7th HUON SEMINARACHIEVING VISION 2050 THROUGH HIGHER EDUCATION, RESEARCH, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY November 13th to 14th 2013, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea HS7-2013-045 An evaluation of the Lae city road network improvement project: Development of the Lae port and construction of four lane roads Murray Matarab Konzang PNG University of Technology LAE, Papua New Guinea Email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT: Lae Port Development Project, Four Lane Highway and other development in the extraction industry which have direct road link to Lae City are predicted to have significant impact on its road network system. This paper evaluates Lae roads improvement program with forecast on planning, economic and the installation of bypasses to ease congestion, effective and convenient transport service for bulk goods and reduce travel time. Land-use transportation study and plans for local area traffic management scheme will be considered. City roads are faced with increased number of traffic and some inadequate road pavement width, poor transport plans, and facilities to meet this transportation demand. Lae also has drainage system which might not hold a 100 year flood. Proper evaluation, plan, design and intersection analysis is needed to evaluate road network system thus recommend improvement and estimate future growth. Repetitive and cyclic loading by heavy commercial vehicles with different axle configurations apply on the flexible pavement which weakens and tear the pavement surface thus small cracks occur. Rain water seeps through and overtime it creates potholes. Effective planning starts from experimental research and appropriate design standards to enable firm embankment, proper drains and quality pavement material. This paper will address traffic problems as well as road pavement, capacities of intersections, and pedestrian flow during peak hours. The outcome of this research will be to identify heavily trafficked road sections and recommend treatments to reduce traffic congestions, road classification, and proposal for bypass routes and improvement. First part of this study will describe transport or traffic related problems within the city. Second part would be to identify challenges imposed by traffic and road related problems and thirdly to recommend solutions after the analyzing traffic data that will indicate current capacities of road intersections and finally recommended treatment for improvement and future growth. Key words: Lae, road network, vehicle traffic, planning INTRODUCTION This is a base case analysis of Lae City Road affected by the Development of Lae Port and 4 lane roads. Consideration of the impact of major development happening now and the forecast for future development is also evaluated to give comprehensive findings for the decision makers to consider in formulating the Transport Strategy or Master Plan for Lae City. There are many problems facing free flow of traffic and pedestrian safety on the road. This study will also try to conduct relevant traffic surveys and analyze data to assist in the planning for future growth of the city. Background information of the study is very limited. Upon the invitation of the Secretariat of the Huon Seminar, initial findings, analyses and recommendations are presented for benefit of discussion and further elaboration of this important research needed for future development of Lae City and the country Papua New Guinea as a whole. 55 accident exposure. First part of this paper will describe transport or traffic related problems within the city.0 below. it would analysis traffic data to determine the current capacities on the road intersections and finally recommended treatment for improvement and future growth. During survey. In relation to strategic planning. Figure 1. Milford Haven Road from Aircorps Road to Snack Bar/Shack. Street lighting and Off-street and on-street parking space and controls. Service vehicle provision. The main causes of traffic congestion. because of high levels of pedestrian activity in conflict with road traffic: Top Town streets in general. and driver/pedestrian uncertainty. channelization and lane marking. Thirdly. ill controlled pedestrian movements. Aircorps Road in the vicinity of main market. important questions and the hypotheses. Markham Road and Milford Haven Road. the initial objective for this research were as follows: To identify the impact that Lae Port Development Project and Four Lane Road will have on the existing road network within Lae City. Traffic signals at intersections. inadequate traffic education or enforcement. signals. The following measures were considered: Improvement of intersections which includes widening. Mid-block traffic speed controls. Pedestrian treatments including footpaths. Second part will describe the method of traffic survey and data collections relevant for road capacity analysis. the ‘long term land-use/transportation strategy report’ described the long term growth forecasts for land-use and transport in Lae and also derives a series of conclusions about the preferred directions that should be taken in planning the future land-use and transport infrastructure. The paper identified three types of traffic problems – traffic congestion. Markham Road near ANGAU Memorial Hospital. some level of existing traffic problems were observed at the following intersections: Aircorps Road and Milford Haven Road. Markham Road and Highlands Highway from Milford Haven Road to Two Mile. OBJECTIVE Based on the literature review. Bumbu Road from Milford Haven Road to Independence Drive. badly located car parking.0 Location of the study area showing boundaries of Lae City The road improvement programme encompasses improvement of road links by widening to sustain the traffic loads expected to use them. Road signs and marking. It was noted that in Lae traffic problems occurs mainly at intersections and near the main PMV stops. inadequate street lighting or signs or through a variety of other causes. In addition following mid-block locations are known to have potential safety problems. refuges and crossings. through PMV operations. accident exposure and uncertainty is through insufficient road-space.Location of the study area is shown is shown in Figure 1. To describe the current traffic problems and land-use transportation setup for Lae City and instigate discussion on improvement after evaluating options through cost-benefit-analysis and four step modeling and to 56 . Highlands Highway and Boundary Road. Traffic management package for Lae is formulated after considering a variety of improvement measures. Streets in the vicinity of Eriku. Freight transportation and ware-housing account for 10% of employment in Lae. As stated in the Asian Development Bank’s Project Data Sheet. The overall project has relocated and improved a social livelihood of about 3. They carry traffic between the different district of the town and to other towns. LAE ROAD NETWORK Arterial Routes in Lae City – these form the primary road network of the city and link all the major residential. Busu Road. the cargo through Lae port is estimated to reach 3. Lae city has a strong concentration of industrial activity. and a Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction grant is now financing the livelihood and social improvement program. In 2011. The tidal basin and berth are designed to accommodate vessels with an overall length of 200 m.5 Billion Kina worth of goods move through Lae Port everyday on the north-west arterial road links. Identification of proposed bypass or flyover is needed now for planning purposes and budgeted for future construction. If manufacturing is added. PNG Ports Corporation Limited (PPCL) is increasing the operational efficiency of Lae port. a larger and more efficient Lae port will ease a nationally significant infrastructure bottleneck that is impeding economic growth. Huon Road. the combined sector accounts for 30% of employment. public transport. However. commercial and other areas of the town. commercial and other activities in Lae. Sandpiper Road. beam of 32. Boundary Road. how these goods that are delivered by sea transport are will be transported if no proper land/road transport infrastructure is in place. maintenance and technical assistance to Lae City roads that need urgent attention and planning for a better future. Lae represents the first largest concentration of industrial square footage in PNG. Markham Road. the need for additional berth space is now critical. The main arterial roads are.3 million revenue tons. Jawani Street. and fully laden draft of 12 m. Voco Point Road. Thus. The government has financed and completed the relocation. Highlands Highway. Local Access Route – these carry traffic terminating in each of the town zones and provide access to the buildings and activities and permit servicing of developments and property.establish and provide a plan and forecast for future expansion of road network system in Lae City. There are many problems with the traffic management. it is important for goods movement in Lae and the need for private and public sector to work together to address freight challenges and opportunities. industrial. Some of the collector roads around main market and wharf area include. It is PNG’s busiest and most important port. Mangola Road. including hydrocarbon and mineral resources. It is a gateway linking world markets with PNG and a large hinterland containing 40% of PNG's population and half of PNG's economic capacity. Butibam Road. Milford Haven Road. which will help cope with the existing cargo traffic.2 m. Lae port's cargo throughput has increased by 7. and the longest one is Independence Drive which connects The PNG University of Technology. industrial. HYPOTHESES The paper will focus on justifying the following hypotheses: Existing road network for Lae City cannot cater for increase number of vehicle traffic especially during peak hours after the development of new Lae Port and construction of Four Lane Road. Collector/Distributor Routes – these distribute traffic within the major residential. Malaita Street. Seven Street.8% annually since 2006. stretching the port to the limit of its capacity. Bumbu Road.200 people living on the project site. However. For the development need of Papua New Guinea it was noted that a plan for future road network plan and improvement is a must thought for city planners due to the development of new Lae Port. 57 . The construction and procurement of these works is at an advanced stage. RATIONAL AND LINK TO PNG DEVELOPMENT GOAL About 3. Morobe Avenue. and Aircorps Road. The overall project (Lae Port) is a high priority of the Government of PNG. The other surveys included timing of vehicles occupying car parking space at selected parking facilities suburban centers like Eriku and administrative center at Top Town.000. bicycles and plant. business houses. Market distribution will improve with improved access. Refer to tables 1. there will be growth in customer numbers and sales at shops in Lae. and road improvement and proper land-use transportation planning can reduce the risk of theft and carjacking. global pollution) are considered. Lae Chamber of Commerce. Bumbu Road extension and a proposed flyover pass from Highlands Highway to connect Top Town. There is considerable advance in collection data using machines.000 people of one form or another. The process was applied for traffic data collection because manual counting was done at various intersections. The main concern is the composition of traffic stream. TRAFFIC SURVEYS Traffic data for major intersections were collected during evening peak hours. changing environment. Following vital information were collected and is listed below: The population of Lae District city is said to be around 200.0 for the sample data collection.000 while that of surrounding Nawaeb District and Huon Gulf District were Lae is located. Travel times will be reduced on the proposed Boundary Road bypass. Fixed trip matrices are largely used in various urban highway models despite the significant role of public transport in many cities. hospital. Data were used evaluate average hourly traffic volume and to classify the type of vehicles traversing these intersections. for example. is around 30. Alternative model formulations and perhaps modelling paradigms may be required for future applications. transport strategies and improvements in technology would combine to determine the type.g. PMV operators and Lae Urban Local Level Government. telecommunications). manual methods are usually required. CLASSIFIED COUNT It is difficult to collect comprehensive classification data however in urban areas. capability and use of urban travel demand models. Law and Order problems and worsening security has become a serious issue in the city in recent years. Origin Destination and Household Survey. During the classification studies the survey had tried to identify the particular characteristics of a given vehicle and assigning it to some specific subclass of vehicle types. This survey is concern with disaggregation of traffic data sets into subsets of different types of vehicles. The common surveys conducted are as follows: Classified Count Survey. school.TRANSPORT MODEL The present state of Lae network illustrates the present weakness of urban strategic models. with possible interest in other vehicle and road user groups. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES For socio-economic changes that will most likely to be affected by this research interviews were conducted with various key persons which included administrative. Urban issues. Main market will continue to be operating with maximum capacity and there will be shortages of spaces for villages nearby or highlands growers to sell their garden produce. especially when the impacts of new technologies (e. Pedestrian Count Survey. A new larger market place must be built to solve this over crowdedness. Car Parking Survey and Site Survey. in the nature of work and employment) or environmental impacts (e. Taraka Industrial Area and Malahang Industrial Area with adequate road width expansion along major arterial roads. in terms of flow of cars and trucks. societal evolution (e. thus the research project will have an impact on some 230.g. such as motor cycles. Proposed road improvement will attract customers to administrative offices and commercial centres to do business. The data was used for: traffic 58 .g. Ta xis Smal Com m Med Com m Singl e Unit 3 Axle Singl e Unit 4 Axle 57 Semi Trail er 3 Axle 45 Semi Trail er 4 Axle 48 Semi Trail er 6 Axle 68 West 180 120 128 107 East 174 108 133 North 75 137 South 143 120 85 838 81 13 56 39 59 93 756 63 20 19 75 105 494 132 88 93 44 57 788 51 60 PM Vs Total Flow Hourl y 572 485 456 296 182 152 147 246 340 Total 2. and to use marked traffic lanes-without encroaching into the paths of other vehicles or demolishing road side furniture. Highlands Highway and Boundary Road Intersection. Aircorps Road and Milford Haven Road Intersection. estimation of travel and operating costs for different vehicle classes are essential. Other intersection surveys were done in a similar manner and circulation flows as shown in the flow diagram were also calculated. Mangola Street and Aircorps Road Intersection. It is one of the busiest intersections during the work days especially from Mondays to Fridays because most of the factories and wholesalers are located around this area. Government Pay Day. The ability of Lae City roads to cope with the demands imposed on it depends to a large degree on the dimensions and performance characteristics of vehicles using it.capacity and operations analysis including conversion of axle detection counts to vehicle counts. Huon Road and Bumbu Road Intersection . North is referred to as Top Town Approach. Evening peak hour: 4:00pm to 5:00pm. Table 1. Milford Haven Road and Markham Road Intersection. Intersection design and channelization is largely defined in terms of the ability of a designed vehicle to negotiate curves and corners. Day & Time: Friday.876 Total number of vehicles per hour: North = 494 vph. Classified counts were conducted at following intersections. parking system design. Mangola Street and Aircorps Road Roundabout. Table 1. 59 . The first two items are the most immediate concern for this study.0 shows the sample hourly circulation flow on one of the busiest intersections in Lae. East = 756 vph. The design vehicle is the one having a swept path envelope of at least 85% of the population of that type of vehicle. economic studies and safety studies. West = 838 vph. For economic studies. SAMPLE DATA: MANGOLA STREET / AIRCORPS ROAD INTERSECTION This intersection circulates vehicles entering and exiting the Main Market Industrial area and Lae Port.0 Classified Count at Mangola Street and Aircorps Road Junction Directi on Sedan.0 and Figure 2. South = 788 vph. Out of 100 household interviewed 70% own vehicles for work purpose specifically given to the head of household as per his or her work contract and another 10% as privately owned. The method of survey conducted was by tallying pedestrians crossing at established crossings as well as nonestablished crossings especially at intersections which posed greater risk and was prone to vehicle/pedestrian accidents. showed that almost all household do own a registered and road worthy vehicle. Crossing at Milford Haven between Department of Works and Western Star. Mangola Street crossing near BOC Gas Depot. Most of the head of household work in the service and manufacturing industries. 60 . ORIGIN DESTINATION AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Nowadays an average vehicle per household surveyed for One Mile area which covers residents along Boundary Road. Crossing at Airrcorps Road near Main Market and Mangola Street near the Hockey Field. Most trips are generated from heavily populated residential zone and industrial areas. Further detailed surveys will be conducted at following locations: Crossing at Milford haven Road next to Snack Bar/Mobile Service Sataion and Interoil Service Station.200 180 160 140 120 West 100 East 80 60 North 40 South 20 0 Taxi Small Med Single Comm Comm Unit 3 axles Single Semi Semi Semi PMVs Unit 4 Trailer 3 Trailer 4 Trailer 6 axles axles axles axles PEDESTRIAN COUNT SURVEY Pedestrian count surveys were conducted at two locations namely Top Town and Eriku to ascertain the current problems faced by pedestrians when unitizing road facilities. No further modification was considered after this. number of parking spaces. Future improvement on intersections will need geometry survey to provide data for analysis and base drawings for preliminary design of improvement measures. Milford Haven and Aircorps Roads. Roundabout would require less maintenance and contain traffic speeds. These intersections would require roundabout control to operate satisfactorily. For the purpose of future planning. This is because roundabout usually operates will fewer delays to traffic especially during off-peak hours or period. Additional approach lanes with existing control. Key intersections’ operations were forecast for 2015 to 2025. Huon Road and Bumbu Roads. Markham and Milford Haven Roads. From the analysis and findings it was illustrated that. Firstly. Alternate solution like traffic signals was also considered for the forecast congestions problems in Lae. However. an inventory of the parking facilities was conducted. three lane roundabout. Following scenarios were tested: Existing geometry and control devices. Sandpiper Roads and Ibis Street. Independence Drive. till an arrangement was found to provide satisfactory operations. Initial analysis assumed that number of lanes and intersection control was same as at present. A satisfactory operation at intersections occurs when the delay time is less than 15 seconds. Butibam. type of parking. PEDESTRIAN MEASURES The most vulnerable road users are the pedestrians and cyclist and the former represent most of the movement in Lae. parking restrictions and parking fees if any. For the initial intersection analysis it was better to test the least expensive form of improvement first using the following procedures. this forecast duration or timing is appropriate. During peak hours Eriku also contribute to this dilemma. preferably non-signalized solutions were found. The projected 2025 turning movement was analyzed for each of the following scenarios in turn.CAR PARK SURVEY Lae City is facing a shortage of car parks especially within Top Town area and Market area. It was indicated in the 1991 Lae Household Interview Survey that fifty 61 . These data forms the basis of the design process for car parking systems. In terms of appropriate timing for improvements. Then the following information was collected. the following intersections are predicted to experience congestions beyond 2015 but before 2025: Milford Haven and Malaita Roads. delays and queue lengths during the study. Butibam Road and Airways Avenue. ANALYSIS OF INTERSECTIONS Detailed analyses of most intersections were carried using Executive Traffic Count to determine stops. Traffic signals. For situations where this threshold was exceeded. Revealed demand and latent demand for parking were considered. latent demand data was required. Milford Haven and Bumbu Roads. Bumbu and Butibam Roads. On-street parking for Top Town was conducted at streets excluding residential areas but was concentrated only at the Central Business District (CBD). The type of data collected was: spatial distribution and parking demand. Most were revealed demand which means the observed used of the facility. Also. method operation of off-street facilities. Parking survey was conducted at an interval of 5 minutes by recording the registration numbers of the vehicle occupying the allocated parking space. widening of approach to three lanes and introduction of roundabout control should be implemented. Butibam and Voco Point Roads. Butibam and Busu Roads. the operations of the following intersection would be unsatisfactory by year 2015: Highlands Highway and Boundary Road. Latent was revealed when supply exceeds demand. without additional intersection control or widening. total number of parking over study period and parking durations. A simple parking survey method was used to conduct parking survey for on-street parking at Top Town streets and various car park facilities for established supermarkets at Eriku. The problem will escalate in the future if proper planning is not done now for the forecasted years ahead. two lane roundabout. Provide footpaths. Following measures should be taken to reduce pedestrian accidents: Speed controls. It is now important to at least develop a parking strategy programme as follows: goals and policies relating to parking should be set. Overhead bridges and tunnel underpasses. Level of safety can be improved for pedestrians in the area and upgrade or seal the Boundary Road Bypass. There is land available to achieve this but the problem now is the 62 . The following problems were observed: pedestrians conflicting with circulating vehicles. PMV operations also need to be very careful especially during wet weather. Lae will expect an increase in growth therefore it is important to be properly set for growth and so a comprehensive parking strategy should be formulated. Most pedestrian/vehicle accidents occur to children and elderly people.parks. This has reduced traffic flow and the level of safety. Markham and Milford Haven Roads intersection may need to extent length of the approaches or upgrade to a four lane approach. These wide intersections do not have direct path for the vehicles. Medians and kerb protuberance should be provided to reduce the crossing task and provide pedestrian refuse area. Inappropriate road design has contributed to these problems. signs and other parking facilities and enforcement and administrative backup for plans for parking control. The need for parking spaces onstreet and off-street has become apparent. Town Top area is no exception when it comes to problems with parking. As a result the following vehicles tend to perform dangerous maneuvers to pass the stopped PMVs and passengers mixed with the traffic. This places them in some dangerous situation and reduces vehicle speed and capacity of the roads or streets. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations drawn from the analysis of intersections recommends for the first five years as summarized below. land-use should be properly maintained. Provide safety zones at PMV bus bays and schools. Current angle parking shields the sight distance of the driver from pedestrians crossing the road and wide intersections requires pedestrians to cross wide roads. parking demand and parking restrictions. pedestrian conflicting with parking and un-parking vehicles. parking lines. A number of adverse effects can arise from lack of pedestrian facilities. It is necessary to provide additional approach lanes on two Milford Haven approaches and Aircorps Road approaches. This will cater for an increased in the number of turning vehicles expected after the completion of Lae Port Development Project and the Four Lane Road. It was observed that PMV s usually stops on the pavement or traffic lanes to load and unload passengers. parking supply. About 500 hours per year in motion is spent by a typical vehicle and some 8. Top Town’s transport plan should require a detailed planning which will be discussed later. Highlands Highway and Boundary Road – replace the channelization and with three lane approach. Three to four lane roundabout should have been provided for Markham Road and Bumbu Road intersection and provide sufficient opportunity for minor traffic movements. It will also slow the speed of vehicle on Highlands Highway. The intersection at Milford Haven and Aircorps Roads does not have the capacity to handle increased volumes. CAR PARK STRATEGY Parking facilities are essential part of the road traffic system. set up a programme to maintain off-street public car. comprehensive land-use development control plan with areas set aside for existing and future off-street parking. Clearly marked pedestrian crossing. Fences should be provided to channel pedestrians to marked crossings. in context of overall transport plan. Parking near crossings should be prohibited to provide adequate sight distances.000 hours per year at rest. Pedestrians tend to walk on road shoulder very close to the pavement. Top Town area is worst when it comes to typical pedestrian problems associated with busy activity centers.percent (50%) of the trips were walk trips although only less than one percent (1%) were bicycle. traffic congestions and crossing needs of the pedestrians. zoning ordinances and building codes that include specific requirements for the quantity and design of off-street parking and loading bays.000 to 9. Other recommendations are as follows.000.160. Traffic on the road and the flow experienced at existing intersections will exceed its current capacities.275.125.375.00 Traffic Management Projects: Intersection improvement.00 K 35. Top Town intersections should be clearly marked with appropriate line markings and signs to warn pedestrians of the dangers of possible accidents. Treatment of PMVs from Top Down will need to address this matter.000.000.00 K 9. A flyover pass from Highlands Highway should link Top Town. This would mean increased use of heavy commercial vehicles on the road. a road bypass from new Lae Port should also link the Highlands Highway for use by heavy goods vehicles and Separate loading area for each PMV route and load one bus at a time depending on arrival. 000.000. Drivers should be provided with layover area and some form of amenities.00 K 21. Street lights should be erected at Bumbu Roads to Independence Drive. This could be an income generating opportunity for Lae City Council.00 Public Transport Projects K 550. Traffic management measures should be implemented at Top Town without compromising the ability of vehicles to circulate on all links and intersections.000.00 K 2.south east corner where the PNG Power generation station is located.00 Technical Assistance K 3. Proceed from the tolls can be diverted to wages as well as beautification projects and maintenance.00 K 18.000.00 Maintenance Projects K 7. PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES PROJECT TYPE 1992/97 1997/2013 K 4.000. The impact these projects would have on the existing road system would be significant. Shelter should be provided for waiting passengers. road sign. 650.000. 020. pedestrian treatments.000. Independence Drive to Taraka should have a lightning standard and from Taraka to Bumayong a full continuous standard along the road.00 Total K 25. Relocate central market to old airport site and construct a well setout bus terminal near the site. In order to accommodate this growth a proper planning of the network and improvement on the existing transport facilities should be drawn up as soon as possible.000. This can ease congestion and reduce travel time as well.000. markings and street lighting Road Projects Improvement CONCLUSION Lae City has undergone increased infrastructural development which was mainly influence by operation of mine sites as well as establishments of major mackerel and tuna manufacturing plants and recently the construction of new Lae Port (Tidal Basin Phase 1). 665.750. Kerbs outstands should be provided on intersection approach at Top Town so that pedestrians are not exposed to traffic conflicts because of the reduced distance the pedestrians have to cross. This exercise should forecast on a ten to twenty year estimates 63 .00 K 125.000.00 K 48. Installation of a street lighting system along the length of the city roads is required. A pay parking scheme should be introduced at a central location in Top Town CBD area to discourage vehicles parking for a long time.000.000. 64 . Mr. 2011. 2011. pp 59-69.. [6] Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan. Modeling the landuse correlates of vehicle-trip lengths for assessing the transportation impacts of land developments. and Willumsen. Lae (Volume 2). Arash Mirhoseini. Volume 4. Lawrence Fabian and Eddo Coiacetto. M. [4] R. Praveen Pandey. A proposed bypass like Boundary Road Bypass should be fully utilized to relieve stress on pavement especially at major shopping and recreational centers like Top Town and Eriku where an increased number of pedestrians flow are experienced. Department of Transport. Professor Yaip Telue. 2008. Papua New Guinea. L. 1991. USA. Nairn and Partners Pty Ltd. Transport Studies Unit. [3] McNaly. The Journal of Transport and Land-Use (JTLU). ‘Lae/Madang/Rabaul Urban Transport Study.. supported by Colquhoun Transport Planning and Cardno Davies (PNG) Pty Ltd. Oxford University. John Wiley & Sons Publishers. 2013. Atkins. CA. Michael G. Kobal (A/HOD. Levis Levongo and Miriam Konzang. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Author would like to acknowledge the following people who have made it possible and gave advice and feedbacks in order to present his paper. Irwine. University of California. REFERENCES [1] Goodwin P. Betasolo. [5] Ortuzar. Project Identification and Appraisal Report. 2013. Russell Provost. pp 5975. 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The PNG Government and the Provincial Administration together with Lae Urban City Council should now seriously consider the establishment of specialized project managers which must comprises of experienced engineers and administrators to monitor the road improvement projects in Lae City. 2.which should be viable and cost effective for an immediate action and implementation as well as allowance should be made for further expansions and road bypass in the future. Hilda Tona. [2] Iravani Hamid. UK. ‘Challenges to Urban Transport Sustainability and Smart Transport in a Tourist City: The Gold Coast. Defining land use intensity based on roadway level-of-service targets. The Huon Seminar Secretariat. 7th HS Sponsors – PNG Ports and PNG Power including other minor sponsors. de D. No. The Journal of Transport and Land-use(JTLU). [7] Tan Yigitcanlar. Dr.. They are namely: PNGUT Senior Executive Management.