Imagination in History: Teodoro Agoncillo-Imagination is as important and necessary in the writing of history as it is in the writing of fiction, drama, or poetry. -George Bernard Shaw: “Imagination in history is something to be deplored since history deals primarily and supremely with facts.” -History is not a matter of compiling and reciting facts, or marshaling them in a time- sequence, and of allowing them to speak for themselves. -It should provide not only the bones, but also the flesh and blood of those moments which once were here but are now only memories. -History requires a disciplined imagination. -History thus conceived is a creative endeavor. -Imagination is conditioned by the facts. The two are inseparable. -Interpretation is an aspect of historical imagination. -Imagination not based on facts is wild. -There is no such thing as complete history. History as actuality is partially recaptured by the historian through a careful and judicious use of data. It is a recreation of the past. -Historians study facts thoroughly and intensely in order to go into or to participate in the events or in the lives of men he intends to write about. -Without this imaginative understanding, it would be impossible for any historian to communicate with his subjects and, ultimately, to re-live the past. -It should have basis in the logical imperative. The imagination is anchored upon reasoning that issues from the nature of the subject under study. 1. No two historians confronted with the same set of facts, would arrive at exactly the same interpretation 2. Interpretations vary in proportion to their ability to write effectively and clearly. Thus, each generation writes its own history and contributes its own interpretations. -R.G. Collingwood coined the term interpolation it is the insertion of statements between those made by a historian’s authorities or sources. -Any interpolation that is not necessitated by the evidence is not historical imagination but a literary one such as that employed by fictionists, poets, dramatists, and historical novelists. -The difficulty of employing historical imagination lies not so much in the absence of documentary evidence as in the lack of restraint on the part of the historian. -Prior knowledge of that particular time and of the subsequent times is needed. -The use of this aspect of historical imagination is important not only in literature , but also in history. For history is not a mere compilation of cut-and-dried facts and puled one on top of another, but a recreation of what the historian believes to be significant. -History, to be worthy of its name, must be written with imagination, with verve and color as primary sources would allow. -The advance of the scientific spirit after Darwin led to the positivistic doctrine of the scientific method in history. -The obsession of the academic historians was the mechanics of history, and thus, obsessed they forget or deliberately submerged the equally important element of art in history. -Danger of overemphasizing the value of accuracy is that it tends to: stifle the creative spirit of the student whose minds are drowned by facts without being allowed to weave them into an artistic whole. -The only scientific part of history is that which deals with spade work and the sifting of facts, the rest belongs to the humanities. -Soul is necessary to it as to a poem or work of art, and the individuality of the writer should be reflected in it. Nascent Philippine Nationalism 1872 -1896 Political Ideas of : 1. Sanciano y Goson of Manila 2. López Jaena of Iloilo 3. Marcelo Del Pilar of Bulacan 4. Rizal of Laguna -The consequence of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the demonstration against the friars of 1888 was the proscription or deportation of prominent Filipinos. -They tried to call attention to the shortcomings and buses of the administration of the Philippines and to get the government to adopt what they considered to be the necessary reforms. 1. Gregorio Sanciano y Goson was one the earliest propagandists. -He compiled a series of studies on the revenue laws of the Philippines into a book the, El progreso de Filipinas, Madrid 1881. -He pointed out that the official practice exempted Spaniards and Spanish mestizos in the Philippines from the tribute and forced labor imposed on Filipinos and Chinese residents. -Natives were subject to tribute, while the landowners who derived a substantial income from their farms paid no property tax whatever. -Filipinos were characterized as indios or indolent. Yet it was a result of being deprived of the natural incentives and normal rewards of labor. -The colonial system failed to provide economic enterprise with the most elementary facilities of transport and communication. -Gregorio wrote about the effect of the tobacco monopoly. -Later, the tobacco monopoly was abolished and it was substituted by the cédula personal as a source of revenue. They extended this cédula to all. -They reduced the duration of forced labor from 40 days to 15 days a year and also made Spaniards liable to it equally with Filipinos. 2. Graciano López Jaena was a native of Iloilo and came to Spain originally to study medicine. -Believed that the principal obstacle to the Philippine progress was the Spanish regular clergy. -He pointed out that popular education and the use of common language was neglected. -Essential that the Filipinos be permitted to trade with each other and travel from any part of the islands to any other part. freedom of assembly. -He motioned that the remedy to this situation was to allow the Filipinos the capacity to think and act for themselves. Marcelo H. -The clergy used their influence to prevent the introduction of liberal reforms. -Only at the lowest level of local government was any initiative or scope given to natives. who used their position of dominance. -Notes the right of the Filipinos to possess and develop the natural resources of their land is a right conceded by Nature.-He devoted almost all his attention and energies to the propaganda for reforms. . -Says that the Spanish government was far more interested in repression than in stimulation. let the freedoms championed by liberalism be extended to them: freedom of speck and the press. freedom of trade. 3. -López is taking a stand on what he conceives to be the natural rights of Filipinos as Filipinos. -First editor of the La Solidaridad. Del Pilar studied law in the University of Santo Tomas. -Upper ranks of the colonial civil service were taken by Spanish officials. -He could see no way but to expel the friars from the colony altogether. -The government allowed the disastrous monetary situation which allowed foreign merchants to drain good money out of the country and replace it with Mexican dollars. -He believed that Filipinos should seek to better their condition by peaceful rather than violent means. -During Rizal’s time. -They began to treat Filipinos with contempt as essentially inferior beings. -His father and elder brother were well-to-do inquilinos of the Dominican estate of Calamba. Filipinos began to agitate for reforms on a national scale. -The reforms he wanted were substantially those proposed by Sanciano and Lopez. 4. faith in their present. -Filipinos were not national because they were not yet conscious of nationality. . -The Filipinos remained passive and apathetic. -Began his medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas -His most widely read contributions to the propaganda were Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo -He believed in the fundamental change in the relationship between the colony and the mother country. -They had lost confidence in their past. -The disappointing results of the propaganda campaign were turning his thoughts more and more toward revolution. -Psychological trigger: the Spaniards and added insult to injury. -The Filipinos were forced to abandon their own for an alien culture. Jose Rizal was the principal protagonist of the movement. -They wounded the Filipino amor propio his self-esteem and personal dignity. and hope in their future. the Filipinos had become conscious of themselves as a nation. That natives lacked not only capacity for virtue but even the talent for vice. -Conscious now of their common misery. which had been forged by 3 centuries of coexistence. -It would sever a historic bond between Spain and the Philippines.-Spanish were opposed to any change in the colonial administration. By dividing them against themselves. -Where there is wealth and abundance there is less unrest and fewer grievances. and this intermingling of Filipinos. -The only way to keep Filipinos loyal to Spain was to grant them equal citizenship with Spaniards. radical ideas. for it meant sending native troops from one island to another. -The Philippines would be compelled to seek by force of arms its complete independence. Not allowing them to increase in numbers -Filipinos were actually increasing in number. -Every increase of pressure built up a greater counter-pressure. while poverty breeds. -The choice was no longer whether change would occur but merely what kind of change it was to be. -How did Spain propose to stop progress in the Philippines? 1. . 4. -Rizal proposed that it to be set up as an ultimate goal to be achieved by a series of reforms. Keeping them poor -It produced what it was designed to prevent -Riches make men cautious and conservative. -The very attempt to create regional division strengthened national unity. a desire to change the existing order of things. -It reached a point where change was inevitable. -This was one direction impending change could take: separation from Spain. 3. Keep the Filipinos ignorant -Imparted ignorance rather than knowledge 2. do not have the Spaniards alone to blame for their state of subjection. It is a series of mutual concessions and compromises.-Filipinos. “There would be no masters if there were no slaves. -One of these virtues was economia: the prudent husbanding of limited resources. -They should devote some time and effort to cultivating in themselves the virtues that enable a people to govern themselves. Mutual protection in every want and necessity 3. -transigencia: the spirit of give and take. -Shortly after his return to the Philippines in 1892. -Between his arrival and arrest. -Democracy is government by discussion: the people or their representatives meet to debate several different courses of action and decide on one. Rizal was arrested and banished to Dapitan. vigorous and homogenous body 2. -On the other hand. -The ideas of human equality. civic freedom and the rule of law. he said. Spanish colonial rule developed the Filipino nationalism by supplying the movement for reforms and the subsequent separatist movement with their frame of reference and their principles. Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina 1.” -Filipinos must be willing to accept its responsibilities. -Spanish people destroyed the indigenous culture and substituted an alien culture in its stead. Defense against all violence and injustice . -Freedom means undergoing a slow and painful process of selfdiscipline. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact. ideas Hellenic and Christian became an integral part of Philippine Culture. the willingness to compromise. an Augustinian priest in Tondo. -The Katipunan was discovered. agriculture. -Agricultural products: Rice. sugar. Bonifacio organized a new society. cultural. abaca from Central Luzon. (August 19 1896) -Rizal was executed on December 30 1896. -Brought in machinery and consumer goods to the Philippines. and Panay. Pio Valenzuela was dispatched to Dapitan to ask Rizal to head the revolution. and commerce 5. and religious developments that influenced Rizal’s growth as a nationalist. -The Liga dissolved and before Rizal’s departure. Bikol. -Teodoro Patino betrayed it to Father Mariano Gil.4. Batangas. Rizal In the Context of Nineteenth-Century Philippines -Essay’s purpose to single out some major economic. Bonifacio was giving out that the Liga’s object was revolution. Economic Development -Growth of the export economy brought increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle classes. -He volunteered as a surgeon for Cuba. political. -Kasama or share tenants . Encouragement of instruction. Study and application of reforms. -Dr. as well as the British and American merchants who organized it. -Andres Bonifacio was active in recruiting members. -Rizal refused because he believed that the revolution was premature. the Katipunan. Negros. -Filipinos were deprived of those few positions. -Both parties used the Philippines as a handy dumping ground to reward party hangers-on with jobs. ready to line their pockets with Filipino money before being replaced. but the prosperous inquilinos. and the taxes never found its way to the public.-Rizal’s Chinese ancestor was Domingo Lam-co -He saw that Rizal’s father had rented over 390 hectares of land -It was not the kasama who would challenge for friar ownership.to weaken the friars’ influence in Philippine political life. Political Developments -In Spain. schools. -Each new government brought another whole new mob of job-seekers to the Philippines. etc. -Corruption of the government was its inability to provide for basic needs of public works. . -With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 the easy passage between Spain and the Philippines made these officials birds of prey. -Expensive protective tarrifs forced Filipinos to buy expensive Spanish textile. -The antiquated system of taxation in effect penalized modernization. Cultural Development -There was a rapid spread of education during 1860. staying long enough to feather their nests. -Filipinos increasingly no longer found any compelling motive for maintaining the Spanish colonial regime. -The guardia civil became an oppressive force in the provinces. liberals and conservatives succeeded each other at irregular intervals. -Their motive would be as much political as economic. and Santo Tomas. -It represented a hope of progress in the minds of many Filipinos. San Juan de Letran. Jose Burgos and Fr. -Took over the Ayuntamiento in 1859 and renamed in Ateneo Municipal. and Apolinario Mabini obtained their education in San Jose. -Filipino nationalists were much less appreciative of the other educational institutions run by the Dominicans. -They returned to the Philippines with and ideas and methods new to the educational system. -Nationalist leaders Fr. Del Pilar. .-The propagation of the liberal and progressive ideas written about from Europe by Rizal or Del Pilar.” -Seeing the liberties enjoyed in the Peninsula. they became more conscious of the servitude which their people suffered. -They were expelled in 1768 and returned 1859. -Fr. Emilio Jacinto. -Under the new educational institution the Escuela Normal de Maestros to provide Spanish-speaking teachers. Miguel Lucio y Bustmante proclaimed the danger of studying and learning Spanish. -Marcelo H. -Only 5% of the Filipinos could communicate in Spanish. -Jesuit sources frequently complained about the opposition that the graduates of the Normal School met from many parish priests. -Spanish official Juan de la Matta had proposed the closing of these institutions as being “nurseries…of subversive ideas. -Franciscan Fr. -The return of the Jesuits was a major influence to educational development. Jose Burgos emphasized the need for Filipinos to look to their heritage. Mariano Sevilla came from the university of Santo Tomas without ever having studied abroad. (?) -The propagandists were heirs of the conflict between the Filipino secular priests and Spanish friars that led to the martyrdom of Burgos. and Zamora in 1872. . -It was archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. -Burgos’ influence: An intramural ecclesiastical controversy into a clear assertion of Filipino equality with the Spaniard into a demand for justice. -Rafael Izquierdo and Juan Alaminos expressed that the Filipino faith “verged on fanaticism. He warns that bishop Nozaleda was planning to end the antifriar campaign of La Solidaridad. -Paciano Rizal wrote to Jose at the height of the Calamba hacienda dispute. -Rizal had a land dispute with the Dominican hacienda of Calamba. Religious Developments -Education produced an ilustrado class. -In his edition of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas he outlines the process by which he had to come to seek a foundation for his nationalism in the historical past. This ilustrado were increasingly antifriar at times even anticlerical or anti-Catholic. -But once the number of friars began to increase again after 1825 a series of moves to deprive the Filipinos of the parishes once more succeeded each other for the next 50 years.-Rizal joined a historical consciousness formed by German histiography.the devotion of Filipinos to their Catholic faith. -Spanish colonial government leaned more heavily on what had always been a mainstay of Spanish rule. Gomez. and they make the Indio believe that only in loving the Spaniards can he save his soul in the next life. -It was in that conflict that the seeds of nationalism came to full flower among the Propagandists. Justa that mass produced the Filipino clergy which compromised their quality. Mariano Sevilla were exiled to Guam. -Pelaez died in the earthquake of 1863. . Burgos. Antonio Regidor. -Most of the men who appear prominently among the liberal reformists were criollos Spaniards born in the Philippines. -Generally antifriar. -Wished to see the liberties that had been introduced to the Philippines to be extended to Spanish Philippines. of association. -They were the modernizers who desired to bring to the Philippines economic progress. Jose Burgos defended the memory of Pelaez and calling for justice to the Filipino clergy. and the “modern liberties” – freedom of the press. Men like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera. -He was appointed by the anti-clerical liberals who had made the Revolution of 1868 in Spain. Carlos Ma. De la Torre with enthusiasm. -Toribio H. and of worship. Del Pilar and Fr. of speech. -With Burgos we see the first articulation of national feeling. -We find numerous close connections between the activist Filipino clergy led by Burgos and the next generation of Filipinos who led the Propaganda of the 1880s and 1890s. -The Propagandists were also heirs to the liberal reformists of the 1860s. -A year later. these reformists saw in the friars obstacles to progressive reforms and modern liberties. -Paciano was living in the house of Burgos in 1872.-It was under Pedro Pelaez that they were attempting to disprove the age-old accusation against them by showing that they were equal in ability to the friars. a modern legal system. He introduced some liberal reforms. of a sense of national identity. -It was with enthusias that they welcomed the new governer. Marcelo lived with them as a student. the degree to which the Propagandists were truly nationalists. -Their execution manifested Izquierdo’s conviction that the friars were a necessary political instrument for maintaining the loyalty of the Filipinos to Spain. -The local mutiny over local grievances happened in Cavite. Smith singled out the Filipino priest as the most dangerous enemy and the soul of the Filipino resistance. Reformist – All thinking Filipinos with any interest in the country can be called reformists. -Fr. and Gen. Fr. . It was only when the cause of the reform began to take on antifriar and nationalistic overtones that they opposed it. 5. Strictly Nationalist –Almost all nationalists were liberals. -Religious orders feared liberalism because church property were oftentimes confiscated in Europe in the name of new freedom. Franklin Bell. -He was succeeded by Gen. Pedro Dandan and Fr. Gen. 3. Liberal – Almost all were anticlerical and most are reformist. Modernizing –Desire of all liberals and nationalists. -It was mostly an economic goal and interest in progressive economic measures. -Harshest condemnation of Spanish misgovernment came from the friars. 2. 1. Rafael Izquierdo who ended even the appearances of liberty of expression allowed by De la Torre. -Since the Propaganda Movement was also heir to the liberal reformist tradition. Almost all were in favor of modernization. Anticlerical 4. He was suspicious of both groups and had put them under secret police surveillance. Sevilla would work to rally Filipinos to resist the Americans. Dandan would die fighting in the mountains in 1897. -Governor Taft.-Both the clergy and the reformists were deceived. Fr. Mariano Sevilla reappear in the public eye. and other Filipinos of the revolutionary generation found much of their literary and nationalist inspiration in Rizal’s writings. from a Filipino point of view. -The kalayaan they looked for might not be the same concept as the independencia conceived by Rizal. (Secretaty of Foreign Affairs) -Jose Ma. -T. -Rizal’s consciousness of the need to know his people’s past that made him interrupt his work on El Filibusterismo. cultivation of our national identity. Pardo de Tavera was among the first to accept a position in the American government.” -Bonifacio. and Mabini. But the freedom they longed for was far nearer to the nationalists’ idea of independence. Bonifacio. -Having acquired an understanding of their past. -Achievement by history: understanding of our past. Jacinto. which “impels nations to do great deeds. (?) The Historian’s Task in the Philippines -In 1949.-When Spanish regime fell under the onslaught of the Revolution. It was written to point toward a solution exposed in Noli Me Tangere. Spanish rule had failed to fulfill its promises of progresss for Filipinos. Basa was among the first to petition the American consul in Hong Kong for an American protectorate over the Philippines. -Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas was written to unveil that history tht had been hidden from the eyes of Filipinos by neglect or distortion. -He would show his countrymen that. conservative modernizers had no regrets. -He was able to share his people a sense of national identity. -The knowledge of their past nurtured a consciousness of being a people with a common origin and a common experience constituting the national identity around which the future nation could arise. and inspiration for the future.H. Rizal hoped that Filipinos would be able to judge the present. Catholic bishops opposed the use of government funds to publish Rafael Palma’s biography of Rizal because of the book’s antiCatholicism. . ought to make him put new questions to the past. books of prayers. if not too narrowly conceived. -He says. that a documentary curtain of parchment. -Historian should demonstrate in detail how he bridges the gap between the documentation and the conclusions he draws from it. even folk art. -Pedro Paterno (supposed pre-hispanic past) and Jose Marco’s false documents on history (Code of Kalantiyaw). -The code of Kalantiyaw found its way into history textbooks and was exposed in 1968 by William Henry Scott in his Prehispanic Sources for the History of the Philippines. -A historian’s nationalist commitment.-William Henry Scott entitled one of his works the Cracks in the Parchment Curtain. at first sight. -Research on Philippine history is disproportionate. -Revolution took place in all of the Philippines. . such a history will show the different degrees and kinds of nationalist response in different regions. need a human interpreter—the historian. These include literary works. -This historian’s questions may shed new light on his people’s problems of the past. Method in History -Documents are not self-interpreting. -But many cracks in that parchment allow the perceptive investigator to glimpse Filipinos acting in their own world. a documentary conceals from modern view the acticities and thought of Filipinos and reveals only the activities of Spaniards. and therefore. -He brings with him his biases and prejudices. -The method in its simplest terms requires the historian to base himself on documentation and to draw the evidence for his assertions or interpretations from the facts found in documents. -It will acknowledge what is valuable as well as what is harmful in the Filipino past. -It will take seriously people’s movements that articulate their goals in religious terms and not merely in Marxist accents. -The hypothesis must have sufficient breadth of vision to encompass all the facts. must see the Filipino people as the primary agents in their history—not just as objects repressed by theocracy or oppressed by exploitative colonial policies.-Marco also wrote a series of supposed works of Fr. -Reconstructing a Filipino past. -Such attempts to make history “nationalist” as those of Paterno and Marco. . an alleged account of Burgos’ trial and other dozen pseudoworks. cannot but be a history of the Filipino masses and their struggles. -A truly nationalistic history will try to understand all aspects of the experience of all the Filipino people. -Present the Filipino past in all its variety. -A truly Filipino history. the role religion —both official and folk varieties of Christianity and Islam. Among these was a pseudonovel La Loba Negra. -It should aim to undergird the formation of a society that provides justice and participation not only to the elites of power. therefore. -It will be able to recognize and criticize when needed. however glorious in appearance. Jose Burgos. are clearly futile. it is said. but to every Filipino. -The historian needs a preliminary hypothesis from which to investigate the past. -Allows only a one-dimensional consideration of such real and complex issues as Spanish obscurantism and American imperialism. and their perpetuators. on false pretenses can do nothing to build a sense of national identity. -Religious values have not simply led to docility and submission but also to resistance to injustice and to the struggle for a better society. -A true people’s history. and godfathers. material life. The historian as nationalist can do no less. -People who were not biologically related can make new claims on each other through fictive kinship which creates ritual brothers. -Low population density. godmothers. history will make it possible to reform and reshape that society toward a better future. -It contained elements of social organization. and interisland contacts. often along rivers and initially isolated from each other.-By depicting the whole of reality. body tattooing. The Philippines in Maritime Asia to the Fourteenth Century -Philippines did not exist in the tenth century. -Practice of cognatic kinship in which families trace descent through both the male and female lines. -Social features: Family ties. yielded a patchwork of human settlements. Localities and Leadership -Belong to the Austronesian family of languages. -Religion was animistic seeing and worshipping divinity in the surrounding environment. -Ancestor worship was a spiritual expression of kinship ties that were relied upon and imposed duties in daily. Both sons and daughters may have inheritance rights. ancestors of most Southeast Asians. It only received it’s name during the colonization of Spain. -Mindset: People felt strongly attached to their own locality and didn’t feel it to be less important than other larger or more powerful settlements. and slave raiding. . -Linguistic affinity stems from Southern China. A person who exhibited unusual achievement in warfare and trade.-Historian Oliver Wolters describes it as “Every center was a center in its own right as far as its inhabitants were concerned. -Gender regimes were vitally important to the state’s relationship with and control of society. -Warfare was a frequent part of this jockeying for position but it usually took the form of raids to seize people.” -The person capable of mobilizing people to achieve these goals was described as chief or big man. -Women were central to community life as well. -Datu the power conveyed by ancestors could be claimed by anyone with talent. He demanded tribute from visiting merchants and enforced his authority through armed force. and it was surrounded by its own groups of neighbors. and people interact to produce cultural and social change. not the conquest of land that was plentiful. -Southeast Asia could be characterized as a crossroads. a place where local and foreign ideas. -There were networks of personal loyalties. maintaining a court and richly rewarding followers. -Community was defined and space was organized by personal relationships. . -Busy harbors enriched and empowered the coastal datu. They were likely to become prominent in ritual specialists with power to access and influence the spirits existing in nature. Localization and the Growth of Regional Networks -Asian trade routes multiplied that effect by bringing knowledge of new belief systems and ways of governing. marriage alliances held together by personal achievement and diplomatic skill. who were in short supply. goods. not territorial boundaries. -Allowed datus to style themselves as royalty. -Titles adopted from Sanskrit enabled the most powerful datus to distinguish themselves and their kin groups as royalty no nobility— classes with an enhanced capacity to transfer political power to their descendants. -Perhaps as a result. religio-political practices made possible large-scale polities. commerce. -Stakes became higher in the endless datu competition as Hindu. suggesting that Southeast Asians were easily shaped by foreign influence. . -Java and Cambodia were home to land-based kingdoms ruled by divine kings supported by large populations engaged in wet-rice agriculture. -The divine ruler made his stature clear to the populace by building religious monuments and temples proclaiming his devotion to deities. and later Buddhist. -All societies change through contact with outsiders: Southeast Asia’s geography simply exposed it to much more contact than most other places. -The first transformative localization in Southeast Asian statecraft occurred when indian merchants and Brahmans (priests) frequented Asian ports. -We adopted Hindu modes of worship by association with a particular god and participation in his divinity. but added new meaning and utilities to it. or possession of useful expertise. -Foreign ideas and practices adopted by Southeast Asians were precisely those that enhanced their existing values and institutions. -The localization of Indian beliefs and practices did not replace the old culture.-Some people felt the crossroads characterization implied a lack of identity. and outsiders relatively easily became insiders through marriage. fluidity continued to characterize local polities. -Hindu religious beliefs and political practices that enabled local rulers to enhance bother their spiritual power and political authority. an event that demonstrated the obligations and exercise of power in early Philippine societies. -It was a sparsely populated archipelago of local communities that spoke different languages but shared many of the cultural traits. and they rose and fell in power as they competed with one another. -“Goverened by kings in the manner of the Malays. -Spaniards highly centralized.” -Offerings were made routinely and individually to diwata or anito. -The datu would sponsor a feast. derived from the Sanskrit “noble lord. -All polities were dependent on networks of personal loyalty and characterized by a local mindset. with each center under its own ruler —a pattern that best represents the Philippine experience. typical datu with local following = Spanish rule nearly succeeded in obscuring the cultural and political links of the Philippine archipelago with the rest of maritime Asia. values.-Divine kinship enabled the growth of wider networks of personal loyalities called mandalas. autocratic kingship vs.” Early Communities in the Philippine Archipelago -An early settlement in the Philippines was referred to as barangay settled together in a community ranging from 30 to 100 households. . in which parts of the forest were cut down and cultivated and then allowed to lie fallow to regenerate. -Visayans had a pantheon of divinities. -Permanently settled upriver farmers practiced swidden cultivation. -Power and spirituality in the archipelago were interwoven in an animistic world permeated with religious belief. which they referred to with Malay-Sanskrit word diwata. Bathala. -Philippines was indeed part of the maritime Asian trading network. and rpactices outlined above. Example: Angkor in Cambodia and Srivijaya in Indonesia -Small trading centers allowed the formation of an elite class. -Tagalogs called these anito and had a principle deity among them. -Datuship included military. The steward was called paragahin – one who collected tribute and crops.” Staff: Atubang sa datu the chief’s minister or privy counselor.to pierce through somebody by pointing at him -Datus were self-made men: “There is no superior who gives him authority or title. judicial. Social Startification: A Web of Interdependence -Datus were part of a hereditaty class that married endogamously.” -Datus added a tattoo with each military victory. -Antonio Pigafetta. “Kings know more languages than other people. -Maharlika – likely to do military service .-Feasting fulfills both society’s duty to its divinities and the datu’s obligation to share his wealth with the community. Bosong – causes intestinal swelling Hokhok – to kill with a breath or touch of hand Kaykay. a chronicler noted that. Bilanggo – the sheriff Patawag – town crier Ropok – charmed which causes the one who receives it to obey Panlus – a spear which causes leg pains to the victim who steps on it. beyond his own efforts and power. -The spirit ritualist baylan in Visayan and catalonan in Tagalog was typically an elderly woman of high status or a male transvestite. entrepreneurial roles. religious. -Success and power always depended on an individual’s charisma and valor. . -A slave is also to be sacrificed during the burial of a datu. -A man of timawa birth might rise to datuship if he had the right qualities and opportunities. Most crimes were also inflicted on the family.-Lower status Timawa who did labor in the datu’s fields -Timawa could not bequeath wealth to their children because everything formally belonged to the datu. and Warfare in A Regional Context -At the beginning of the tilling season. often through marriage. -Slaves born within a household were considered part of the family and were rarely sold. -Increased commerce attracted more people to the settlement and stimulated cottage industries to supply and equip the traders. Trade. Tribute. and imported goods grew in material wealth and status. strangers were warned away during the funeral of a datu. -People could also be purchased—there was a large regional trade in human labor -There was a system of interdependence marked by mutual obligations up and down the social ladder. -Datus who controlled harbors. collected trade duties. for friendship and help against mutual enemies. -Tao the mass of society. who owed tribute to the datu and service in general to the upper classes. -Slaves / esclavo -The judicial system consisted solely of the datu. -Alliances were made. no strangers were allowed in a village while ceremonies were conducted for a productive harvest. -Upon pain of death. -Chinese currency and porcelains from this period have been found from Ilocos in the North to the Sulu archipelago in the South.E. -It dates to 900 C. Malays from Brunei settled in Tondo. -Butuan a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao that sent its first tribute mission to China in 1001.-A datu was liable to fall to an externally sponsored rival if unsuccessful in war. -Document demonstrates political hierarchy and networks. Connections within and beyond the Archipelago -We could see the communities of the archipelago participating according to their economic and geographical opportunities and priorities as did all local centers in the region. -Is a document that records Namwran’s debt to the chief Dewata. -It is written in old Malay. -Philippine contact with China began during the Tang dynasty. -This boosted the importance of smaller trading centers like Butuan and gave the chinese merchants dominance in regional shipping. -Islam was also beginning to spread through the trading and ruling networks.E. and is the oldest Filipino document. Because of Namwran’s death he was represented by his wife Lady Angkatan. it eliminated the need for an entrepot. . an inscribed copperplate measuring 8x12 inches was found in Laguna province near Manila. Asian producers. -When Chinese trading vessels began sailing directly to S. An Early Legal Document -In 1986. -In the 11th and 12th century. -We specialized in metallurgy and shipbuilding. The failure to read Noli’s and his other writings within the context of his personal correspondence at the time he was publishing. -Rizal as early as 1886. and systems of socio-economic status and dependency. social stratification. -There remained no choice except a revolution. -Rizal had already concluded to the futility of the goals sought by many of his fellow-Filipinos. 3. -By the time he brought the novel into its final form. 1. The failure to distinguish between what Rizal were able to say publicly and what they felt privately.” -William Taft and W. who hoped to obtain from Spain reforms. -We see a state formation in kinship practices. religious beliefs. Cermeron Forbes: “Rizal never advocated independence nor did he advocate armed resistance to the government. -Increasing trade from the 12th century which resulted to growing populations. had already determined that there was no future for the Philippines in union with Spain. -Amado Guerrero: “Rizal failed to state categorically the need for revolutionary armed struggle to effect separation from Spain.-Small barangays were often linked through networks of datus. to start the process that would lead to the emancipation of the Philippines. The failure to see the Noli not simply as an independent work but as part of a well-thought-out long-range plan. he had already opted for ultimate separation from Spain. The Noli Me Tangere as Catalyst of Revolution -Purpose of Noli: To provide a catalyst for a revolution. and the Noli was the first step toward that goal. .” -They present only certain aspects of Rizal. while retaining a high sense of locality and resolute independence. political innovation and the concentration of political power. 2. -In Noli. to return to the heritage of his ancestors. -Morga would show them their roots as a nation. not only Spanish abuses. But his purpose went beyond that. -I must first make known the past. -Sketch of the present state of our country. . -It calls on the Filipino to regain his self-confidence. Rizal registers a glimmer of hope that the separation of the Philippines from Spain might come about by a peaceful and gradual development. Rizal still expresses hope for reforms from Spain. -He would publish instead a scholarly analysis of the Philippines at the Spanish contact. to assert himself as the equal of the Spaniards. demands even. -The Filipinos should be aware of what was wrong with Philippine society.Noli as Charter of Nationalism -In 1884 his speech at the Madrid banquet. -A sound nationalism had to be based on an accurate and unsparing analysis and understanding of the contemporary situation. -Pablo Feced and Vicente Barrantes criticized the Noli Me Tangere. -Noli had shown the Filipinos their present condition under Spain. but from Filipinos rather than from Spaniards. using Morga’s book as a base. -In a letter to Blumentritt. -Noli does not have as its goal the glorification of the race any more than it does the mere condemnation of Spanish oppression. Noli and Fili: Action with Vision -Noli was not meant to stand alone. Rizal had in mind a sequel. -Rizal would chart the Filipino course for the future in El Filibusterismo. he does seek for reforms. to appreciate his own worth. but Fiipino failures as well. so that it may be possible to judge better the present and to measure the path which has been traversed during three centuries. ” -The point is not to shed other people’s blood. -He originally intended to propose the solution in his second novel. what is great. Undergird solid historical foundation 3. but an active resistance. what is good. -Ibarra the idealist.-He shows two possible courses remaining 1. “But it is true that we must win it by deserving it. Guerrero points out that “Ibarra fails in his reform program and opts for violence. Awaken national consciousness 2. but to be ready enough to shed one’s own for the people that one will have the courage to resist any attack on human dignity. working for reforms under Spanish auspices and representing the mind of Rizal. and that it will be the defenseless and innocent who will most suffer. -Elias. Reformist of Revolutionary? . the man of action. The solution of Simoun -Rizal cannot five detailed instructions. he says. but then realized that he could only do so after having laid further groundwork. must endure and work. -He had decided on separation from Spain when he published the Noli. The solution of Padre Florentino 2. -Leon Ma. he gives the vision and makes his act of faith in the Filipino and in the God of history. event to the point of dying for it. It is not a passive endurance. on the freedom that belongs to every man and woman. Rather. exalting reason and the dignity of the individual. 1. it is Elias who tried to dissuade him. represents Bonifacio. loving what is just. urging that he will lead his countrymen into a bloodbath. Remained the course of action to be explored -The Filipino people. -He maintained to the end that the revolutionary goal was to create a nation of Filipinos conscious of their human and national dignity and ready to sacrifice themselves to defend it. but a willingness to risk shedding one’s own blood for the sake of the people. dedication to economic. the establishment. and in libraries no account is taken of the atmosphere in which one must work. political bargaining and intrigue. not of principles or objectives. To be reformist meant to engage in futile tinkering with the political and economic structures of society through parliamentary means. educational. but the Filipinos undertaking them themselves. those in power. Veneration Without Understanding .” -But it was not enough to have his ideals proposed to his countrymen in writing. -The call of the Liga was for national unity. the Filipinos must defend one another against all violence and injustice. and other reforms—not begging them from the Spaniards. “The fact is that my man has been formed in libraries.” -He returns to the Philippines in 1892 to activate the La Liga Filipina. Del Pilar and Rizal in 1891. -Spanish Judge comments that Rizal “limits himself to condemning the present rebellious movement as premature and because he considers its success impossible at this time. -There was conflict between Marcelo H.” -For Rizal. it was necessary to put them into action there in the Philippines. -As expressed in the mouth of Padre Florentino: Revolution is not primarily an armed struggle to shed other people’s blood. on the other.False dilemmas: 1. To be revolutionary was to take up arms against the government. it was a question of opportunity. Conclusion: -Rizal retained the ideals of long-range preparation. 2. -Complemented the Sedition Law which prohibited the advocacy of independence and the law prohibiting the display of the Filipino flag. -In the book The Philippine Islands Governer Cameron Forbes wrote that “The American administration has lent every assistance to this recognition. -Rizal relegated other heroes to the background. nor did he advocate armed resistance to the government. -They favored a hero who would not run against the grain of American colonial policy. -To have encouraged a movement to revere Bonifacio or Mabini would ot have been consistent with American colonial policy. -Rizal belonged to the right social class.-Rizal repudiated the revolution.” -Rizal never advocated independence.H. Taft who in 1901 suggested to the Philippine Comission that the Filipinos be given a national hero. 3. Act 137 – Organize the political district and named it the province of Rizal “in honor of the most illustrious Filipino.” 1. Act 345 – Set aside the anniversary of his death as a day of observance. An American-Sponsored Hero -It was Gov.” 2. -The Philippine revolution has always been overshadowed by the omnipresent figure and the towering reputation of Rizal. Mabini unregenerate. Act 243 – Authorized a public subscription for the erection of a monument in honor of Rizal in the Luneta. Bonifacio too radical. -Rizal repudiated the one act which really synthesized out nationalist aspirations. . -Americans chose him over other contestants because “Aguinaldo was too militant. and yet we consider him a nationalist leader.the class that they were cultivating and building for leadership. W. The Role of Heroes -With or without these specific individuals the social relations engendered by Spanish colonialism and the subsequent economic development of the country would have produced the nationalist movement. non-Spanish houses monopolized the import-export trade.000 in 4 decades. Innovation and Change -Rizal lived in a period of great economic changes.000. -The revolution broke out despite his refusal to lead it and continued despite his condemnation of it. -Abaca and sugar production increased. From 3. -European and American financing were vital agents in the emerging export economy. and the Latin-American revolutions. rather these leaders have been impelled to action by the historical forces unleashed by social development.-There was a need for a superhero to bolster the national ego. -In addition. leading many of us to regard history as the product of gifted individuals. the end of the galleon trade. -But he is not a hero in the sense that he could’ve stopped and altered the course of events. -Mass action is not the utterances of a leader. -The creative energies of the people who are the true makers of their own history. . -Rizal’s execution only added more drama to the events of the period. -Orthodox historians have presented history as a succession of exploits of eminent personalities. These non-Spanish interests increased cosmopolitan penetration. National awakening caused by the English occupation of the country.000 piculs a year to 2. -History is made by men. The Ideological Framework -Economic prosperity spawned discontent when the native beneficiaries saw a new world of affluence opening for themselves and their class. . The cultivation of cosmopolitan attitudes and heightened opposition to clerical control. -Rizal expressed its demands in terms of human liberty and human dignity and thus encompassed the wider aspirations of the people. -Manifestation of the desire to realized the potentialities offered by the period of expansion and progress. hispanized and urbanized indios along with Spanish mestizos and sangley mestizos began to call themselves Filipinos. -He could’ve not have transcended his class limitations. -They attained a new consciousness. -Anti-clericalism became the ideological style of the period. -This has set the stage for cultural and social change. -He had to become a Spaniard first before becoming a Filipino. -In the end of the 19th century. a new goal—that of equality with the peninsulares. -The natives were called indios. for his cultural upbringing was such that affection for Spain and Spanish civilization precluded the idea of breaking the chains of colonialism.-Improved communication + road systems + railroad lines +street cars + postal services during the same period. Concept of Filipino Nationhood -The development of the concept of national consciousness stopped short of real decolonization -Social conditions demand that the true Filipino be one who is consciously striving for the decolonization and independence. -Filipino originally referred to the creoles or the Spaniards born in the Philippines. which was founded by Juan Atayde (a creole). -Filipino must undergo a process of decolonization before he can become a true Filipino. -Rizal’s class position. -The recognition of the masses as the real nation and their transformation into real Filipinos. They wanted accommodation within the ruling system. -He believed in freedom not so much as national right but as something to be deserved. -The community came out with an organ called España en Filipinas which sought to take the place of Revista Circulo Filipino. and his foreign education were profound influences which constituted a limitation on his understanding of his countrymen. -As an ilustrado. Recto street got its name. -The reformists could not shake off their Spanish orientation. . by which Claro M.-The original Circulo Hispano-Filipino was dominated by creoles and peninsulares. -The only non-Spaniard was Baldomero Roxas. upbringing. which he believed showed more sympathy for the peninsulares. The Limited Filipinos -Rizal was not really of the people based on education and property. -He condemned the Revolution because as an ilustrado he instinctively underestimated the power and the talents of the people. -Lopez-Jaena criticized their writing. -His ilustrado orientation manifests itself in novels. -Thus the formal beginning of the La Solidaridad. Rizal was speaking in behalf of all the indios though he was separated by culture and by property from the masses. Its leaders were indios with Lopez-Jaena as its first editor and later Marcelo Del Pilar. -All the protagnoists belonged to the principalia. He was referring to the Azcarrga brothers. -They felt that education gave them the right to speak for the people. in working for certain reforms. helping them to realize their own condition. -Colonialism if the only agency still trying to sell the idea that freedom is a diploma to be granted by a superior people to an inferior one after years of apprenticeship.” -People should learn and educate themselves in the process of struggling for freedom and liberty. -The ilustrados were the Hispanized sector of our population. The Precursors of Mendicancy -Propagandists. -The elite had a sub-conscious disrespect for the ability of the people to articulate their own demands and to move on their own. -“Make itself worthy of these liberties. 1896: “A people can be free without being independent. educating them and learning from them. . Rizal did not consider political independence as a prerequisite to freedom. chose Spain as the arena of their struggle instead of working among their own people. 12.” Also in El Fili: “We must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. even to the extent of dying for them. and a people can be independent without being free. by loving justice. He wrote on Dec. by exalting the intelligence and the dignity of the individual.” -Rizal’s preoccupation with education served to further the impression that the majority of the Filipinos were unlettered and therefore. right. before they could be ready for independence. hence they tried to prove that they were as Spanish as the peninsulares. -They are not accustomed to the people moving on their own. needed tutelage.-He did not equate liberty with independence. and greatness. Blind Adoration -We must always be conscious of the historical conditions and circumstances that made an individual a hero. -The indio as Filipino rose in arms while the ilustrado was still waiting for Spain to dispense justice and reforms. . The Negation of Rizal -We cannot rely on Rizal alone. not as Hispanized as the ilustrados. Limitations of Rizal -Unless we have an ulterior motive. there is really no need to extend Rizal’s meaning so that he may have contemporary value. saw in people’s actions the only road to liberation. -The revolutionary masses proclaimed their separatist goal through the Katipuan. -Rizal should occupy his proper place in our pantheon of great Filipinos. Ilustrados and Indios -Bonifacio. -We must view Rizal as an evolving personality within an evolving historical period.-They are no different from the modern-day mendicants who try to prove that they are Amercanized. -The true hero is one with the masses. -The Katipunan was a people’s movement based on confidence in the people’s capacity to act in its own behalf. he does not exist above them. We must discard the belief that we are incapable of producing the heroes of our epoch. -The nature of the Rizal cult is such that he is being transformed into an authority to sanction the status quo by a confluence of blind adoration and widespread ignorance of his most telling ideas. -It was Bonifacio and the Katipunan that embodied the unity of revolutionary consciousness and revolutionary practice. Rizal.-When the goals of the people are finally achieved. will be negated by the true Filipino by whom he will be remembered as a great catalyzer in the metamorphosis of the decolonized indio. the first Filipino. .