2/14/13History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Design | Pascal Zoghbi Arabic Type, Arabic type Designer, Arabic Graphic Designer History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. May 28, 2007 // 127 1. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TRADITIONAL ARABIC TYPE. ———————————————————————————————————1.1 The origin of the Arabic script goes back to the first alphabet created by the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians were living on the coastal areas of Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Since the Phoenicians were traders sailing throughout the Mediterranean, their alphabet influenced all Mediterranean cultures and nations. The fact that the Middle East was located at the center of the Ancient World, between East and West, also had played an essential role in the spread of the Phoenicians’ alphabet. That is why the Phoenician alphabet is the mother of both Latin and Arabic scripts. In 1300 BC, the early Phoenician alphabet, consisting of 22 consonants without capitals letters and written from right to left, was born in the city of Byblos on the coast of Lebanon. In 1000 BC, the Aramaic alphabet originated from the Phoenician alphabet in Aram, Syria and Mesopotamia, which represented the language of the Arameans. In 100 BC, the Nabatean script was born in the city of Petra north of the Red Sea, in present-day Jordan and spread throughout the Middle Eeast. In 100 AD, the Syriac alphabet, with 22 letters, also developed from the Aramaic, was created in Mesopotamia. It was only during the middle of the first century that the early Arabic alphabet began to appear in Kufa, Iraq. The Old Kufi or Archaic Kufi consisted of about 17 letterforms without diacritic dots or accents. Afterwards, the diacritic dots and accents were added to help readers with pronunciation, and the set of Arabic letters rose to 29, including the Hamza. With the birth of Islam, the Qur’an became the driving force behind the unification of all Arabic scripts found in Arabia. One unified, well-structured Arabic script with 29 letters was developed for the writing of the holy scripts of the Qur’an in the seventh century AD. Primarily the Qur’an was 29letters.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 1/41 2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… written with the Quranic Kufi script and later it with the Quranic Naskh style. From its creation in the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabic alphabet spread to all of the Middle East, North Africa, and even as far as Spain due to Islamic conquests. Since Arabic was the language of the Qur’an hence the language of God, all the occupied nations were forced to use the Arabic language. 1.2 Several Arabic calligraphic styles developed in various Arabian cities, with different writing techniques and writing tools. The most known Arabic calligraphic styles are: 29letters.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 2/41 2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 1.2.1.Kufi (Old Kufi and Ornamented Geometric Kufi): the name “Kufi” originated from the city Kufa in Iraq. 1.2.2.Thuluth: the name Thuluth” originated from the names of several bamboo sticks that were used as writing tools. 1.2.3.Diwani and Diwani Djeli: The “Diwan” style developed during the Ottoman Empire, and the name comes from the political documents called “Diwan” in Arabic. 1.2.4. Naskh: the Ottoman Empire also gave rise to the “Naskh” style; “Naskh” is named after the ‘naskh’ action when the scribes copied Arabic text. 1.2.5. Persian; named after the Persian language. 1.2.6. Ruqaa: the name originated from the leather “Ruqaa” that the script was written on. 1.2.7. Maghrébi: is a stylized Kufi script developed in Morocco. Today, most of the text typefaces available are based on the Naskh or the Thuluth Style. The other styles like the Kufi, Diwani and Maghrébi are found in display typefaces. During the industrial revolution in Europe and the invention of movable type, several Arabic typefaces were created in France, Italy, England, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands between the 16th century and 18th centuries. The first Turkish press using Arabic printing type was found in 1727 in Istanbul, and the first Middle-Eastern Arabic printing press was built in a Christian monastery in Mount Lebanon in 1733 where the first Arabic book was published in 1735. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————2. BRIEF ASPECTS OF ARABIC TYPE. ———————————————————————————————————2.1 The Arabic Alphabet consists of 29 consonants and 11 vocalization marks in the shape of accents. The structure of the alphabet has only 19 basic shapes. However, since the letters change their shape according to their position in the word—initial, medial, final, or isolated—then the set of glyphs will add up to 106: 23 letters have four alternative shapes, and 7 letters have two alternative shapes. If we add the two indispensable ligatures of Lam-Alef, then the number will be 108. Finally, since the Arabic alphabet is also used in some non-Arab languages, more alterations to the letter were introduced to represent all the additional non-Arabic phonetics that brings the number of glyphs up to 130. Moreover, the number of glyphs can further increase if we also 29letters.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 3/41 2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… count all kinds of combinations within the letters if the typeface needs to fully mimic the calligraphic handwritten Arabic script. So according to each typeface, the number of glyphs can start with 130 and end in the hundreds. 2.2 The following image shows the four developing layers of the Arabic script The first line shows only the basic shapes of the letters. The second line illustrates the added diacritic dots on some letters that require it. The third line adds the vocalization marks for better pronunciation. The final line shows a decorated sentence where some decorative elements were added to the script to make it more elegant or holy. Usually, in everyday text, only the diacritic dots and some vocalization marks will be added to the script. The decorative elements will only be added to display words or sentences. 29letters.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 4/41 Diacritic Dots. and symbols.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.wordpress. punctuation marks. 2. the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo held a conference for the purpose of the standardization of non-Arabic phonemes due to translation from English. Decorative elements. or other languages. without mentioning the numerals. Basic letterforms. 4. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… The four typographic elements of the Arabic script are: 1. 3. French. ———————————————————————————————————IIn 1936 and 1938. The solution was to add some diacritic dots on some letters and give it the 29letters. THE MODERN HISTORY OF ARABIC TYPE FROM THE 30’S TILL PRESENT.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 5/41 . Vocalization marks. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————3. The following projects are the most interesting proposals: 3. Obligatory vocalization marks for educational books. As he continued to work on Unified Arabic.wordpress. computers. 29letters. printing. 3. and Arabist to Arab-American Oil Company (Aramco) in New York City. Reduction in the number of Arabic characters from 300 to 169.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. basic typographic rules: 1. UA” system. He also practiced architecture. and write it. During this time. these new type techniques were essentially the typewriter and the typesetting machines with movable type. 3. and architect. Between 1947 and 1958. It was during the post-World War II period when most Arab nations were becoming independent from European colonial powers and building their own infrastructure that the Academy of the Arabic Language began to reflect on the educational. Reverend Dennis Hilgendorg and Dr. Khattar’s Arabic type system that simplifies the printing and teaching of Arabic. At this time. some of which are “Unified. The Academy categorized the projects into three groups: 1.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 6/41 . After finishing his architechural apprenticeship as a disciple with the great American architect of the 20th century. Khattar designed new Arabic typefaces. sculptor and poet. read.1. The committee then decided to limit the changes or simplification to three. Ben Wood. In 1945. and other languages utilizing the Arabic alphabet. In 1986. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… proper phoneme. Unified Arabic is Mr. The Unified Arabic ™ typeface by Nasri Khattar (1911-1998) of Lebanon was proposed in 1947 A dual American-Lebanese national. Frank Lloyd Wright. literacy. Khattar for the Nobel Peace Prize for his life’s visionary achievements and their vast implications for the fields of linguistics. and technological development in the Arab nations and the need for a new simplified Arabic script to fit with new type techniques. He received a Ford Foundation grant for the years 1958-1961 to promote his “Unified Arabic. Khattar was an architect. making detached Arabic characters to suit the typewriter and the requirements of movable type. Urdu. Projects that broke all the characteristics of the Arabic script and used the Latin letters. the Academy launched a worldwide competition to reform and simplify Arabic to make it easier to learn. nominated Mr. the Academy assessed the last batch of submitted projects and also rejected all of them. Mr. many proposals were submitted to the Academy. Mr.” but also designed to automatically connect. Projects that converted the vocalization forms of the vowels into extra letters. Arabic calligrapher. Director of Educational Research at Columbia University. Standardization of additional Arabic letters that represent non-Arabic sounds. Mr. but none of them was accepted. Farsi. 1950-1957. to only consist of the basic variation forms of the letter and some indispensable ligatures and letter connections. Khattar worked as an Arabic consultant to IBM in the fifties. he made innumerable calligraphic works for both Aramco and the Arabs. 2. and telecommunications. and lectured at the American University of Beirut. Projects that proposed a single letterform for each letter. type designer. social. 2. inventor. painter. Between 1955 and 1959. 2.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Four characteristics summarize this unique project: 1. The type was designed with a large loop: height (x-height) and low ascenders and descenders. Each letter is uniquely different from the other and at the same time retaining the Arabic traditional form. 3. 29letters. A single glyph per letter and detached set type. The counter forms are wide and open for higher legibility especially in small sizes. 4.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 7/41 .wordpress. his daughter. 3. 3. and spacing and kerning to mention but a few. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Today.2 The Latinizing Arabic by Yahya Bouteméne in 1952. yet connected. continues to promote his work. applying the concept of Unified Arabic: one glyph per letter. especially his later typefaces that are designed to connect while. 29letters. not detached. The project consisted of constructing the Arabic letter from the Latin alphabet. The project suggested that each vocalization mark be drawn as additional letters to the Arabic script and be added within the writing.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 8/41 . But this proposal broke all traditions of Arabic type and was purely Latinized which can never be accepted. at the same time. This project also suggested that the type will be detached with Latin typographic structures like x-height. ascenders. descenders. Camille Khattar Hedrick.3 The Vocalization Marks as extra letters by Ali Al Gharim in 1952.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. The resultant style of type design became known as “Simplified Arabic. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 3.” The initial and medial glyphs of each letter were replaced with one glyph.wordpress.Yakout was designed in a similar manner to Arabic typewriter fonts created during this period: it used a limited range of letterforms to represent the full Arabic character set. The font was produced for hot-metal typesetting being specifically intended to function as newspaper text. medial. and the final and isolated glyphs of each letter were replaced or merged into one glyph (except for a few letters like the “Ain” where all initial. final.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 9/41 . 29letters.4 Yakout type by Nahib Jaroudi from Linotype in 1956. much effort was concentrated on reducing the normal Arabic character set of over 100 characters. and isolated forms were kept since they are differently drawn). This enabled the character set to be reduced and made it more compatible with the Arabic typesetting machines typewriters of the time. With the dual intention of fitting the Arabic script onto a Linotype line-casting machine for setting type for rotary printing. and of maximizing keying speeds in creating copy for daily newspapers. this font is the only digitized typeface of all those submitted to the Academy thanks to Dr. 3. Ghazal and the Moroccan government.wordpress. Nowadays.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 10/41 . However. The aim of the typeface was to make the Arabic type easily usable for all modern media.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… The provenance can be seen from an interesting on-line article by Fiona Ross entitled “Non-Latin Type Design at Linotype”. 29letters. this was the only project that underwent development and production because it was adopted by the Moroccan government which encouraged the establishment of the Institut d’Etudes et de Recherches pour l’Arabisation in 1960.5 The ASV-CODAR (Arabe Standard Voyellé – Codage Arabe) by Lakhdar Ghazal from Morocco in 1958. This project met the same fate as all other proposals and was rejected by the Academy in Cairo. it solved the technical problem of simplifying the script and at the same time respected the spirit of the Arabic script. He loves Lebanon and knows its history well. One drawn shape per basic letter set but which can at the same time accommodate a connecting or ending shape according to its position in the word. or below the letterforms. He considers the Lebanese the ancestors of the Phoenicians and that we must use the Latin alphabet since it is a direct descendant of the Phoenician alphabet and not the Arabic script which is full of problems and complicated. above. Three kinds of ending tails that fit all letters. Consequently. The Characteristics of ASV-Codar are: 1. this project was a social and technological achievement. Saïd Akl is a proud Lebanese linguist. These ending tails are added to letters that needed them if they are positioned at the end of the word. 3.6 The Lebanese Type by Saïd Akl in Lebanon in the 60s.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 11/41 . His idea was applied in the creation of the Lebanese 29letters. 2. and philosopher. This solution was conceived so as not to draw each letter several times with different vocalization marks for each one. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… The reason why ASV-Codar was developed is that. 3. poet. He is a true Lebanese person. This solution saved the type from being detached by making the number of glyphs drawn to the basic regular letters. unlike the previously mentioned proposals.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. The vocalization marks are placed on the connecting glyph (Kashida) between the letters and not on. That is what Akl was unknowingly set to prove with a brand new revolutionary concept. In this period of his life he was a very famous poet and philosopher throughout the Arab world. but rather the child of purpose. 3. not only was he driven by the phonetic need. didn’t it all take root with our ancestors. he just took the typeface ‘Times’ (which is the most common Latin Serif on all computer platforms) and constructed his alphabet.wordpress. Saïd Akl found it hard to choose a specific source of inspiration since he was changing the very concept of the alphabet. Avoidance of diacritic dots: The little dots under or above 12 Arabic letters were considered as defying all principles of logic and aesthetics.6. After all. Saïd Akl expressed his political and social thoughts about Lebanon with a new way of writing Lebanese. since he was also inspired by the Arabic alphabet and created some more characters from sheer reason to accommodate all known phonemes. Therefore. The ultimate aim was to simplify the multiple forms relating to a sound.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. It was first put into practice in the early 1930s. Since Saïd Akl was not a type designer. we begin to get a rough answer to the question: How come the Latin alphabet is the ancestor of the “Lebanese Type.” The idea originated in his youth when he wondered about the point of having such a complicated Arabic alphabet. but also by sheer logic: to render the representation easier without altering the phoneme. Thus. Its basis was that each letter had one and only one form and pronunciation.2 Characteristics of the Lebanese Type: 1.” and not the Phoenician? Is it not some kind of reason against its homeland? “Absolutely not. Hence. for Akl. He wanted to express the idea that Lebanon is a nation that speaks the Arabic language butis not an Arab nation. Latin was not the exclusive source.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 12/41 .6. each phoneme had only one physical representation.The Lebanese Type. He wanted a unique type and language for Lebanon. and the “Lebanese Type” would be accessible to all. it was not until 1961 that it took its final shape. Saïd Akl. especially when compared to the Latin. the “Lebanese Type. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Type that can be a universal type for all languages of the world and not only Arabic.” said Akl. he thought.” Moreover. You can also read an article about the topic on NOW Lebanon website. “for it is all about logic and simplicity of forms. that is. the Phoenicians and their prosperous city of Byblos? The Cadmus’ alphabet set sail from the shores of Lebanon to spread to the whole world. He wanted a Lebanon with less connection to the Arab Islamic world. almost all the alphabets today are derived from the Phoenician except the Chinese and Japanese that still rely on cryptograms. That is why he made his new type based on the Latin script and not the Arabic although both scripts descended from the Phoenician alphabet. Saïd Akl 29letters. 3.1 The Theory of the Lebanese Type: True creation is by no means the fruit of chance. However. But the real problem was – and is – the lack of knowledge of. Urdu – in fact. Hence. the “Lebanese Type” found an elegant solution. let alone solve typographic problems. it stands to reason that most of the typeface looks like Latin even in the letters that Saïd invented as it turned out that their shapes were the most obedient to the rule of harmony. on or below any given horizontal line. and later) that handle most of the problems. Hence. That is why Arabic was – and is – always mainly discussed in terms of the need for simplification. The new type separated them. However. 5. Unicode extends the coverage of Arabic to include Persian. Uniqueness in the relation between shape and character seems absolutely necessary in order to avoid the chaos of too many forms of one letter. Unicode only defines abstract. Separated or detached letters: letter representation in Arabic differs given its position in the word. doesn’t switching from accents to their graphic representation constitute a more suitable solution for Arabic? 3. Chinese. the width of each letter varies slightly.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… considered each character as the holder of a self-value that needs no additional shaping or refinement. not a design goal. ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————From the 1960s until the late 1980s. computer technology has evolved in a way to find solutions for all the problems. for if some letters managed to break the bond of dots. which consists of only two closely shaped representations (upper and lowercase) for each letter. There is the extended Arabic character set of Unicode and the invention of smart font technology like OpenType Font supporting Arabic type on all major computer platforms (Mac OSX. mainly related to the display and more acutely to printing technology. Thus. from the mid-1990s to our present day. OpenType technology was developed to deal with the typographical tsunami caused by Unicode and global computing in general.wordpress. they can never be set free from these indications that determine the grammatical function of Arabic words. Windows NT. Furthermore. Letters’ spirit as the Latin: as mentioned earlier. 6. in the Lebanese Type. Paradoxically. One letter for each vowel and phoneme: it is obvious that. nominal letters – no more. 29letters. which leads to great difficulties in writing. Russian. 2. A great advantage of Unicode is that it blends Arabic seamlessly into texts typeset in any other script – Latin. thus giving each character its own personality and value. Avoidance of accents: Accents are far worse than the previous mentioned. Certainly there were technical limitations. Improved facilities for Arabic were a by-product. due to the computer’s limitations at that time. one and only one character for each phoneme. the transition from analog to digital. theoretically. you name it. that is. 4. the Arabic script was constantly faced with problems like the connections of the letters. Saïd Akl’s main source of inspiration was the Latin alphabet. and to some extent even love for the Arabic writing system in the Western world and among Western-trained Arabs – according to Thomas Milo of DecoType. Therefore. letters start above. curiosity about. It does not define typographic technology. the limited character set and the right to left direction of writing.” there is no such thing as the double vowels sounds of Latin since its basic principles is based on the uniqueness of each character representing only one phoneme. all other Arabic-based languages. Uniformity in the size of the letters: in Arabic. It was not the concept of the emerging computer programming technology as such that caused the problems.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 13/41 . In fact. The P in DTP was a pun to mark this low-quality. The company DecoType (DT) represented by Thomas Milo is an example: he and his team (including Peter Somers and Mirjam Somers) invented the Arabic Calligraphic Engine ACE (around 1985). Work on naskh started 10 years later and took another 10 years to complete.wordpress. At the request of Microsoft a much simplified and compromised Naskh and Thuluth were developed for use with its fixed font tables. The Netherlands in 1985. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 3. Thomas Milo. based on the traditional ruqah style. After an initial failure with naskh script that he found too dazzling and complex. plus Arabic in a supporting role. NON-ACE fonts by DecoType are marketed as DTP fonts (PostScript. He wanted to create the Arabic that he loved and not the badly digitized Arabic that is found in the market. he analysed ruqah instead. For some impressions of his stint with UNIFIL. His background is in Slavic and Turkic linguistics. Almost simultaneously Microsoft Middle East Product Development Department (MEPD) asked DecoType to create ACE-based OLE-servers for DT Ruqah and DT Naskh.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 14/41 . Before the invention of OpenType. With hindsight one can conclude that the project of his team was the first and for a long time the only one to try and document the reality of Arabic as it has functioned over the centuries. ACE controlled the first Smart Font. deeply rooted in the calligraphic tradition.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. As a linguistic scholar. DecoType’s ACE technology became the de facto proof of concept for smart font technology. some companies pioneered solutions for Arabic in the context of global computing and Unicode. Before and after Lebanon he travelled extensively in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. non-ACE derivative. Real ACE fonts were marketed as DT OLE-servers (now Tasmeem fonts). here’s an interview and literature: Thomas Milo on UNIFIL Vredesmacht in Libanon After his return from the Lebanon he discovered the technical problems in producing accurate Arabic typography. paving the way for what was to become OpenType. Thomas Milo served as an Arabic speaking Officer in a Dutch army unit detached to UNIFIL in Southern Lebanon. TrueType. Gradually it dawned on him that only a solid understanding of Arabic calligraphy provides the key to the solution. he decided to build his own technology for his Arabic typesetting. ACE was developed to mimic existing high-end Arabic typography – which in turn is. since MS could not – yet – cope with complex Arabic.7 DecoType (DT). DTP Naskh and Thuluth were made around 1992-3. These fonts were NOT driven by ACE. This all happened well before the now ubiquitous OpenType was even conceived (Microsoft as a company wasn’t yet connected to the internet in these days!). While the early Windows font technology was too primitive in the early ‘90’s to deal with Arabic typesetting. an interim solution was found. OpenType). 29letters. of course. According to the WinSoft-DecoType sales brochures. I addition. giving everybody the freedom they want. The Tasmeem examples follow the traditional structure. Tasmeem provides designers and publishers of Arabic books the indispensable high-quality typesetting for literary and academic productions. In 2007 DecoType with association with Winsoft launched Tasmeem. this month’s cover story in Saudi Aramco World magazine is dedicated to Tasmeem. poetry.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 15/41 .2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. It makes Adobe InDesign Middle Eastern Version the most comprehensive Arabic design tool in the industry. Tasmeem offers professional tools to shape prose. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… The illustration shows the structural difference between ACE-driven (Tasmeem) and OT Tabledriven DTP Naskh. It integrates traditional calligraphy with modern typefaces.8 The Simplified Arabic Type by Mourad Boutros in The United Kingdom in 1993. the DTP examples are low-grade hybrids – neither traditional nor innovative. 3. 29letters.wordpress. traditional and educational texts… Continue reading at the Winsoft website or at the “Calligraphy written by hand or set on the computer” post on my blog. the Tasmeem concept is a dream come true. 9 The Mutamathil Type by Saad Abulhab in The United States of America in 1999. hence the letters will be detached. The first phase will be used firstly in the Arab nations for several years until the people are familiar with it. So his approach will not only solve the problem of connected letters and changing letterforms according to their position. He made a font based on the Naskh structure with two phases. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Boutros also focused on the idea that Arabic must embark on the process of becoming detached like the journey the Latin script took hundreds of years before.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 16/41 . 29letters. and afterwards they will start using phase two where the letters are completely detached. Phase two is simply making the tracking wider. What is interesting about Mourad’s proposal is that it took into account a transitional phase. He also focused on the idea that the type must be detached but what he newly introduced is a bi-directional type suggesting that Arabic can be written from right to left as usual and (if necessary) can be also written and read from left to right as the Latin alphabet. which makes the letters look so stiff and rigid with respect to the flowing cursive aspect of the Arabic script. 3. So he was truly trying to solve a social problem without ignoring the technical aspect of making Arabic easier to handle by the computer and software which are initially built only for the Latin script. The questions remain as to the limit of simplification and if the Arabic people would accept the font and are able to read it. He wanted to make Arabic detached and simple but at the same time he planned for the acceptance of the type by the people.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Saad is the latest person to try to develop detached Arabic type in recent years. but also the problem of having special Arabic software or plug-in that enables the writing from right to left. Phase one is also based on one shape per letter but the letters touch each other on the baseline with close tracking.. The letters in the bi-directional “Mutamathil Mutlaq” type are symmetrical and geometric with shapes that are mirrored in the middle of the letter.wordpress. The problem is that Saad only solved the technical issue of the Arabic script.wordpress. the second group is Thomas Milo. The first direction is represented by Arabic type designers and typographers who are working on simplifying the Arabic script and making it detached. The third direction is represented by several contemporary Arabic type designers whose work deals with making modern Arabic typefaces that are legible and friendly to everyday applications or to the needs of their clients. I think that the idea behind the font is intelligent. and the third group includes several independent Arabic type designers. Whatever the direction or the intentions behind each new Arabic typeface. ———————————————————————————————————There are three main directions in the Arabic type design world today.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Everyday Arabic graphic design and typography projects.2. An example of the first group is Saad Abulhab. 29letters. 4.3. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Personally. Arabic companion fonts for existing Latin fonts. but completely destroyed the historical and aesthetical value of Arabic. The second direction is backed up by conservative traditional Arabic type designers who state that the Arabic does not need to be simplified any more since the technology is now well developed to accommodate all the needs and problems of Arabic calligraphic typefaces. Corporate Arabic fonts for Arabic established companies or newspapers. Mohamed Hacen. such aslike Nadine Chahine. The letters are constructed out of geometric shapes to such an extent that it made them lose all their Arabic characteristics.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 17/41 . Abbar Yassar. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————4. Ihsan Al-Hammouri. Titus Nemeth. Names and links of known independent Arabic type designers and Arabic type foundries are listed in the section below. We are creating new.1. modern Arabic typefaces. WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ARABIC TYPEFACES? The following question was asked in the TypoGraphic Beirut 2005 conference that took place in April in the Lebanese American University. but the design of the letters is not good at all. Tim Holloway. 4. there is a huge demand for new Arabic fonts. New Arabic fonts are needed for: 4. as well as myself. Beirut conference. modern Arabic fonts. Over the last few years.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. The three of us now are working and developing new Arabic fonts that are starting to appear in the market place. renewing their layouts and asking for new. Titus Nemeth. The Linotype’s First Arabic Type Competition. AXt fonts are the most used even though the users of Quark AXt are diminishing. INDEPENDENT ARABIC TYPE DESIGNERS AND ARABIC TYPE FOUNDRIES.’ post on my blog or on the Khatt Foundation website).wordpress. the Arabic type industry is booming and it will stay this way for several years longer. and Khatt Kufi & Kaffiya symposium. GraphEast 29letters. Furthermore. Another reasons is that most of the international companies how are opening new branches in any of the Arab nations need an Arabic corporate font that will work with their own Latin corporate font. This is due to the fact that many publications in the Arabic nations are bi-lingual or tri-lingual (Arabic. organization. The Kitabat conference. Some examples are banks. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Professional graphic designers and students are always asking for new Arabic fonts. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————5. The reason for this is there are not so many new OpenType Arabic fonts for them to use instead of AXt fonts. and nonprofits. the awareness about Arabic type and the need for new fonts was translated in the rise of Arabic Type Foundries and young. English and french). Corporate Arabic fonts are also in need for new Arabic companies whichare now building their new identities.Mirjam Somers & Peter Somers) Layout (AXt Quark). Before the launch of Adobe InDesign ME versions and the development of the OpenType Arabic fonts. most of Arabic typographers used Quark AXt and were limited to AXt Arabic fonts. Other important typographic events that contributed to the growing awareness of Arabic type and calligraphy are: Typo.Graphic. ———————————————————————————————————Traditional established Arabic type foundries: Boutros (Mourad Boutros) Sakkal (Mamoun Sakkal) AvantType (Habib Khoury) DecoType (Thomas Milo. communication companies. Awareness about Arabic type is growing in the Arab nations and the number of professional Arabic type designers is also growing. contemporary independent Arabic type designers. Nadine Chahine. Until now. and new rising Arabic newspapers are creating their young fresh identities with new contemporary corporate Arabic fonts. Over the past three years. and I have graduated with Masters in Type Design and are specialized in Arabic type.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 18/41 . The Khatt Foundation ‘Typographic Matchmaking’ project is an example about the need for Arabic type companions for existing Latin typefaces (you can read more about the Typographic Matchmaking project and the Khatt foundation in the ‘Typographic Matchmaking: Arabic type with a Dutch flavor. all Arabic newspapers at the present time are asking for corporate fonts. At present. Aditions Fleurus 2001. Mark Batty Publisher 2006. Has Yassar Abbar developed the Arab world’s answer to Univers?. Mohammed Sijelmassi. Switzerland. 2003. Fiona Ross (UK) and John Hudson (Canada) Kris Holmes(USA) & Chuck Bigelow. 5. by Thomas Milo (in Language Culture Type. Arabic for Designers. 29letters. Visible Language 38. a brief historical overview. ed. Saqi Books 2001. 2. Saad AbulhabThe Mutamathil Type Style. Lebanese university. Hans Jürg Hunziker. Flammarion 1999.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. international type design in the age of Unicode. Kamal Al-Baba. ATypI-Graphis 2002)John D. Revolution of the Letter with Saiid Akl.wordpress. Calligraphie Arabe Vivante. 4. Mirjam Somers & Peter Somers (The Netherlands) Titus Nemeth (Austria) ParaType (Russia) International Type Foundries that also develop Arabic fonts beside Latin fonts: Linotype Monotype Adobe ParaType (Russia) —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Bibliography. Paul Khera. References & Illustrations Credits: ———————————————————————————————————1. Rafic Rouhana. Lebanon 1996. Rouh al-khatt al-arabi. 9. 2004. Hassan Massoudy.3. 8. Mourad Boutros. Ghan Alani. 11. untitle booklet about his arabic type work in Morocco. 6. Abdelkebir Khatibi. Eye Magazine 50. Berry. Huda Smitshuijzen AbiFarès. The Splendour of Islamic Calligraphy. Initiation Calligraphie Arabe. 3. Arabic Script and Typography. 10. Arabic Typography.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 19/41 . Thames & Hudson 2001. 7. John D. Thomas Milo. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… New Contemporary Arabic Type Designers: Abbar Yazzar (Syria) Mohamed Hacen (Mauritania) Nadine Chahine (Lebanon) Pascal Zoghbi (Lebanon) Titus Nemeth (Austria) Non-Arab Arabic Type Designers & Type Foundries that have created Arabic fonts: Tim Hollaway. ———————————————————————————————————Categories Arabic Calligraphy. Arabic Typography. Congratulations for your master degree and for the nice article. Type Pics 127 comments Post your own or leave a trackback: Trackback URL 1. Lebanese Type. http://www.wordpress. AzizMostafa says: May 28. So I do partially agree with your comments about design.unifiedarabicalphabet. http://www. http://www.com/ 15.com/ 14. In my article introducing Mutamathil. 2007 at 5:51 pm Pascal. KABK. http://www. My Arabic Type. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 12. 2007 at 8:20 am Hello Saad Thanks for the clarification about the sentence said by the prophet Muhammad & thank you for your comment concerning your Mutamathil type. I am looking forward for the new 29letters. May 2007. pascal Zoghbi says: June 4. The Netherlands.eu/ 16.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 20/41 .decotype. but I think that the main Arabic characteristics (not aesthetical) were preserved: horizontality and individual letters overall shapes. Saad Abulhab says: June 3. http://www. Type. Pascal Zoghbi.arabetics. Lebanon. 2007 at 6:44 pm Interesting + Informative Many Thanks + Flowers Reply 2.winsoft.com/ —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Pascal Zoghbi . I actually clarified in several places that my three types were only “prototypes”.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.arabicfonts. This article is part of my dissertation that i have wrote during my Master of Design studies at Type]Media 05/06. Saad Abulhab Reply 3. Arabic Fonts.com/ 13. Jo De Baerdemaeker says: July 2. especially that i’ve been noticing how people in this region get overprotective over their material and keep the info to themselves. and therefore i salute you for your efforts! also noticed the effect of your teaching experience. Concerning detached Arabic fonts in general. An interesting overview it is indeed. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… versions of the type where the characteristics of the Arabic letters are preserved as much as possible even though they are detached. I see it more as a logotype of few letters or a display type used in titles…. I am not against detached Arabic type but I do not see it as text type. sometimes i feel that my teachers are benefitting more than i am during our interaction. The provenance can be seen from an interesting on-line article (and other publications) by 29letters.wordpress.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. haven’t been on your website for some time. You also might want to include that Linotype has had a long history of typesetting Arabic since 1911 and that the Linotype equipment and their typefaces dominated Arabic newspaper setting for decades. Pascal Reply 4. but it’s a thought that recurrs to my mind nonetheless! i’m printing out your articles and keeping them as a source (ofcourse credits if i ever used them will always be reserved). In book production. ‘Yakout’ was one of the earliest simplified typefaces developed in the 1950s and is still used in newspapers today. I love your sharing spirit. salam. hilda moucharrafieh says: June 11. and I did several logotypes for companied or organizations with detached Arabic letters. really appreciative. 2007 at 12:33 pm Hi Pascal. that doesnt lead neither to progression of self nor to that of society.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 21/41 . that is not always true. well I once created an Arabic detached font when I was doing my BA senior project at NDU. Linotype’s ‘Lotus’ was one of the most popular faces along with ‘Nazanin’ for Farsi. Keep it up. hilda Reply 5. (Nasri Khatter’s Unified type can be a starting point). Best regards. but I visited it lately and really liked what you’ve been into and upto. But it will be too difficult for the Arabic readers to read an Arabic detached type easily. because no need to tell you (as you already know) how hard it is to find them elsewhere. It was also one of the first digital Arabic fonts. ofcourse. Lebanon. 2007 at 1:05 pm hey Pascal. Thanks a lot Pascal for the priceless info. wajid Ali says: September 10. wajid Ali says: September 10.org/friends/conference/twentiethcenturygraphiccommunication/NonLatin. As mentioned in the article of Fiona Ross. pascal Zoghbi says: July 5. 29letters.html The text is a paper on ‘non-Latin typeface design at Linotype’. May God bless your hands and hearts. 2007 at 12:40 pm wonderful effort to share the beauty and joy of calligraphy. the initial and medial glyphs of each letter were replaced with one glyph. 2007 at 4:30 am its great experience to have site of it its best fo having awarness of arab era so iam totally impressed Reply 8. and the final and isolated glyphs of each letter were replaced or merged into one glyph. So this enabled the character set to be reduced and made it more compatible with the Arabic type setting machines back then. Ismail Reply 10. Ismail Hummos says: September 17. benfredj says: October 25. Here’s the link: http://stbride. Jo Reply 6. pascal Reply 7. 2007 at 5:44 pm salam c’est un effort quelque soit le manque mais generalemnt merite la reconnaissance . 2007 at 8:22 am Hello Jo Thank you for the informative comment about Lintype and Yakout type. Yakout was simplified but did not have any revolutionary ideas as in ASVCODAR for Lakhdar Ghazal for example. 2007 at 4:32 am iam totally impressed from u all its great which u have done so thanks for having awareness of arab era Reply 9. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Fiona Ross. given by Fiona Ross at St Bride Library (London) at St Bride’s Conference (24–25/09/2002) Kind regards. Kind Regards. Well Yakout is known as the first Modern (Mastari) Naskh with a strong straight baseline suitable for newspaper.wordpress.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 22/41 .2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Moey says: November 9. His full history is published here: http://phoenicia.html Thank you.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 23/41 . 2008 at 7:09 pm i would like to know if you guys can translate this for me … vita melina juliette gomez temple … thats my daughters name tank you guys Reply 17. joe brown says: March 24.wordpress. Online Flower Guide says: October 30.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. 2007 at 4:31 am very interesting Reply 13. Salim Reply 16. Interesting article :) 29letters. Salim George Khalaf says: March 19. 2008 at 9:10 pm Very interesting material.org/zakhir. 2007 at 5:06 am i want to know how to write “the drive and determination toward the fearless pursuit of your dreams” in arabic text. Nadine Chahine says: April 5. abbas says: February 24. I would have l liked to see a mention of Melkite Deacon Abdallah Zakher who had crafted the first Arabic press with movable type. alexis barrett says: November 9. 2007 at 7:13 am Online Flower Guide I couldn’t understand some parts of this article. but it sounds interesting Reply 12. 2008 at 6:34 pm Hi Pascal. 2008 at 9:29 am hello Reply 15. could you please help me Reply 14. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Reply 11. Linotype’s first Arabic Type Competition: This was the first of its scope and the submissions really show the trends in contemporary design (I will write about the entries and their styles at some point in the future) 3. you might want to compare AXtGihane and Yakout. As I aways say. mamoun ahmed says: September 19. The alumni are in leading positions in many countries. AHMED says: October 4. and Tarek Atrissi). designers. Very important: the Kitabat conference: This was a phenomenal step in getting the calligraphers. Also.. 2008 at 5:40 am TANK YOU I LIKE THIS LEATREIS Reply 29letters. Pascal Zoghbi says: April 6. The introduction of Arabic Typography class at the American University of Beirut by Samir Sayegh in 1992. 2. For example. I would also make a distinction between simplification (on a typographic level) and script reform which would redefine essential aspects of the script.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 24/41 . just for fun. Another signal of that is the whole afternoon dedicated to Arabic in the ATypI Vancouver in 2003. 2008 at 4:59 pm i will add the required info thanks Reply 19. Huda Abi Fares. This was the first instance of a formal teaching of Arabic typography and if you look into it you’ll find that his name is linked with many of today’s designers (myself. it’s a very interesting time for us to live in :) Reply 18. 2008 at 1:56 am very interesting. and technology experts under one roof. It signals the increased interest in Arabic. i agree with your classification of the ” three main directions in the Arabic type design.wordpress. The large wave of the increased interest in Arabic typography is partly a result of the teachings of this program. though not a revolution.nowadays” thanks Mamoun Ahmed Reply 20. The typefaces. defined the typographic landscape of today. I also think that there are 3 things that need adding: 1.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Nasri Khattar is in the first group while Said Akl is in the second. I think these 3 points serve as a backdrop to the increased hype around Arabic. Lara Assouad. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… I agree with Jo regarding the Linotype part. com/photos/martab/2991105411/in/set-72157608562721271/ I have not the book yet. Do you know if some research work has been done regarding Square Kufi. 2008 at 1:50 pm thank you for informative material Reply 23. Thank you Reply 26.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Pascal Zoghbi says: January 15. Nabeela Sajjad says: January 18. Here’s a spread from the recent book “Italic 2. 2009 at 2:55 pm Very interesting and helpful. Thank you a lot. there’s the recent addition of Emanuela Conidi. in the first ” modern printing house. I read some parts of it. but you could see it in the photo… Claudio Reply 22. راﺳﺦ ﻛﺸﻤﯿﺮيsays: December 6. showcasing the work of contemporary Italian type designers http://www. Temiztürk says: 29letters. Claudio Piccinini says: November 11.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 25/41 . To the foreign designers which did an Arabic typeface. which designed a face called Nabil as a completion of her studies at Reading. 2009 at 5:19 am Hi Pascal It is an amazing article.flickr. worked on decreasing the Arabic glyphs from 905 to 132 ( i’m sure it varied later ). « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 21. As well he introduced the punctuation to the arabic text ( Al tarqim) in 1912. many thanks for this fantastic article (I have to read it in full). I would like to add the Ahmed Zaki Pasha. Full of information.wordpress. called the Boullaq printing house in early 1900′s. Sara says: January 14.0″. 2008 at 11:03 pm Hello. Reply 24. 2009 at 2:12 pm hello Sara thanks for the info i will look into this can you send me some articles about this topic Reply 25. where it later on made as an addendum. play the major role in the success and failure to any new innovation in Arabic type.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 26/41 . Anyway. We need people to rock the boat. if you remeber. The problem with these is that they look very ugly. surprisingly though. awkward when it comes to ُ ُ trasliterating foreign words into Arabic (How do you pronounce ﻚ ِﻨ )ﻛ. One main point is missing here. and I was thinking of throwing in a few more ‘useful’ vowel marks. I am the one who asked for permission to use the Kufi Cross image on wikipedia. the current trivocalic system a. I am posting you because. Reply 29. I wanted to ask if you are aware of any attempt to extend the vowel marks ( )ﺣﺮﻛﺎتin Arabic to cover e and o.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.i is. I am wrtining Arabic support package for Latex (TeX). or a solid circle under the letter where imala occurs (I think there are other ways to render it. which is close to e in sound. I am a fan of your site.wordpress. 2009 at 1:21 pm Great effort to provide the full picture. Samer Batter says: January 28. go 29letters.u. If they do not ratify and make standard of a new Arabic type and get it into thier products (online tools and the OS) . The only vowel extention. and do not harmoize with the script around them. many thanks for that. this system writes a lozenge. it will not happen. Reply 30. incogenator says: February 13. Depending on the Rasm ( )رﺳﻢtradition one is using. I got an answer from Mourad Boutros upon asking him on the innovation in Arabic type: he said: big IT companies such as Microsoft and Adobe. its great. not sure). I know of is used in the Qur’an to render imala ()إﻣﺎﻟﺔ. Apple is a special case in that they have very good type support for latin characters and font rendering is impeccable especially when compared to Microsoft and other incumbents in the field but they have very weak support for Arabic type rendering if any. too. or a blog. Hakeem Gadi says: February 8. rich and very informative site. we have to settle for one font in all Arabic websites be it formal corporate tyoe. omoy says: January 25. i think that there is a good point there but it also brings to mind the growing market share of emerging players like Apple. Meanwhile. My best wishes and success for you. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… January 22. 2009 at 2:07 am in response to the comment about adoption by the major IT vendors. 2009 at 2:21 pm i hate arabic Reply 28. they do have an Arabic keyboard mapping called ‘Arabic QWERTY’ that is nothing short of remarkable allowing one to type in ھﻜﺬاІ ﻋﺮﺑﻲwithout knowing the common Arabic keymap! but then they go and release the iphone without support for Arabic ligatures. 2009 at 11:19 pm Selam Pascal. Hasan Temiztürk Reply 27. 2009 at 6:03 pm Hi Pascal. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… figure. Zayd says: June 5.kific. I would be very grateful 29letters.] Reply 32. Arabic: !37 » ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔLanguages says: March 11. comlexe or complicted like that used in the avd. 2009 at 6:22 am Hi! http://www. could you let me know??? thanks!!! Reply 33. 2009 at 1:21 pm Realy the arical was ver nice but I want to ask How we can clssified the art of arabic calligaphy can we said as 1-classical and old Like naskh .html Can you please tell me whether or not the second phrase from the top says inshallah or mashallah? I am doing a paper on arabic calligraphy and would appreciate any help you could provide! Also. if you have anything about Nabatian ot oldest Arabic writing. 2009 at 10:49 pm Hello. and other if any one can answer to me please fast I neet that Reply 35. as 29 Letters. Reply 31..Manzomah an tc 3. [. if you know what type of Diwani style this is.sakkal.. 2009 at 6:03 am [.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.] back 1. sometimes we need image of any old Arabic scripts.. farsiand deewani 2-Modern style yquot. a blog covering the Arabic alphabet. In fact your research is really interesting. thuluth.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 27/41 . Discrete. 2009 at 6:29 am samantha – it says ‘insha’a allah’ in all four samples on that page including the one you’re asking about. Samantha says: March 28. andlusi.wordpress. Reply 34.Ase.com/Graphics/Calligraphy/commissions/inshaallah. Tariq says: June 4. riq’q. incogenator says: March 28..000 ears ago to Phonecian type? The history of Arabic script is really interesting. wordpress. Phil says: September 15.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 28/41 . 2009 at 4:05 am hi. Umm_Omar says: June 22. wa Salam. 2009 at 2:56 pm waseem Reply 38. 2011 at 12:13 am this is arabic. Pl help me either by supporting financially /spreading the word insha Allah. Sister in Islam Reply 37. I am a muslimah who has been accepted to IlmSummit 2009 and in desperate need of financial aid.com 29letters.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present.com/albums/xx187/martial323/foreignwriting9-14-2009. its prayer called DOAAE ANNAML Reply 39. 2009 at 11:52 am greetings! im looking for the total alphabets in ORNAMENTED KUFI. 2009 at 7:05 pm As Salamu alaykum wa rahmathullah. And im wondering if someone could help with that how can i find them from somewhere? heres my email adress pezhman2@hotmail. Firstly I ask forgiveness if this post/comment offends you/concept of ur website. I pray that Allah make it easy and beneficial for all the Ummah bi’idhnillah. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… Reagrds Reply 36. Jazakumullah Khayr.jpg? t=1252980192 thanks Reply mounir says: December 21. md waseemuddin says: July 6. Pls visit– http://help2ilmsummit. does anyone know what kind of writing this might be? http://i754.photobucket. pezhman says: September 25.wordpress.com/ for sadaqa e jariya insha ALlah. thanks alot. im currently working on the album art for mashrou3 leila and i was wondering if you knew if it was still possible to buy the Nasri Khattar type face anywhere? also the 93 boutros. 2012 at 1:59 am Did you ever get a translation for this article? Reply 29letters. 2009 at 12:24 pm translate word palestine into arabic Reply 43.wordpress.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. hamed sinno says: September 26. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… thank you Reply 40.unifiedarabicalphabet. 2009 at 3:14 pm hey Hamed all the best for the album design i am looking forward to have your music in my library and listening to it. luman says: October 7. 2009 at 3:03 pm hi. for the Unified Type of Nasri Khattar.photobucket. pascal zoghbi says: September 26. Reply 42.com/2007/05/28/arabic-type-history/ 29/41 . lovely lebanese songs and music. 2009 at 12:30 pm hey pascal. could anyone translate this for me? http://i754. salamat Reply 41.com/albums/xx187/martial323/foreignwriting9-14-2009.com/ i believe the fonts are averrable. you should contact his daughter Camille at:
[email protected] or visit the website: http://www. Phil says: October 7. but not sure if they are for sale.jpg? t=1252980192 thanks Reply Garawi says: March 10. 2009 at 3:57 pm What is the 19 basic shapes of the alphabet structure? Reply 46. :) Reply 52. Good job on your work here. 2009 at 1:12 am What do the arabic pres Reply 47. Lana says: February 8. Katelynne (: says: April 13. I have a project due and this is the stuff that I was really looking for. salahshraydeh says: December 23. 2010 at 3:50 pm i like dis qur’an im bilive in qur’an Reply 50. vvin says: October 18. « 29LT BLOG | Arabic Type Designer | Arabic Fonts | Arabic Typography & Graphic Desi… 44.e.2/14/13 History of Arabic Type Evolution from the 1930′s till present. Benjamin Geer says: May 3.wordpress. salahshraydeh says: December 23. 2009 at 1:13 am wen hudo yejy fil 1930 Reply 48. 2010 at 10:32 pm I think this site really helped me. Aladdin Bilal says: November 26. 2009 at 1:18 am Is this great Reply 49. Reply 53. 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