromechanical Systems the number field for articles can be controlled (see section ({MEMS}’97)". address = "Reading. two. the referenced journal was not published by the IEEE. . In like fashion. 4 For reference. sep. Japan". address = "Nagoya. It is generally a good idea to also provide the journal Another typical journal article is shown in [13]. Within the title. @misc{IEEEexample:TBPmisc. Section VII discusses how IEEEabrv. initials are used for the first names here. IEEE typically prepends “Proc. reduce the probability of spelling mistakes. See published IEEE bibliographies for examples of how to properly abbreviate the @inproceedings{IEEEexample:conf_typical. when formatting above entry) ensures that the entry key will remain unique even entries. year = "1997". year = "2002". and Serially Concatenated Codes". into groups of three. The fields that are recognized by each entry type are shown Likewise. inproceedings.bst will automatically abbreviate names as needed (but BIBTEX V. journal = IEEE_J_IT. they precede the publisher address with a period and if multiple database files are used simultaneously. (date information is optional) or they can be handled as an author = "B. year. jun. appropriate for every conference. There is no functional difference between the month = may. Senturia".bst can be configured to force the use to indicate fields that are extensions that may not be supported of “et al. Kahale and R. Hero and R. title = "Internet Tomography". note. IEEEtran. the user will either have to make his/her own supple- for articles. but many journal article references in IEEE publi. month field such as the day. year = "1972" title = "On the Minimum Distance of Parallel }. but it allows the user to instantly switch to full journal names by using the IEEEfull. month. article type with the pending status in the year field [16]: publisher = "Addison-Wesley".bst to ignore journal numbers So. K.” to the conference name (when forming the booktitle field): 1) Articles Pending Publication: Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note [15]: booktitle = "Proc. Urbanke". The conference entry type is also available as an alias for howpublished = IEEE_M_SP.bib definitions instead (not for use with work to be A. may.bib file. mar. author = "N. note = "to be published" Finally. Coates and A.bst file. pages. these are: jan. Using an entry key prefix that which is shown as reference [12]. Cullity". name definitions provided within every . MA". This pages = "290-294" is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator }. by the standard BIBTEX styles for the given entry type. a typical book entry looks like }. editor. Supported fields: author and/or editor.. distinctive sign is that. paper = "11. year. month. dard extension) which can override the word “in” in the Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not reference [32]: formally published. intype. chapter. publisher. but IEEEtran. For part number with the title. address.bst supports a paper field (a nonstandard exten- chapter and pages fields [24]. note. the days of the conference can be added to the abbreviation “ch. Note that the standard BIBTEX styles do not support book entries F.. IEEE places such information Supported fields: author. “101st”). series. Note that. pages. the type field can be used sion) for paper numbers [30]: to override the word chapter. IEEEtran. Perhaps a more correct approach editions over the tenth in references that are to be used in would be to put this information into the howpublished field IEEE style bibliographies. References of papers in conference proceedings are handled note. edition = "Second". volume. IEEE sometimes uses incollection somewhat like inproceed- The type field can be used to override the default paper type ings when the book in question is a composition of articles (“paper”) [31]: from various conferences [25]. other BIBTEX styles will probably not the “Arabic ordinal” form (e. do). Inproceedings/Conference Supported fields: author. A primary difference Supported fields: author and/or editor. The type field can be ably. Like book. distributed by some means.bst can automatically convert up to the tenth edition type [26]. month. note. support the howpublished field for manuals. address. organization. the volume number Section VII describes how these extensions can be disabled appears after the date. month. edition. pages. organization. number. For these howpublished. Booklet is rarely used in IEEE month. Books may have authors [12]. Sometimes it is necessary to reference such things.. used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the If desired. url. month via the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#” [28]: instead of chapters month = dec # " 5--9.HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE 5 B. D. sections. type = "sec. etc. address. information that pertains to the location of the information Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its referenced therein (pages. volume. number.g. the location and language. occasions. edition. month. Note that the cited example places the databook to the “Arabic ordinal” form (e. language. pages. between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was language. editors [17] or both [18]. url. information related to identifying which proceedings and type. “2nd”) that IEEE uses. url. address. number. year.". series. type.". unlike the display such information (while allowing the user to retain standard BIBTEX styles. Book articles — not like manuals and books. title. title. Incollection unlike the other entry types. number. IEEEtran. publisher. url.bst.bst supports the intype field (a nonstan- note. language. address. Manual with both author and editor fields. series. title. Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry IEEEtran. own title [22]. title. bibliographies. address. IEEEtran. The standard BIBTEX way of entering edition numbers is in howpublished . type. editor. chapter. Also. A book may also be part of a series and have a volume or number [19]. booktitle. capitalized ordinal word form: note. paper . Inbook booktitle. year. Supported fields: author. year. series. volume. . by the inproceedings or conference entry types. For such use. language. title. Booklet not be in the written proceedings record (speeches. To better support such use. etc.). title. edition. with incollection. IEEEtran. prior to the date. These two Inbook is used to reference a part of a book. G. volume. date of the conference may form the dividing point between publisher. month.bst formats titles of booklets like intype = "presented at the". note. organization. However. the differences between incollection and inproceedings are minor — one type = "postdeadline paper". publisher. it is best to enter edition fields in instead [27].g. year. year. From IEEE’s viewpoint. does not require a publisher field for such information in the database entries for those journals that incollection entries.bst does.”) when the book uses parts. C. language. etc. incollection supports the series [23]. url. such as a types are functionally identical and can be used interchange- chapter [20] or selected page(s) [21]. while with inproceedings it appears if desired for journals with bibliographies that tend not to before. the volume and number fields are also supported [29]. url.4". There are events that happen during conferences that may E. Although not common with conference proceedings.).3. Supported fields: author. edition. nationality .. url. Electronic (IEEEtran. (major theses) [35]. year. language. url. for the presence of the year and yearfiled files. if necessary. title. capitalized.bst will automatically detect and convert the latter form to “U. “patent application” or “patent request” [45]: howpublished .bst extension) O.bst extension) Supported fields: author. title. The optional In order to provide full support for both patents and patent type field can be used to override the default designation applications. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic italicized because the book that contains the written conference references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing record is no longer what is being referred to. Techreport description with other patent related descriptions such as Supported fields: author.” as is done by IEEE. type. [41]. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” K. year. url. month. IEEE typically just uses Otherwise. series. address. institution. note. Mastersthesis [43]. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. number. note. year. the proceedings entry type can be used month. organization. the booktitle field is no longer the title. language.” and “webpage” for compatibility with some existing BIBTEX database and style files. Like mastersthesis. There is a L. volume. N. type. One set “Tech. month. note. Also. the set pertaining to the date granted is used. but. assignee.6 HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE Note that when using intype. Phdthesis IEEEtran. title. the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to number.” J. filed. “online. url. [44] Supported fields: author.S. publisher. Rep. type = "Patent Request". address. title. monthfiled and yearfiled). language. url. The nationality should be Supported fields: author. organization or institution. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation Note that. Unpublished slight complication because IEEE displays only one date for Supported fields: author. note. note.S. note.S. the type field can be and proper values should be assigned to them (if known) for used to override the default designation. Patent (IEEEtran. month.D. monthfiled . year. url. number.” or “United States. thesis". language. language. note. number. address. howpublished . month. title. title.” “internet. Periodical (IEEEtran. school. . Supported fields: author. “electronic” should be used for all new work. language. day . It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceed. or Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the master- nationality = "Japanese". with the exception of the U. address. address. language.bst extension) electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes Supported fields: author. IEEEtran.bst. note. IEEEtran. title. Patents are supported by IEEEtran. address. they are provided. However. pertains to the date the patent was granted (day.S.bst looks year. Standard (IEEEtran. Proceedings The organization and address fields may also be used [42]. type. to do so.” [37].bst. dissertations used by IEEE or IEEEtran. IEEEtran. [38]. Supported fields: editor. school. title. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph. The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries I. all patent entries as other BIBTEX styles may use them. url. address. references of patents or patent applications. month. organization. month. revision. year. H. M.bst uses the set pertaining to the date “unpublished” for the required note field [39]. language. and separating fields with periods rather than commas. patent can be entered either as “U. series. year or yearfiled . IEEEtran. Supported fields: editor. Eng.bst extension) month. url. number. type. organization. title. language. volume. The nationality for a U. However. If the year The unpublished entry type is used for documents that field is present. howpublished. ings.bst provides the electronic entry type for internet The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines references [40]. the word for the is desired [34]: nationality of a patent is not usually the same as the word type = "M. nationality = "United States". dayfiled .bst also provides the aliases [46]. two sets of date fields are provided. month and year) the other pertains to the date the patent application was filed (dayfiled. IEEE formats P. month. have not been formally published. for the country that issued the patent. year. url. year. type. note. internet. Techreport is used for technical reports [36]. sthesis entry type [33]. ” while the optional revision field can be used to provide one could conclude that what is being cited is an article that a revision number [48]: appeared in a journal called “Blue Book. Now.) But. url. empty will not be altered. number. In order to access the IEEEtran. The howpublished field standards [59]. Private Communication changes that might be desirable in certain types of non-IEEE related work such as theses.. jj}". CTLnames_show_etal = "1".bib) files: the misc type [54]. the misc entry type. changes to some of the controls can result in a bibliography style that is no longer compliant to IEEE’s style. CTLmax_names_forced_etal = "10". The howpublished field is used for the Blue Book series and howpublished. CCSDS’s type = "Working Draft Proposed Standard". using the author field for organizations is not a good practice. can carry the issuing body. users must B. T HE IEEE TRAN BST C ONTROL E NTRY T YPE pages fields. Internet RFCs CTLdash_repeated_names = "yes". pages. Only the fields that need to be changed all possible. C. regulation number/description. language field as it is written in German.bst’s design. a user can make adjustments [52]. can be used to create references of standards [49]. U NUSUAL T YPES OF R EFERENCES the particular taste of the author (within the bounds of IEEE’s standards). from the appearance of this reference. the manual entry type. CTLuse_paper = "yes". number four of revision = "5. Laws and Regulations create an “IEEEtranBSTCTL” entry in one of their database Legal documents and laws are probably best handled by (. (Also. Supported fields: author. and (3) provide a limited means to implement A. year.bst provides a very special entry type that can be Possible applications include technical-report-like entries used to externally control some aspects of the bibliography that lack an institution [50]. which is what is being referenced. IEEEtran. CTLname_format_string = "{f. address. Upon even closer inspection. For the name of the issuing entity.” or the scope of IEEEtran. note. (2) tweak certain aspects of the produced bibliographies to better suit VI. IEEEtran. The howpub- lished field can contain the RFC number. The howpublished field can handle the @IEEEtranBSTCTL{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol. By altering these controls. CTLalt_stretch_factor = "4". address and VII. Alternatively. while the organization field CTLuse_article_number = "yes". note in this Alternatively.bst.” etc. Internet “Request For Comments” (RFC) documents are CTLname_latex_cmd = "" }. unlike the standard styles. Therefore. fall back on the misc (and thus IEEEtran. month. perhaps Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the best approach is to use the IEEEtran.bst controls. Blue Books are actually a series of books. might be even better [58]. Other References standards [47]. albeit with less portability (under other .2". it is a good idea to provide a URL field if at their default values. which provides an organization field Q. usually handled via the misc entry type [55].bst) do not display the address of the entry type. If that fails. Users are cautioned that “personal correspondence. The cited example also uses the CTLuse_forced_etal = "no". also supports the organization. Because of the online The above example shows all of the available control fields and nature of RFCs.” However. RFCs can be handled as electronic have to be listed in a control entry — fields that are missing or entry types. Misc and does not require an author. either When dealing with a reference that does not fit into any of the organization or institution fields can be used based on the categories of the previous examples. along with its howpub- reference how IEEE replaces author names that are identical lished field. the best strategy is to whatever the preference of the issuing entity may be. Consider [56] which appeared in The type field can be used to override the default description an IEEE journal. issuing organization/institution. in order to (1) compensate for minor variations in the typical bibliography styles of the various IEEE journals. to the previous reference with a long dash. The changes are activated by citing . [53]. “std. ticular reference actually is. it might be better to use the book entry type with a series field [57].HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE 7 The standard entry type is used for formally published D. language. title. one finds that Blue Book number four is actually a request for a standard! So. organization. Note that IEEEtran. white papers [51] and data sheets style.bst files).bst is not a universal Private communication entries can be created using the style — alterations beyond those described here are outside of misc type with a note indicating “private communication. but this information should be Sometimes the most difficult step is determining what a par- provided as other BIBTEX styles might.bst entry type for the other entry types are applicable. CTLuse_alt_spacing = "yes". can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). IEEE use the closest one that fits. So.˜}{vv˜}{ll}{. Because IEEE does not use a different another control entry that uses a different key name.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ display of paper and type fields for inproceedings entries. Available: http://www. it must be placed before CTLname_format_string: This is the BIBTEX name format any entries that it is to affect. Silvano Balemi and Richard H. using key field with a value that will result in the desired sort CTLname_latex_cmd = "\textsc" position.” \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{% \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}% CTLalt_stretch_factor: If alternate interword spacing for \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citat entries with URLs is enabled. Roy for their work number field for referenced articles. gin{document}.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/ tran. Feb. Turning off for his helpful suggestions on the implementation of the the display of the number fields for articles can also help to language field. a control entry can be manually given a entries. “yes” enables. [On- line].org/ CTLuse_forced_etal: Setting this to “yes” enables IEEE. and magazine names and abbreviations. Hoadley and M.8 HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE the control entry type (in the user’s .cls LATEX class names_forced_etal. [Online]. 2) operation is “one shot.ctan. Patashnik. (2002. force the use of “et al.” That is to say the same control will result in all of the author and editor names being rendered entry cannot be used again. CTLdash_repeated_names: Setting this to “no” turns off \bstctlcite is silent — it will not add any entry to.” 1) For the unsorted BIBTEX style. the default value \@esphack} \makeatother of 4 means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can stretch to four times normal. Also deserving recog- CTLuse_article_number: Setting this to “no” will turn off nition are Patrick W.) BIBTEXing. If this is each of the (formatted) author and editor names in all the not desired. that must use a single argument. almost always want to apply the changes to all the See [60] for more information. The default value R EFERENCES is “yes. [Online]. Shell. \bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol} CTLnames_show_etal: The number if names that are shown with a forced “et al. Oct. from which algorithms were borrowed.tex file) using a special usage is forced (if forced “et al. Shell. Oren This is useful for IEEE publications that tend not to show the Patashnik. as well as by the IEEEtrantools.bst to automatically truncate a list of author names and [4] D. Available: http://www. limitations on its use: so the default value is “yes.” bibtex/contrib/doc/ [5] N. Do not alter this control for bibliography entries. For example.html . it is possible to call in the small caps font. which is to process put them at the beginning of the references.” if the number of authors in an entry btxFAQ. The given value does not The source code of \bstctlcite can also be found in the have to be an integer. but the user wishes to on earlier versions of IEEE BIBTEX styles. Beebe.) BIBTEX tips and FAQ. May) TEX user group bibliography CTLmax_names_forced_etal: This value is the maximum archive.org/tex-archive/biblio/ exceeds a set limit.” [2] (2002) The IEEE website. BST Control Entry Fields for her help with obtaining the definitions for the IEEE journal Here is a brief description of each of the control entry fields. The default value is “yes.bbl) to contain the added LATEX code \def\bstctlcite#1{\@bsphack required by this feature. reference to be cited multiple times. a good location is just after \be work that is to be submitted to the IEEE. for producing the makebst package the display of the number field for articles. Users using CTLuse_alt_spacing: Setting this to “no” will shut off other class or package files will have to manually define the the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs. F. For the sorting style. (2002) IEEEtran homepage on CTAN. The default value is “no. There are two main useful for non-IEEE related work. Available: http://www. or the use of dashes for entries with names that are identical to affect the numbering of. Oren also kindly reviewed the beta release and give more consistent results if the database article entries are made many suggestions that improved the final version.ctan. May be any citation numbers in the main text. This font for names. the bibliography. supported/IEEEtran/ “yes” enables. (1988.txt.” CTLuse_paper: Likewise. this control should not be used for work that behavior is directly related to the way BIBTEX allows a is to be submitted to the IEEE.pdf.ieee. The default value is “yes.edu:8080/pub/tex/ number of names that can be present beyond which “et al. [Online]. this is the interword spacing ion{\@citeb}}\fi}% stretch factor that will be used. IEEE normally does this. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to thank Laura Hyslop of the IEEE A. specifies a LATEX com- will automatically be given a sort key value that will mand.ctan.” bib/index-table. [3] O. erratic in their inclusion of the number field. For example. yet still produces only one entry within the bibliography. Available: http://www. comments near the top of the IEEEtran. [Online].bst file. The default value is 1. btxdoc.math.utah. The default value cite command which is a modified version of \nocite: is 10.sty package [1]. Because the user will string that controls the format of the author and editor names. Howard Trickey. (2002. This command in the preamble of their document: feature may be of use to those who do not want the entries in \makeatletter the bibliography files (. Daly. “no” disables.” is enabled). H. and Javier Bezos include the number field in the database entries. Available: http://www. control entries CTLname_latex_cmd: If not empty. However.” Must be less than or equal to CTLmax_ This command is provided by the IEEEtran. nor will it place those of the previous entry (repeated names) [57]. setting this to “no” turns off the [1] M. The default is empty. [48] Fiber Channel Physical Interface (FC-PI). 1997.udel.” in posed Standard. Shtengel. 4. 10.” presented at the Proc. Aug. E. C. Jan.ctan. “Theory for transmission May 1997. 1994. Roberts. pp. “Congestion avoidance [10] F. 1998.. Kane. Rose. D. T. D. Jan. The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications d’un modulateur en quadrature et étage de modulation l’utilisant.ece.” RFC 2481.edu/˜qli Lett. K. [59] Telemetry Channel Coding. 1964. Reading. J. algorithm. S. Telemetry Channel Coding. Germany: Springer. Ramakrishnan and S. Ind. Zhu. dissertation. Jan. Stewart. Ott and N. Available: ftp://ftp. Cullity. IEEE International Workshop on Micro. Barry. Berlin. IEEE Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS).” in Proc. [20] H. King. Science. thesis. 1999. Design and Simulation. Towsley. “MATE: MPLS adaptive traffic engineering. p. Applicat. channel coding. Inform..sty 1992. MA. no.. J. (1999. K. Mok. Coates.” M.HOW TO USE THE IEEETRAN BIBTEX STYLE 9 [6] D.” in Codes. Gisin. Tang. “A novel approach to automatic protection switching using trees. A. Aug. ch. G.pdf resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR. Nagoya. P.. Bond. 1244–1245. Ed. (1990.” in Proc. to-RF converter. [Online]. [Online]. Introduction to Magnetic Materials. Oberson. Oberdiek. [Online]. MV 05.” in Proc. Switzerland. 1997. P. “A novel ultrathin networks. vol.. Towsley. “Internet tomography. E. S. G. Brazil. Shi. 1996. (1998) Cache array routing protocol v1. NY: Oxford Univ. K. Barrow. 1998. 28–29. Veiko. 1998. [42] D. Temes. Jacobson. and R. “Properties of the tailbiting BCJR de. and T. Ross. M. Mag. Rio de Janeiro. [45] F. M. http://www.S. J.” Univ. fiber with semiconductor based transmitter and demultiplexer. 1999. Flegal. May 1999. 1996. J. Mikkelsen. (2002.. J. ser.” in Proc. Nov. Jain. Available: http://www.” unpublished.) Designing BIBTEX styles.. P. (2001. Regulierungsbehörde für Telekommunikation und Post (Reg W. Rep. Widjaja and A.0-B-4. 1999. http://www. Feb. Available: [27] FLEXChip Signal Processor. Mathematics and Its Applications. “Measurement and [58] Telemetry Channel Coding. “High-resolution micromachined interferometric accelerome- http://www. Sin. [Online]. Braams. Mezzovico. 61. D.org/documents/pdf/CCSDS-101. Available: ftp: [14] Y. Eds.) The Babel package. [Online]. NY. “High-speed digital- Converters Theory. E. 1999. Sept. Available: http://www. V. Hideki. Germany: Springer-Verlag. C.ccsds. 1997.. [40] V. Gupta and S. Elect.” Electron. G. Médard. no. M. ser. Skoglund. Delorme et al. V. B. 16. NJ: Prentice-Hall. [Online]. Sturm. F. http://www.” IEEE draft-vinod-carp-v1-03. vol. Dec. IMA Volumes in Forum Contribution 94-0735R1. R. [Online]. B. Aggarwal.org/tex-archive/macros/ [34] A. Haifa. Furst. May 2000. “High CCSDS-101. Karnik. Available: http://www. Nel. Mar. 5–9. Fraboni. 1999. Univ.pdf. 3. D. CA. 569–571.2. btxhak. Hedelin. 29. pp.mail synchronous motor and induction motor type magnetic bearings. [52] “PDCA12-70 data sheet. 1992. G. Tepe. K. Dreyer. S. Anderson and K. [18] S. “Design of an improved pixel for a [55] K. P. 1992. Johnson.edu/end2end/end2end-interest-1990. Knagenhjelm. Japan. 31. 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