VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAVI - 590014, KARNATAKA, INDIA A Seminar report on “Hyperloop High Speed Transportation” Submitted by Mashooq S Jain Under the guidance of Mr. Lava K R (B.E, M.Tech) Assistant Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Jain Institute of Technology DAVANGERE-577 005 2016-2017 Department of Mechanical Engineering Jain Institute of Technology DAVANGERE-577 005 (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University) hyp Certificate This is to certify that the Project report entitled “Hyperloop High Speed Transportation” is an authentic record of the project work carriedout by Mr. Mashooq S Jain in partial full filament of the requirements for the award of Bachelor’s degree in the field of Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi under our guidance and supervision during the year 2016-2017 Guide ……………………….. Mr. Lava K R B.E, M.Tech Assistant Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering ……………………. Dr. Rajaneesh N Marigoudar Head of the Department Mechanical Engineering 1. Examiner 1 ……………………………………. 2. Examiner 2 ……………………………………. …………………… Dr. Manjunataha T S Principal &Director The concept of high-speed travel in tubes has been around for decades. meaning that passengers would traverse the 350-mile (560 km) route at an average speed of around 600 mph (970 km/h). which included a suggested route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area. The pods would accelerate to cruising speed gradually using a linear electric motor and glide above their track using passive magnetic levitation or air bearings. paralleling the Interstate 5 corridor for most of its length. using updated technologies. Engg. Preliminary cost estimates for the LA–SF suggested route were included in the white paper—US$6 billion for a passenger-only version. published on the SpaceX website. by Elon Musk after 2012. Jain Institute of Technology. with a top speed of 760 mph (1. quiet and autonomous. Preliminary analysis indicated that such a route might obtain an expected journey time of 35 minutes. as well as its function. incorporating reducedpressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on an air cushion driven by linear induction motors and air compressors. The outline of the original Hyperloop concept was made public by the release of a preliminary design document in August 2013.Hyperloop Abstract Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation that propels a podlike vehicle through a near-vacuum tube at more than airline speed. Davanagere Page| 7 . some analysts claimed that the Hyperloop would be several billion dollars overbudget due to construction. Dept of Mech. It is hoped that the system will be highly energy-efficient. but there has been a resurgence in interest in pneumatic tube transportation systems since the concept was reintroduced. The alpha version of the proposal. development and operation costs. describes claims of the design of the system. eliminating the dangers of grade crossings. The tubes could also go above ground on columns or underground. and US$7.5 billion for a somewhat larger-diameter version transporting passengers and vehicles —although transportation analysts had doubts that the system could be constructed on that budget.200 km/h). I sincerely thanks to Dr. Principal and Director. I wish to record my sincere gratitude to our guide. Last but not the least. Davanagere for his constant support and encouragement in preparation of this report and for making available library and laboratory facilities needed to prepare this report. I wish to thank my parents for financing my studies in this college as well as for constantly encouraging me to learn engineering. Dept of Mech. Project/Seminar Coordinator for being supported the work related to this seminar. I consider myself privileged to express gratitude and respect towards all those who guided us through the completion of this project. without whose constant guidance and encouragement would have made efforts go in vain. His contributions and technical support in preparing this report are greatly acknowledged. Davanagere Page| 7 . I wish to record my sincere gratitude to Management of this college and to my beloved Principal. Davanagere for his valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of this report. Manjunatha T S. Their personal sacrifice in providing this opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged. Rajaneesh N Marigoudar. The seminar on “Hyperloop High Speed Transportation” was very helpful to me in giving the necessary background information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the seminar. Jain Institute of Technology. Dr. Jain Institute of Technology. Lava K R. Davanagere for guiding me in investigations for this seminar and in carrying out experimental work. Jain Institute of Technology. Jain Institute of Technology. Mr. I sincerely thanks to Mr. Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Murulidhar. Department of Mechanical Engineering. Engg. Assistant Professor. First and foremost.Hyperloop Acknowledgement The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this seminar would be in complete without the mention of the people who made it possible. 3 Axial Compressor 6 Dept of Mech. Jain Institute of Technology. Engg.Hyperloop Place: Davanagere. Mashooq S Jain (4JD13ME061) CONTENTS Page no Certificate I Abstract II Acknowledgement III Contents IV List of figures and Tables V I Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 Main Parts of Hyperloop 2 2.2 Capsule 4-5 2.1 Low Pressure Tube 3 2. Davanagere Page| 7 . Jain Institute of Technology. Davanagere Page| 7 .3 Comparison of Energy per Passenger per Journey 11 3.4 Compressed Line Diagram 7 2. Engg.1 Advantages of Hyperloop 13 4. No Name Page No Dept of Mech.2 Route 10 3.1 Cost 9 3.5 Suspension 8 Chapter 3 Results and Discussion 3.2 Disadvantages of Hyperloop 13 Conclusion 14 Bibliography List of Figures Sl.Hyperloop 2.4 Can it be Self Powering 12 Chapter 4 4. g. Name Crew Capsule Weight Page No and Cost 9 Breakdown List of Table Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types:rail.. Engg.e. road and water). rail). 5. 2.g. road. 7. 10. 3. No 1. Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to Dept of Mech. air).Hyperloop 1. 8. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e. expensive (e. Davanagere Page| 7 . water. 6. 9.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 Hyperloop Main Parts of Hyperloop Low Pressure Tube Hyperloop Passenger Capsule Geometry of Capsule Axial Compressor Compressor Line Diagram Suspension Route of Mumbai-Bangalore-Chennai Comparison of Energy per Passenger per Journey Sl. Jain Institute of Technology. 4. and air.. or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i. similar to Linux. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air. Davanagere Page| 7 . Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube. Dept of Mech. featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. Engg. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained ineach capsule. or branches along the tube length. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the Hyperloop design and bring it from concept to reality Figure 1.Hyperloop change this paradigm by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Jain Institute of Technology. Hyperloop is also unique in that it is an open design concept. Hyperloop Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. Jain Institute of Technology.Hyperloop Chapter-2 Main Part of Hyperloop Low Pressure Tube Capsule Electromagnetic Launch System Axial Compressor Suspension Figure 2. Main Parts of Hyperloop Dept of Mech. Davanagere Page| 7 . Engg. Hyperloop 2.000 feet altitude). Jain Institute of Technology. Low Pressure Tube Dept of Mech. Engg. Figure 3.1 Low Pressure Tube The tube is made of steel. The pressure in the tube is 100pa (equivalent to flying above 150. Davanagere Page| 7 . Pylons are placed every 30 m to support the tube. Dept of Mech.Hyperloop 2. Engg. Davanagere Page| 7 and unloading of the . passenger plus vehicle version.2 CAPSULE Two versions of the Hyperloop capsules are being considered: passenger only version. a minimum of 28 passengers per capsule are required to meet 840 passengers per hour. it is possible to further increase the Hyperloop capacity by reducing the time between departures.The current baseline requires up to 40 capsules in activit y during rush hour. Hyperloop Passenger Capsule Assuming an average departure time of 2 minutes between capsules. 6 of which are at the terminals for loading passengers in approximately 5 minutes. Jain Institute of Technology. 35 m and maximum height is 1.10 m.100 kg includ i ng the luggagecompartments and door mechanism. Davanagere Page| 7 . Figure 5. the frontal area has been minimized for size while maintaining passenger comfort.Hyperloop Geometry In order to optimize the capsule speed and performance. Engg. Geometry of Capsule The maximum width is 1.4 m2 frontal area. The doors on each side will open in a gullwing (or possibly sliding) manner to allow easy access during loading and unloading.The overall structure weight is expected to be near 3. not including any propulsion or suspension components. this is equivalent to a 1. With rounded corners.130 kph) is around only 100 k with a drag force of only 320 N. or about the same force as the weight of one oversized checked bag at the airport. The luggage compartment will be at the front or rear of the capsule. Jain Institute of Technology. The aerodynamic power requirements at 700 mph (1. Dept of Mech. Some air is stored for passenger and air bearing. Davanagere Page| 7 . Dept of Mech. Figure 6. Axial Compressor One serves important feature two purposes. This of the system capsule allows is the onboard compressor. which the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube without choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube walls (resulting in a build-up of air mass in front of the capsule and increasing the drag) by compressing air that is bypassed through the capsule. Engg.3 Axial Compressor It avoids kantrowitz limit. It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight of the capsule througho ut the journey. Jain Institute of Technology. Air is compressed with a pressure ratio of 20:1.Hyperloop 2. An onboard water tank is used for cooling of the air. Tube air is compressed with a compression ratio of 20:1 via an axial compressor. Dept of Mech. Jain Institute of Technology. Davanagere Page| 7 for the . An onboard water tank is used for cooling of the air. 3. The stored air is eventually consumed by the air bearings to maintain distance between the capsule and tube walls. The air travels via a narrow tube near bottom of the capsule to the tail. Up to 60% of this air is bypassed: a.2 kg/s of air is cooled and compressed an additiona l 5. A nozzle at the tail expands the flow generating thrust to mitigate some of the small amounts of aerodynamic and bearing drag. b. Up to 0.2:1 passenger version with additional cooling afterward. 2. This air is stored in onboard composite overwrap pressure vessel. a. b. Engg.4 Compressor Line Diagram 1. 4.Hyperloop 2. Engg. Compressor Line Diagram Dept of Mech. Davanagere Page| 7 .Hyperloop Figure 7. Jain Institute of Technology. An alternative to these conventio na l options is an air bearing suspension. Jain Institute of Technology. Air bearings offer stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost by exploiting the ambient atmosphere in the tube Dept of Mech. Conventio na l wheel impracticalat high speed and axle systems become due frictional losses and dynamic instability. Engg. Suspension Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantia l technical challenge due to transonic cruising velocities.3 mm) Independent mechanical suspension are provide for smooth ride for passengers.Hyperloop 2. A viable technical solution is magnetic levitation. (0.5 to 1.5 Suspension Thrust air bearings offer stability and extremely low drag Compressor pressurized air and aerodynamic lift provide better lift to capsule. Figure 8. however the cost associated with material and construction is prohibitive. Davanagere Page | 8 . the total cost of capsules for the Hyperloop system should be no more than $54 mi Cost($) Weight(kg) Capsule Structure and Doors 245000 3100 Interior and Seats 255000 2500 Suspension and Air Bearing 200000 1000 Batteries. Engg.Hyperloop Chapter-3 Results and Discussion 3. Motor and Coolant 150000 2500 Air Compressor 275000 1800 Emergency Braking 50000 600 or General Assembly 100000 N/A ap Propulsion System 75000 700 pr Total/Capsule 1350000 12200 ox Total for Hyperloop 54000000 Vehicle Component lli on U S D im ate ly 1% of the total budget. Davanagere Page | 9 . Jain Institute of Technology.35 million USD including manufacturing and assembly cost. Dept of Mech.1 Cost The overall cost of the Hyperloop passenger capsule version (Table 1) is expected to be under $1. With 40 capsules required for the expected demand. Jain Institute of Technology. Engg. Crew Capsule Weight and Cost Breakdown Dept of Mech. Davanagere Page | 9 .Hyperloop Table 1. Passenger & for both Passenger and Cargo transport between Origin and Destination pairs. High-Impact Demonstration Projects: Initial phases should maximize opportunities Cargo Mobility: It should maximize the opportunities for low-infrastructure.16 according to IS Code. Route of Mumbai-Bangalore-Chennai Dept of Mech. Davanagere Page | 10 . Incremental Phase-wise Strategy : It should be introduced in phases with relevant opportunities for socio-economic impact/benefits in all phases. Favorable Trends in Economic Geography: It should link high-potential markets found in fast-growing urban agglomerations Minimal Seismic Activity : It should be in areas with low seismic activity – zone factor of less than 0. Jain Institute of Technology. Engg.2 Route The following rationale and philosophies were followed to arrive at the best corridor strategy to set-up the Hyperloop in India.Hyperloop 3. high-impact setup which triggers a nationwide demonstration ef Figure 9. and should not disrupt sanctioned Government transport plans. Existing Corridor Integration: It should integrate well with existing/sanctioned industrial/dedicated freight corridors. the Mumbai-Bangalore-Chennai corridor with future plans to include Delhi. Davanagere Page | 10 .Hyperloop Keeping the above in mind. Engg. Hyderabad and Pune is the most ideal choice Dept of Mech. Jain Institute of Technology. This will depend on the actual designs that are built . Dept of Mech.Hyperloop 3. the net emissions of the hyperloop are practically zero. Jain Institute of Technology. at the expected level of energy efficiency. Engg. If powered entirely by solar and wind power. it may still be more efficient and environmentally friendly than alternatives like high-speed rail or plane travel. Even if the hyperloop uses coal or natural-gas power. Davanagere Page | 11 . Comparison of Energy per Passenger per Journey We can find support for these figures if we agree that the hyperloop can be powered mostly or entirely by renewable energy.3 Comparison of Energy per Passenger per Journey Figure 10. Engg.Hyperloop Dept of Mech. Jain Institute of Technology. Davanagere Page | 11 . Building the energy storage element out of the same lithium ion cells available in the Tesla Model S is economical. Jain Institute of Technology. A battery array with enough power capability to provide the worst. allowing the solar array to provide only the average power needed to run the system. significantly more than the Hyperloop requires.4 Can it really be Self-powering? The Hyperloop as a whole is projected to consume an average of 21 MW. Davanagere Page | 12 . A solar array covering the entire Hyperloop is large enough to provide an annual average of 76. Engg. the battery could be directly connected to the HVDC bus.case smoothing power has a lot of energy – launching 1 capsule only uses 0. eliminating the need for an additional DC/DC converter to connect it to the propulsion system.000 hp (57 MW). Battery array at each accelerator.Hyperloop 3. Dept of Mech.5% of the total energy – so degradation due to cycling is not an issue. With proper construction and controls. 2 Disadvantages Tube pressurization. Turning will be critical (with large radius).Hyperloop Chapter-4 Advantages and Disadvantages 4. Engg. Resistant to Earthquakes. Insufficient movable space for passenger Dept of Mech.1 Advantages Faster Lower cost. 4. Davanagere Page | 13 . Jain Institute of Technology. Immune to weather. Pollution free. Safer Sustainably self-powering. Rail travel is relatively energy efficient and offers the most environmentally friendly option. Davanagere Page | 14 . water. An additional passenger plus transport version of the Hyperloop has been created that is only 25% higher in cost than the passenger only version. but is too slow and expensive to be massively adopted. Dept of Mech. vehicles. As the environmental dangers of energy consumption continue to worsen. and environmentally harmful. mass transit. air. etc. Jain Institute of Technology. given carbon emissions and the fluctuating price of oil. It is a new concept so there is some future work will be required for development of this project.Hyperloop Conclusion As it has number of advantages it will very help full for transport public as well as goods in a very short period of time (at a top speed of 1220 kmph) and also in lower cost. Road travel is particularly problematic. The passenger plus vehicle version of the Hyperloop is less than 11% of the cost of the proposed passenger only high speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco. and rail) tend to be some mix of expensive. Conventional means of transportation (road. This version would be capable of transporting passengers. Engg. Additional technological developments and further optimization could likely reduce this price. freight. slow.