Ilari Таганрог Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии Страна Субъект федерации Координаты Мэр Основан Город с Площадь Население Плотность Этнохороним Часовой пояс Телефонный код Почтовый индекс Автомобильный код Код ОКАТО Официальный сайт Таганрог на Викискладе Таганро́г — город в Ростовской области, порт на берегу Азовского моря (в Таганрогском заливе, в 70 км от Ростова-на-Дону). Климатический приморский курорт (окрестности Таганрога). В 1937—1962 годах Таганрог был административным центром Таганрогского района. Входит в список исторических городов России. Население — 256,6 тыс. человек (2012), агломерация — более 325 000 чел. Внутреннее деление: 5 территориальных управлений (округов): Центральное, Приморское, Промышленное, Западное, Северное. 3 ноября 2011 года городу присвоено почётное звание «Город воинской славы»[3]. География Таганрог расположен на юго-восточной части Миусского полуострова, вдающегося в Таганрогский залив Азовского моря, старая часть города расположена на мысе Таганий Рог (Таганий рог — мыс с маяком). Географические координаты: 47°14' северной широты и 38°54' восточной долготы. Город расположен на равнинной, волнообразной Россия Ростовская область Координаты: 47°14′00″ с. ш. 38°54′00″ в. д. (G) (O) (Я) Показать географическую карту 47°14′00″ с. ш. 38°54′00″ в. д. (G) (O) (Я) В. А. Прасолов[1] 1698 1775 80 км² ▼ 256,6 тыс.чел.[2] человек (2012) 3620 чел./км² таганро́жец, таганро́женка, таганро́жцы UTC+4 +7 8634 347900-347960 61, 161 60 437 http://www.tagancity.ru местности, возвышаясь над уровнем моря на высоту примерно до 50 м. В черте города протекают два ручья: в районе рощи Дубки по балке Большая Черепаха и по балке Малая Черепаха. Климат Таганрог — южный приморский город, находится на юго-западе Ростовской области. Климат относительно сухой, умеренно-континентальный с избытком тепла и относительным недостатком влаги, смягчается морскими бризами. Среднегодовая температура — +10,6 °C. Максимальные температуры июля — до +35−40 °(иногда до 43)C (в тени), абсолютный минимум января — до −30 °C,в основном минимальные температуры до −10 °C. Характерны сильные ветры, сопровождаемые иногда нагонной волной, приводящей к подмыванию берега и оползням. • Среднегодовая температура воздуха — 10,6 °C • Относительная влажность воздуха — 63,0 % • Средняя скорость ветра — 4,3 м/с Климат Таганрога Показатель Янв. Фев. Март Апр. Май Июнь Июль Авг. Сен. Окт. Нояб. Дек. Год Средний максимум, 0,1 0,3 5,9 15,4 22,1 25,8 28,8 27,8 21,8 14,6 5,5 0,6 14,1 °C Средняя температура, −2,6 −2,6 2,7 11,1 17,6 21,4 24,6 23,8 18,1 11,1 2,8 −2,1 10,6 °C Средний −5,5 −5,8 −0,7 6,3 12,4 16,5 19,7 19,0 13,8 7,4 0,3 −4,8 6,7 минимум, °C Норма 42,8 39,7 33,6 37,6 37,9 57,9 61,0 38,8 33,1 33,5 41,9 50,1 507,5 осадков, мм История Этимология названия Название города, вероятнее всего, представляет собой соединение таган (жаровню либо треножник для приготовления пиши на открытом огне) и рог (в значении 'мыс'). Другим вариантом может быть тюрк. tоɣаn — сокол[4]. Ранний период Археологические исследования установили, что на месте нынешнего Таганрога в VII—VI вв. до нашей эры существовало греческое поселение, в настоящее время полностью разрушенное морем. Оно изучено только по фрагментам керамики, которые и сейчас можно найти на берегу Азовского моря. Существует гипотеза, что это поселение носило название Кремны (греч. Κρηµνοὶ), упоминаемое у античных авторов[5]. Поселение было основано во второй половине VII в. до н. э. и разрушено после середины VI в. до н. э., вероятно, в результате набегов кочевых скифов. Помимо Таганрогского поселения, в VII в. до н. э. на северном берегу Чёрного моря существовала только одна греческая колония на острове Березань[6].В эпоху активной колонизации итальянцами бассейна Чёрного моря примерно в XIII веке здесь был построен город-порт Порто-Пизано[7]. Конец XVII — конец XVIII века В 1696 году, после взятия Азова, по приказу Петра I начались изыскания и работы по строительству гавани и крепости на Таганьем Роге. Инженер Лаваль, руководивший до этого укреплением Азова, заложил шанец на Петрушиной косе. В следующем году, Пушкарский приказ сместил Лаваля и решил строить крепость в устье Миусского лимана (будущая Семеновская крепость). Этими работами руководили уже барон Эрнест фон Боргсдорф, Рейнгольд Трузин и датчанин Юрий Франк. Но и это решение так же было признано не вполне правильным и работы были перенесены на место нынешнего Таганрога. 12 сентября 1698 года Пушкарский приказ постановил: «Пристани морского каравана судам по осмотру и чертежу, каков прислан за рукою итальянской земли капитана Матвея Симунта, быть у Таганрога…» Эту дату принято считать официальным днем основания города Таганрога, первоначально называвшегося Троицком на Таган-Роге. Строительство гавани велось под руководством Матвея Симонта, крепостное строительство возглавил «инженер городового дела» — швед Рейнгольд Трузин. Первый же план крепости составил Эрнст Фридрих Боргсдорф, австрийский барон, военный инженер-строитель. В 1698—1699 годах он был главным смотрителем работ в крепости. Троицкая крепость представляла собой сегмент территории оконечности мыса, огороженного земляным валом высотой 8 м и рвом глубиной 5 м при ширине 40 метров. Общая протяженность 3 км. В центре (по оси нынешней улицы Чехова) вал достигал примерно нынешнего Некрасовского переулка. Боковые стороны вала упирались в обрывы. В крепостной вал были встроены: три бастиона, два полубастиона, три равелина, оснащенные пушками и гаубицами. Внутри, вдоль вала были вырыты пороховые погреба, устроены казематы и казармы. Внутри территория крепости имела радиально-лучевую планировку, объединенную центральной площадью. На площади были построены: государев двор, Троицкая церковь, городские палаты, дома для простых людей, склады, базар с лавками, кабаки, колодцы. Архитектором в городе одно время работал известный мастер Осип Старцев, представитель «московского барокко». Вход в гавань оборонял форт «Черепашка», устроенный на рукотворном острове. Конструкция его молов и фундамента, установленных на отмели в двух километрах от берега, по тем временам была самой передовой и впервые использовалось в России. Между рядами дубовых свай, вбитых в морское дно, закладывали деревянные ящики с камнями. Всего забили более 30 000 свай и заложили более 50 000 кубометров камня. Матвей Симонт, один из главных организаторов строительства, итальянский капитан на русской службе, сообщал в Москву: «Летом прошлого 1705 года, сентября по 1 число, в Троицком гавана построена». Немецкий генерал Христофор Герман Манштейн в своих «Записках о России» писал: «… Он (Петр I) устроил на Азовском море в местности, именуемой Таганрог, прекрасную гавань, названную им Троица, в которой суда, пройдя без груза устьем Дона, под Азовом окончательно вооружались и могли стоять совершенно безопасно. Все, видевшие эту гавань, сознаются, что это одна из наилучших гаваней Европы». В дополнение к Троицкой были возведены Павловская крепость (ее валы ещё сохранились на окраине хутора Гаевка) в устье Миуса и крепость Черепаха (в настоящее время находится под отвалами металлургического завода). При впадении Миусского лимана в море, у Беглицкой косы, построили Семеновскую крепость. В крепостях и укреплениях линии разместились гарнизоны, а по восточному берегу Миусского лимана, между Павловской и Семеновской крепостями, расселили 500 семей донских казаков, составивших Таганрогский казачий полк. Между ними был протянут земляной Петровский вал. Этими работами руководил будущий генерал-адмирал Федор Апраксин. Петр I писал губернатору И. А. Толстому: «Изволь в том, от чего, Боже сохрани, под нынешние часы, осторожность учинить, как в Азове, так и наипаче в Таган-Рогу, к обороне того места. Сам, Ваша милость, сведом, каково туркам Таганрог». Таганрог — первый в истории России город, построенный по заранее разработанному генеральному плану, а таганрогская гавань — первая в мире построенная не в естественной бухте, а в открытом море. И даже по устойчивым слухам, якобы Екатерина II, в письме Вольтеру обронила: Пётр Великий предполагал даже перенести сюда столицу страны. Но судьбу города вскоре решила неудачная для России война с Турцией. Начиная с августа 1696 года, для освоения новых земель, рядом именных царских указов Приазовье превращается в одно из крупнейших в России мест ссылки «на вечное житье». В 1699 году в крае учреждена первая в истории России каторга, а Таганрог становится её центром. Приговаривались к ссылке в Приазовье и чиновники, и духовные лица, а также выходцы из дворянства. Направлялись в Таганрог также пленные турки и татары, а с началом Северной войны — в большом количестве шведы и жители Прибалтики. Значительную группу составляли казаки Слободской Украины, которые были поселены на реке Миус для охраны подступов к Таганрогу со стороны Крыма. Зимой и весной 1709 года Петр I находился в Воронеже, Азове и Таганроге, которые укреплялись на случай нападения турок и крымцев. Перед своим выездом из Таганрога к Полтаве, где намечалась решающая баталия со шведами, Петр писал А. Д. Меншикову: «Сие место, которое перед десятью летами пустое поле видели (о чем сам сведом), ныне с помощью Божьей изрядный город, купно с гаванью, обрели, и хотя, где долго хозяин не был, и не все исправно, однако ж есть что посмотреть». В это время в гавани Таганрога базировался сильный флот, основу которого составляли 70-пушечный «Спящий лев», 60-пушечные «Гото-Предестинация» и «Шпага», 50-пушечные «Геркулес», «Скорпион», «Ласка» и «Уния», 30-40-пушечные «Вилькельчаг», «Дельфин», «Еж», «Меркурий» и «Соединение». В честь окончания строительства гавани, верфи и города, подчеркивая особые заслуги Матвея Симонта, Петр 23 мая 1709 года приказал адмиралу Ф. М. Апраксину изготовить памятную медаль: «Изволь приказать сделать Матвею Симонтову монету золотую с каменьями ценою в ста три, и на одной стороне чтобы была наша персона, а на другой — гаван здешний и подпись тут, что дана ему за труды гавана». В ответном донесении, посланном 2 июня 1709 г. из Москвы, Ф. М. Апраксин сообщает: «Монету Матвею Симонтову с персоною Вашего Величества, и на другой стороне с начертанием гавани и с подписанием по указу велю делать немедленно, и когда сделаю, немедленно до Вашего Величества пришлю». Медаль эта, известная в значительном количестве копий, была овальной формы, с ушком. На её лицевой стороне действительно был изображен Петр I, а на оборотной стороне — план крепости и гавани Таганрога, дата «1709» и надпись «ЗА ДЕЛО ГАВАНИ КАПИТАНУ МАТВЕЮ СИМОНТОВУ»… В разные периоды создания Таганрога и Азовской флотилии, строительства гаваней и крепостей здесь служили адмиралы Ф. Я. Лефорт, Ф. М. Апраксин, П. П. Бредаль, Ф. А. Головин, Ф. А. Клокачев, А. Н. Сенявин, К. И. Крюйс, В. Я. Чичагов,Я. Ф. Сухотин, Д. Н. Сенявин, будущий командор Витус Беринг, будущий адмирал Ф. Ф. Ушаков и многие тысячи офицеров и матросов. В 1711 году, после провала Прутского похода, по условиям Прутского мирного договора Россия обязалась разрушить гавань и город, что и было сделано в феврале 1712 года. «Как не своею рукою пишу, — сообщал Петр Апраксину, — нужно турок удовлетворить… Таганрог разорить как можно шире, однако ж, не портя фундамента, ибо может Бог иначе совершит». Гарнизон Троицкой крепости с пушками и припасами был передислоцирован в крепость недалеко от Черкасска (ныне — станица Старочеркасская), в Хоперскую, Тавровскую и Ново-Павловскую крепости. 24 года Приазовье находилось под властью турок. Если Азов они старались укреплять, то Таганрог был полностью заброшен. В ходе очередной русско-турецкой войны в 1736 году после четырёхмесячной осады Азов был вновь взят, отошел к России и Таганрог. Сразу же началось восстановление крепости. Но после заключения союзника России Австрии сепаратного мира с турками все восстановленные укрепления опять пришлось срыть, хотя территория и остались за Россией. Россия также не имела права иметь на юге военный и коммерческий флот, а торговля на Чёрном и Азовском морях могла вестись исключительно на турецких судах. И только после победоносной войны 1768—1774 годов Россия вернула себе эту землю уже окончательно. Троицкую крепость быстро восстановили на старых фундаментах, а гавань стала базой для создания Азовской флотилии. В соответствующем указе (ноябрь 1769 года) Екатерина II говорит: «Таганрогскую гавань отдаем мы совсем в ведомство вице-адмирала Сенявина с тем, чтобы оную поставить в такое состояние, чтоб она могла служить убежищем судам, так и для построения оных, а тем паче галер и других судов … и чтоб в будущую кампанию 1770 года флотилия во оной уже зимовать могла …» В личном письме А. Н. Сенявину императрица уточняет задачи на 1770 год: «Главный предмет будущего года на Азовском море, кажется, быть должен для закрытия новозаведенных крепостей, чтоб сделать нападение на Керчь и Тамань и завладеть сими крепостями, чтобы через то получить зунд (пролив) Чёрного моря в свои руки и тогда нашим судам свободно будет крейсировать до самого Цареградского канала и до устья Дуная». В конце апреля 1771 года А. Н. Сенявин сообщает президенту Адмиралтейской коллегии графу И. Г. Чернышеву: «При всей моей скуке и досаде, что флот ещё не готов, Ваше сиятельство, вообразите мое удовольствие видеть с 87-футовой высоты стоящие перед гаванью (Да где ж? В Таганроге!) суда под военным российским императорским флагом, чего со времени Петра Великого … здесь не видали». А в конце мая 1771 года под командой Сенявина находился уже 21 корабль с 450 орудиями и 3300 членами экипажей. В июне Азовская флотилия поддерживала взятие Перекопа, крепостей Керчь и Ени-Кале, отбивала попытки турецкого флота блокировать продвижение русских по восточному берегу Крыма и обеспечивала другие действия армии генерала В. И. Долгорукова. В том же году флотилия перебазировалась из Таганрога в Керчь, а строительство военных кораблей перенесли в Херсон, а Таганрог превратился в купеческий портовый город. После основания Севастополя в 1783 году Таганрог потерял военностратегическое значение и превратился в крупнейший торговый порт России. Развитию города способствовала близость к сельскохозяйственным районам. Шла торговля пшеницей, льном, паюсной икрой, пенькой. В Таганроге были открыты 15 иностранных консульств. XIX век 30 мая 1820 года в Таганроге, проездом на Кавказ, останавливался А. С. Пушкин. Он ночевал в бывшем доме градоначальника П. А. Папкова. Спустя пять лет, 19 ноября 1825 года, в этом доме (угол Греческой ул., 40 и Дворцового (Некрасовского) пер.) скончался император Александр I. Позже в доме был открыт первый в России мемориальный музей императора Александра Благословенного. Таганрог стал первым городом в Российской империи, где в 1808 году был введен коммерческий суд. В 1806 в городе была открыта коммерческая гимназия, нынче Гимназия № 2 им. А. П. Чехова. В ходе Крымской войны 1853—1856 годов англо-французская эскадра в мае 1855 года вошла в Азовское море, стараясь лишить русскую армию в Крыму тыловых баз[8]. Эскадра бомбардировала Таганрог и пыталась высадить десант. Во время десантной операции вблизи Таганрога казаками была уничтожена канонерская лодка «Джаспер». В августе англо-французская эскадра, прекратив безуспешные попытки, ушла из Азовского моря. В 1868 году Таганрог был соединён железной дорогой с Харьковом, а в 1870 году и с Ростовом-на-Дону. В XIX веке город был центром торговли, с того времени сохранились интересные особняки итальянских и греческих купцов. Родина Антона Павловича Чехова, Ф. Г. Раневской, К. А. Савицкого, Д. М. Синоди-Попова, В. Я. Парнаха, С. Я. Парнок. В конце XIX века начала развиваться промышленность, были построены металлургический, котельный, машиностроительный заводы. XX век В 1908 году в Таганроге была построена первая электростанция. В 1916 году в Таганроге работал Константин Георгиевич Паустовский. Сначала на котельном заводе НевВильде, принадлежавшем бельгийской акционерной компании, а после на маслобойном заводе подручным слесаря[9]. В декабре 1917 — январе 1918 начальником гарнизона Таганрога был полковник А. П. Кутепов. С августа по декабрь 1919 год в Таганроге располагалась Ставка генерала Деникина — Верховного главнокомандующего Вооруженных сил Юга России. Зимой 1917−1918 в Таганроге под вымышленным именем греческого подданного Мандусакиса скрывался видный военачальник Императорской армии генерал Павел Карлович Ренненкампф. После отказа вступить в Красную Армию, генерал Ренненкампф был арестован ВЧК, подвергнут пыткам и расстрелян (1 апреля 1918). Коллекция китайского искусства, собранная Ренненкампфом, в настоящее время находится в Таганрогском краеведческом музее (Дворец Алфераки). Могила генерала Ренненкампфа находится на старом Таганрогском кладбище. В 1918 в город из Екатеринослава было эвакуировано большевистское правительство Украины. В 1920−1925 Таганрог входил в состав Донецкой губернии УССР, в 1925 году был возвращён в состав РСФСР. Как центр заселённой украинцами округи Таганрог был определённым очагом украинской жизни: в 1905—1915 годах тут действовало украинское общество. Во время гражданской войны 1917—1921 годов на город претендовала Украинская Народная Республика, с приходом советской власти в 1920—1924 годах Таганрог с округой входил в состав Украинской ССР. По переписи 1926 года украинцы в городе Таганроге составляли 34,6 % всего населения, русские — 55,2 %, но во всём Таганрогском округе украинцы составляли абсолютное большинство — 71,5 %, русские — только 21,9. С 1937 года город в составе Ростовской области. С 20-х годов XX века в городе интенсивно развивалась промышленность. Оккупация Развитие было прервано захватом Таганрога вермахтом 17 октября 1941 года. В период оккупации в городе действовала антифашистская организация — Таганрогское подполье. Во время оккупации города Таганрогский детский дом был превращён немецкими властями в донорский пункт, где детей использовали для переливания крови немецким офицерам[10]. С приближением линии фронта детский дом немцы перевезли в украинский посёлок Великая Лепетиха, где продолжали истязать маленьких узников[10]. Оккупация длилась 680 дней и окончилась 30 августа 1943 года. В ночь на 30 августа в районе города был высажен морской десант силами Азовской военной флотилии. Первыми в город при освобождении вошли солдаты 130-й Таганрогской стрелковой дивизии (командир — К. В. Сычёв). XXI век 3 ноября 2011 года Указом № 1459 Президента РФ Д. А. Медведева за мужество, стойкость и массовый героизм, проявленные защитниками города в борьбе за свободу и независимость Отечества, городу Таганрогу было присвоено почётное звание Российской Федерации «Город воинской славы»[11]. Торжественный митинг, посвящённый этому событию, состоялся у памятника основателю Таганрога Петру I[11]. Динамика численности населения города 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 177 18 18 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 19 9 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Год 5 00 14 6 9 1 2 3 6 6 7 79 8 92 96 98 03 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 0 7 3 6 9 2 7 0 2 Тенд енци ▲ я ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▲ ▼ Тыс. 0,4 5, 8, 2 5 7 8 1 2 2 2 27 2 29 29 28 28 27 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 жите 17[ 91 04 1, 1, 1, 5, 8 2 4 5 6, 8 3, 1, 9, 1, 3, 8, 4, 0, 7, 5, 7, 6, лей 12] 4 5 3 0 5 6 9 0 5 4 4 3 2 6 9 9 0 6 4 7 6 1 7 6 Памятники Основная статья: Памятники Таганрога Памятник Петру I Памятник Александру I Памятник Джузеппе Гарибальди Памятник таганрогским подпольщикам «Клятва юности» Памятник А.П. Чехову Памятник Ф.Г. Раневской Современная экономика Таганрог — важный промышленный центр Юга России. Крупнейшее предприятие — Таганрогский металлургический завод (ОАО «ТАГМЕТ»): производство стали, стальных труб для нефтяной и газовой промышленности, товаров народного потребления. В городе развита машиностроительная промышленность: завод «Красный котельщик» (производство котельного оборудования для электростанций), «Прессмаш» (кузнечно-прессовое оборудование), «Виброприбор», Таганрогский комбайновый завод (выпуск зерноуборочных комбайнов), торгового оборудования, электротермического оборудования, «Прибой», судоремонтный. Имеется ряд предприятий оборонной промышленности. На базе «Таганрогского комбайнового завода» работает также ООО «Таганрогский автомобильный завод» (ТагАЗ), собирающий по лицензии седаны компакт-класса Hyundai Accent, полноразмерные бизнес-седаны Hyundai Sonata, внедорожники Hyundai Santa Fe Classic и малотоннажные грузовики Hyundai Porter. ООО «Ростовский завод грузовых автомобилей» на базе «Таганрогского комбайнового завода» с декабря 2006 года выпускает 18-местные пассажирские автобусы Hyundai County, предназначенные для внутригородских и пригородных перевозок, а также для использования в качестве корпоративного транспорта. ТАНТК им. Бериева — разработка и производство самолётов-амфибий, в том числе и легендарного Бе-200. Также имеется ряд предприятий химической (заводы — «Термопласт», лакокрасочный), лёгкой (кожевенный завод и другие) и пищевой (рыбный, мясной, кондитерский, мукомольно-крупяной заводы) промышленности. В Таганроге находится штаб-квартира одного из ведущих экспортёров зерна, агропромышленной компании «Югтранзитсервис». Объём отгруженных товаров собственного производства, в обрабатывающих производствах (2007 года) составил 31,1 млрд руб.(без ТагАЗ—отгруженных товаров собственного производства прим. 31 млрд руб.). Предприятия Таганрога • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ОАО «Таганрогский металлургический завод» / ОАО «Тагмет» ОАО "ТКЗ «Красный котельщик» ОАО «Таганрогский комбайновый завод» Филиал «Таганрогский» ООО «ТагАЗ» ОАО «Таганрогский кожевенный завод» ОАО «Таганрогский завод „Прибой“» ОАО «Красный гидропресс» ОАО «ТАНТК им. Г. М. Бериева» ОАО «Таганрогская авиация» ОАО «Виброприбор» ОАО «Таганрогский морской торговый порт» ООО «Таганрогская Мебельная Компания» ОАО «325 АРЗ» ООО «Завод Кристалл» ООО «Кирпичный завод» ЗАО ТПО «Лемакс» ОАО «Таганрог-Молоко» (закрыт в 2012) Таганрогский судоремонтный завод • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Таганрогский пивоваренный завод (закрыт в 2011) Таганрогский рыбзавод (закрыт в 2000-е) Таганрогская кондитерская фабрика ОАО «ИНПРОМ» ЗАО «Югтеплокомплект» МУП «ТТУ»/МУП «Трамвайно-троллейбусное управление» ОАО «Автоколонна № 1423» КТ ТМЗ «Черноиванов и К» ООО «Полимерпром» ООО «Мегалинк» ООО «Оджетто Веб» ООО «АВИАОК Интернейшенел» ООО «Рус Визардс» ООО НПП «СПЕЦСТРОЙСВЯЗЬ» ОАО «Стройдеталь» ООО «Циркон» ООО «ЮГСП» «Художественная ковка» ОАО «23-й металлообрабатывающий завод» • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ОАО «Термопласт» ЗАО «Монтажспецстрой» ЗАО «Эко-Гидропресс» НТЦ «ИНТЕХ» ЮФУ ЗАО «ИНТЕХ» ООО Стройкомплекс «Брик» ООО «Простые Средства Связи» ООО «Компания КПИ» ООО «Юг-Зерно-Т» ГК «ТаганрогПромСтрой» ОАО «Гефест-ВПР» ОАО «ТаганрогСтальКонструкци я» ООО «Таганрогский мебельный комбинат „ТАМЕК Плюс“». ООО «Югтрэйдэкспорт» ЗАО «Фамадар Картона Лимитед» ООО НПКФ «Медиком МТД» ЗАО «Донстрой» History of Taganrog From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ancient history The excavations conducted by the German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut) led by Ortwin Dally and Don Archaeological Society, brought to conclusion that there was a Greek settlement in the place of the modern-day Taganrog, founded in the late 7th century BC.[1] It played an important role in the course of the early Greek colonization of the Black Sea region, and was founded probably soon after Berezan and Histria, it is anyway much older than the first settlements and colonies in the Cimmerian Bosporus (Strait of Kerch) or Tanais that were founded between 580 and 60 BC. According to scientists, the name of the settlement might be Emporion Kremnoi on the coast of Palus Maeotis, mentioned by Herodotus,[2][3][4][5][6][7] Already in 1247 the Genoese merchants exported from the port of Tana (future Taganrog) buckwheat, wheat, salted fish, caviar. In the 15th century, Venetian merchants brought from the region of the Don wheat bread, fresh water fish, wax. The first foreign retailer that has received the right to trade in Taganrog was an Italian of Serbian origin Savva of Ragusa, a favorite of Peter the Great. Peter the Great tried to conquer the Turkish fortress of Azov to get an entrance to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. His first Azov campaigns in 1695 failed, but his second attempt the next year led to victory. To keep Azov in his possession and hold off the Turkish Navy, the tsar gave orders to expand his small war fleet, built during the winter of 1695–96. Peter the Great put the Azov Flotilla under the command of admiral Fyodor Golovin, a Russian nobleman who was the successor of the Swiss François Lefort. Golovin was assisted by vice-admiral Cornelis Cruys and rear-admiral Jan van Rees. The first Russian Navy base, Taganrog (Taygan for Turkish in Ottoman sources) was officially founded by Peter The Great on September 12, 1698. Taganrog is one of the first Russian cities, which was built according to a detailed plan. Vice-Admiral Cornelis Cruys, who is regarded as the architect of the Russian Navy, became the first Head of Taganrog city in 1698–1702 and in 1711, and produced the first maps of Azov Sea and Don River. The project for planning and building works in the city was established in 1698, basing on the instructions provided by Peter The Great. Taganrog Fortress. Saint Trinity fortress Таганрогская крепость. Троецкая крепость на Таганьем Рогу From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Type Built Built by Construction materials In use Current condition Controlled by star fort 1696-1709, 1769-1773 Ernst Friedrich von Borgsdorf, Mikhail Dedenev earthworks 1709-1712, 1769-1810 ruined Peter the Great, Aleksei Shein, Cornelis Cruys Taganrog Fortress (also The Saint Trinity fortress on Tagan-Rog Cape) was a star fort-style fortress built during the reign of Peter the Great and re-constructed by the order of Catherine the Great. Foundation of Taganrog Peter the Great tried to conquer the Turkish fortress of Azov to get an entrance to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. His first Azov campaigns in 1695 failed, but his second attempt the next year led to victory. To insure Russian positions in the South, and to shelter the Russian Navy, Peter the Great needed a new haven for the Azov Flotilla, and a fortress to protect it. Azov could not serve as naval base because of shallow waters of the river Don. That is why, a few days after Turkish capitulation, on July 27, 1696 the Russian tsar set out for an expedition to explore the coastline of Azov Sea. The expedition stopped at the cape Tagan-Rog on July 27, where Peter the Great spent the night of July 27-28, 1696. The cape was selected as the perfect place for the harbor, since the sea around the cape was deep enough for sea boats; there was enough room for a haven with solid stone soil; and the expedition found a small water spring. The first Russian Navy base, Taganrog (Taygan for Turkish in Ottoman sources) was officially founded by Peter The Great on September 12, 1698. Vice-Admiral Cornelis Cruys, who is regarded as the architect of the Russian Navy, became the first Head of Taganrog city in 1698-1702 and in 1711, and produced the first maps of Azov Sea and Don River. Construction of the fortress The project for planning and building works in the city was established in 1698 by Austrian engineer Baron Ernst Friedrich von Borgsdorf, basing on the instructions provided by Peter The Great. Taganrog is one of the first Russian cities, which was built according to a detailed preestablished plan. It was also the first artificial haven, and the first fortress made of earth as primary material. The construction was generally completed by 1709. The Saint Trinity fortress was situated on the horn-shaped territory of the cape, earth mounds around 8 meters high, a 5-meter-deep moat that stretched for about 2 miles. Within fortress ramparts were other defensive constructions - three bastions, two demi-bastions, three ravelins armed with cannons and howitzers. Alongside the rampart were casemates, powder magazines, barracks. To prevent an eventual attack from the land there was an additional dry ditch 40 meters wide and 5 meters deep alongside the rampart. Inside the fortress territory was laid out in a radial pattern of star fort united by the central plaza. It had monarch's house, various buildings, Saint Trinity cathedral, warehouses, marketplace, ovens and draw wells. By the middle of 1711 there were 206 buildings made of stone and 162 wood structures inside the fortress for garrison and inhabitants in case of a siege. The main part of the population lived outside the fortress in the so-called "slobodas". In 1711 the fortress was defended by 293 cannons and 40 howitzers not counting artillery in the haven and on Cherepakha Islet. Taganrog haven's water area was about 774 thousand sq.meters, of rectangular form and was surrounded breakwaters. From the seaside were erected towers, the berth was near the coast. Taganrog seaport is considered as the first port in the world to be created in the open sea and not in a natural bay. Some 30 thousand oak piles were used in the construction of the haven with 199 boxes loaded with stones in-between them. Another part of this project was an artificial islet Cherepashka, which was made in the Azov Sea in about 2 kilometers from the fortress. The islet was 59 by 38 meters. There was a citadel, which had an area of 1200 square meters with 127 cannons. In the middle stood a wooden izba for garrison, which was later replaced by a stone building. The islet was built by the personal order of Peter the Great in 1701-1706 of rock fill held by oak piles. In the present days, when the tide is low and blows East wind the islet emerges from the water. During the latest examination of islet in 1981, the remains of old oak piles were still present.[1] After a defeat suffered by Russian troops from Ottoman Empire during Pruth River Campaign, the Russian tzar had to sign Treaty of the Pruth, returning Azov to Turkey and destroying Taganrog. On September 19, 1711 by the order of Peter the Great, Taganrog was demolished and in February 1712 Russian troops left the town. Short revival For fifty years the seaport, fortress and town laid in ruins. On April 2, 1769 Russian troops entered Taganrog, and it was definitively ceded by Turkey in the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774). The city was re-founded by Catherine the Great, who issued a special decree addressed to the Vice-Admiral Aleksey Senyavin. The reconstruction of the fortress was planned by Russian engineer Mikhail Alexeevich Dedenev. However after the Crimea was annexed by Russian Emprire in 1783, Taganrog Fortress lost its military importance and February 10, 1784 Empress Catherine I signed a decree abolishing the fortifications and transferring the lands in favor of the city. The ships of the Azov Flotilla were transferred into the new city and navy base of Sevastopol, and later in 1803 the bells and plates of the Saint Nicholas Church, including The bell of Chersonesos were also given in favor of a naval cathedral in Sevastopol. Taganrog continued its development as a civic trade city. The fortress buildings were used for various purposes and were gradually demolished. External links and references • History of Taganrog by Pavel Filevsky, Moscow, 1898 • Encyclopedia of Taganrog, Anton Edition, Taganrog, 2008 1. ^ Исторический Таганрог. Остров Черепаха. City development in the 18th century In 1704 the ploughing of virgin lands started. Next year were planted the imperial vineyard and orchards. The building and construction of the seaport, fortress and town were generally completed by the end of the first decade of the 18th century. The seaport of Taganrog represented an irregular water surface of some 774000 square meters; it was the first artificial seaport in Russia. Boyar Aleksei Shein was in charge for construction of the haven. The pentagonal fortress was erected on the Cape. Inside the fortress were built stone livingquarters for soldiers and civil population. By the middle of 1711, according to the information of Mandating Chamber of Taganrog, there were over 8000 inhabitants in Taganrog. As the development of the social life in the region progressed, Taganrog retained its military and administrative significance and gradually became the handicraft and commerce center. In 1700– 1711, the Azov Sea Navy was the guardian of Russia's Southern frontiers. But in 1710 Turkey unleashed a new war against Russia. Russian troops commanded by Boris Sheremetev were surrounded by superior Turkish forces near Prut River. The Russian tsar had to sign Treaty of the Pruth returning Azov to Turkey and destroying Taganrog. On September 19, 1711 by the order of Peter the Great, Taganrog was demolished and in February 1712 Russian troops left the town. For fifty years the seaport, fortress and town laid in ruins. Taganrog begins again The Turks recaptured it twice (1712 and 1739), but it was taken by the Russian people in 1769 and definitively ceded by Turkey in the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774). On April 2, 1769 Russian troops entered Taganrog. The city was refounded by Catherine the Great, who issued a decree addressed to the Vice-Admiral Aleksey Senyavin. Taganrog was populated by Greek colonists who, like the Greeks of classical times, took refuge from poverty or tyranny in townships around the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Some Greeks had been Mediterranean pirates and were now tycoons; many lived by cheating Russian farmers and bribing Russian customs officials. They spread wealth, not only by conspicuous consumption, but by generous civic arts, founding orchestras, clubs, schools and churches, bringing in French chefs and importing Italian sculptors. Ioannis Varvakis and Achilles Alferaki are the most famous Greeks of Taganrog. Bell of Chersonesos From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The bell of Chersonesos Main article: The bell of Chersonesos The bell of Chersonesos or "the fog bell of Chersonesos" is considered by many as "one of Taganrog's sights located abroad", which even became a symbol of another city – Sevastopol or to be more exact, the symbol of Chersonesos Taurica. The fog bell was cast in 1778 from the trophy Turkish cannons seized by the Russian Imperial Army during RussoTurkish War (1768–1774). The bell features depictions of patron saints of sailors: Saint Nicholas and Saint Phocas and the following phrase can still be read today in Russian: «Сей колокол вылит в Святого Николая Чудотворца в Таганро… из пленен Турецкой артиллери… весом … пуд фу (нт) 1778 месяца Августа … числа». , which literary means "This bell was cast in the Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker Church in Taganrog from the trophy Turkish artillery... weight... pounds. Year 1778, month of August, on the date of ....". The bell was cast before the foundation of Sevastopol for the Saint Nicholas church in Taganrog, which was the Russian Navy's military base at that time. Until 1803 the St.Nicholas Church was subordinated to the Navy ministry. After Sevastopol became main Russian navy base in the South of Russia, the Emperor Alexander I ordered the bell to be transported to Sevastopol to be fitted in the Church of St. Nicholas which was being constructed there, with other bells and church plates also given over to the city of Sevastopol. The Bell of Chersonesos in Chersonesos Taurica, Crimea, Ukraine is the symbol of Chersonesos and one of the main sights of Sevastopol. It was cast before the foundation of Sevastopol for the Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker Church in Taganrog, which was the Russian Navy's military base at that time. It was later confiscated by the French, then returned. The bell of Chersonesos or the fog bell of Chersonesos is sometimes considered by many as "one of Taganrog's sights located abroad", which even became a symbol of another city - Sevastopol or to be more exact, the symbol of Chersonesos Taurica. The fog bell was cast in 1778 from the trophy Turkish cannons seized by the Russian Imperial Army during Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). The bell features depictions of patron saints of sailors: Saint Nicholas and Saint Phocas and the following phrase can still be read today in Russian: «Сей колокол вылит в Святого Николая Чудотворца в Таганро… из пленен Турецкой артиллери… весом … пуд фу (нт) 1778 месяца Августа … числа». , which literary means "This bell was cast in the Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker Church in Taganrog from the trophy Turkish artillery...weight...pounds. Year 1778, month of August, on the day of ...". The bell was cast before the foundation of Sevastopol for the Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker Church in Taganrog, which was the Russian Navy's military base at that time. Until 1803 the St.Nicholas church was subordinated to the Navy ministry. After Sevastopol became the main Russian military navy base in the South of Russia, the Emperor Alexander I ordered the bell to be transported to Sevastopol to be fitted in the Church of St. Nicholas which was being constructed there, with other bells and church plates also given over to the city of Sevastopol. During the Crimean War the fog bell was seized by the French and was placed in the cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris. Many years later, a bell with a Russian inscription was found and finally thanks to diplomatic efforts undertaken by both sides, and especially by the French consul in Sevastopol Louis Ge, the bell was solemnly returned to monastery at Chersonesos on September 13, 1913 and was placed on a temporary wooden belfry near the St.Vladimir Cathedral. The French President Raymond Poincaré in his letter to consul Louis Ge wrote that he returned the bell to Russia "as a sign of alliance and friendship". In their turn, the Russian government awarded the French consul the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree. The monastery was closed in 1925 by the new authorities, and two years later all its bells were sent away to be recast. Only one bell escaped this fate because the Department of the Security of Navigation of the Black and Azov Seas proposed to place it on the coast as a signal fog bell. In this capacity the bell served until the 1960s. Gallery The bell of Chersonesos, view on the St.Vladimir Cathedral The bell of Chersonesos, closeup Memorial plate with short history of the fog bell Close-up Trivia The bell of Chersonesos was featured in the Soviet Russian film for children Priklyucheniya Buratino (The Adventures of Buratino) in 1975. References Encyclopaedia of Taganrog — Ростов-на-Дону: Ростиздат, 2003. — 512 с. — ISBN 5-7509-0662-0. External links The Fog Bell in Chersonesos (in Russian) 19th century In 1802 H.M. Alexander I of Russia signed a decree establishing the city of Taganrog as a governorate (incorporated municipality with privileges given by royal charter). In 1805, Baron Balthasar von Campenhausen was appointed by Alexander I of Russia Governor of Taganrog and for his achievements he is still considered the best Head of Taganrog of all times. Campenhausen achievements include: • The Taganrog Customs district; • The new slope to the haven; • New stone storehouses for goods; • The start of construction of coasting vessels for transportation of goods to other Russian ports on Black and Azov Seas; • Inauguration of the navigation school, the commercial gymnasium and the commercial court; • The Construction and Building Committee that planned the future city architectural development; • Introducing oil lighting in the streets; • Starting the paving and greening of the streets; • In April 1806, founding the Gorky Park (Taganrog). Two streets in Taganrog were later named after Campenhausen: Bolshoy Kampenkhauzensky (now: Komsomolsky) and Malo-Kampenkhauzensky (now: Spartakovsky). Tsar Alexander I also left his mark on the city. He came to Taganrog for spiritual solace at the end of his reign, and settled in a modest single-storeyed palace. Soon after moving to Taganrog he died – at least, it was announced that he did. Rumors arose that he ran off to Siberia and became a holy man, and that the body of a soldier who resembled him was used in the funeral. Taganrog was briefly a shadow capital of the empire. in April 1833, there happened in Taganrog an important event in Italian history – though the city's inhabitnats were not aware of it at the time: Giuseppe Garibaldi, who came to Taganrog as a young merchant marine captain in charge of the schooner Clorinda carrying a shipment of oranges, met fellow-Italian Giovanni Battista Cuneo in a seaport inn and was convinced to join the revolutionary movement which was to take up the rest of his life (see Garibaldi Monument in Taganrog.) Russian playwright and poet Nestor Kukolnik who settled in Taganrog in 1857 influenced a lot the way the city and the neighboring area developed. Kukolnik was the first to prove the need of university education in the Don River region and on Azov Sea. His offer to open a university in Taganrog was not successful, but later it proved to be an important foundation for opening the Novorossiysk University in 1865. Kukolnik also proved necessity of a newspaper in Taganrog. It was one of the reasons to open newspaper-publishing houses not only in Taganrog, but also in Odessa and Rostovna-Donu. Since 1865 Nestor Kukolnik led the workgroup that proved necessity of a railroad line from Kharkiv to Taganrog. This work was success and Russian tsar Alexander II of Russia approved the project in 1868. He also was the first to raise the issue of environmental protection of the Gulf of Taganrog. But the related project encountered strong resistance from regional leadership and was not realized. Nestor Kukolnik assisted in opening the county court in Taganrog, open after his death in 1869. In 1887, the Taganrog's status as a borough (Taganrog Governorate) was annulled, and Taganrog was annexed to the Don Voisko Province. According to the "City Statute" of 1870, the City Council (Duma) was established in Taganrog for managing local development, trade, healthcare and public education. The siege of Taganrog in Crimean War Main article: Siege of Taganrog In spring 1855, the allied English-French commandment decided to send an expedition corps into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On May 12, 1855 English-French war ships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On May 21, 1855 the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub in terms of its proximity to Rostov on Don and due to vast resources of food, especially bread, wheat, barley and rye that were amassed in the city after the breakout of Crimean War that put an end to its exportation. The governor-general of Taganrog, Yegor Tolstoy and lieutenant-general Ivan Krasnov refused the ultimatum, responding that Russians never surrender their cities. The English-French squadron began bombardment of Taganrog during 6.5 hours and landed 300 troops near the Old Stone Steps in the downtown Taganrog, who were thrown back by Don Cossacks and volunteer corps. In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On July 12, 1855 the H.M.S. Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman, who repositioned the buoys into shallow waters. The cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made August 19–31, 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach too close for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on September 2, 1855, with minor military operations along Azov Sea coast continuing until late fall 1855. Governor of Taganrog From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Governor of Taganrog (Russian: Таганрогское градоначальство) was the head of the Taganrog borough or governorate (incorporated municipality with privileges given by royal charter), between October 8, 1802 and May 19, 1887. Taganrog was also the center of uezd (including the cities of Rostov on Don, Nakhichevan on Don and Mariupol) from 1816 to 1834. Rostov was subordinated to Yekaterinoslav Governorate in 1834, while Nakhichevan and Mariupol remained within Taganrog's governorate until 1859. Historical background By the end of the 18th century, Taganrog lost its importance as a military base with Crimea and Azov Sea being under command of Imperial Russia. The cities on Black Sea and Azov Sea transformed into important trade centers. The trade development demanded new measures and Alexander I of Russia introduced the office of governors (градоначальник) who were in direct contact with H.I.M. The governorships (in different periods of time) were introduced in four Russian cities: Odessa, Taganrog, Feodosiya and Kerch. The emperor appointed to this post dynamic people with initiative. The post co-existed with the Head of the City or mayor (Russian: городской голова) and helped to develop trade and raise well-being of its citizens. List of Governors of Taganrog • Apollon Dashkov (1802–1805) Baron Balthasar von Campenhausen (1805–1809) Pyotr Papkov (1810–1822) Nikolai Naumov (1822–1825) Alexander Dunaev (1825–1832) Baron Otto Pfeilizer-Frank (1832–1843) HSH Prince Alexander Lieven (1844–1853) Count Nikolai Adlerberg (1853–1854) Count Yegor Tolstoy (1854–1856) Admiral Mikhail Lavrov (1856–1864) Admiral Pavel Pereleshin (1864–1866) Admiral Ivan Shestakov (1866–1868) Admiral Lev Kultshitskiy (1868–1873) Mayor Akhilles Alferaki as temporary governor from November 25, 1873 to December 31, 1873 • Admiral Ivan Furugelm (Johan Hampus Furuhjelm) (1874–1876) • Rear-admiral Pavel Maksutov (1876–1882) • Rear-admiral Pavel Zelenoy (1882–1885) • Rear-admiral Ippolit Vogak (1885–1887) Portraits of Taganrog Governors • • • • • • • • • • • • • Balthasar von Campenhausen Nikolai Adlerberg Governor-general Yegor Tolstoy Admiral Mikhail Lavrov Admiral Pavel Pereleshin Admiral Ivan Shestakov Admiral Lev Kultshitskiy Akhilles Alferaki Admiral Pavel Zelenoy Admiral Ippolit Vogak References • History of Taganrog by Pavel Filevskiy, Moscow; 1898. • Taganrog Encyclopedia, Taganrog, 2002. Siege of Taganrog From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Date Location Result June–August 1855 Taganrog, on the Sea of Azov Russian victory Commanders and leaders Yegor Tolstoy Ivan Krasnov Yevgeny Pfeilizer-Frank Strength 1,900 1 2 gunboats men 16,000 steamer 17 20 gunboats steam men boats Edmund Moubray Lyons[1] Bruat, Béral de Sedaiges[2][3] Armand Joseph Casualties and losses Unknown 20 commercial vessels destroyed Unknown 1 gunboat destroyed The Siege of Taganrog during the Crimean War (1853–1856) was a series of military actions designed to allow the British and the French access to Rostov-on-Don, which was an important city for Russian military operations in the Caucasus. Prelude In the spring of 1855, as the Crimean War dragged on into its third year, the British and the French decided to begin operations in the Sea of Azov. They reasoned that this would allow them to cut off the Crimea even further from Russia and prevent further supplies from reaching Russian forces there by sea via the seaports in the Taman. This required of them to occupy the Strait of Kerch, which was undertaken by a joint force of British and French soldiers and warships. As BritishFrench force preceded to take part in the developing Azov campaign, they began looking at Taganrog at the far, eastward end of the Sea of Azov as a potential target for invasion. Taganrog sits on a strip of land jutting out slightly into the Sea of Azov and, to the British and the French, an excellent stepping stone to Rostov-on-Don. If the two allies were to slow down Russian advances in the Caucasus, it would be by taking Rostov-on-Don, which would allow them to threaten the rear of the Russian front. Plans were drawn up, and the British and the French prepared 16,000 ground troops and about forty small warships for the "Azov Campaign". Meanwhile, Taganrog's governorgeneral, Nikolay Adlerberg left his position the earlier year due to the Crimean War and was replaced by Yegor Tolstoy, an aging, but versatile general who had served in the Russian army previously against the Turks. In April 1854, Tolstoy assumed command at Taganrog, along with ataman Ivan Krasnov (who commanded the Don Cossacks in the region) and prepared his forces. At his command at the time of the siege, he had two regiments of Don Cossacks and a local garrison of some 630 soldiers. A unit of "home guards" were recruited from the local population, which totaled some 250 men. Taganrog lacked any modern fortifications and Tolstoy had no artillery to speak of. Siege of Taganrog First phase Starting on May 24 (May 12 O.S.), 1855, the British and the French began operations in the Sea of Azov. They landed troops on either side of the Kerch Strait, capturing the cities of Kerch and Enikale quickly. Following those actions, naval power destroyed the Russian coastal battery at Kamishevaya Bay and entered the Sea of Azov. June 2, 1855 the English-French squadron, which consisted of 17 armed steam boats and 20 gunboats commanded by admiral Edmund Lyons and captain de Sedaiges, appeared off Taganrog after crossing the Sea of Azov. The commanders of the expedition sent the city an ultimatum to surrender the town. June 3, the boat under a flag of truce was met by Tolstoy's official for important missions, Baron Yevgeny PfeilizerFrank (nephew to former governor Otto Pfeilizer-Frank) and poet Nikolay Sherbina, who later described the event in Moskovskiye Vedomosti of June 21, 1855. The demand was to surrender of all Government property, all of which was to be destroyed. In one hour's time, Baron Pfeilizer-Frank returned to the envoys with Tolstoy's reply rejecting the offer by the British and the French.[4] The British-French fleet began an initial bombardment of Taganrog that lasted about six and a half hours. All the stores of grain, timber, tar, all the boats in the harbour and any boats under construction, together with the Customs House and the main Government buildings were ablaze.[5] A landing operation near the Old Stone Steps (Каменная лестница) and Greek Church in downtown Taganrog followed the bombardment. However, the allies were thrown back by the Cossacks and the volunteer corps. Seeing the town as temporarily impossible to take, the fleet retreated to launch other operations in the Sea of Azov. Second phase After the first phase of the Siege of Taganrog, the Russian people deployed another fourteen regiments of Don Cossacks to the region around the Sea of Azov to protect the various coastal cities (for a total of 16 regiments when the two at Taganrog are included). These new forces arrived at the time when the British and the French began planning a second attempt at reaching Rostov-na-Donu. Early in the month, the fleet of allied warships moved back of the Sea of Azov towards Taganrog, attempting to force their way up the Don River. Starting on July 7, the fleet began bombarding Taganrog again. Their attempt to move upriver on the Don was brought to a halt, however, due to the Russian steamer Taganrog and a pair of gunboats. Towards the end of July, the British-French fleet withdrew from the Taganrog region of the Sea of Azov. Third phase A third siege attempt was made by the British and the French beginning on August 19. However, their indecisiveness on how to take Taganrog allowed the Russians to build up fortifications and bring in reinforcements to make the city a stronghold. The combined BritishFrench fleet attempted to move in to the city, but were pushed back by cannon fire and ground fire and could not launch appropriate ground operations against the city. Blocked, the fleet moved back out into the Sea, but continued to bombard Taganrog for several weeks. Early in this bombardment, the allied fleet received a minor setback after local fishermen moved various buoys that marked water depth. This had the end result of forcing HMS Jasper, a British gunship, ashore on Krivaya Spit or "Crooked Spit" near present-day town of Sedovo in the Ukraine. The ship was seized by Don Cossacks and sunk with explosives found on board.[6][7][8] Dissatisfied with the results, the allies pulled back on August 31, retreating back out into the Sea of Azov. Following the retreat out of the Gulf of Taganrog, the British and French continued to launch minor military operations at coastal Russian positions, but these efforts simply wasted manpower. Operations in the Sea ceased on October 23. Conclusion Defense forces at Taganrog stood down on June 21, 1856, and the city began to return to normality. The Crimean War cost the city of Taganrog more than one million rubles. Further, much damage was done to local structures. Twenty mansions were completely lost, and 74 were damaged to some capacity. One hundred and eighty-nine other buildings, primarily granaries and storehouses were destroyed and 44 damaged. Nearly a year after combat operations in the region were finished, Alexander II, the czar, exempted the citizens of Taganrog of taxes for the year of 1857. A total of 163 Taganrog soldiers were awarded with medals and military orders because of their service during the siege. Gallery Mansion of Ioannis Varvakis that was known as the House with Bullets as the building was filled with bullets and cannon balls during the siege in 1855 Monument to defenders of Taganrog in 1855. "LADY NANCY" raft attacking Taganrog (third siege attempt in August, 1855). Russian engraving showing the first siege attempt (dated May 22, 1855). Russian engraving showing the first siege attempt (dated May 22, 1855). See also • Crimean War • History of Taganrog • Siege of Sevastopol (1854) External links and references 1. ^ The Edinburg Gazette, June 29, 1855 2. ^ The Edinburg Gazette, June 29, 1855 3. ^ Letters from head-quarters or The realities of the war in the Crimea, By Somerset John Gough- Calthorpe (7th baron.), London, 1856 4. ^ "Destruction of Russian Stores at Taganrog" in The Illustrated London News of July 14, 1855 5. ^ The attack on Taganrog June 1855, 6. ^ The New York Times, August 30, 1855 7. ^ The Moreton Bay Courier (Brisbane, Qld. : 1846 - 1861), Saturday 15 December 1855, page 2 8. ^ Mid-Victorian RN vessel HMS Jasper • "Оборона Таганрога и его окрестностей" by Ivan Krasnov, Saint Petersburg, 1862 • "История Таганрога", П.Филевский, Moscow, 1898 • Taganrog Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, Taganrog, 2003 Оборона Приазовья в Крымской войне 1853-1856 гг. Bombardment of Taganrog during the second siege attempt. Trade and economy development in the 19th century The market played a key role in the city life and influenced also its appearance. From the beginning of the 19th century the city had rich private residences and social buildings. The commercial Taganrog became one of the largest industrial cities of the Russian South. By the end of the 19th century grew the number of educational institutions. During the second half of the 19th century the foreign trade turnover of Taganrog increased distinctly. Already at the beginning of the 20th century Taganrog held the second place in Russia in the importation and the sixth in the quantity of exported products. Due to dramatic developments in domestic commerce, the fairs lost their dominant role, and the stores, these 'eternal trade points' started to appear in the city. Petrovskaya Street and Gogolevski Street turned into main commercial highways of Taganrog. The foreign investments into Russian economy influenced the development of a large-scale industry in Taganrog. In 1896 with Belgian investments, started the construction of the iron-and-steel factory. The factory began to function a year later. The plant produced iron beams, railings, pipes, railway bands, iron sheets, rolled steel. In 1896 the Belgian company Albert Neuve, Wilde & Co started the building of the boiler plant. Besides the boilers, the works produced metallurgical constructions, iron and coppery castings, although it was inferior to the steel plant in the production volume and workers quantity. The tannery, founded in 1853, passed into the hands of the Belgian experts and was distinctly enlarged then. Since the 1870 the roadwork was expanded. By the end of the century the in part of the city streets was already paved. At the same time the greenery was planted in the city center. In 1866, the new city theatre building was erected by the Italian architect Londeron. Thanks to the excellent acoustics of its hall, the Taganrog Theatre gained a nationwide glory. The plays of Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, A.N. Ostrovsky, William Shakespeare were performed here. The special pride of the citizens was the Italian opera, financed by the local merchants, patrons of art. Taganrog theater had its own Italian opera from 1866 to 1875. In 1876, the first City Library was opened by the governor Johan Hampus Furuhjelm. In 1898 the regional museum was founded. In 1907 the first Mirage cinema was built, a few years later the wooden building of the circus was erected. In 1871 the first private newspaper Azovski Vestnik (Azov Bulletin) was established, later renamed Taganrogski Verstnik (Taganrog Bulletin). Among the city intellectuals were artists, musicians and columnists. Civil war and establishment of Soviets The soviet power was established in Taganrog on January 22, 1918. Anton Glushko headed the first local soviet. From March to May 1918, the Ukrainian Soviet government stayed in Taganrog during Ukraine’s occupation by German troops. Taganrog itself was under German occupation May – August 1918. In August 1918, Don Cossacks took the control of the city. In 1919 General Anton Denikin kept his headquarters at the Avgerino mansion. Red Army troops under command of Nikolay Kuybishev entered the city on December 24, 1919. The remaining Denikin's troops and the British Consulate were evacuated by the HMS Montrose. On February 26, 1920 the Military Revolutionary Commission issued the order number 46, closing five foreign consulates that were open in Taganrog at that time (Spanish, Greek, Belgian, Danish and Swedish Consulates). The full power was given to the executive committee of The City Soviet Workers' council on December 17, 1920 and the city joined Ukrainian SSR. However, it was transferred to Russian SFSR in 1924. Taganrog during WWII Main article: Taganrog during World War II In World War II, 1941– 1943, Taganrog was occupied by German troops and suffered extensive damage. Two SS divisions entered the city in October 1941 with other military and back divisions to follow. The local government system was replaced by Bürgermeisteramt or "New Russian local government". The SS Einsatzgruppe Sonderkommando 10a performed systematic genocide of Taganrog citizens from the first days of occupation. According to the information of the State Archive, some 7,000 Taganrogers (1,500 of them children of various age) were shot to death in the Gully of Petrushino.[8] In Taganrog acted at least 2 Soviet partisans groups organized by NKVD before the Soviet troops left the city and in November 1941, Semion Morozov organized an underground resistance group, which consisted mainly of young Komsomol members. The members of the two groups acted separately and were not permitted to go into contact.[9] Taganrog was liberated by Soviet Army's 130th Rifle Division under command of Konstantin Sychev (ru:Сычёв, Константин Васильевич) and 416th Rifle Division under command of Dmitri Syzranov (Russian: Сызранов Дмитрий Михайлович). Taganrog was conferred the status of City of Military Glory by the President of the Russian Federation Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev on November 3, 2011, for “courage, endurance and mass heroism, exhibited by defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland”.[10] Taganrog during World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Soviet city of Taganrog, now part of the Rostov Oblast of the Russian Federation, had an eventful history during World War II, from 1941 to 1945. Defense of Taganrog In July 1941 the municipal Communist Party Committee ordered the creation of the 44th Home Guards detachment from communists working at the city's factories to defend Taganrog. The detachment was under command of NKVD lieutenant Pyotr Gerasimov. In the summer months of 1941, the "Taganrog Instrumental Factory named after J.Stalin" began production of artillery shells. In Spring 1941, the State Aviation Factory no.31 began producing the brand-new fighters LAGG-3, later increasing the number of planes assembled to at least 6 airplanes per day following the opening of the Eastern Front.[1] The "Taganrog factory named after Molotov" ("Krasny Gidropress") produced mines and spare parts for tanks. On 30–31 August 1941, the city of Taganrog was bombed by Luftwaffe planes. On 15 September 1941, the Rostov Oblast Communist Party Committee gave instructions on the organization of defense and underground resistance in case of occupation. A municipal defense committee was established in Taganrog, which controlled the evacuation of the population and military equipment from defense factories. The defense was held by 31st Rifle Division (Soviet Union) under command of Mikhail Ozimin and the 44th Home Guards detachment. Evacuation of Taganrog On June 27, 1941 the State Communist Party Committee and Sovnarkom ordered the evacuation of industrial enterprises, agricultural resources, material and cultural values from the areas in proximity of the front-line. On October 4, 1941 the first train from Taganrog, carrying the dismantled equipment of the Instrumental Factory named after J.Stalin (later – Taganrog Combine Factory), left for Novosibirsk. On October 9, 1941 the State Aviation Factory no.31 started preparations for evacuation to relocate the production of LAGG-3 (including 3000 workers with families and over 50 nearly finished LAGG-3 "assembly kits") to Tbilissi. On October 10, 1941 the Kransny Kotelshik factory started the evacuation of its equipment for Zlatoust of Chelyabinsk Oblast. On October 15, 1941 the Taganrog Metallurgical Pipe Factory finished its evacuation for Kamensk-Uralsky in Ural. "The factory named after Molotov" was evacuated to Petropavlovsk (today part of Kazakhstan). The Evacuation Hospital no.2097 located in Taganrog was evacuated on October 9 for Makhachkala. By October 15, 1941 around 70–75% of equipment and products of Taganrog factories, as well as most workers were evacuated from the city. Occupation On October 17, 1941, the armored divisions SS Division Wiking and 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler of 1st Panzer Group arrived on the outskirts of Taganrog and several panzers made breakthrough to the seaport and opened fire at gunboats "Krenkel" and "Rostov-Don" and the last transport ship evacuating women and children. According to Sovinformburo, the Germans lost around 35,000 soldiers and officers during the fight for Taganrog. The gunboat "Krenkel" was heavily damaged and sunk in the haven of the Taganrog seaport. The city was left by the Red Army on October 22, 1941.During the occupation, the local government system was replaced by Bürgermeisteramt or "New Russian local government" and the city was divided into 4 police sectors controlled by "Ortskommendatur" and personally by SS-Sturmbannführer Dr. Kurt Christmann of Einsatzkommande Sonderkommando 10a. Sicherheitsdienst headquarters were stationed at the Chekhov Gymnasium. In the summer-fall campaign of 1942 the headquarters of the VIII. Fliegerkorps of Luftwaffe was stationed in Taganrog. Since November, 1942 Ju 52 and Ju 88 aircraft were flying supplies to German troops encircled in Stalingrad. The promised tonnage figure was never reached, instead of the minimum required 300 tons of supplies per day, a maximum of 100 tons per day was reached. SS and other German intelligence services in Taganrog Taganrog was an important city and was paid considerable attention by German intelligence services. It was due not only to strategic objects, such as seaport, aerodrome, train stations or developed industry, but also to the fact that the city on Azov Sea with hospitals and a spa center could provide comfortable stay conditions for personnel. The following special services were stationed in Taganrog in 1941–1943:[2] • SS Einsatzkommande Sonderkommando 10a (November 1941 – July 1942) • Sicherheitsdienst SD-6 (summer 1942 – July 1943) • Sicherheitsdienst SD-10 • Sicherheitsdienst SD-4b (July 1943 – August 1943) headed by Eckhardt • Geheime Feldpolizei GFP-626 (May 1942 – August 1943) • Geheime Feldpolizei GFP-721 (October 1942 – August 1943) headed by Brandt • Abwehr (military intelligence) Abwehrgruppe 101 and 103 • Abwehr Abwehrgruppe 201 • Abwehr "Nachrichtenbeobachter" group (January–February 1942) • Abwehr "Marine Einsatzkommando des Schwartzes Meeres" May–July 1942) • Abwehr Abwehrnebenstelle "Ukraine" (Rittersporen) (December 1941– • Abwehr Abwehrausland Wally (since 1942 stationed on Italianski Pereulok 36, at the former Peoples' Court building, unknown if it was Wally-1 or Wally-2) Nazi crimes Genocide at Gully of Petrushino Main article: Gully of Petrushino The SS Einsatzgruppe Sonderkommando 10a performed systematic genocide of Taganrog citizens from the first days of occupation. The large groups of citizens (old men, women, communists, young communists, gypsies, Jews, and anyone suspected in aiding the resistance movement) were taken from Vladimirskaya Plaza in Taganrog to Petrushino village (near Beriev), where they were shot to death in the Gully of Petrushino (Todesschlucht). The massacres in Taganrog started with the Final Solution of the Jewish question. On October 22, 1941 the Ortskommendant issued an order for all Jewish people to wear a Star of David sign and to register themselves at the Ortskommendatur. It was followed by Appeal to the Jewish Population of Taganrog signed by the Ortskommendant Alberti. The "appeal" was calling all Jews to gather themselves on October 29, 1941 at 8:00 am on Vladimirskaya Plaza in Taganrog from where they were supposed to be taken to a ghetto. Ortskommendant Alberti explained this measure as necessary due to alleged rise of antisemitism among local population, and that the German police and Gestapo would better manage the question if the Jewish population were separated into a certain district of the city: In order to implement this measure, the Jews of both sexes and of all ages, including the persons born of marriages between Jews and not-Jews must be present on Wednesday, October 29, 1941 at 8 o'clock in the morning at Vladimirskaya Ploshad of Taganrog. All Jews must have documents and hand in the keys to currently occupied houses and flats. A pasteboard tag with full names and full address must be attached to the keys by a wire or a lace. We highly recommend the Jews to take with them all valuables and cash...(excerpt) [3] On October 29, 1941 all Jews of Taganrog (around 2,500 people) were gathered on Vladimirskaya Plaza, promptly registered at the building of the school no.27 in front of Vladimirskaya Plaza and taken by trucks to the Gully of Petrushino near Beriev Aircraft Factory, where they were shot to death by Schutzmannschaft collaborationists under control of Otto Ohlendorf's Einsatzgruppe D. Of all the Jewish children who lived in Taganrog in 1941 only a 14year old boy Volodya Kobrin (Russian: Кобрин, Владимир Моисеевич) managed to escape the certain death thanks to the help of various people in Taganrog, and especially Anna Mikhailovna Pokrovskaya, who was awarded the title of the Righteous among the Nations by the Professor Alisa Shenar, Ambassador of Israel in Russia on July 19, 1996.[4] On August 21, 1943, one week prior to Taganrog's liberation by Red Army, 80 citizens (workers,women and young people) were shot to death on the seashore of Gulf of Taganrog, on Spit of Petrushino.[5] According to the information of the State Archive, some 7,000 Taganrogers (1,500 of them children of various age) were shot to death in the Gully of Petrushino.[6] Usage of children as forced blood donors In June 1943, all the children of the Taganrog children's home were evacuated by the Nazis to Verkhnyaya Lepetiha village of Kherson Oblast to be used as involuntary blood donors for wounded officers and soldiers. They were delivered by groups to a German naval hospital ship on Dniepr, where the blood was taken and the dead bodies were thrown into the river waters. 22 kids were found by mere chance by the military intelligence Guards Sergeant Vladimir Tsibulkin (formerly worker of the Taganrog Combine-Harvester factory) and were saved from the poisoning planned by SS by an attack of the 301st Rifle Division (Soviet Union) on February 8, 1944. The front-line cameraman and Stalin Prize winner Vladimir Sushinskiy filmed a documentary on the salvation of children.[7][8][9][10] The OST-Arbeiters From the first days, the occupation regime started deportation of the citizens to Nazi Germany for forced hard labour. Nazi Germany needed workforce, and the population census held by Germans in the occupied Taganrog in February 1942 revealed possibilities for displacing citizens into Germany or occupied territories. The Bürgermeisteramt organized a labour exchange in the building of the municipal school no.8. The first mass deportations through this organization took place in April 1942. The people were convoyed on foot by the police and military to Primorskoe village near Mariupol, and further taken by train to Stalino, where was located the central "distribution center" for OST-Arbeiters in the South. A file with photographs and fingerprints for each Taganroger sent for work in Germany was produced. The file documented the possibilities for his/her use depending on age, profession and health condition. The second wave of mass deportations was in June–August 1943. Only within 40 days (from June 11 to July 20, 1943) 10 "shipments" of people to Stalino were made by trucks totaling 6762 people, 4043 of them being small children.[11] From October 22 to August 29, 1943 some 27,000 Zwangsarbeiters or OSTArbeiters were forced to leave Taganrog and displaced into Germany or other occupied territories, including concentration camps. Wartime photos Anordnung (Order) of the German occupation authorities on elimination and destruction of Jewish or Soviet coat of arms, symbols, monuments etc., Nov.4, 1941The bench at the Gorky Park (Taganrog), summer of 1942. The inscription reads: "Nur fuer Deutsche" (Only for Germans).Documentation on deportation of a boy from Taganrog for forced labor in Nazi Germany, 1942 Ruins of the school no.4 in Taganrog. 1943.Ruins of the school no.27 in Taganrog. 1943.This is the building where the Jews of Taganrog were registered prior to be taken to the Gully of Petrushino. Peter I Monument in Taganrog re-inaugurated by the occupation authorities. Fascist atrocities discovered at Gully of Petrushino, Sept. 1, 1943 Resistance during Taganrog's occupation Main article: Taganrog resistance movement In Taganrog acted at least two Soviet partisans groups organized by NKVD before the Soviet troops left the city and in November 1941, Semion Morozov organized an underground resistance group, which consisted mainly of young Komsomol members. The members of the two groups acted separately and were not permitted to go into contact.[2] As of early December 1941 only 11 young people were members of the Taganrog resistance movement, while in early 1943 more than 500 people who were divided into 27 partisan groups acted against occupation forces in Taganrog. On February 18, 1943 was arrested Semion Morozov, the core of the underground movement's activists were arrested in May 1943, quickly prosecuted and shot to death at Gully of Petrushino. After several arrests in February–May 1943 some 200 members of the Taganrog resistance movement were arrested, tortured and killed (including 27 women and 2 children). 126 members of the Taganrog resistance movement were awarded with orders and medals, the Commissar of the Taganrog's underground Semion Morozov was posthumously made Hero of the Soviet Union. Major resistance operations • November 15, 1941: arson and explosion at the Taganrog seaport's ammunition depot (completely destroyed) • early December 1941: explosion at the Taganrog City Hall, its canteen and the car repair shop (147 Nazi German officers and soldiers killed.[2] • December 1941: arson at the "Krasny Gidropress" factory (40 trucks burnt). • January 25, 1942: arson of wood materials (used for repair of German aircraft) at the territory of the Beriev Aircraft Company • April–May 1942: two diversion acts at the "Krasny Gidropress" factory (13 and 120 trucks temporarily out of service) • June 1942: derailment of the train (10 wagons)at Martsevo/Koshkino • October 1942: derailment of the train transporting panzers, cars and ammunition between Varenovka and Primorka stations • January 1943: holes-traps made (from Ochakovsk tail up to Taganrog) on the ice of the Gulf of Taganrog, which resulted in a gross loss of horses (more than 100) • December 1942: attack on the police station near Mayakovka village. Trophies: 4 light machine-guns, 10 rifles, grenades. • February 1943: 4 attacks on retreating through the Gulf of Taganrog German and Romanian troops. Trophies: 7 machine-guns, 40 rifles, 13 submachine guns, 11 heavily-loaded trucks were sunken in Azov Sea, 37 Nazi German soldiers killed. • March 1943: arson of a truck loaded with products and cereals (truck completely destroyed). • May 14, 1943: successful assassination attempt by Sergey Weiss and Yuri Pazon at Sicherheitsdienst's informants Musikova and Raevskaya. • (throughout the duration of the occupation period) Distribution of leaflets and Sovinformburo's information bulletins. Collaboration during Taganrog's occupation Soon after the occupation of Taganrog in 1941, the existing Soviet Militsiya was transformed into military collaborationist auxiliary police under the name of "Russian auxiliary police" (Russian: Русская вспомогательная полиция), also referred to as Russian Schutzmannschaft or "Hilfspolizei". Its main difference from the Soviet service was that besides the criminal department, it had a "political" department, which was aimed at suppression and extermination of Nazy Germany's enemies: Soviet partisans, underground groups, Soviet activists, Jews, communists, Komsomol members, NKVD agents etc. The political department of the police was controlled directly by Sicherheitsdienst SD-10 and later by SD-6, and closely cooperated with Geheimfeldpolizei. By March 1943 the Schutzmannschaft's personnel in Taganrog nearly doubled in comparison with that of the Soviet militsiya, and reached around 600 policemen. The "Russian auxiliary police" was directly involved in all punitive operations and formed part of the killing squads, including the Gully of Petrushino, and in arrests of young activists of the Taganrog underground resistance movement. The first chief of Russian auxiliary police was Yuriy Kirsanov, who was replaced by Boris Vasilievich Stoyanov of Bulgarian origin on May 20, 1942. The criminal department of the police was located at Ulitsa Grecheskaya 90, the political dept. was located on Frunze Street, 16. In 1942 both institutions were relocated into the former "Palace of Pioneers" on Petrovskaya Str.[2] Liberation of Taganrog Main article: Mius-Front After defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad, the German military commandment started to strengthen its defense lines. The defense lines "MiusFront" along Mius River created under command of General Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist back in October 1941. By summer 1943 the Mius-Front consisted of three defense lines with total depth of the Mius defense range of 40–50 kilometers. The defense was held by the 6th Army (Wehrmacht) under command of General Karl-Adolf Hollidt. On August 29, 1943 the group (4th Guards Cavalry Corps) of the lieutenant-general Nikolay Kirichenko (Russian: Кириченко, Николай Яковлевич) breach the German defense line near Veselo-Voznesenovka village and reached the Azov Sea, cutting the retreat ways from Taganrog to Mariupol. However, by this time the main forces were already evacuated from Taganrog. Only mine-layer parties were left in the city, and the Sambek Heights were held by the 111th Infantry Division (Nazy Germany) under command of General Hermann Recknagel. Taganrog was liberated on August 30, 1943 by Soviet Army's 130th Rifle Division under command of Konstantin Sychev (ru:Сычёв, Константин Васильевич) and 416th Rifle Division under command of Dmitri Syzranov (Russian: Сызранов Дмитрий Михайлович). August 30, 1943 Generalissimo Marshal of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin gave the order to General Fyodor Tolbukhin to name the 130th Rifle Division and 416th Rifle Division after the city of Taganrog, and August 30 at 7:30 pm to fire a salute of twenty salvoes in honor of the glorious troops who liberated the Rostov Oblast and Taganrog.[12] On September 1, 1943 the mass grave of murdered in the Gully of Petrushino Taganrog citizens was publicly examined. The Secretary of the Taganrog City Communist Party committee Alexander Zobov held a speech before the gathered citizens. The medical commission permitted the exhumation of 31 dead bodies from the upper level.[5] Post-liberation period In difficult conditions, the factories gradually restored the production important for the victory over Nazi Germany. In October 1943 the Taganrog Pipe Factory and the Boiler Factory "Krasny Kotelshchik" resumed their work. The citizens of Taganrog collected money for the construction of a tank column Taganrog, which was built for that money and given over to the army of General Pavel Rybalko. Some of these tanks with inscriptions Taganrog participated at the Battle of Berlin. The school students of Taganrog collected money for a Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bomber (developed by Taganroger Vladimir Petlyakov). The aircraft was given the name The Taganrog's Pioneer (Russian: Таганрогский пионер) and was given over to the 135th Taganrog Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment (Russian: 135-й гвардейский бомбардировочный Таганрогский Краснознаменный орденов Кутузова и Александра Невского авиационный полк) on May 19, 1944, the birthday of the All-Union Pioneer Organization.[13] Trivia • • • • • German occupation regime gave some of the streets their pre-Revolution names. The municipal Gorky Park was partially destroyed and was used by the occupation forces as cemetery (Der Deutsche Heldenfriedhof). July 18, 1943 the Peter the Great Monument, was re-inaugurated in front of the central entrance to the Gorky Park.[14][15] In 1943, Soviet Russian cartoonists Kukryniksy dedicated their political cartoon "Taganrog is Soviet Again"(Russian: "Таганрог – советский") to liberation of Taganrog. It was published in the TASS Windows, with the accompanying text composed by Samuil Marshak.[16] During occupation, Germans built a few pillboxes on Historicheskiy Boulevard facing the Taganrog seaport. Remains of these fortifications are still preserved.[17] One of the German pillboxes that were built on Historicheski Boulevard in Taganrog, facing the seaport. Consequences • The infrastructure of the city and its unique historical and cultural heritage suffered extensive damage. • In February 1942 the German occupation government conducted an official census (145 thousand people). The population of the city diminished nearly twice and was less than 80 thousand people in August 1943. • Over 10,000 Taganrogers who participated at Great Patriotic War were awarded with various state awards. • The whole collection of art from the Taganrog Museum of Art, and overall 339 objects of art were lost forever from the Taganrog museum collections[18][19][20] City of Military Glory Taganrog was conferred the status of City of Military Glory by the President of the Russian Federation Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev on November 3, 2011, for “courage, endurance and mass heroism, exhibited by defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland”.[21] Commemorative monuments The monument "Oath of the Youth"Russian: "Клятва юности" to heroes of the Taganrog resistance movement. Inaugurated on August 30, 1973 on Spartakovski pereulok, in front of the Chekhov Gymnasium.The monument to sailors of the Azov Flotilla who participated in the defense of Taganrog in 1941 and liberation in 1943. Inaugurated in May 1975. The eternal flame at the central alley of the Gorky Park The plaque on the place in the Gorky Park, where was held the meeting of Taganrog citizens after liberation of Taganrog on Aug.31,1943. The monument in the Gorky Park in honor of three Soviet fighter pilots who died on the Taganrog liberation day in August 1943.The monument to Taganrog's Communist Party secretaries and city's executive committee's members who died during evacuation of Taganrog on October 17, 1941. (Inaugurated in August 1944). Monument (IS3 tank) to Soviet tankmen who participated in liberation of Taganrog. Inaugurated on August 30, 1988 World War II Monument at Sambek Heights (former Mius-Front), at the entrance to Taganrog. Inaugurated in 1980. Monument to Ivan Golubets References • Encyclopedia of Taganrog, 2nd edition, Taganrog, 2003 • Таганрогский филиал ГАРО, фонд Р-952, опись 1, дело 20 • Сборник 'Таганрог' Глава VI. В годы Великой Отечественной…\\Пронштейн А. П. – Ростов-на-Дону: Ростовское книжное издательство, 1977 – с.208 • Таганрогское антифашистское подполье 1941 – 1943 гг. • Ein Schuld, die nicht erlischt. Dokumente über deutsche Kriegsverbrechen in der Sowjetunion. Document collection, 1987 Pahl Rugenstein Verlag GmbH, Cologne, Germany 1. ^ "Таганрогская Авиация". Историческая справка предприятия 2. ^ a b c d Волошин В., Ратник В."Вчера была война. Таганрог в годы немецкофашистской оккупации. Таганрог, "Лукоморье", 2008 3. ^ "Воззвание к еврейскому населению Таганрога" 4. ^ Всё это я пережил...В.Кобрин from the Taganrog Local Government's almanac №18 Вехи Таганрога – "Евреи Таганрога", Таганрог, декабрь 2003 г. 5. ^ a b Таганрогская Правда №2 (5954) Четверг, 2 сентября 1943 г. 6. ^ Центр документации новейшей истории Ростовской области, ф.3. оп.3, д.23 7. ^ Юные узники войны 8. ^ С.Н.Емельянов, М.Вагнер "Таганрог и Люденшайд во второй мировой войне", 1996 9. ^ «На моей маечке стояла цифра 3» 10. ^ Марина Лебедева "Память сердца", Время Таганрога №1 (147), 12.01.2010 11. ^ [Таганрогский филиал ГАРО фонды Р-619, Р-5132] 12. ^ Приказ Верховного Главнокомандующего Генерал-полковнику Толбухину.30 августа 1943 года 13. ^ Пе-2 "Таганрогский пионер" 14. ^ Г.Н.Орлов, Л.И.Найговзин, А.А.Цымбал "Памятники Архитектуры, Истории и культуры Таганрога на старых открытках и фотографиях", Таганрог, "Лукоморье", 2008 15. ^ "Епископ Таганрогский Иосиф", И.П.Павленко in the newspaper Юг Православный, №5 (146), May 2010 16. ^ «Таганрог – советский (Окно ТАСС №812)» 17. ^ Исторический бульвар – Исторический Таганрог 18. ^ Утраченные культурные ценности Российской Федерации / Cводный каталог утраченных ценностей Российской Федерации / Том 13. Таганрогский государственный литературный и историко-архитектурный музей-заповедник (утрачено предметов – 339) 19. ^ Cводный каталог культурных ценностей российской Федерации, похищенных и утраченных в период второй мировой войны. Том 13. 20. ^ Доклад на российско-германском симпозиуме «Трофеи- Потери-Эквиваленты» 21. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №1459 от 03 ноября 2011 года «О присвоении г.Таганрогу почётного звания Российской Федерации „Город воинской славы“». (The President of the Russian Federation. Ukaz #1459 of November 3, 2011 On the assignment to Taganrog of the Honorary title of the Russian Federation “City of Military Glory”. ). The meeting of the Taganrog citizens on the liberation day, August 31, 1943 Modern period The post-revolution and postwar periods gave a new life to the city. The power machinery engineering, metallurgical production, instrument-making and other industry branches began to develop. The development of science was closely connected with the inauguration of the Taganrog State University of Radio Engineering. In the seventies and eighties, Taganrog was known as an important scientific and industrial center of Southern Russia. Taganrog companies produced: steam-boilers, self-propelled combine harvesters, drill-, casing-, oil-, gas-, and waterpipes, gears for searching fish and other installations. Taganrog products were exported to over 50 countries of the world. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the first economic reforms in the early nineties were very unfavorable for the citizens of Taganrog. But the local government of the city and the managers of industrial enterprises didn’t fold their hands and tried to find the right ways in the new market economy. They managed to preserve the experienced workforce and improve the technological processes. By the end of the twentieth century the production output growth rate reached nearly 400%. Beriev's A-50. The multipurpose amphibian BE-200 has been designed and put into production by Beriev Aircraft Company. This amphibian aircraft has no analogues in the whole world. The TAGMET Iron & Steel Factory applies the most progressive steel casting technology and grafts on its growth rate. Doninvest Finance & Industry Group launched the production of passenger cars under licence of Citroën, France and Hyundai, South Korea. The citizens of Taganrog witnessed the inauguration of a new maternity center; a new ophthalmology department for veterans was opened in the Hospital 7. Several new trolley bus and shuttle bus routes have been introduced throughout the city. There are no obstacles with installation of digital phone lines in the city. Videophone communication and high-speed internet access are now widely available. On January 29, 2010 Russian President Dmitri Medvedev visited the city of Taganrog within the framework of the commemorative events for the 150th anniversary of the great Russian writer Anton Chekhov.[11] See also • Azov campaigns • List of governors of Taganrog in 1802–1888 External links and references • (English) Official website of Taganrog • (Russian) Official website of Taganrog • Сборник 'Таганрог' \\Пронштейн А. П. – Ростов-на-Дону: Ростовское книжное издательство, 1977 – с.208 • History of Taganrog by Pavel Filevsky, Moscow, 1898 • Encyclopedia of Taganrog, 2nd edition, Taganrog, 2003 Eurasia Antiqua, Zeitschrift fuer Archaeologie Eurasiens, Deutsches Archaeologische Institut, Band 11/2005, 1. ^ Summary of the Taganrog project on DAI web site 2. ^ Results of the German-Russian excavations in Taganrog in 2007 3. ^ German-Russian archaeological excavations in 2006 4. ^ German-Russian excavations in 2005 5. ^ Revealing the Mysteries of Meotide 6. ^ Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Jahresbericht 2008. AA 2009/1 Beiheft Hirmer Verlag Munchen 7. ^ Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Archäologischer Anzeiger 1.Halbband 2009 Sonderdruck "Die Griechen am Don – Ergebnisse der deutsch-russischen Ausgrabungen in Taganrog und Umgebung Kampagnen 2004–2007. 8. ^ Центр документации новейшей истории Ростовской области, ф.3. оп.3, д.23 9. ^ Волошин В., Ратник В."Вчера была война. Таганрог в годы немецко-фашистской оккупации. Таганрог, "Лукоморье", 2008 10. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №1459 от 03 ноября 2011 года «О присвоении г.Таганрогу почётного звания Российской Федерации „Город воинской славы“». (The President of the Russian Federation. Ukaz #1459 of November 3, 2011 On the assignment to Taganrog of the Honorary title of the Russian Federation “City of Military Glory”. ). 11. ^ The President of Russian Federation Dmitri Medvedev participated in celebrating the 150th anniversary of the great Russian writer Anton Chekhov in the writer's home city of • (View of the Taganrog's Harbor (late 19th century postcard). Carpet on which Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) stood to pray after death of Alexander I of Russia from Alexander I Palace in Taganrog. "Blessed Be the Place where You Prayed. 1826!" Garibaldi Monument in Taganrog Памятник Джузеппе Гарибальди Стелла Д.Гарибальди From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Location Designer Portovaya Street, Taganrog David Begalov Opening date June 2, 1961 Dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi In the first half of 19th century Taganrog was one of the largest ports in Russia. Hundreds of ships from European ports came into the haven. Merchants and seafarers from Liverpool, Bristol, Lisbon, Marseille, Genoa, Livorno and other seaports worldwide knew the name of the city of Taganrog. Visits of Giuseppe Garibaldi to Taganrog Giuseppe Garibaldi came from a sailor’s family and he was reared to a life on the sea. After becoming a merchant marine captain in 1832, he visited many ports and he frequently harbored his schooner Clorinda in the city of Taganrog. There are even records that he was fined here for smuggling contraband cigars. A special day for Garibaldi came on a visit to Taganrog in April 1833, as his schooner charged with a shipment of oranges was moored for ten days in the Taganrog seaport. While the ship was unloading, the young captain walked through the streets of the city, visiting the houses of Italians who lived in Taganrog, and spending the night in little port inns. In one of such inns, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from Oneglia, a political immigrant from Italy and member of the secret movement Young Italy (La Giovine Italia). Later, Garibaldi described this meeting in the following way: “In all circumstances of my life I continued consulting people and books on the revival of Italy, but until 24 years of old, these efforts were in vain. Finally in Taganrog I met a Ligurian who was the one to reveal me the real state of things in this country. I guess Columbus never felt so happy discovering America, as I felt there among the people who dedicated their lives to liberation of their Homeland.” In Taganrog, Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the society “Young Italy” and took an oath of dedicating his life to struggle for liberation of his Homeland from Austrian dominance. History of the Monument In 1961 Taganrog paid the tribute to the staying of Garibaldi with one of the downtown streets named after him (Ulitsa Garibaldi), and with an obelisk in honor of Garibaldi not far from the seaport where stood his schooner Clorinda.[1] The obelisk is a 5-meter high stella representing the flying banner. The description on the backside reads: In 1833, Giuseppe Garibaldi took an oath of dedicating his life to liberation and unification of his Homeland – Italy. Under leadership of the national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi, the country was liberated and unified. On the front side, it says: In the person of Garibaldi Italy had a hero of antique kind, who was capable of producing miracles and who produced miracles (Friedrich Engels). The obelisk in honor of Garibaldi’s visit to Taganrog was inaugurated on June 2, 1961 for the centenary of Italy’s liberation. The local artist Yakovenko realized the project of the monument. The bas-relief (Italian hero’s profile and a palm branch) was produced by the artist Baranov. In 1986, the bas-relief was replaced due to technical reasons and a new bas-relief by the artist Beglov was installed. The photograph of the Taganrog's Giuseppe Garibaldi monument was displayed at the exhibition "Hero of Two Worlds: Monuments to Garibaldi Across the World" that opened at the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum in New York City on July 21, 2007.[2] September 12, 2007, a new renovated Giuseppe Garibaldi monument was unveiled during celebrations of the "City Day" and within the program of the events dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi bicentenary in Taganrog.[3] Annita Garibaldi-Jallet, granddaughter of the Italian revolutionary and representatives of the Italian embassy in Moscow participated in the event.[4] The quotation from Friedrich Engels was removed from the front side, the description on the back side remained unchanged. This is the only monument in honor of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the former Soviet Union. References 1. ^ Решение №109 Таганрогского городского Совета депутатов трудящихся Ростовской области. 18 мая 1961 г. "О дополнительных мероприятиях по увековечиванию памяти национального героя Италии, выдающегося революционера Джузеппе Гарибальди" 2. ^ "Taganrog's Giuseppe Garibaldi monument at New York photo exhibition". Taganrog Municipality. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2009. 3. ^ "Program of the events dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi bicentenary in Taganrog, September 12, 2007". Taganrog Municipality. 4 August 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2009. 4. ^ "Photos from the inauguration of the new Giuseppe Garibaldi Monument". Taganrog Municipality. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2009. • The Taganrog Encyclopaedia, 2nd edition, 2003 • materials of the Taganrog State Archive and Taganrog Local Government • "Таганрогская Правда" №22 (153-155) 2-8/06/2006 г. стр.14 "Историческая встреча" The Garibaldi Monument, Sept.12, 2007 TAGANROG Enciclopedia Italiana (1937) di G. Pu. - * TAGANROG (A. T., 71-72). - Città della Russia meridionale, situata lungo la sponda settentrionale del golfo che da essa prende nome e che si apre sul Mare di Azov. La città di Taganrog fu in origine, come tante altre località della Russia meridionale e orientale, una semplice fortezza, sorta poco lungi dalla località un tempo occupata da un emporio commerciale di mercanti italiani, che ebbe una certa importanza durante il sec. XIII, poi completamente distrutto durante le invasioni mongoliche. La città fu fondata nel 1686, allorquando Pietro il Grande procedeva alla fortificazione di quelle coste. Nel 1712, in seguito ad accordo con la Turchia, le fortificazioni furono demolite, nel 1738 furono riedificate, e contemporaneamente fu costruito anche il porto. Solo nel 1769 i Russi se ne impadronirono in modo definitivo. Nel 1855 la flotta anglo-francese bombardò e danneggiò gravemente la città. Taganrog cominciò a svilupparsi rapidamente dopo la costruzione della ferrovia, che collega Charkov a Rostov sul Don, sicché oggigiorno essa è una delle città commercialmente più attive della regione. Nel suo porto vi sono tre bacini, ma poco profondi, per cui le navi si ancorano di solito a 25 o 30 miglia dalla città; durante l'inverno i ghiacci bloccano la costa per tre o quattro mesi. Taganrog è città industriale e commerciale. Vi sono alcune officine metallurgiche, fabbriche di carta e cuoierie. Assai più importante è il movimento commerciale, con una forte importazione di frutta fresche e conservate, di olî, vini, caffè, tabacco, cemento e prodotti dell'industria meccanica. Le merci esportate in maggior quantità sono frumento, paste alimentari, lino, seta, caviale, lana, burro e semi oleosi. La maggior parte di queste merci viene avviata per via di mare a mezzo di piccole navi a Rostov sul Don. Discreto sviluppo hanno pure le industrie della pesca. Taganrog dà perciò l'impressione di città molto attiva e per la sua posizione nei pressi del mare è di aspetto piacevole, anche se non offre alcuna attrattiva artistica. Durante la guerra civile, Taganrog fu sede del generale Denikin, capo dei "bianchi" nel mezzogiorno della Russia. Taganrog è inclusa nella Regione dei mari d'Azov e Nero e conta (1935) circa 150.000 ab., di contro ai 59.000 ab. che costituivano la sua popolazione sul finire del secolo passato. Garibaldi a Taganrog — Gio Barbera "Il Secolo XIX" 17.09.2007, 12:50 Giuseppe Garibaldi emerito sconosciuto? Tutt'altro. A Taganrog e soprattutto nella capitale dell'omonima regione del sud del Caucaso gli studenti sanno tutto dell'eroe dei due mondi. Come Evgenia Cachenko che ha appena ricevuto il diploma della Dante Alighieri di Rostov e che ha frequentato l'Università Iupb che mi racconta in un italiano molto fluente di Giuseppe Garibaldi e dei suoi frequenti viaggi e soste nel mare di Azov e a Taganrog. . Ed eccola la storia di Garibaldi e del perché a Taganrog e gli studenti della Dante Alighieri di Rostov diretta dalla dottoressa Natalia Chigridova ricordano bene l'Eroe dei due mondi… Comandante di un piccolo bastimento chiamato Clorinda nel 1831 e nel 1833 sbarcò nella città russa di Taganrog dove addirittura era possibile trovare le indicazioni stradali scritte in italiano come racconta nel suo libro Claudio Maodena Giuseppe e Anita Garibaldi — una storia d'amore e di battaglia pubblicato da Editori Riuniti di cui è stata consegnata una copia a tutti gli ospiti delle celebrazioni russe. Presto questo volume, gia' tradotto in russo, sarà presentato a Mosca. Nell'osteria di Taganrog, oggi trasformata in un ristorante, l'Albatros, dove si mangia ottimo pesce fresco accompagnato da vodka e vino italiano, e dove solo a dieci metri di distanza è stato inaugurato il grande monumento, Garibaldi conobbe gli esuli italiani appartenenti alla Giovane Italia pianificando con loro la strategia di lotta volta all'unificazione della patria. Oggi, proprio grazie a Garibaldi, si sono sviluppati rapporti fecondi con il nostro Paese. Taganrog. Adesso si chiama Albatros, un raffinato ristorante sul mare dove si mangia buon pesce e si beve vino anche italiano. Nel 1830 c’era un’osteria quella frequentata da Giuseppe Garibaldi. Arrivato a bordo del suo “Clorinda” incontrò i mazziniani per realizzare il suo sogno: unire l’Italia. A soli venti metri di distanza sfoggia ora la nuova stele dedicata all’Eroe dei due Mondi appena inaugurata dalla pronipote Annita Garibaldi, membro della commissione del bicentenario garibaldini arrivata sin qui nella regione di Rostov, nel Caucaso, per scoprire le origini del Garibaldi "russo". Qui, nella città che diventò famosa per aver dato i natali all'illustre scrittore Anton Pavlovic Chechov e che nel 2010 sarà ricordato con una grande festa, c’è spazio anche per la figura storica di Giuseppe Garibaldi. L’inaugurazione del monumento è stata accompagnata da una festosa partecipazione di alunni delle scuole locali. Taganrog, fondata da Pietro I il Grande, è un porto sul Mare d'Azov, distante circa 50 chilometri dal capoluogo (Rostov) e con quasi 200.000 di abitanti. Taganrog oggi può essere considerata una delle città più "italiane" in Russia. Gia nel 1247 negozianti genovesi esportavano dal porto di Tana (futuro Taganrog) grano saraceno, frumento, pesce salato, caviale. Nel Quattrocento, negozianti veneziani portavano dalla regione del Don frumento, pane, pesce dell'acqua dolce, cera. Il primo negoziante straniero che ha ricevuto diritto di commerciare a Taganrog fu un italiano di origine serba Savva di Ragusa, beniamino di Pietro il Grande. Nell'Ottocento attraverso i porti di Rostov, Taganrog ed Azov venivano esportati grandissimi volumi di grano nei paesi del Mediterraneo, specialmente in Italia. Una varietà di grano duro era particolarmente richiesta dagli importatori italiani ed è diventata così piu' conosciuta sul mercato mondiale dei cereali. Dato che veniva esportata principalmente dal porto di Taganrog gli italiani l'hanno chiamata "Taganrog". Si pensa che addirittura il grano "Taganrog" venisse usato per la produzione delle paste dell'azienda "Barilla". Oggi in Italia esiste un antico vitigno, usato per fare un ottimo vino, che si chiama "Taganrog" appunto perché è stato portato da questa città nell'Ottocento. All'inizio del Novecento a Taganrog vivevano moltissimi italiani tanto è vero che vi era il Consolato d'Italia. Nel periodo sovietico, una via a Taganrog ha ottenuto il nome Italianskaja e un'altra il nome di Garibaldi. A distanza di 170 anni gli italiani sono tornati a Taganrog, una bellissima cittadina sul mare dove ha ancora si possono notare sui muri delle piccole casette variopinte che tanto assomigliano alla vecchia Nizza le indicazioni stradali nella nostra lingua. Ora c'è la volontà da parte dell'ambasciata italiana, attraverso il dottor Giovanni Perrino, capo del dipartimento dell'educazione di lanciare un progetto: Gio Barbera Il Secolo XIX Alcune informazioni su Taganrog e sulla sua italianità Nell’Ottocento attraverso i porti di Rostov, Taganrog ed Azov venivano esportati grandissimi volumi di grano nei paesi del Mediterraneo, specialmente in Italia. Una varietà di grano duro era particolarmente richiesta dagli importatori italiani ed è diventata così piu’ conosciuta sul mercato mondiale dei cereali. Dato che veniva esportata principalmente dal porto di Taganrog gli italiani l’hanno chiamata “Taganrog”. Si pensa che addirittura il grano “Taganrog” venisse usato per la produzione delle paste dei primi pastifici italiani. Oggi in Italia esiste un antico vitigno, usato per fare un ottimo vino, che si chiama “Taganrog” appunto perché' è' stato portato da questa città nell’Ottocento. All’inizio del Novecento a Taganrog vivevano moltissimi italiani tanto è vero che vi era il Consolato d’Italia. Nel periodo sovietico, una via a Taganrog ha ottenuto il nome Italianskaja e un’altra il nome di Garibaldi. Nel 1962 fu edificato il monumento a Garibaldi perché Taganrog ha avuto un ruolo decisivo nel determinare il destino di Garibaldi. Quale comandante di un piccolo bastimento chiamato “Clorinda” (che trasportava anche arance italiane), Garibaldi visitòTaganrog alcune volte nel 1831 e nel 1833. Il suo soggiorno a Taganrog è stato particolarmente fruttuoso. E’ qui che in un’osteria presso il porto il giovane Garibaldi aveva conosciuto immigrati italiani che appartenevano all’organizzazione “Giovane Italia”. In seguito alle conversazioni con loro, Garibaldi ha scoperto una nuova realtà sulla situazione italiana del periodo e quindi ha cominciato a pianificare una strategia di lotta. Ed è’ qui che un futuro eroe ha prestato giuramento di liberare e unificare la patria. Oggi Taganrog, come molte città del Sud della Russia, ha stretti rapporti economici con l’Italia. A Taganrog sono situati il piu’ grande importatore e produttore di aerei e idrovolanti anfibi – il Centro tecnico-scientifico Beriev - e nello stesso tempo i piu’ importanti esportatori, stabilimenti dell’industria siderurgica “Vtormet” e “Metallurghiceskij Savod”. Tra le produzioni collegate all’Italia nella regione di Rostov si possono citare il grande stabilimento ceramico “Strojfarfor” (Shakhtinskaja Plitka) e la fabbrica tessile “Gloria Jeans” attrezzati con linee di produzione italiane, nonché grandissimi esportatori di metalli ferrosi e di semi di girasoli, fabbriche e importatori delle industrie leggere e alimentari. Quindi da noi, nella regione Rostovskaja ci deve proprio essere un monumento che ricordi l’Italia! E il Bicentenario di Garibaldi è un’ottima occasione per far rivivere e allargare i nostri legami. Il Comune di Taganrog è pronto a istituire rapporti di gemellaggio con una città italiana. http://dante-rostov.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=85 Societa' «Dante Alighieri» Российско-итальянский культурный Центр «Данте Алигьери»