THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS: ÉLITE IDENTITY, URBAN SOCIETY, AND PUBLIC MEMORY IN ROMAN GREECE Author(s): JOSEPHL. RIFE Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 128 (2008), pp. 92-127 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40651725 . Accessed: 14/01/2014 18:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected]. . The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.204.192.85 on Tue, 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal ofHellenicStudies128 (2008) 92-127 THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS: ÉLITE IDENTITY, URBAN SOCIETY, AND PUBLIC MEMORY IN ROMAN GREECE* AbstractThis paperdiscussestheburialof HerodesAtticus as a well-attested case of éliteidentification through It a close of Philostratus' account of Herodes' end inc. 179(VS 2. 1. 15) alongside the mortuary practices. gives reading evidence of architecture, and topography at Marathon, inscriptions, sculpture, Cephisia and Athens. The intended burial ofHerodes andtheactualburials ofhisfamily on the Attic estates wealth andterritorial while control, expressed hispreference for Marathon fused with civichistory. TheAthenian in Herodes'private intervention personal history whichled to hismagnificent interment at thePanathenaic served as a publicreception fora leading funeral, Stadium, citizen andbenefactor. Herodes'tomb should be identified with a longfoundation on thestadium's easthillthat might haveformed an eccentric whilean elegant klinê found havebeenhiscoffin. His altar-tomb, sarcophagus nearby might was a traditional distich that stressed andpoeticallusion hisdeeptiestoMarathon andRhamepitaph through language andhiscelebrity. Also found herewas an altar dedicated to Herodes'theMarathonian hero'with nous,hiseuergetism features II2 The first and last lines ofthetext wereerased ina deliberate effort toremove hisname archaizing (IG 6791). andprobably thenameofa relative. A cemetery ofordinary around Herodes' burial but site, graves developed bythe 250s thesehad been disturbed, This new synthesis of textual and material alongwiththealtarand thesarcophagus. sources for theburial ofHerodescontributes to a richer of status and antiquarianism in Greekurban understanding under theEmpire. Italso examines howthepublic ofélites was composite andmutable, society memory shifting through - funeral, - to generate different ofthedead. hero-cult, separate defacement, phasesofactivity biography images Herodes Atticus is one ofthosefigures who repays notonlyas a luminous study personality with his ownhistory butalso as a mirror to larger historical in theworldaround developments him. In comparison to other Greekaristocrats of theRomanEmpire, we knowa great amount abouthimnotonlyfrom thesubstantial Philostratus but also from the rich biography by (VS 2.1) and archaeological evidenceforhis lifeand family.L. VibulliusHipparchus Ti. epigraphic ClaudiusAtticus Herodes(e. 103-179),1 who was bornto a wealthy with Athenian family deep becamea celebrated orator andteacher, an aristocrat andpolitician with broadconnections roots, at homeand abroad,and a peerlessbenefactor. Like other menof his day,he was prominent andpopular resentment. Whilehe was an outstanding individual and dogged bycruel controversy ofhisaccomplishments weresui generis, Herodesembodied thesocial andcultural values many ofhisage,andhe employed common modesofself-presentation, evenifon a grander scale than hiscontemporaries. One fascinating in his distinguished career is thefinalone in c. 179,as recorded chapter by Philostratus (VS2A. 15): he died at Marathon and had directed his freedmen to bury himthere, theAthenians Although himawaybythehandsoftheephebes snatched andcarried himtothecity, andpeopleofall ages cameforth to greet thebierwithcrying and applause, likechildren whohave losta good father. buried him in the Panathenaic andinscribed overhimthis brief andnobleepitaph: They Herodes son of Atticusfrom the demeof Marathon,to whom all thisbelongs, lies in thistomb, renownedthroughoutthe world2 * I delivered versions ofthis audiences undertheauspicesof theAmerican School of Classical paperto attentive at theUniversity ofWashington in Seattle atAthens andwith thepermission oftheHellenic (2005) andthe Studies Institute for AdvancedStudy in Princeton ofCulture. (2006). Mar- Ministry 1 GlenBowersock, EwenBowie,Kevin treatment of Billerbeck, garethe Ameling (1983a-b) is theauthoritative Christian ChristoHerodes' career andfamily; see also Byrne Clinton, Habicht, Kaja Harter-Uibopuu, (2003) 114-22. pherJones,MireilleLee, AristeaPapanicolaou-Chris- I followAmelingon Herodes' dates,but Swain (1990) David Potter, andtworeaders for theJournal have showsthat thetraditional dates101-177remain tensen, possible. 2 commented on thisstudy, ôè auToö èv tcöi MapaÓcovi Kai alwaysto mybenefit.I comàrcoGavóvToç itat theInstitute for Advanced I con- é7ciaicr|'|/avToç where ekeïGaTtxeiv Aônvaîoi pleted Study, xoîçànekevdépoic, sulted thesqueezecollection oftheMerritt I also xaîç tcòv Library. e(pr|ßcov xepaiv áprcáaavTeçéç aerei)ríveyicav examinedtheremains east of thePanathenaic Stadium TcpoarcavccovTec tcoiÀi^ei rcâaa i'XiKÌa ôaicpúoiçauxx This content downloaded from 62.204.192.85 on Tue, 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 93 intheLivesoftheSophists, Oftheeleven burials this one is secondonlytothe passagesrecording in of Polemo's end detail and its andlaudatory tone, description length.3 Notwithstandingbrevity theaccount of Herodes'deathand burial, liketheothers, is a valuablehistorical sourceforthe manandhistimes.Philostratus, whowas writing thelate230s orearly on 240s,depended during first-hand he knew Athenian institutions from and local monuments sources, personal experience a knowledgeable from andhe wrote for audience in living aboutevents Since autopsy, memory. inthe160s,he mayhaveseenHerodes he was born orevenwatched hisfuneral.4 perform, Thispassage coincides witha bodyof material evidence that can clarify and enlarge Philoin stratus' monuments and artefacts account, Marathon, including inscriptions, Cephisiaand theevidence, Athens.Severalscholars have addressed buttheir discussions of the particularly haveincluded factual errors andincomplete coverPanathenaic Stadium misinformation, repeated itin thefull oftextual andarchaeological andstudied range testimony age. No onehas integrated in in customs Herodes' world. As theoretical research anthroofprevailing thelight mortuary where ritual is a dynamic arenafor communicating identity, funerary pologyhas demonstrated, as a of the deceased is conand spacesareimbued with materials behaviours, memory meaning deal about the contested.5 The study ofdeath andburial canreveala great structed andsometimes ofGreek citiesduring theEmpire. andprocesses socialstructures ofHerodes. oftheliterary andmaterial sources for theburial Thispapergivesa closereading the life and mind of several observations on Thisnewsynthesis extraordinary produces important and his and his his use of Herodes, relationships property benefaction, antiquarianism especially role of The broadergoal is to understand better thecentral and community. withhis family Élites and their comin urban and public memory. funerary practices self-presentation, society contexts for andburials as effective intheRomanEastunderstood andutilized funerals munities also in the civic andeminence activities, wealth, funerary they sphere.During nobility expressing the andbehaviour to identify thedeceasedwith andmanipulated selected architecture, landscape fifth art literature of the to fourth Athenian and of Classical cultural Greece, especially legacy showthat thememory as inthecase ofHerodes, further BC. Commemorative centuries practices, creation ofa single mind.Itwas an evolving was nottheimmutable ofa deadaristocrat imageof between andevenobliterated theconfrontation revised that was established, idealstatus through interests. and intentions popular personal I. THE ANCESTRAL HOME AND BURIAL AT MARATHON hisbirthplace with hiswishfor burial atMarathon, account ofHerodes'death Philostratus' begins whichstemmed from home. His family and ancestral belongedto theAtticgenos Kerykes, Theseusand theAeacidae,proudly itsdescent back to Heracles, Hermesand Herseand traced atMarathon, villaswas located initslineMiltiades andCimon.6One ofHerodes'many claiming 1 resided after his 2. . and where he and hosted students where he received (FS 2.5.3; c/ 12), guests in 174. Thehistory is notrecorded, butpresumably atSirmium ofthis estate from thehearing return öaoc rcaîôeç %pr'GT0X) Kai àveDqyrniowceç, rcaxpòç Kai e'Gayav év xah riava6r|vaiKûh XripeúaavTeç, • xóÔe aúxcoißpa%')Kai noXvé7cíypa|Li(ia éTuypáxj/avTec ov xaÔe Äxxikoö Travia, MapaOcovioç, 'Hpcóôrjç 7iávxo0ev KeîxaixcoiÔE xáq>coi, eúÔÓKiuoç The textis Carl LudwigKayser's(Teubner1871), with are inpunctuation onechange (see below);all translations mine. 3 1.22.4,1.25.11,1.26.6,2.1.15,2.16.1,2.20.3,2.22.1, dis2.23.4, 2.25.6, 2.26.6, 2.30.1. Rife (forthcoming) cussesthese passages. 4 On thedate of VS,see Jones (2002) (dedicatedto aimsandhistorical Gordian III, 238-244);onthemethods, value of VS,see Bowersock(1969) 1-16,Jones(1974), Anderson (1986) 23-96,and Swain(1991); on Philostratus' career, see de Lannoy(1997) 2372-91(bornc. 160to thedemeof Steiria). 170,connected 5 E.g. Morris(1992) 1-30; McHugh (1999) 12-17; Parker Pearson (1999) 1-20. 6IG II2 3606.2 IG XIV 1389.30-3 (Trio(Marathon), pion, Via Appia, Rome), VS 2.1.1, Suda H 545; see (1983b) 3-4 on Herodes'family. Ameling This content downloaded from 62.204.192.85 on Tue, 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hipparchus. spicuous It is unknown whether Herodes'forebears wereburied at Marathon.2. 336-40. covery statuary The property of Herodesthuscoveredthenorthwestern and western limits of theplain.52.1. unique Athens LGPNÏI but the same as the of Miltiades and later of s.He evencalledhis first so far as we know a name at Roman daughter Elpinice. 11 Behrends (1992) 242-3.24.23.cf.2.).192.Herodes' encompassed he hadgiven thetract as a wedding memtowhom Several wife. including sophists portrayed by Philooften burial their ancestors andsometimes on estates.9. ground. Thisuse offunerary monuments or cemeteries in landdivision is well documented in thenorthwestern provinces. (VS byPhilostratus first MarcusAurelius and 2. (2002) 294. Petrakos (1995) 109-12. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .no. At the Valley.and it southeast. 9 Graindor (1930) 186-8. containing 7 Tobin (1997) 241-83 and Galli (2002) 134-8.1. In anyevent. Esmonde VerCleary(2000) 130-2(Britain).94 JOSEPHL. RIFE itfrom his father and possiblyitwas amongthelandsofhis grandHerodesinherited Atticus. and Spawforth 337. ofAntipater ofHierapolis andQuir2.v. Petrakos (1978) 55-6.12 cae. 13205. strongly support plain'ssouthern endhavebeenfound an elaborate andsanctuary bath all dating tothe displaying Egyptian statuary.6) seemstoimply ial location.7 property intheareacalledMandra tisGrias members ofan inscribed arch(IG II25 189.2. Mee and Ca(2005) 10. The distribution of use remains buttheestate would uncertain.204. daughter stepsister.9A portrait groupof Lucius Verus. 24. Burialat Marathon musthave carried a specialsignificance fora manwho boasteddescent from Miltiades andpreserved theClassicalpastthrough hisintellectual andprofessional achievements.2. 2. 139-40. 1. preferred among tises on land-surveying record that on rural estates while remote burials graves signalled ownership. couldserve todemarcate their limits veteres (Gromatici pp.30.1.7). butwhether as owner orneighbour anddonor cannot be determined.8This plain'swestern texts and itsproximity to Regilla's precinct. 193.1.25. eastof Eurotas River: Shipley(1996) 386. (VS 2.29. mayhaveextended havepossessed bothopenlandfor andcultivation andextravagant structures for enterpasturage tainment andhabitation.SEG 23. vanaugh This content downloaded from 62. Herodes Atticus found here links Herodes tothesite. Theobvious oftheCanopusinHadrian's villaatTivoliandthedisparallel ofEgyptian on Herodes'villaatLoukoulendsupport totheformer identification.3.2. 12 Pass: (SM 13) nearwestendofBerbati Hypogaeum Wells and Runnels(1996) 295.2.cf.4 (Damianusburied at not Ephesianestate). fig. Plut. his choiceof burial there underscored hisclose attachment to a family with a longandprestigious line.25. lover. meulen andBourgeois (2000) 144-5(Flanders).2). fig.6. Mausoleum(M334) south ofAphysou.11 inGreecehavealso found tombs on oradjacent to villaerustiArchaeological surveys sumptuous Pass northeast ofArgosandontheLaconian Plainsoutheast ofSparta.254-5.2. 10.3-8).1 (burial inusofNicomedia'at home'(oi'koi)meaning in their native land.1 (Philiscusemphatically buried atAthenian estate).presumably amongancestors). suchas intheBerbati We can imagine that Herodes'anticipated buriallikewise wouldhave taken theform of a conmonument onhisfamily's that estate communicated territorial control andlanded wealth. as Paul Graindor argued.85 on Tue.4.18a.Ferdière ('992>)passim(Gaul). Lenormant (1866) 383-4. Cim. (cf. a similar bur2. Philostratus' mention of other sophists dying'at home' (2. 8 IG II2 3973. 1. d. 302. The Numerous stones andinscriptions indicate that theMarathonian was impressive. Greekaristocrats. which Domitian had confiscated father.2. 10Burial amongancestors:VS 1.10 TheRoman treastratus. perhaps gift.fig. Herodeswas to lie somewhere nearAthens' most hallowed burial thegreat sôrosorpoluandrion thecremated war-dead of490. Herodes'preference for inthisregion burial ofAttica interms can be understood ofboth élite behaviour andpersonal circumstance.2. 335-6.1. 2 kmnorthwest up theAvlona the identification of this area with Herodes' estate.17.Tobin(1997) 261-3 and Galli (2002) 188-93.4. ill.178203 summarize theestate's remains. whichwas onlyc.4.11 (Polemo at Laodicea ad Lycum). Cartledge (2002) 142.43. Ameling (1987). inscriptions naming bersofhis family havebeenfound Vrana at the concentration of near end.121) found a precinct northwest oftheplainrevealthat theestate devoted to Regula.Cim. 271-2).Burialon estate: 2.27. second Themainstructure is surely theTemple ofCanopus mentioned century.6 (Hermocrates at Phocaea). Cimon(Nep.18. to an individual itmayhavebelonged a funerary monument. to 26-7. (1978) 56. Von Moock stêlaidating that several 85 funerary (1998) 20. toa cemetery. have the and Faustina his foster-son of Fine Younger Polydeucion. 19a describes 2). that at once oftexts. is uncertain. portraits Herodes. nearthetumulus. stêlai (Tobin(1997) 261). antiquarianism graphic 18 comof theEgyptian Locals once called theruins a distant from plex the 'Tomb of Herodes'.Cim.204. calledto mindthepowerandwealth abiding glory family the have Herodes would for ofa tomb Classical amplified impression. either tobe located itwas probably orleaving.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 95 in thesouth area oftheplain. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . EsmondeCleary(2000) 131-2(cemeteries of Romano-British nearboundaries villas). 82 refers as ôioncnxaíand7cpovoot)U£voi. 4.3). 21 of to theadministrators SEG 29. fig.20. 500 m north withspolia from tower on Classical foundations nearby structures (1974) 423 n. In 1911 neartheso-called thesmallestate in thenameof Herodes'foster-sons withcurseinscriptions coveredtwoherms (IG II2 13195.127 II 49. 20 Cf.D.21 Greek of the archaeologists 7cpovoot)|LiEvoç) (ôioiKT|Tr|ç. belonging 13202). nerary as 'The Tombsof the thesesame remains misidentified Athenians' (1995) 68-9. as a neartheedgeoftheproperty was to stand far. 15 was situthat this monument Somehavespeculated thesiteof a of thesôros at Pyrgos. Herodes'estates This content downloaded from 62.together to Herodesand his are lost. approached to its of because is more oftheBrexisa.Ifhistomb that went Herodes knowwhether of nearthesite Oinoë. Petrakos ofhismortal thereturn inGreeceafter Cimonwas buried of from remains (Plut. Ekroth in Romantimes butitsstatus theLate Hellenistic period. 17Travellers ofa memories with saturated a landscape entered Athens to Marathon from 2.3) butwas remembered forMilitiades. (Leake (1841) 101. 500 m north-northwest for burial evidence has produced One areathat disatOinoëa landowner Frankish Church ofRegula.Petrakos 14 II2 69-70 IG 1006. hismemorial(s) 16 Petrakos figs101-3. moreintriguing uncovered estate. tomb monument arycontained 19 Graindor (1914) 355-60. proposes foundin thesouthern to thesecondcentury partof the on Herodes'esto freedmen have belonged Plain might in remains tate. See Dod(Petrakos well(1819) 232-3{stêlai)andGalli(2002) 191-3(sanctuofCanopus).Tobin(1997) 270-1.see also Galli (2002) 181-8on funerary a single finds cannot thisarea.85 on Tue. According andcomon the theephebes poluandreion placedwreaths (Habicht games in an annualfestival petedin funerary in (2002) 75-7).figs26-7).15 Herodes(or his associates)underIn erecting thesesculptures.g.16 been found to be interred Herodeswanted whether of stoodthesite'scommemorative Regardless capacity.He also wrote couldstillbe heard ofbattle rumble as a victorious who had died in prison(Plut. (1995) 172-4. 13 Pritchett (1995) 19-22.butthecursestiethem oftheremains and context The exactnature oftenants a burial this was is that One ground interpretation property.e. possible(butunprovable) was indeed architecture If marble the northwestern attheestate's orgrounds-keepers extremity. These scattered represent burial ground. sophistand Eleusinianhierophant.-F. polis. Cim. (123/2BC). The erection for tobe buried.192. Herethey continuous imagesandmonuments ofthe the and his ancient ofHerodes.13 TheAthenians central tumulus Thisis marked bytheprominent wrote A. 17 discussesthesecases of topoRife(forthcoming) inburial placement. history effectively grafted personal battleground or historical association to drawa topographic with location choiceof sepulchral The deliberate and the élites in the tombs of evident is also burials Émbolos. right alongside to Athenian on his andcemetery revered history.The former thevicinity proximity thethoroughfare likely 1 8 andMarathon. Athens between of ofRomandateis c.32. general.14 Pausanias in half of the second historic site the second this century recognized and that the with stêlai the deceased was adorned theplace phantom bytribe.19.20 suchas an 'administrator' ofrank.presumably nearhereoffuandthediscovery ofPhilostratus memory Fauvel(1792) L.4).4)that monument that there was a separate at night. atedc. Thecultwas thriving (1997) 336. Papachatzis theremains.-S. those for landmark entering near thecoastalroadin or the Plain from the route themaininland where northwest. vieweda montage civicpast. nearthe estate on a his burial and the of Miltiades the tombs private hoplites. (1985) 126-9.Itwas notuncommon wanted Herodes for where exists evidence No decisive butwe cannot before andeventobeginconstruction owntombs their toprepare aristocrats death.butthelocation Cyprus is unknown. naming (1. possibly along Ephesian mythical at the Sacred Fig (VS Athenian the graveof Apollonius.19 bonesandstêlaiapparently with a marble monument. interred Herodes clearly villa the remains of the of this tomb from distance burial. RIFE ofunfound a marble Herethey tothenorth.290) this The chamber tomb that children.192. m of 500 south bath and columns.Tobin(1997) 225(1983b) 143-6. 23 Tobin (1997) 269 n. (1995) 95. II. Alcia.28 two andtheother was undecorated One sarcophagus amongGreekélitesofthesecondcentury. figs81-2. Perry cogently flanking L. Another exceptional Polydeucion. pis 2-3. pis 146-7. no.1-2.Ì608). Gel.Pe241-5. 107. 107. (1972) 7. whichprobably Elpiniceand perhaps argued The a to was commissioned Vibullius iconographical programme. and to receiveguestsfrom Cephisiato teachstudents can be confidently Philostr. display particular Hipparchus. (/GXI. THE VILLA AND FAMILIAL BURIALS AT CEPHISIA nearhisproperty members buried severalfamily Herodeshad already By thetimeofhis death. funerary block An inscribed date. Galli (2002) 158-60stresses This content downloaded from 62. metres inthe1970sa fewhundred remains building Vibullia with to the second function known naming century.but thethird displayed the hisbow on theother. nearand far(Aul. Ameling 76-81. Helen and theDioscurireferred The creation of was connected.12). The short form of their suggests specific The notat theestate'sboundary.Like hisMarathonian estate.2. dedicated a lockofhairat thegraveofhisthree displayed with an unand mostlikelycontained stoneon itsfaçadeor in thedromos26 Regillus Elpinice.204. (2005) 66-76.22 lidoftheearly sarcophagus with a connection establish theinscriptions ritual or knownsepulchral withfunerary forms.85 on Tue.27 the andhe wouldhaveselected hischildren hereovera spanoftime. discovery 26 a visiandpurpose The block'sdimensions require inthetomb's orface.4. VS2. 25. Cf.83.pl.figs64. family placesto which to advertise notonlyhispaternal for Herodes hischildren was an opportunity thistomb for piety butalso hisfamilial history. the thearea as a icr|7iotá(piov and comparing identifying dated147/8 tombof Ti. Themelis Travlos 294-301.2. Roughly appointed richly 1 a in 866 found his Builders with remains associated havebeenfound thePyrna family.10. together inscriptions dating hydraulic carved andan exquisitely andEucles. see further Perry of Nemesis at Rhamnous.Herodes'mother. The villacomplex placedalongthebanksofthetranquil have andhisrelatives andnaming Herodes andinscriptions Numerous depicting sculptures Pyrna. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . paternal canbe associated aboutthebuilding Whilenothing secondcentury. 67. on one end and Eros with the swan Leda stringing struggling imagery: Ellen has on the back. showed unique mythical motifs conventional (garlandsand erôtes). might points an ancestral for candidate cemetery. 1.25 four ofAntonine marble vaulted sarcophagi containing hypogaeum that a mournful Herodes Paraskevi states of church into the built Aghia overlying (SEG 26. of and thecult-statue to Spartancultreliefs scenes of Leda.96 JOSEPHL. 8. 24 Tobin(1997) 214-19.1. villainthedemeof Herodes usedhispleasant northeast ofAthens.29 Herodes 's both Nemesisat Rhamnous. ClaudiusLycusat Thessalonica.24 a in addition to beenfound there.fig.figs (1988) 217-18.182no. 28Galli (2002) 154-7. itwas easilyaccessiblefrom that perhaps a to or within was located next that the tomb a indicates of fountain recent nearby discovery were favourite and chambers Vaulted subterranean types sepulchral sarcophagi sculpted garden. themainbuildings.oneofHerodes' ancestors. 25 discussion ofthetomb's Tschira (1948-49)is a filli andform.160-2. Skenteri (2005) Pomeroy (2007) 138-40. 29 below on (2001). 38. Vibullius received hisfoster-son ofHerodes'deadchildren. and herms to the 'hero' Definite or dedications treatment. herhusband contained that thissarcophagus. Herodes and the Sanctuary thesculpture's archaism. 140.66 reconstructs ofAureliaGe at thefunerary monument thefaçadeafter Termessus. known third. Galli(2002) ble setting entranceway theepigram on thetombwith 153-4. 177-80 Galli (2002) 199-202.Galli (2002) 162-74.23 a considered area be This lavish burial. (npœç)on three Polydeucion probable 22Marinatos (1974) 242. 27 no. pis 16-18.18.figs trakos 41. to andthesarcophagus Herodes'forebears. 1. a Triton and Nereid on the and Dioscuri Helen front. Galli(2002) (1983b) 148-9. of a temple tooktheform often (Peek (1979) 82. Galli (2002) butsees no thefindspot 147. (1997) 229-34. no. 157 or 160.g.34 estate.Theseinscriptions a heroön Polydeucion. these whichimpliesheroic norimmortal.192. Thisidentifies for Herodes'children eastofthetomb relative unknown an otherwise Vibullius names as thehero Polydeuces. commemoration.Thisstone Marousi modern between church ata ruined (IG II2 13200)was found If the villa on the of south somewhere site her burial from came Pyrna. as thehonorand in Cephisia(IG II2 3968). Igoumenitsa. Ameling no. the where the on at for a cenotaph also constructed Herodes cult. 36 Guarducci (1983b) 160. probably Regula = neither II 34 IGUR XIV 1392 in Greece that shewas buried stated dedication 1). 30 Follet SikinosandThera(Goette Messene. nearby. where recorded text Roman naming funerary exactly Regilla'stomb most andKefisia. herowith associated form often eastern was a common lines43-7). Calza (1976) 209 imas hercenotheFarnesesarcophagus identifies probably taph. 173. citing inRoman area standard SEG 16.30 twenty 'umpires' (pocßooqxSpoi).35 Although (IG her altar a marble was located. thatRegula was (2007) 137-8. Chaeronea. Ameling 33 Skenteri (2005) 29-65.nearMarkopoulo (IG 3971).Flämig(2007) 45-51). Meyer anddiscatalogues (1997) 101-7 provide (1985) andTobin cussion. bases. Robert (1979) 160-5.3974). 34The which poet seemsto have in minda heroön. 147. Rome. Tobin(1997) 125-6. This content downloaded from 62. butnotinthesametomb oftheestate ern proxpart heroic and burial individual merited Herodes wife of as the distinction her but singular imity. 32 no.31 texts and numerous of the erection was remembered Moreover. (1994) 296-300.3 74). Herodes Gods on his suburban Köre and theChthonian to Demeter. special of the existence statues.33 Regula was neither év ox a temple'(or''ia 'iev vi'(òi ÏKeA. Nonetheless. 35 as Regilla'sceno(2007) 156-8identifies Pomeroy on which at Deus the the Rediculus. is striking.Tobin 166-9. (IG c. at Carystus. (1983b) 169-71. Her at Cephisiaafter also interred Regula was probably nearSan on twostilai found inscribed of Side Marcellus burialis citedinthefamous poemby = haderected Rome(IG XIV 1389 /Gt/ÄIII ontheViaAppiaoutside Sebastiano 1155). Delphi. mortal that The poem states estate. Portrait foundat severalsitesin Greece and elsewhere.Ameling Cf. ofHerodesat Marathon burial theintended with burial for hisintention announced Herodes hisowndeath twoinscriptions longbefore posted (1977). heldat involved ofPolydeucion is clear:thehero-cult basicpurpose funerary gamespresumably which to attachment Herodes' reveal inCephisia. through at cultinvolving acrosstheregionas well as a funerary dedications competitions posthumous the even and could an élite how demonstrate memory promote preserve family widely Cephisia to who was related one accorded of a deceasedrelative.ov resembles and that'hertombat Athens ôt||lIcûi status.36 so.666). butits hasbeenmuch Thetext andlists ofHerodes.e.fig.85 on Tue.possibly (IG II23972.Polydeucion. funerary II2 in southern Attica in Cephisia(IG II23975). offunerary villaareinmany theCephisian around remains Whilethese practices waystypical from ofRegulaandthechildren oftheburials theseparation oftheEmpire. discussed. families inéliteGreek becausein It is all themorenoteworthy.32 socialprestige. 180m south-southofAghios into thechurch statue basebuilt is an inscribed oration Demetrios. agônothetês Polydeucion. particularly unusual not rank lineandheldequestrian maternal Herodes' fatherly enjoyed only (IG II24774). taph podium-temple see Kammerer-Grothaus (1974). on theMarathonian for hiscommemevidence The most II2 13 Plain(IG II23973) andinAthens important 194). 172.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 97 nearthePyrna havebeenfound marble three altars. despoiled fromRegilla's burial site in the vicinity.Parras. butalso considerable affection hertragic deathin c. several examples are knownin Greece. The temple-tomb A6r|vr|ç. Temple-tombs type Asia Minor (Cormack (2004)). nearherdeadchildren cemetery perhaps family Regulawas buried this rolecalledfor Hermaternal as theothers.236-7.10. thesanctuary attheTriopion. (1978) 231-2. highstatus. 31 with from An inscription Polydeucion Delphinames 'Herodes'hero'(ó 'HpcoÔoi) theespecially rípcoç. personal have been bustsof Polydeucion FD III. stadium. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . probably inthesouthin a at Cephisia.204. Pallis (2000-03) confirms thedilapidated evidencethat AghiosIoannesTheologos was surely thealtar was thesiteof a tomb.158 speculates Pomeroy withHerodesat the eveninterred andperhaps cremated. especially thefoster-sons xáípoç| Kai vvvrcapàtcp cated (see Herodes' lamentations àvopí | éotiv. years following haveenjoyed his suburban where he couldcontemplate agingHerodesmust quietude.Luc. 40IG IP 12568/9 Ttaíôcov '|fu%oûç xpioív. theoffering signto Tat. Julius especially Antiochus inhistomb on theMouseionatAthens andTi.6. Memnon. Apul.13.192. Eph.Mor.(mourningRegula).290 (mourning three children at Cephisia).19.12-15.13.42 After around ofloss orconcerns to hideguilt havefaded. and must years.whomhe distrusted (VS 2.1392(mourning Regulaat 38'Herodes of bothhis Rome).2.4. Thiswas thecase for C.11.5.4.290)37 Regula(IG XIV 1392). may sympathized they expressed . children.5.11. 16-22. Burialon theestate atMarathon wouldshowcase and wealth.5. e. 39On theclose bondof dead husbands 41 and wives in Plut. AD).5.3. andfoster-sons diedduring the150sHerodes a familial was building atCephisia.4.26.prolonged mourning there was no hint offoulplay.7. ofthebereaved spouse was an established andepitaphic with thebeloveddead inburial Butthe literary topos. see Ameling worksof literature: 24-5. This content downloaded from 62.1. ownership usualfor to a aristocrats receive from their and burial.8. Butitis nota 26.98 JOSEPHL.114F.10.The numerKal ifiçàpe-|TTiç curses found on hisestates weredediGuu<popâç tííçyvvaiKÓç.3. Polydeucion). 1.24.4. pregnancy.204. 160s.g. e.5. secondcentury Herodescomplicit inmurder. 3. 2.Heliod.butthecontents as a strategy of selfin a forthcoming fashioning chapter.8. 608F. andnowbesideherhus.8. exceptional singular apart spouse whenitexpressed a specialplace in thecommunity.4. Perron. | ecravôè o'> ous statues bearing tò | yàp acoua év zf''EÀJLáÔi tohisdeadlovedones. (1983b) 7-9.189). a monumental tomb there wouldhaveconfirmed Herodes' 37'It ofa lockofhair]is a true [sc.4. son Vibullius Bradua. posterity.6.lines 1-8). Luc.8. 42 see Lattimore a cold and conepitaphs. twenty anyfeelings for burial form and well have his wife As anyprior children.10). 168-9andTobin(1997) 231-3.41 One might evenargue that Herodesoverplayed hislamentation ofRegulaand that claimed shewouldshare histomb inorder tomaskhisculpability inherdeath late-term during his in was cited defence the of homicide indeed.8. italso involved a nagging senseofremorse overcriminal or ingitwas.g. Xen. Sat. 3. [Luc] Am.11.Ach.7.5. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .33. 112.39 uniting becauseitresonated with theemotional ofreaders. tomb.10 (mourningPanathenaïs.5. Julius Celsus Philopappus (c. Although estate was notso publica siteas these. 0T|Kaiç ')|ietépoio7caxpóç. |Livr|jLieîov Achilles. 1. RIFE claims hischildren andwith One might that these (SEG 26.1. expectations placement may changed. 4.1.without thelonging familial bondssevered torejoin particularly bydeath specific making plans a After in for shared burial. band' ('HpcoÔriç Kai | toûto eivai xf|çaúxoO | Elpinice. ous. Epigraphy toHerodes'excessive andmemorials lamentation thedeaths ofhischildren and vividly following wife.3-4. thethree soulsofyouchildren that someday youwillre.38 argue Thetheme werecommonplaces unrelated toHerodes'genuine intentions. adopted II2 ClaudiusHerodes In the the ordeal that at culminated the (IG 3979).In erecting inthese toposexisted experience with Herodes well have essential the sentiments scriptions.10. Sirmium.85 on Tue.40 ThatPlutarch decried andLucianmocked ostentatious it a that was not mourning proves rare occurrence. Herodes. (?) at Cephisia).3.Met. Pomeroy (2007) 158 attributes n.6. VS 2.thesurviving of Herodesincluded sonAtticus family onlyhis dimwitted and an otherwise unknown L. SEG 23.4. mourning prominently against charge torecallthat Herodes'commemoration ofRegulaandhisconspicu(VS 2.8 for herbodyis in Greece.cf.5. 120). Char.3. (af||ia eiDuov 6.43.3. Thisbehavioural that somepain laybehind the pattern suggests formulaic and the theatrical we can never know how intense or fleetlanguage though gestures.16. indicate which shehas generously shown me. MaudGleasonwilladdress thededication to Herodes'son.he couldnotbe buried both places.andwhether wrongdoing abuseaccidentally turned fatal.29.121 (mourning [built this]to be a memorial Regula at Marathon). ceivethebodyofyour father inthecoffins' VA1.1. cóç tcotegcouix| ôé^eaO' év (mourning Elpinice(?) and Regula lines5-6).8.3. Tox. (1942) 275-80.Philostr.2.46. attest andliterature all. Butitis important resemble hisresponse tothedeaths ofthechildren when andfoster-sons.IG XIV 1389. IMT Kaikos (2007) 119-23imagines Pomeroy 883b (Pergamum. 3. it was notunMoreover.1. 114-116) Polemaeanusinhis library the Émbolos at the Marathonian along Ephesus(c.5.43 cemetery But by thelate 170s.Ameling surely (1983b) 152.19-20. Thejointburial trolling 43The datesof their of loverswas a recurrent in thenovelsandrelated theme deaths are debated.10.Bradua. ownmisfortune andthevirtue ofhiswife.2.10.8).12. Luct. 24. 50-150).1.7.46 strictly speaking. 1. Heretheverbé7tiaicr|7tTCû (£7CiOKT|'|/ac) has thespecific of expressing one's will at thetimeof death(LSJ s.According averted his final wishfor the Athenians Herodes' plan. 13. out. Philostratus hisdearonesto entomb Polemobidding verbto describe himalive(VS 1. to a private burial. portrayed 8.cond. 48 Wilhelm (1951) (1913) no. 44 atMarathon was at leastinRegilla'sdeadpresence dicatedby the lugubrious epigram(SEG 23. usedthesame s. This content downloaded from 62.for dutiestheywereto carry died. 46 contains Butcf. 135.g.Diog.204. inthepreparation and ofAtticus wereinvolved freedmen FA' 2. esp. 12-15.121) that in the Herodesadded to thegreatarchat theenclosure this Galli Avlona 134-8. mort. duties 22. 3.no.23. Dial.25.1. Philostratus went that Herodes'vastestates only 'other heirs'(exepoi was allocated to whilehis patrimony his mother's received estate. in Greekurban and community relations between benefactor that moulded code ofreciprocity and generosity Herodes'longservice that thepeopleacknowledge dictated through pubsociety atAthens. Eph. ofhiswill(Philostr.g.2. in the novels: Char.and L. near Jones Archelais.presumably including kXtìpovÓjxoi.175-80. the usedthewordtoindicate wishesaboutthetreatment Greek dying proseauthors does and nature of burial and the of the verb 87iiaKr|7rxcu not.609D. The sophistHeracleides. forthcoming chapter 45 E.95C. Imperial meaning ofthecorpse.1.Met. Apul. Cass.1.Nyss. Robert.44 III.Roman).withJ.economic andemotional bonds a dying tohisdependants. rejecting seeking Regilla'suglyend. wrote that tohisfreedpersons.33. when Herodes or other benefit received usufruct It unknown whether is anypension. p.Hist.5). upper notunlikethe estateon theVia as a funerary precinct (2005) 66-72.45 Although place tothescopeofresponsitotestamentary ancient willsattest directives.28.g. was his ancestral embracing heritage. 4. Cappadocia. first cenBE 1970.4). Dio 56.with E. removed theAthenians enacting point of what he to their own notion himself but for what Herodes had to according planned according inherof his defrauded them offended when Herodes had been TheAthenians deserved.18.forroughly home.10). they 2. Nonetheless. 133.1-4.11).4). cf. Bradua.3(willofAugustus Note too thatthe various'injunctions' (£7iiaKT|'|/£iç)).608F. DYING WISHES AND A PUBLIC FUNERAL his freedmen to supervise Herodes'directed' hisburial.159B. attending arranging they complete the documents of that their burials.9. 612A. At some a memory not a funeral and creating hisbodyto thecity. 1. c. Luci. he developed Although who served as his agents and companions withcertain close relationships freedmen.or whichspecificfunerary at to his freedmen his 'farm' (VS 2.5-2.Acmonia.AD 108).24.2. bilities impart patron might that heirs or their former owners could be so close were and between they appointed freedpersons slaveson theconintheir wills. Coni.see Skenteri ofthearchin her Gleasonwilldiscussthetransformation (n.v.30.Heliod.28. II 2). (VS 2.7. pertain The legal. execution 47 (1991) 131-6.v. Post-mortem Xen. he was not his children or distance from he Cephisia.7.2.192. 1. Luc.6. an honorary lic ritual. custom.26.4.Cass.11). Macr. 2. Cat.in thiscase theMarathonian days. 49 Plut. Cumont of Praxeas. such as funeral that certain dition services.85 on Tue.10.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 99 WhenHerodeschoseburialat Marathon rather than place in thelongchainofAthenian history. (2002) viewing Valley.13.26.Via Appia.Luc.31. Maud Appia. Nacrason.49 prepared displayed corpsein family twoto three thebereaved villa.47 Greek dictated often toothey Empire protect freedpersons in theburialof former and themaintenance of owners of freedpersons record theinvolvement had a reputation for abusivetreatment Herodes their tombs.4. (2004) (willfrom tury). Athen. On thepoem. (e.14. Testators sometimes legaciesto former patrons' granted legatees the and thegrave.2. Mor.62.Greg.4). Merc. It is unlikely (yr|iôiov) Smyrna example. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . theadopted 2. Laert. Despite the and friends would have servants and members.609B. sonClaudius. Apoll.48 (VS 2. paternal the toevery citizen disbursement an annual hadstipulated which itance.40).1. burial inthiscase.citing Champlin Dasumii theexamplesof Herodesand thetestamentum (CIL VI 10229.1.bequeathed hissole survivor.3. Her494-6 (foundation rmann and Polatkan (1969) 7-36. Dio 56. 512 (will of Epicrates. disposition property.8. 8. early century). 133-4trans. (Suet. earlyfirst BC). IKyme 49-51(L. 337 E. A frenzied crowd ofthousands reclaimed thebodyofYasforcefully sirArafat from a helicopter beforeits interment in the andN. Flacc. Robert. Naples. Maqata'a in Ramallah (S.Hag. latefirstwoman. the theStylite andTheodoret's Historia LifeofSt Symeon religiosa record interventions the funerals of men mobs and officials. thelongprocession and itsreception. century Bean(1965) 588-91.10 (Abraham in Constantinople). Caunus.Thecorpse pressure was either detained or seizedfrom thefamily to satisfy will.9. burial ofan éliteresident was forestalled whenthecouncil. RIFE The usual procedure forpopularintervention in private in infunerals is well documented C.g. as was usedfor theseizure ofthedeadTatiaAttalis atAphrodisias. 155.van Bremen (1996) 158-9 n.with BE 1972.4 + 14. BC). during holy by clashing groups and non-Christians. Cic. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .andL. actionof theephebeson behalfof civic interests. 21. Tim. Cyzicus.50 Caunus.51 The ephebes often served as of in civic honour the role of for or leaders or agents pall-bearers distinguished political military victorious athletes.5). 51Robert andRoueché(1992) (1968) 91-2. Syr.esp. Caes. lines1-5. Reynoldsand Roueché (1992) 153-60. VS2. pp.44-6.13 November 2004).7 (L. This content downloaded from 62.esp. freedmen.butalso by a concern powerful to ensure interment. peoplehijacked corpse spontaneous leaving tothe for formal andthen attacked thehomes oftheassassins magistrates disposal.Sym.160BC). Aphrodisias. Cyrrhestica). 158.'New York section Times. Paullus. was beneath the surface of ritual But this of and probably simmering formality. lines37-8. variouscontested inthefourth-fifth centuries in e. 53Graindor (1930) 133-4.2 (Timoleon. as an official interrupted private Acting bodyoftheAtheniandêmos.53 Ancient funerals couldalso be scenesof confusion and violence. Herrmann J.55 piousandsecure Herodes was a contentious there is no signthat hisfuneral attracted forceful Although figure. (1968) 91 (anonymous earlysecondcenturies).Jul 84-5.theintended from thepeople. lines 5-13. Arafatis buriedin chaotic sceneintheWestBank.100 JOSEPHL. with Robert (1968) 89-93 (M. or tumultuous The degreeof spontaneity and fervour is difficult to gaugefrom the disruption.In certain disdain given quarters. Plut. 75 (Castricius. VacciusLabeo. day honour 50Jones (1999): IKnidos 71. Aem. he couldnothaveexaggerated or invented these circumstantial details andstill a credible. accurate account. A. a publicfuneral decreed andsometimes an intramural burial. Erlanger 'The deathof Arafat:the funeral. 54One recent beanalogyevokes the same tension tweena riledpublic and rigidofficialdom. Alfidius. tury).Plut. 1. Augustan). Hist. v.line 15). Smyrna. lines14-20(Menogenes. 55 E. theyouths ofAthens Apart participation may wellhavefelt a senseofobligation tothegreat manwhohadhosted them for rhetorical performancesat Marathon 1 2. with Sève (1979) 338-9andvanBremen (1996) 1-3(Apolfirst lonis. esp.953. Aemilius Rome.2 (Maro in 17.39. lines32-46. century).2. Sym. Reynolds 155 (column1.AeolianCyme. 19.no. IfPhilofunerary by suggest stratus had wishedto enhance theimageofHerodes. hidesthekeyinterruption: SEG 28.459). 68). with Robert c.52 from their official inthefuneral.P. Internal tensions between factions in fierce coulderupt overtheultimate treatment ofpowerful competing dispute yetcontested The locus classicus for such turmoil is the funeral of Julius in Caesar the Roman figures.rei 26 (Antiochene Lietzmann).secondcentury). 154. Cnidus. 430 (Agreophon. and bestowed on them white II2 chlamudes (VS .g.204. sometimes under cases. theephebes'snatched' herePhilostratus usedthesameverb (apnaoavxeq) thecorpse. Thisis howtheAthenians popular the funeral ofHerodesat Marathon. Anton. 158-9 column1 lines 14-15 first halfof thesecondcen(TatiaAttalis. 16.8 (Theodosiusthe Cilician). first century AD). Thdt.29 (cf.g.rei corpses 10. 56The use of theverb does not connotea apTcaÇco violent confrontation between theephebesand Herodes' as Tobin(1997) 184 asserts. in partby a desireto neighbouring villages. bishopspreserved body of Symeonfrom villagersand Arabsstriving to snatch it away. and a oration a renowned orator all a controlled event with broadsupport.59. 52 c. participation. esp.Styl. page 1.54In LateAntiquity. (1971) 36-9.clergy Theyweremotivated control theprestigious and intrinsically remnants of thedead.Günther (1975) 352. Jones has illuminated the in of funerals' his discussion scriptions.192. Hist. PhrygianAezani. phenomenon 'interrupted ofthree resolutions ofthefirst tosecond centuries from Inthese Cnidus andAphrodisias.56 brief butthescenehas a distinct airofcivicorganization andpeaceful The passage. when the the for cremation rather than it Forum. Thdt.30 (James ofCyrrhestica).12) (IG 2090.Syracuse.85 on Tue. 21.39. v. no. MacFarquhar.second Theremight be a fourth buta lacuna instance. 1.suchas theonegengiousprocessions in 104 at of C. 109-10)missesthispoint. VibiusSalutaris erated by thefoundation (1991) 80-126. This content downloaded from 62. 10. ceiveApollonius on to meetPhillipII). Syll?730. 5 (IoniansrePhilostr.192.19. Hist. Rhoemetalces. Citizens intheRomanEast. 36. specMarathon thebodyall thewayfrom wouldhavecarried alike. just they ofsuch feature was a stock all of of 'people Themention ages' (naca T|ÀiKÍa) arriving dignitary.5 (people of Gischalagreet and liberator.6. Theephebes tators andparticipants in ofsome35 km.85 on Tue. Professional whothey participated colleagues the in Herodes' well have and thinkers.Priene.As they times donemany hadprobably as they notto greet deadlordandbenefactor.7. (àvE-ucpriuowceç)). 104. (1996) 2. 84 c.g. ephebes Areopagites regular ofan outacclamation theunanimous andlegalstatus ofcivicobligation izensbystrata expressed several has discussed Robert Louis with a individual many parts.25-26 wereoften by civicrolein reliorganized BC). was notthetimefor Herodes'detractors mourning celebrities tended statesmen and of mass funerals for controversial the atmosphere today. 113. 58 with Sève (1979) 338SEG 28. butwe can onlyguess wouldhaveinvolved others besidestheephebes. Theprocession many inthefunerals of sometimes andintellectual were. IPriene 99. Char. at a settlement. 427. Alexander Polyb.becausePhilostratus TipoaTcavxáco years andàvxácocouldtake ofthebier. early mum. instead itsreligious 60Robert (1984) 470-4.25-6 (AttalusI at III at Perga246 (Attalus 200 BC). see also e.4-5 (fictitious 125. 159(Apollonis.Cat. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . upon his return to from to Herodeswas receivedat Eleusis by a largecrowdranked office.Magni(ree.Themist.6. first-early and family. 3. 10.OK^r|poiç 'withentire xoîç yéveai)). haven.1.9-15 (Thrasybulus c.(1985) 523-4. respects' 'shouting greet Titusand hail himas BJ4. Plut. benefactor 69). thewestreceive Alexander).61 on arrival an important According person coming wouldan as and withoutpoured bierin largenumbers mettheapproaching emotion. writfirst (Callirhoe. 16. notoccur Athenians the to Philostratus. Priene.1 (wholearmy cheers Caracalla. a suburban into after his retreat urban private.10. Apul.In epigraphic thegreeting todescribe ocvttigiç usage.204.p. 100 BC).Min. Men. from whenopposition Marathon Sirmium. at leastfor to sanitize. priests according citof the At such citizens to to events. Malingrey (latefourth century).2.Proc. 9 andvanBremen early Cyzicus.Perhaps cortège may joined great in as was typical and age in roughly Athenians included order. 130sBC).234C ofgods). 57 v.Veyne(1990) visit of AJ11.2.20-4.6. Cf. sphere public.4. Marinus Luc. pastHerodes'sprawling stages. inanigloria4-7 ed. see Rogers 59 oftheprocession discussion Therecent byF. (IG II23606).114-16(Zosimus. AD 37). 13 (CatoatAntioch.Ì (Leon goesoutfrom atSmyrna). families'(oùv óA. eulogistic a short thepublicmemory ofpastresentments.Joseph. IPergamon Athens. De John is second-century maticsetting Corinth). outto see their him.17-19(city comesouttogreet p.Alex.lines38-47.Themist. site. 'greeting' examples and his funeral Herodes' between The eras. Ephesus(IEph 27). first Olbia.1(draand Cotysat Cyzicus. Alexander cheers Severus.67 (fictitious).953. to Jerusalem).*46 (kingdoms VAA.234C (peoplecomeoutto Heliod.62 thevisitor where scenes.g.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 10 1 as Just to voice their claimsandcomplaints. descending by office organized fictional and the at for this such as the of funerals Cyzicus Apollonis processions period. Or. received dead father byassembly (Themistius' 62 Men.e.According long turned outinnumbers inscription to himhad peaked.17-19 (townspeoplegreetgovernor).g. 1. Rhet. AD). arrangement (lines 12-29).175n. 427. haveimpressed must itslongandclamourous with totheburial Theprocession train. Syll? 798 (Tryphaena.8 (whole army late195orearly196). time.1(King Nile deltagreet returning Hydaspesreceivedat Meroë).3-5 century secondcenturies tenmiddle AD). thepass between toAthens through came that residents can we went imagine landholdings.early century (Niceratus.1 (bandits Byzantium leaderlikea king). prefixes welcrowds todescribe literature andLateAntique butitdoesinImperial ininscriptions. 61 of E. their Joseph. 231).164.Or. Syracuse. Heliod.Met.20.60 parallel andRoman theHellenistic pubpublic during usedtheverb is especially earlier a few licreception close.esp.8. stressing connections.thewords in The variant with no essential onprepositional npo(c)anavxá(udoes change meaning. (aveixprniouvxec) usually 'applauded' throngs to the the benefactor that returned one of as an ultimate ofHerodesserved ceremony reception. BC).59 by community standing in cities eastern of ceremonies of such ')7ca7távTr|Giç) urcáviriaiç. Chrys.perhaps a distance Parnés andPentelicon.57 sophists procession. Hdn. Demon.6. Skenteri((2005) 97-100.Rhet. Thefuneral likea leader. 20. VSÌ. (àrcáviriGiç.6.58 ofCallirhoe funeral butrealistic found near to a verse topaytribute toHerodes. public had time theAthenians Itwas notthefirst inChariton's novel.y) l. Polemo 50s BC). inumgreetPlinyduring visitsto his Tuscanproperty). Miller(2001) of 211 ('in theyearsbetween thePanathenaic festivals A. Zillerexcavated theentire andburied under Ernst whenitwas stripped andthereconfurther excavation Metaxasoversaw 1870.65 centuries. (1983b) 14. buildings with anda propylon arches theIlissosRiver on axiswith thestadium.5) (1 19. and Philostratus marvelled the Pausanias (VS . 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . sitecontinued finishing building andtheclosing ceremonies at theAthens marathon andthevenuefor Olympics.like his daughter Although a for was interment the Panathenaic Stadium Athenais (Plate lia)). before theevent. displayed sphendone In with Athena's owls and herms. decoration featured strained comparison classicizing sculpted had a stadiaat Perge.Ziller(1870) 486 and Papanikolaou-Christensen (2003) 113-16.1). eras. buttomourn before. widebridge onthree spanned Thebridge tiedthewholecomplex enclosed thenorth endoftheracetrack.Jun. replaced ingwhite he sponitfor in 140.1 (fictional tohisrural from estate on Lesboswith longretMytilene inue). subsequent operated sitebetween sediment. 4.thePanathenaic contemporary appearance.68 Too little andAntonine andopulence. Classicizingfeatures: Gasparri Tobin(1997) 166-70.66 decidedly antique A that madea unified The stadium was surrounded by other together programme.The rarepublication by of Alexandras Ambelas(1906) on the 1896 excavations the Corinthian thepropylon foundby Ziller. 67 Tobin(1997) 173(bridge overIlissos). travels grandeeDionysophanes Long. archery Itsscalewas 2.63 conThe Athenians outskirts. capacity amphitheatre Imperial in a natural withitscavea resting at Rome. on thesoutheast and acrosstheIlissosto thestadium erndistrict it was his Herodes because and to remember the to this sidered greatest building right place bury inmajor wereburied individuals tothem. Butitsdesignwas ClassicalGreek. Anastasios August1869andFebruary atthe in and modern for thefirst Games struction ofthestadium 1896.Thefaçade decorated with a large Corinthian extant implies monumentality capitals a visualconnection to thenearby colonnade wouldhave drawn Zeus.see Ameling (1983a) 61-2. This content downloaded from 62. thetopofthe Attic thebuilding stone camefrom notonvaulted Moreover. Tobin(1997) 162-85. they gavetotheir buildings outstanding gift thestadium.204. before completed IV.10). on thefirst excavations.4 atTifemum Tiber(residents Ep.digging building Olympic line of the In the 2004 the served as overthefollowing decade. a Doric colonnade.D.10.159 n. cf. 139/40 and 143/4').Miller Gasparri (2003) sur(2001) 210-22andPapanikolaou-Christensen andtheir Curtius (1869) and veytheremains exploration. stadium ravine. in gleamwas thismassive to theAthenian additions building landscape AmongHerodes'many the builtin 330/29 BC. THE PANATHENAICSTADIUM AND ITS ENVIRONS of an intramural Herodesdid notreceivetherarehonour burial.Tobin(1997) 163(AD 143).64 uniqueplace (VS 2. the Templeof Olympian 63 Plin.Welch(1998) 135.6) original in to Domitian's in to the Flavian and dimensions similar Roman. (2007) 103 ('between139/140 Pomeroy 66 (1974-75) 334-67. Otherstadia: Welch(1998) 120-1. columns. reached Whentheprocession andTrajanin his forum. passageways.192. quarries. and 143/144'). and therethepodiumsocle had simplemouldings.67 Corinthian columns theHadrianic several athletic andsacred tosoutheastern which Athens. presumably funerary a tomb was itis doubtful that nature ofthefuneral. He paid for theold Lycurgan stadium which marble.Shear(2001) 925-7(AD 143/4).Aspendus.Ephesusand Sardis. 64 (1974-75). Becauseoftheimpromptu a multitude. 4. 1.Other cities.Aezani.including has gonevirtually unnoticed. 68 Galli Elals zentrales 26-8 (2002) ('Die Brücke Cf.figs98-102 (propylon). buildings during possessed butthesize of ofthepropylon survives to reconstruct itsdesign.13.85 on Tue.which andcompleted thePanathenaea outofhisfather's estate construction butfellinto disuseduring into LateAntiquity Thebuilding sored.1.102 JOSEPHL. Cf. . ement zeremoniellen Kommunikation'). 1 at structure.151. Ziller(1870) report 65On thestadium's date. RIFE neweastthecity's Theprocession wouldhavepassedthrough hisparting. suchas Celsusin hislibrary oration a compelling delivered Hadrian ofTyre Herodes' student (FS2. 1800).Ashlars foundation alongtheeastside.Galli (2002) 24-6.70 (1967. chips theconthan from ordespoliation theconstruction atopthehillrather (orboth)ofthemonument mouldwith A marble below. As visitors from columnswitha canopyof bristling to one one ofHellenistic and Romanforms intothestadium.Eduard and Leo von Klenze (1833-34) showtwodisSchaubert on thehilleastofthestadium tinct structures (Papanikolaou-Christensen (2003) 48-51. corner for thenortheast a pryhole with stone m. inmarble with havebeensheathed at c.71 that theadjacent slopein 1904. mainstructure places.figs20-3.58-65.no.204. 43-4. Ameling(1983b) 109-10. showsthat bisects thelength ofthetrack axisthat a perpendicular approximately that Philostratus ofTyche inconception. thescenechangedfrom propylon of Classical forms. inlateMay 2006. (1997) 174-6. It will be argued remains at thestadium The mostenigmatic of thehill. by plan In 1971-72Carlo thestructure was levelandsizeable. the modern that encircles in the trees the can stillbe seen among pine foundation publicpark stadium. fewlarge ofthestadium orreconstruction struction fragments simple seemsto therefore arenowlost. Along thenorth oron theground setinto concrete canbe found blocks. and is arbitrary.1. Largesecrectangular elongated nearthefour corarepreserved and sherds ofrubble in a coarseconglomerate tionsof concrete to receive dressed of bedrock is end of thewest side an outcropping ners. ofthebuilding text andthesituation this that sometime is but before construction or after the stadium's thetemple death.figs Gasparri esp. 7(a)). 9.figs26-7).observed it sincethedaysof has deteriorated the remains.Ittar. pp. preserved.36-8. 90. The structure butthey nearthefoundation. ingshavebeennoted with thedesign which wouldhaveresonated basicdecoration.Papamkolaoufigs (1971) 498-501.5). 75 Tobin(1993) 85-7. The with his tombalongthecrest theburialsiteof Herodes theserepresent Atticus. that are on thelowereasthill. Tyche priestess that Herodes we canconclude built relative tothestadium. Regilla's during between c. 140 andc. 158.andaround from Ziller'sexcavations on drawings was also recorded area. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .figs78-88. So withconthe core was filled while of quadrangular and walls consisted thefoundation blocks. The foundation (1870) and on a on excavated who Andreas Plate Travlos the area of John rectified Skias. Tobin (2007) 103-6. stoneworking.Pomeroy 70 Travlos 629-30.69 stairs stadium.narrow scientific the first Fauveldrafted Sebastien plan thestructure on hismapsofthe Ittar included thesametimeSebastian here(c. This content downloaded from 62. shape. 74 The city plans by StamatisCleanthes. Christensen (2003) 42-52. arevisiblein several buttraces has never beenexcavated. temple symmetrical alignment ascending andsphendone. pedestrian plundering. Louis-Françoislocated foundation and section ofa long. the basis of IF On of the of the cult of as first Peiraeus toRegula City(IG 3607).192. with Hill westofthestadium was an Ionictemple on a towering On the Ardettos long podium this with the on The of from the east. It is uncertain to shown ofthetwostructures that thenorthern belonged thelongfoundation. Tobin.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 103 that forest of was encircled colossal structure by a veritable inaugurated by Hadrianin 131/2 the citypassed through the acanthus. 71Skias (1905) 261.Dow (1979) (1974-75)367-75. Fauvel. 72 (1974-75)376-83.5 m x 42 thefoundation measured followed ofthestadium. Buthischoiceofone cemented the west to corner this blocks foundation for in the bedrock thedistinct putative opposite trough 69 66-77. Gasparri 73 Ziller(1870) 492 noted bylocal plundering ongoing 1996andagain I visited thesiteinlateFebruary residents.72 a of out full carried Although study Gasparri the environmental traffic and and Skias from Ziller erosion.75 byJennifer Gasparri. contheexposed from that haveeroded andsherds with rubble both cavea arelittered summa tothe from have come must the marble At this from marble andwith crete height.73 with base74 a massive. was a single Thebuilding flat.(1997) 177-8.85 on Tue. Thisis theTemple werelinked thetwobuildings placed ofthe was dedicated merchants A base found on one side ofthestadium by nearby (VS 2. hill and its western the entire crest of The surface is thetop nowhere slopedown crete. turies. n.thefoot ofthestairway was notcontiguous apparently withtheuppermost limit of thestadium.whichfits the This content downloaded from 62. oftheTemple ofTyche.figs2-3. He discovered graves might fragmentary inthearea. 80 Skias's somewhat confused ofthechamdescription ber'sarchitectural setting ((1905) 261) is clarified byreference tothesubstructure ofthestairs of up totheTemple Tyche (Gasparri (1974-75)367-8. 45)).Thefoundation anditsstairway arealigned with the parallel axis of the track and on centred the same axis as the lengthwise approximately perpendicular TempleofTyche.The Third and Ephoreiaof Prehistoric Classical Antiquities. female hairstyle(p.probably century. No trace at 19. plausibly roughly length. basedon remains that couldoncebe seen.figs34-5. (publicdedication. secondcentury after c.Thelongfoundation's with thestadium podium symmetrical relationship andthebroad between them that a single constituted monumental stairway prove they programme. see Conze (1911-22) 86-96(TypeK.204. which the terrain Morebeyond point slopessteeply away. According plan.andno records. tionscan be found.80 Thistomb hada regular tilepavement but uneven wallsconstructed from stones and more than seven stilai?1 Thepaleorecycled funerary form anddecoration ofthe stilai areconsistent with a dateoflatesecond toearly third cengraphy.no. 333.Themonument therefore wouldhavemeasured c. 82 On IG II26299. over. 180 (datedthird ofthethird 'zurZeitGalquarter century. neighbouring 76 3-8.21 and Papanikolaou-Christensen (2003) 117-8. 83 Conze(1911-22)42-9(TypeE. butbyhowlongcannot be known. which wouldfit themalehairstyle (cf.5 m intotal width. p.82 naming average Thetwomostinteresting onesbearfigurai reliefs andverseepitaphs for a midwife anda 'scribe' Since these stones would have come from their date (òp0oypá(poç).71. thepreserved concrete on themonument's sideswouldhavebeenfacedwith blocksup toc.fig.pl.Themanner ofconchronological struction is typically andthequality oftheconcrete matrix is identical tothat usedinthe Roman. 38.16 The greater detachment ofthelongfoundation and stairway from thestadium that might suggest itscompletion.vonMoock(1998) 16. other wellbe located outside histrench. perimeter being just has remained buried eversince.7858. RIFE shows noreturn butextends farther north. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . theNationalArchaeological Museumand theArchaeological me that Societyinformed these arenotintheir records.104 JOSEPHL. 20 m overtheincline summa cavea andthestepped ascent. Forincomplete andsometimes incorrectdiscussions. 456 = /GII26299) andvonMoock(1998) 16. 1.77 Thearea 1904. artefacts orbonesfrom hisexcavaphotographs.no. they postdate Skiasexcavated a cemetery neartheancient onthisslopeduring a four-day stairway campaign inDecember when the road was laid above the newstadium. but late pl.79 the andset inscriptions Among graves into thebasement ofthestairs was a burial chamber.78 to his short apartfrom According publishedreport. Thesesparse architectural features offer no precise indices. butcontext liens'. Lambros (1905): IG II2 5924. 45. figs103-4.483).The separation contrasts with theTemple ofTyche. 71).pl.figs70.69 Travlos it at measured half that to Travlos's m. 438 = IG II2 12794). 86. p. (1997) 181-4.6418. 77 Skias(1905). 116-17.61-81(TypeH.B. theinscriptions and sarcophagus.which is exwhatZillerandTravlos recorded smaller than whatFauveldid actly (Plate 7(a)) butsomewhat (17. 5 Id (IG II2 11329.p. 12383(epitaph naming Varus). 12794(scribe). see Tobin(1993) 83-5.dated 'spätantoninisch'.70.83 burials. no.70-l. 78 In November 2005 I submitted a request totheHellenicMinistry ofCulture tostudy andpublish Skias 's notebooksand finds. thestairway ofwhich ended much closer tothe summa cavea. also found a widestairway from thecentre ofthemonument's Earlyinvestigators descending ofthestructure is visibletoday.with a relief ofa mananda woman.Theyare unremarkable tombstones withcommon features Athenians.from of thechamber in the places it beforethe construction in thesecondquarter ofthethird 250s. 81Skias (1905) 261-5.85 on Tue. Skias found at leastsix cistgravesconcentrated around themiddle or western end ofthestairway.192. 149. 37 n.2011. 15-20mmetres tothenorth.36 m). things 79IG II2 3853 262/1BC). 11 m x 60 m.pp.one ofwhich was an epitaph ofRomandate. 178 (p. Butitis hard to establish a relative between thetwostructures building sequence. 11329(midwife). 6659. no. 1914. 2086. Travlos's Gasparri (1974-75)367-8.473). figs thefull eastward des-cent plan(Plate 7(a)) doesnottrace ofthestairway.54 m x 62. 410 = /GII211329). between the leavinga gap of c.pl. ofconcrete atthemonument's actual corLargesections ners lie c.Welch(1998) 139-40.Fauvelrecorded thelength ofthestairway imfaçade.no. 6299. on. and-so](dedicated of a institution attest to the stadium. stone another as a base for (as Skias(1905) 259) ora statue altars ofsimple (1974-75)379 n. century). 327.89 have been that would inevenlinesofconsiderable inscribed legible height will be which and letter is the of this text features ofthemoststriking forms. high at base. Judeich. fE[pco5£i] fE[pco8ei] [^[pcoSei]]Byrne into one= xahMapocöcovicoi lines combine these andByrne 3-4Kirchner.86 had a crown upper moulding top mutilation.Crete.475.2. andAmeling. Kirchner. secondcentury). they They predate inPentelic altar marble wallswas an inscribed thespoliainthechamber's (IG II26791.88 One from a distance.no. IG IX.pl.Ì 685 (Thessalonica.471.598 (various Lyciansites. very barfor horizontal epigraphy breathing. at maximum. 1997. 531.053-0. AD).g. Perhaps Athenian in Roman that inscriptions.[ó 5"p.0. Skias. crudely 89 oflines2-4: 0. must the construction of the burial chamber situated. Samian IG XII. Roman). is no pattern ofintentional whenthepiece fellormoved. Graindor. Among in a cyma andits stone85 rested on a shallow finished Plate 7(b)). IC II.204. pits.[[ó ô'jioç ccvé0£K£v]]| 1993.052m.536. neatly aspiration rough epsilonindicating the second in from trema occurs The diaeresis.929 m 0.544. 52)). Although on thealtarare centred various editorial suffered manipulations: [fE[pcoôei]] ëpcoï xah MapaBcovícoi .[ó ôfjjioç àvé9t|Kev] àvé0TiK£v] Tobin andGalli.5 39 (Axos. Tobin [ ]Byrne theMarathonian to thedead as a hero:'To Herodes. appearance. Ameling omit andGaspard 5 'x' nóXxq line. m.b (IG II2 12794. Kirchner 1 fHpcûÔTi] line.(1907) 428. 87 middlefirst IG II2 3975 (smallaltar. Theonlywords theplacement ofofferings wereusedfor Romaneras.6.fE[pcoôei] Gaspardomits and Welch Tobin Galli. Suchaltars ithas thetextis straightforward. dating late butsurely 51a.516 m thick inmiddle. sinceitwas uncovered.84Thissubstantial recta. 88 or was not'notwellcarved' theinscription Certainly worked' 'somewhat (Welch(1998) 140).545-6.503 m wide in middle.056-0.90 appears frame ofthearchitectural (p. rough stroke vertical barwitha descending on thesmallhorizontal it is a variation Empire.oç àvé0£K£v] ccvé0£K£v] [ó 5"fioç Ameling 1997andWelch. plinth torn off The corners were and a flat surface without acroteria. around which indicates they into which were built.057 m. thick 86 the andcorners.5 [ó Seîva] Tobin1993. dedication Thisis a conventional hero.85 on Tue. moulding.datedsecondcentury. The stone'ssurface examined causedby environrillsand stains numerous cracks.414 m 0. TAMII375.[soincludmemorials at in heroic other occurs A similar formula Athens.592 m wide at base.047-0. 1). 148. Funerary (as Gasparri as bases (cf. where I stone remainsnear the site of its discovery.0. spelling archaizing lineabovetheinitial marks below.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 105 were that thegraves succeeded thelongfoundation anditsstairway. century secondcentury). 0. this)'. century first-second 10441(oblongbase with century).192.061 Heights 0. 84 The Skias(1905) 259-60is theoriginal publication.fE[[pcòôei]] Skias. Thesame second-third 11909a(stêlêwith relief. occurselsewhere: formula first Heraion. onthetopsurface Despitefractures itserved is no signthat andthere is clearly stone finished. shows itin lateMay 2006.e.ii 823 (altar. inthecentury). initsoriginal Thealtar formal.87 Such found at the the one like an altar inscriptions ing thereafter. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . AD).472. on theblock's mainface. 90 Larfeld (1902) 563-4. Two accent discussed appearin thesecondline:a horizontal overthefinaliota circles centred cut and two small. or shortly ofthefuneral atthetime hero-cult usually aresharply Theletters restrained state hada crisp.butthe century inscriptions roughly indicating ofthe in Attic rare is letalone abbreviation. This content downloaded from 62.there in an irregular manner and inGreek oftheHellenistic common burial contexts altar ofa type Thisis a standard funerary andsacrifices. overthecentury mental processes 850. misidentified form are notinfrequently andRaubitschek Benjamin (1959) 65). probably completed.192. 170separate techniques applied occasion. scription pp.7 447 (Aegiale.The size oftheerasure rulesouttheinrequire clusionofthewordócvéOeicev.007 band(c. 180 (Goette (1991) 313 n.Amorgos. pis 98. sometimes witha reclining between figure. Line 5 was deleted with a chisel corpus.leaving thevertical stroke of theinitialepsilonfaintly restore thename legible. 321-2. whichregardless is often omitted from thestandard formula of + dedicator dedicandinthedative inthenominative.l (doubting erasures). themutilation of a personal However.2 (south Athens. The civichonour heroized a processattested in other citiesoftheAegeanislandsandwestern bypublicsanction. 2 (Samos. 95Skias (1905) 261. Goette Koch and Sichtermann (Roman).Au.2.006-0.060-0.004-0. The nextquestion is whether thealtar was a private ora publicdedication.322nearthesiteof itsdiscovery on theeast hill. Thissarcophagus belongs type ondto early third that centuries recalled Classicalfunerary couches.93 Theunimpressive inwhich chamber thestilai andaltar wereimmured contained a large. 95 addressesthesarcophagus from thestadium. which details.85 on Tue.96 restrained details Simple. latesecondcentury). 99. states that thesarcophagus camefrom thelongfoundation. 92 first E.The discrepancy chest andcovermeanseither that thelidwas choseninhaste. 0.ll.g.95 Although only partly thefront andright sidesareexquisitely as a Mineframing twohorizontal worked. sculpted strigillated to a well-known Attic of the late secpanels(Plate 7(c)). in a confined thecarving was never burial. We can confidently here ofthis Herodes becauseofthesubsequent reference totheMarathonian heroandthelocation altar atthePanathenaic Stadium where he was buried. no. chamber.we canestimate andtheletters that line5 contained sixtonine letters.94 Skias that the in had been sarcophagus thought sarcophagus placed the chamber andenclosed the back and left sides of the chest are haphazardly.On thetype.060 m deep). Based on thesizesofthis erasure inlines2-3. 2. Suchtexts thenameofthededicator here. by systematic scraping overa consistent m highx 0.98The lid on thecoffin from thestadium had a lowa common form in thesecondcentury.126.Ilasos 137 (Roman). Augustan). always borea lid fashioned as a mattress. DiehlandHolleaux(1884) 467-9. andthus whether line5 contained ó ô>oç orsomeone's name('ó ofpublicburialled previous editors to assumethat Herodeswas also ôeîva'). sarcophagi type completely butunfinished backsand sometimes sides.97 sarcophagus onceitwas deposited.The archaism also accords with other texts intheHerodean as willbe seen.204. as inthefirst as an excision from The erection ofthealtar name. IAssos 27 gustan). 97 IGR IV 1276 (Thyateira.106 JOSEPHL.080m highx 0. anditdoes notconform to theklinê. pl.91 bya swath barand thecentral pick(c.22).3 (Hephaisteion. line.Wiegartz (1975) 182.(1982)446-50. (1991) 322. pl.007m deep). Thiswas a common because most of this have carved fronts scenario. IG XII.230 m widex 0. though from events ordifferent onone Koch lateraccepted thebeginning of thetypein c. 96. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .055-0. Sincethetext was Thetext's other feature is theerasure ofthefirst noteworthy the was a act to delete names obliterated and no letters were the erasure added. Asia Minor. contra (1982) 93It is uncertain whether thetwo erasures resulted 449 (first of thethird Guntram quarter century). and its subsequent defacement can be placed sometime between Herodes'deathand theconstruction ofthetomb intowhich itwas built. RIFE andfifth lines.Goette (1991) 313. no. 0. 316 n. 180-230/240. (1974-75)379 n. 323altar to Herodes. third decadeofthe 5.shallowgougeswith anddedicand. Gasparri (1974-75)383. VonMoock (1998) 16 wrongly third century). full itis slightly toolongfor thechest. fine of Pentelic marble. I examined where itin lateMay 2006. purposeful precisely a ofbothdedicator Line 1 was deleted ofclose. This content downloaded from 62.whichwouldbe inexplicable and unparalleled.nextto the 3. 94 98 SinceDecember 1904thesarcophagus hasremained Wiegartz (1974) 352-5.canbe explained memory.g.n.385 m widex 0. 3. But itis roughly cutin rawmarble without gabledroof. century see also Rodenwaldt (1930) and Koch and Sichtermann BC). datedc.92The chiefobjectionto thistheory is thatitrequires theintentional erasure of ó ôênoç. which wouldhavegiventhecoffin 91ContraGraindor 96Goette thatinoftheAttic (1930) 135 (suggesting (1991) is theauthoritative study was erased for stone's re-use) and Gasparri series.no. thestadium at thebeginning oftheseriesin thelastquarter ofthesecond place thechestfrom It seemsthat thisprefabricated butunfinished was selectedforsudden century.e. 4.no. GroupII. quitepossibly locallyandbrought acquired 99 butcouldnotbe identi(1975) 182 n.nn. original forms a Stadium on theeasthillofthePanathenaic remains ofthearchaeological Thissurvey third centuries second to middle from the middle the area's use of a provisional basis for history ofactivity.hereceived Herodes vation.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 107 an incongruous orthat thecoverwas addedto thecoffin at a later date.204.patches (1931) 419 n. Despitethechamber's coffins stone construction. Skias (1905) 258-9.102 for that burial inhisfuneral andtherapid thepublicintervention reflect preparations theburialforwhichthe insidethedisplacedsarcophagus The bonesand artefacts represent for which thesarcophaburial in the not the from was constructed chamber 250s. theory (1991) study (pace Tobin(1997) 183). perhaps up heavy broken. is no reasonwhyHerodes'publicburialshould all likelihood (repeated to usual practicein thisregard(pace Goette (1991) 322 and Tobin(1997) 183). Temple Tyche. andburial a publicfuneral diedinc. century.becauseitwouldhavebeenmuchtoo somewhere thesarcophagus found nearby it found face. This common tombstones with the cist and andlarge scalecontrast ration starkly graves in the two in status between thedeceased to a sharp distinction differentiation points qualitative to as well as itsproximity ofthesarcophagus' dateand decoration. This content downloaded from 62. On account If state Atticus. orshortly hismemory. and its theuse ofthesarcophagus.may incomplete may belonged attended it. At somepoint burial thepublic for totheareain an unfinished state.98). gold sturdy along stairway.The on from thechest's tothe250s clearly grounds dating stylistic diverges grounds fate for itsprimary some50 to 85 yearsafter was therefore use.no. Ila (Mintof Rome.and sarcophagi at there not as he speculated notcremated. dedication. (1982) 449). at besta relative reconstruction chronology provides (tableoverleaf). 1-2 reports ofcloth Judeich thecoinas belonging andhairandshreds offlesh human bone.C. The coffin originally belonged Its rich decowith an cover. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . nearthe in a shroud of finefabric100 witha gold coin of Decius (249-251)101 remains wrapped as was customary.3. (1983a) 161). itscontents we can retrace On thebasis oftheseremains. in itcontained for the the of use both stones. ifnotelaborate.The following excafurther until for historical a matter must remain ofevents theabsolute interpretation dating where atthestadium. dating numismatic acquired. sarcophagus aryphase In that this were intact human a lead-lined woodencoffin was solidly builtwith metalfixtures.5misidentifies because at ina well-preserved to werefound state.Although gus toc. buttheform onhorse ADVENTVS AVG. and hill. Hadrian ofTyre During praised andstairThe foundation his cult. 179.. improvised quickly deposited in the area. along buildings.Based élites ofthelatesecondtoearly encasement Athenian oftheir triple werein turies unfinished ofthehuman usedsimilarly on Skias's description remains.. a formal. Thatprocess have conformed incinerated softtissuesand reduced Tobin(1993) 84. (1997) 184). mourners that coinall demonstrate Theymust prepared on theeasthill. M. forms ofburial. wouldhave rapidly The fabric to small.192. from Skias's descripa grave from The aureuscan be identified addition lidis a later before thelate tion((1905) 259) according burial to standard on thehillfor Thereis no evidence typology. orated long thelatesecond in 140. stolen or one had been the because from lidoraddedthat with themisfit elsewhere.laureate secondcentury (pace Galli(2002) 21). original spolia their on contents cannot be studied the was further. irregular and of a coffin and the use the it was accessible evenpavement. 1UU thatcopious p. raising right ingleft. The Goette under fied 447.When was commemHerodes after thefuneral.Obofthe verse: IMP. Theyeither itsfinely admired and the haul to sculpted they slope. It was acquired unfinished.butnotafter thestadium's after completion waywouldhavebeenerected a of with the the two because symmetcomprised single. easily have interment.Koch and Sichtermann was 'silk-like' (<boelilletoc^ivoç) Wiegartz that the 322. handandholding andSichtermann sceptre. 449.126. in thefinal ricalplan. TRAIANVSDECIVS AVG. Koch bust. mouth.a common recycled sarcophagus an it did have acrosstheRomanEast. 121.Reverse: pac(Wiegartz RIC IV." When was found chamber. 175-200. was theMinesarcophagus decadesofthesecondcentury. its to Herodes it well have the heroic so. they (see n. Q.woodandstone.85 on Tue.amorphous theskeleton fragments. presumably Trajan(repeated Ameling 102 third ceninlead. on the to an elaborate burialofthelatesecondcentury chamber. (1982) microscopic 101 intheareais less likely.emperor lid shouldbe placed earlier (1975) 209.in a secondappearance. an altar to serve dedicated andsomeone as a hero. AD 249-251). 179 after Herodes' Shortly death inc. 4) after century generations in Herodes'death c.204. Finally. 175-200 c. sarcophagus 103 reasonforimplicating theHerulian invaders ofAD 267 in Gasparri (1974-75)316. Dedication ofthealtar to Herodes theMarathonian hero 5. from Marathon to the procession with funeral oration Hadrian of stadium. 179 butbefore 250s 8.amongwhichwerethedefacedaltarand several stairway usingstonescollected stêlaifrom The inthischamber. 6) andaltar graves (no. grew up on theslopebetween several marked At somepoint thestairway. plundering from (no. Re-useofsarcophagus oïstêlai (no. 7). thelate funerary During secondtoearly third a cemetery thestadium andthelong centuries.85 on Tue. 3. 179 to early 3rd During two-four hero(no. alongthe from thearea. 383 has no persuasive thedestruction ofthestadium. This content downloaded from 62. 3).Thisis theearliest datable artefact found eastofthestadium. Defacement ofthealtar to Herodes theMarathonian c.103 was deposited adjacent graves. In this a smallchamber was constructed carded. 179butbefore 250s 1. thedamagetothealtar andthedisturbance ofthesarcophagus. operation. 379. 179 two-four During after generations in Herodes'death c. Development with ofcemetery ofcistgraves stilai around stairway 7. DeathofHerodes. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . 179 after Herodes' Shortly death inc. Production andfirst use oï klinêsarcophagus 4.192. foundation. 179 after Herodes' Shortly death inc.thesarcophagus was displaced from itsoriginal thecontents wereapparently dissite. Completion andfirst use ofthePanathenaic Stadium 2.108 Table: JOSEPHL. 179 c. Construction ofthelongbuilding andstairway 6. inthe250s. from thealtar to deletethenamesofHerodesandtheperson whomadethededication. andconstruction ofburial chamber alongstairway 250s 250s ofHerodes. anda newburial was added. public by and burial there Tyre. 179 140 to late2nd century Late 2ndto early 3rdcentury date Proposed 140 c. including graves bystêlaiaround during thelatesecondor early third the first and last lines of the heroic were erased dedication century. RIFE ofactivity on theeast hillofthePanathenaicStadium History the middle secondto middlethirdcenturies during Event Datefrom internal evidence 140 c. VS 1.392. Mouseion.155.they depression enclosing and the ofthelongfoundation thestairways and orientations feature.(1997) 177-85. activity In thecontext of Greekcitiesduring theEmpire. They themonument's size. theAthenians must haveacquired immediate thebodyofHerodes. considering beneath Tobin that Herodes was interred from this consensus.106 'in that was interred the Philostratus' statement Herodes an untenable one.Moreover. (2002) 18-21.108 bases. He found Ziller(1870) 492. architectural a foundation He uncovered as histomb.morelikely. but clever First. Gaspard(1974-75)376-83.110 for a funerary no evidence produced thestadium On theonehand.107 but near its southeast proper Agora Tetrágonos exmonument was discovered is that no funerary with Tobin's Another during theory difficulty of Herodes We know that the burial in late nineteenth racetrack the the entire of cavations century. a premier citizen and benefactor likeHerodes receive a substantial. graphers accepted varying degrees mostscholars whohavestudied theproblem. ofDionysius. theory of the is not the equivalentof 'beneaththe drornos Panathenaic'(èv tcoi FIava0r|vaiKCui) was either Panathenaic Stadium'. Welch(1998) 133-45. THE TOMB OF HERODES ATTICUS 109 The Panathenaic Stadium furnished a specialsetting for theburialofHerodes Atticus. 212. Graindor thesoutheast corner ofthestadium into (Cur419. area.The highground easily representsmajor theMarathonian herosignals thecloseness ofhisburial site.192. ofan ancient for a tomb exists no architectural parallel as a venuefor ofan Imperial thetrack Greekstadium Welchhas observed. 110 105 n. This content downloaded from 62.whereas corner. Itis therealtar dedicated toHerodes that theelongated structure was thetomb that theAthenians erected fore reasonable to conclude was rivalledat Athensonlyby thetombof Philopappuson the forHerodes.85 on Tue. Ameling 109 Ziller(1870) 491. Ziller(1870) 488-9(seating).105 sarcophagus itfor use.Camp(2001) 214. Although both theeastandwesthillslie outthebuilding's todesignate Panathenaic' general a single the track and therefore constitute the surround sidethecavea. ofthetunnel (1983a) 161.Pomeroy (2007) 143. Skias(1905) 259epi(early topographers).andpiecesofthemarble latestructure butthis that thesphendone.204. 106 Tobin(1993). before thefuneral.On theother. Onevoicehasdiverged proposed It is a forthePanathenaic thelongfoundation was themooring and that theracetrack ship.Flämig (2007) 95-6.The best oftheremains eastofthestadium is that mark thesiteofhistomb. cannot be a tomb ofunknown seating. 107 104 see Rife(forthcoming).104 that Philostratus recorded Herodes was buried at thestadium. Köster (1931) taph(IG III 1384) ina secondary (1930) 135. topographic a tomb of Herodes as stadium. On theburial (2003) 30-57 passim Papanikolaou-Christensen 108 oneLateRoman Ziller(1870) 486-8. purpose north thefront ofthestadium metres from wallsextending several andtheassociated thepropylon monument.Early interpretation they topoand excavators this identification with of as have confidence.Judeich (1906) 27. Kleiner (1983). that couldbe construed no structure butZillerfound marker withan epitaph.Galli tius(1869) 118. andtheeasthillis theonlyareawhere evidence offunerary has beenfound.67(propylon). Philostratus' reference to them with the united of Temple Tyche at the burial of the with his reference to 'in thePanathenaic' sophist Dionysius Ephesus compares outside the his sarcophagus has beenfound as 'in theagora'(ev xfji àyopai.86.Civiletti (2002) 533 n.109 theLateRomanamphitheatre inside occupied parapet banked Excavation ofthe ofthesecondcentury. Its prominence Ifthefine which was plainly visiblefrom theeasthillofthestadium.22. and accessible monument. contained originally not the but this did have erected a tomb and could probably happen posted epitaph quickly. as intheracetrack stadium.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS V. Travlos (1971) 498. The biographer using'the speaking looselyor.4).Ziller(1870) 491). 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .cf. inside Herodes tohavebeenburied notexpect Weshould proper. wouldnormally The conspicuous longfoundation that a structure on could be reached from the stadium. Katherine executions. neartheopening context 60. Shear(2001) 926 n. had a conspicuous ofashlars. The amphitheatre thatZiller foundin the sphendone ((1870) 490-1) is a Late Roman construction (Travlos (1971) 498. Pion. oars.38.116 Thisreadveœç£7ié%£i Tt>xnç). In his discussion ofthe Panathenaic Herodes' in Philostratus wrote: have heard 139/40.13). Welch similar totheTheatre (1999) discusses adjustments of Dionysusat Athens and theamphitheatre at Corinth. te napà tò ITóGiov oî éMteîv. side thePythion.78. wouldhavebeentoo. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . 118 Welch(1998) 141n. Mansfield three (1985) 74-5 envisions themiddlesecondto late fourth shipsduring centuries. followed xò IIúGiov byTobin.1). ThatthePanathenaic usedfor Roman is proved ofa tallpodium andparapet towhich were blood-sport bythepresence attached netsor fences to shieldthefront rowsofseats.l46. whereit is now moored'(2. RIFE combats andwild-beast showswas a wholly intergladiatorial inappropriate space forhonorific ment.111 Thereis no direct evidence that executions inthePanathenaic occurred as they Stadium did in other wherePolycarp and Pioniusweremartyred majorurbanstadia. 9. E.21).fig. Tobin(1993) 88.90.theshippassedbythePelasgikon. TheHistoria Augusta. cf. neXaayiKÓv. Welch(1998) 122. This content downloaded from 62. KouxCojjivrjv 114 Travlos(1971) 91.118 ship permit identification ofthemooring with thecrest oftheeasthill. Theytranslate rcocpà as an adverbial modifier oftheparticiple andremove thecommaafter so that theclause éÀ.5 mx 42 m) compare favourably shedsatthePeiraeus.1. ')7ioÇ')yícov akV ÛTcoyeioiç urixavaîç £7toA. Herodes'andthoseseenbyPausaniasandHimerius (Or. 19. from where he could sensibly vantage point have seen a largeshipstationed to the northwest between the stadium and the Acroanywhere Even if the did reach the the does not the stadium.goingaround it. Galli (2002) 19. Ameling (1983a) 69-70. 116Gardner (1914) 225. sponsoredan elaborate in theLycurgan venatio stadium was also (Hadr.Thereat leasttheAthenians wouldhave avoidedthe ofmoving theenormous structure thepropylon orup a precipitous incline. ThisPythion is through either theshrine ofApolloPythios on thenorthwest ortheone south ofthe slopeofthe Acropolis So theshipcametorest either around thebase ofthe where Pausanias saw Olympieion.itcameto having theEleusinion. n. by Temple Tyche'(xò Öaxepoc xoö oxocôíoi) tomeanthat theshipwas moored on theeasthill. gavean alternative reading.117 tus' admiration for Herodes'euergetism andhisspecific of other in designation majorlandmarks thePanathenaic it seems that he would use such and indirect procession.ek Kepau£iKoi)ôè apaaav %'k'a' Kamniàcpeîvai èni to Kai TcepißaXouaav amò 7capa|ieì'|/aito 'EA. Tobinstated that estimated dimensions of Gasparri's thestructure with thedimensions ofnotonlyClassicalship(c. passage'sobscurity polis. aboutthelongfoundation eastof nothing thestadium recommends itas an anchorage.Mart.85 on Tue.115 The (1. hardship through Besidesthisuncertainty overtheship'splacement. observed that thebiographer's was eastofthestadium. {Marts.5). a shipanchored in thelatesecondcentury or in somewhere southeast Athens.io0ávoi)aav.suchas at Smyrna.112 The longfoundation eastof thestadium was notforHerodes'ship.cf.9). 47.s. Gardner.0eìv.20. andcameinitscourse beand.n. V')V COpUlGTOll. unlikely vague wording to describe theship'sanchorage. Welchhas Furthermore. OeniadaeandApollonia inCyrenaica butalso buildings for votive warships 111 Welch(1998) 136-45.110 JOSEPHL.11. 112 Ziller (1870) 491.204. or outside andjust northeast of thestadium. beenlaunched from theKerameikos with a thousand machines. Welch(1998) 137-8. Welch(1998) 141. (1983b) 212.£')oíviov. 117 Galli Cf (2002) 20. Thenthey thesubsequent statement beginning interpret byPhilo'and theother sideofthestadium is occupied the of ôè ini stratus.Wycherley (1963) 77. ifthat is where theshipwent. ifindeeditwas locatedatthestadium. with oi modifies theinfinitive. 113 ôè ttìvvaûv ox>% ôpajLieîv àyóvxcov.114 mechanized was an extravagant innovation for theancient a route great ship festival. Acropolis. more norless preferable on grammatical On account ofbothPhilostraingis neither grounds. It couldhavebeenalongside thetrack.113 to this the moved According reading.3).192.29.A. procession during agônothesia '[I the ran not with animals it but that] [Panathenaic] ship yoked hauling gliding uponunderground andthat. 115 Mansfield (1985) 75. extending past theAcropolis. records that Hadrian however. (1997) 179-80.Tobin(1993) 88. ship theAgora(Eleusinion)to theAcropolis(Pelasgikon)andthePythion.Civiletti (2002) 509-10n. 143 n. Polyc. 1.119 on theeasthillwas too largefor thestructure a thousand oarsreplicated with andequipped a parade-ship any bymechanized gliding conveyed trireme.171-4 Rhomaios (1930) (AcarHellenistic-Roman).7. 121 Broneer Welch(1998) 143-5. 98-102. altarsaccompanied at similar where glory tuaries. It is also hardto believethat thesecomparanda. AD).Berns(2003) 143-4. 1.5. Koldcentury (1971) (Corinthian Lesbos.4 Birgeetal.n. pl. However.55). mortuary picture sepulchral of ofone particular that was reminiscent ornament elaborate raisedbase without a large. Herodes'activity for Thereis no evidence 14 (summary). for an altar-tomb exact parallel of outforHerodes. base from statue an inscribed but Nemean atthe Sanctuary.85 on Tue. variety The Nemean Sanctuaries.ETuypaiLiua (Kritzas B. (1992) 5-31(Nemeanaltar.103 (Isthmian overc.or 192m). andtheVibullii dence. interior bothhad narrow thoseatAlyziaandKenchreai.citing (1971) c. pis 1-3 (two portraits phin).Tobin(1997) 312Polydeucion).like theLibrary belongedto splendid which andantiquated itselegant havechosenitfor must theAthenians form. thesacredstatues.25-6. meaningful Theplacement ofthestadium. Lattimore VS2A. character altar wouldhaveechoedtheoverall anceoftheelongated SancofthePanhellenic viewers havereminded Stadium atthePanathenaic ofan altar-tomb might Furin sacredcompetition. of (1996) 5-10. first Kenchreai.229-31. 126 etal. 2 m) and altar. elongated onewith wide ofAsia Minor. moreofthetomb Without preserved. Sturgeon Paus. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .3 128. inthesepulchral architecture form was a traditional altar-tomb though there is no in While exist Greece.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 111 size is toosmall. 120 Mansfield (1985) 75. 76-113(statues Amphitrite. ofaltar-tombs bestexamples in other as in Herodes' a similar We for chambers tomb. 180n.Pomeroy (2007) 106-12). 89-90 discusses herarguTobinundermines themechanical conveyance. (1953) 39-46. family prominent of theodeumand thePeirene in therenovation and Herodeswas involved cationsat Corinth. ofthefoundation's sinceGasparri's estimate onDelos andSamothrace. pious sacrifices to have alluded could Sanctuaries and Nemean to the Isthmian reference a structural thermore. lines9-10).18-25 (southeastern see Flämig(2007) 42-5. side to the mother's on his related was Herodes to the Corinthia. stadium. II at Syracuse altar ofHieron thegreat (one m) andnoting stadelong. 'sincethisshipwas onlyused in a that ment byadmitting size' ((1997) toanystandard itmaynotadhere then parade. on several form was architectural choice of their antique appearaltars.1. compartment sarcophagi. itwould atthePanathenaic. The public (1946) 9-10 and Spawforth in ofTyche ofRegulaina sanctuary ofa statue dedication Forum (CorinthVIII.figs83-4. andtheentire ofthetomb andclassicism echoedtheausterity 119 is not suffiat the stadium The long foundation itsstructure whether to determine posciently preserved Tobin likethebuildings orkeel-slot sessedan indentation cites. On theform.no. 125 Rhomaios(1930) 146-7.on Herodes (1978) 258-61. ofhisrepa vividlocalknowledge reflects a nearby village andappearance utation (1992) 405-6. likethose narrow foundations on long.126 tombsof theera. 55-6.Philostr. they was The central monument ritual and of tinct form. 2.192. (AsiaMinor. Roman). He was also a benefactor possibly Spring. simplicity Herodes. ewey (1890) 64-5.6 (cutting canal). 122 Fedak(1990) 19. pl. 111-12nn. in Greece. Cummer century Alyzia.98-101. Herodes'close connections dedinumerous HerodesandRegulareceived theVibullii. 124 FS 2. or first second late nanian BC).125 mayexpect If theklinêsarcophagus of Celsus. fig.123 a canal. The tombs a uniquemonument created iftheAthenians notbe surprising or novel cities sometimes in Greek individuals provincial concepts eccenincorporated standing andNemean theIsthmian after modelled Herodes'tomb IftheAthenians forms. Cummer (1971) 208-9.204. publicmemory.7-8. and thepriesthood Tycheat thestadium Galli (2002) 75.121 and like those at the Isthmian altars sacredarchitecture. (1987) Palaimon'sdolof Poseidon. 5. Wilberg This content downloaded from 62. Early 123 theeviGalli (2002) 57-63. he donated where attheIsthmus.122 andRomanexamples LateHellenistic anddiverse variability. 40 m x c.120 standard a disHerodes' furnish with areindeed associated eastofthestadium Iftheremains burial. 100) drewa connection of Regula (cf. 86-104 summarizes see Robert ofCorinth. tric specifically The levels.124 theBathsandpondered decorated cutting The two itis hardto knowhowthebodywas interred. Corinthian Atticus. 28.42mxc. Ameling the Corinthian to thecultof (1983b) 120-1.97.fig. squeezeat theInstitute Paphlagonia. R.126.1-4(Ancyra.Amorgos. IGBulg IV 1963 (Serdica.7 303 date foundat Baphi nearTatoi in Attica. öS xáòe tkxvtoc. topsofletters Paphlagonia.1-2. Civiletti and commentators (2002) 220. thestadium might . 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .130 Thisreading should be rejected becausetheuse oftheabstract phrase 'all these to mean the instead for a with (raôe of. AP 7.6. Preger.secearlysecondcentury). (1928) 223.17.oç gratia). Nonnus17. SEG 30.2521 (Burdigala.Î 5 12.133 Thechoiceofthis traditional for Athenian citizens underscores Herodes'membership designation inan ancient while his and attachment toMarathon. ifKeraxi xcoiôe fallswithin therelative clause. HERODES' EPITAPHAND ALTAR onthetomb's Theepitaph wouldhavebeendisplayed recorded façade prominently byPhilostratus to whomall this at thetopofthestairway: from thedemeofMarathon.131 butit xácpcoi in stands for which évBáÔe to the main clause in the formula.Peek.app. 528. The phraseKeîxai xcoiôe is uniquein Greekpoetry. xáípan 132 GVI 361-399.1-2 247. obviously alwaysbelongs Theepigram that Philostratus called'brief andnoble'(ßpoc%') Kai nokb)tellsa great dealabout in Herodes a short Herodeswith thetraditional onomastic space. thefirst lineprobably thenameofthedeceased 1589(Rome).1-2. beganwith Gaul).1-2. Anth.IKyzikos IHadrianoi188.AD 17.1-2.313.81. becauseI saw thevery ina secondlineon a SEG 35. instance.2-9 (Kepsut.14. something simpler remarkable.IG XII.B' 1.128 later Greekepitaphs. Herodes'epitaph century dating represents + nounsand commonest on gravestones: nameof deceased + évGcxôe keitou elegiac formulae modifiers the deceased first and third elements can be This (the adjectival reversed). is.204. [èv9](xôe (IG II2 13153). This content downloaded from 62. 82.Ameling Wright (1983b) 212.no. £')Ôóki|lioç). and 22 (Tyana.60. centuries). community. qualifying formula on ClassicalAthenian stelaiand in literary butitgrewpopular for appeared epigram. SEG 27. 130 is exempli followed (Peek's Zcò(piÀ. Mysia.7. Samos.200 (Kerameikos. haveaccepted E.7. Roman). Peek(1957) 56. late third-early Wilamowitz centuries). (Thespiae. evOáôekeuch i]r|xr|p. TcòiÔe icevcai (Minoa. necessarily indicating parentage The relative clause 'to whomall thisbelongs'(oS xáôe návxa) must refer to thephysical enthat and itsmonumental annexes. IGM 15.| Kevcoci návxoQev xéoiôe xacpcoi.GVI 391 andIEpitVers E.no.6859. IPaphlag-Capp ifitwas a slavishcopyof Herodes'epitaph). no. Wilamowitz 8.1341 (Amastris.7 suppl. centuries).g. 129 IG XII.37.IPontosfor AdvancedStudy. phrase things' návxa) corpse Àeíyava orveKpóç is stilted. thepunctuation I endorse: andmeaning E.perhaps by (1921) 182.5-6(Crete. very rarely inscriptions onlyinClassicalexamples. 318.The second Bithynia 60 (Pompeiopolis. centuries). theIonicnoun'doctor'(irjifip). which the of the ultima in Axxikoû requires shortening byepiccorThe use of this name instead of is because the full format reption. The assertion of ownership vironment. 1961/62. whowanted to celebrate Herodesas 127 Werner Peekhasreconstructed this text as follows: fourth centuries). Gr. ond-third centuries).10.g. Cougny.132 Keîxai. 192. inverse occurs with évGaÔe andthen Keîxai.135.Cappadocia. Roman). RIFE VI.1-4(Tacköy.oç ((1980) Roman).second-third IG XIV TÓKpcoi.Roman?). Laconia. Severaleditors 128 IG II25424.1-3 (Aphrodisias.747.g. Hiller 26. 1-5 seclatefifth-early fourth centuries?). IG V. 'Herodesson ofAtticus theworld'(AttikovfHpœôr|ç ov lies in thistomb.2 740.MAMA VIII. HGE 125.759[2]. 65.I 933 (Karyai.85 on Tue.7. remains liesinthis tomb'.134 considered Butitshould be remembered that thisepitaph was prepared andpostedbytheAthenians. 6873. (1928) 223. W.306).2. throughout belongs.1-2. von Gaertringen. Moresignificantly. Roman). 8. Roman). (Thessalonica.112 JOSEPHL.326 (Tenos. whichbegins lenistic). 131 ond century Theclosest is an epitaph ofMiddleRoman BC). Classical). authenticity couplet Athenian stêlê firmed ofthealmost hexametrical clausulaon a fragmentary unique byan imitation 127 tothelatesecondorthird oneofthe (IG II2 13161).SEG lineprobably with évGdcôe Kerccci icihÔe 6. Cf. the Modern editions of have the VS followed especially during Empire. fourth-sixth began (or Kevcoti centuries).1-2. I cannot accepthis restoration. formula of personal name+ patronymic thefirst and secondelements have though beenreversed to fit themetre.sec. E.192.Wilamowitz seemboastful it 'argrenommistisch'. T. The distich beginsby naming + demotic. renowned MccpocGcovioç.13.Late Helparallel IG VIII 1884 IG XII.Mysia. (Kerameikos.569. 133 IG II26859 ond-third IG X.the xácpcoi mainclause lacks a verb. 134 second-third 1964 (Serdica.second-third [Io)(piÀ. The of this is conxáÒEnávxa. (Pythagorio.698.129 Teubner text no commaat theendofthefirst lineofHerodes' byCarlLudwigKayserinplacing Thiscreates a relative clausebridging thedistich that canbe translated 'ofwhomall that epitaph. {IG who couldapprecithoseviewers wouldhave entertained toAntimachus allusion The subtle them verseson Nemesisreminded tothefamous reference whilethelearned ateClassicalpoetry. 139 /GII23969.207 (Brauron. caelebratus Thuc.138 show that at Rhamnous of Nemesis the at found and sanctuary great Inscriptions sculptures andposa statue ofhimself andHerodeserected to thecult.139 Furthermore. 169-70. So long as theepitaphwas visible.22. 173.4. The praiseof environment thedead manto his burialand itsmonumental to twowords.85 on Tue. 137 Kaibel (1880) 459.3.Thepoemis balancedfrom themagnitude with to thewholeworld.2-3.221-3). 14/ 288/7BCY). The phrase'all this'(xócôe is vague. a nexusofassociations thus traced intheepitaph AP 16.Theonly other occurrence Butthis unusual canbe explained byitsdependence phrase lineofa fragment or contemporary is thefirst ofthisclausulain earlier byAntimachus poetry135 'There is a 13.Hist. was andNemesis Herodes between connection oflocal cult. 13208.TheechoofAntimachus 1. between connection ina mythical rooted butNemesisfellupon a victory marble toGreecetouse for a blockofParian monument.lacking There is a deeper tkxvtoc) meaning rareas a clausula.142 ofHellenistic to thehonorific usage is in language 135 a clausewith The clausulaalso occursin a relative Leontius in a referent by sixth-century epigram vague Faustinus thecharioteer Scholasticus (AP 16. atCephisia. 65 (superlative: tive:Aegiale. Philostr. Roman).Hadr. of xáôe themeaning As in Herodes'epitaph.33.The chest for oneofhischildren.IEryth Roman). Nemesis to Rhamnusian allusion Thiswas notthefirst andMarathon. anddebated is unclear Antimachus návxa inthe fragment (pp.Aug. anditis extremely a concrete referent at of first line and the clause's the comma the end the reasons omitted changed meaning.Ameling (1983b) 163. (1983b) 212.e.140 ina single tomb ofHerodes'interment thesmallness Thesecondlineoftheepigram juxtaposes from itexpands so that to finish start ofhisfame.1-2).g.it would remind to owed its existence Herodes' munificence and extraordinary building ingenuity. This content downloaded from 62.IG XII. brought atRhamnous to carvethecult-statue usedthemarble Pheidias andlater atMarathon. Kayser on a model. mostfamous verses. AD).192. to belongs tragedy prose. nos 160. century). CIL III 124 (uirtute recalling late fourth magnaper orbem:Majorinus. Erythrae.1. SEG 34.1 century century 595 (superlative: Roman). 16.4(Dionysius Cf. Dio 69. butalso because Herodeshad a special connection secondcentury.141 fame. sceneofthefamily theunusual on itsfront just Rhamnous. among to thecultofNemesis. mentary. greatly example. sacrificed andPolydeucion Herodes at the Roman villa of Marcellus' there. and official rather havesounded must ofgoodrepute' 'renowned. or Roman).r' and allusionsto them Theirfrequent xáôe rcávTCx | rcpòç during quotation jiampaw eÀ.13 131 Nemesis ofColophon Matthews): (Strabo great goddess. probably sarcophagus sculpted at cult-statue of the like the base ofHelenofTroy. Presumably for these within thedistich. Ameling ('Antigono 138 andimitated admired for Hadrian.136 that these wereAntimachus' indicate andRomantimes Hellenistic Georg is The influence on Herodes' their Kaibel first epitaph. IG V. 2. them (Paus.137 suggestion particularly proposed ofthe intellectuals was wellknown ofAntimachus notonlybecausethepoetry attractive. (e')ôÓKi|ioç).Trachonitis.a%ev). praising 136 Matthews 131) is a fullcom(1996) 313-21 {Jr.Amorgos. (egti tic Néjueaiç'izyáhí' 0eóç. =fr.Tobin(1997) 278-80.6. The last is restricted a usualepigrammatic Herodes'universal sentiment. Wnene E. cj Gasparri(1974-75) 316 di Colofone').THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 113 viewersthatthe benefactor nonpareil.(2005) 74-5. poemdisplayed portraits siblyImperial theAtticcultsofAthenaand Rhamnusian that he had transplanted Herodesand Regula stated XIV NemesistotheTriopion 1389. displayed Elpinice. Antimachus (Cass. 318-19). Perry 141 of Miletus) VS 1. 140 (2001) 478-83. one.theadjective it also but and in Classical It does occur readers. as itdoes too. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .60-4).43.7 406 (superlaSparta.363). BC-first first verbial: Sardis.SardisVILI 31 (adHellenistic 137 (Priene.The sustained ofHerodes' patronage that thePersians wrote Pausanias Nemesis andMarathon. Nemesis between Herodes. concerning Ôe all this from the Blessed Ones' has obtained who Nemesis.204.g. prosaic contemporary and itsmostcommon andRomandecrees. a finely commissioned that he had Itwillbe remembered inHerodes' context ina funerary family. The characterization of Herodes as a forefather. Or. patron and descendant from men. Cormack(2004) 117-18.The inscription onthealtar and(presumably) dedicator intheir givesoneword perlineandthenamesofdedicand forms. underplanatory típcoç. D6. Plut. (1963). Catapl.8. andGalli (2002) 21.29. 15. Suchconcision this inscribed altar from other at Athens and plainest distinguishes examples elsewhere.216D.5.20.Luct.pis 21. The skilled epigrapher substituted for in eta with accordance buthe usedthesuperior epsilon pre-Euclidean orthography.g.nos indenKreisH. and through his plan forburialin thesame ground wheretheoriginal Marathonian heroes rested.g.lenistic (1977) 13-45).2. 2-3.85 on Tue.3. though 18. larger offerings burials in literature.2. thephrase 'theMarathonian hero' Furthermore. Tablesandaltars werecommonly associated with thecultofthedeadinGreek burial theEmpire. great praised itwas delivered whether themonument before or after was finished andtheepitaph was inplain The Athenians a must have who knew Herodes and his to sight.204. employed poet accomplishments write theverses. e. 17.Rom. inMysia(Robert (1983b)212 ('Das Spielmit fügt (1948) 86-8. pl.3.e. (1880) 459 (siue ipseHerodessineam.] Or.benefactor.g. generalship striking Marathonian herothus tomind thesignalvictory inAthenian Itwas a latter-day brought history. 148 Athens: 2. 3323-80(Athens).25. Max. Imag. [Aristid. through Elpinice nameforhis daughter. IG Pelop. Paus.35. Cass.cond. (for ofDomitian). 30-2.143 poetic a of its and artifice measure creative author ofthe The elegance. ContraGasparri (1974-75) 379 ('L'iscrizione .145 Mourners usedthealtar. 143 147 E. IG IP 3224-30. 25. 22.148 This many examples was appropriate to theatmosphere ofthestadium andthetomb.Oliver(1963) iMétf. not thestandard scored Herodes'specialattachment toMarathon.10. 19. Ameling inMacedonia (Spiliopoulou-Donderer (2002). often withsculpture. 24. Diod. a much practice during probably perhaps alongwith forsacrificial to commemorate thedead. Dio 71. Onom.3235. Luc.VIII.g.151.147 The altarto Herodesdisplayed basic mouldings and no relief other or In embellishment. Theuse oftheadjective with the article in attributive as the exMapocGœvioç position modifier of and as demotic liketheuse in theepitaph.VS 2. 21.81.riprende piùconcisail sensodell'epigramma cussesfunerary altars inRoman Asia Minor.. Philostratos') This content downloaded from 62.9.as is attested at aristocratic altar-tomb. 16. icorumaliquis. 27 (= IG IP 3329-33.144 Either thefuneral orshortly someone thealtar dedicated toHerodes nearthe thereafter.19.25.4. distich remembered Herodes at once as citizen. and at Acmonia(Robert(1955) 145 Gill (1991) surveys Greekculttables. 149 several at graves ofRomandate(e. p. Strabo1.D5. 667D. economy bespeak sophistication. Gr. 11. in forma fufig. seemstobe a simplified version oftheepigram quoted by Poll. of local cult intellectual. austerity Whilethealtar'sinscription was whollyseparate from thenearby in form and purepitaph certain features of the heroic dedication the pose. Tobin (1997) 181('This 146 Luc.8. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . connection that Herodes himself to advertise strove the overt reminiscence of his ancesthrough his of the cult of Rhamnusian his of choice as a try. 67.2. 23 (first halfofthethird century)). II.8.192. Theon Prog. nerario tramandato da Filostrato'). RIFE statements inImperial IfHerodes'epitaph Greek doesnotdisplay sheer laudatory prose. 15.. 23.187C.s ein'). Theinscription also usedletters a much from earlier age (Plate 7 (b)).14.to Hadrian). Literatur sichvortrefflich D13 (secondcentury)).Lys. Themist.nos 13. These include thealtar to RegulanearCephisia important express public and HadrianinAthensand to severalemperors and the (IG II2 13200) and altarsto Augustus intellectual Potamonat Mytilene. Benjaminand Raubitschek (1959) and Benjamin Laert.25.20.pis Benjamin Philostr.6. Diog.Rhet. 14.146. wouldprima faciehavereminded Athenian readers of a soldier who diedon thePlainunder the of Herodes' Miltiades.rectangular 144 Kaibel andRomandateon Rhodes(Fraser Cf. 847C.9.6. 154 dis.2 140-201(Mytilene).44-8. suchas Hadrian ofTyre himself or another ofHerodes'sophistic colleaguesor students.pis 22.Lye. 18.3.1. Mor.including 247-56. 82.9.Forthegeneral freedman Sopater form. these it resembles altars of Roman date sculpted respects simple atAthens butdiffers from moreelaborate from acrosstheGreekworld.2-3). during tomb andstairway. but Herodes is improbable). XII.2. through patronage Nemesis. Bib. 35). Presumably thefunerary oration thesesameattributes. 103. altarsof Late Helcf. pp. 14. Sic.146 Therearemanyexamplesofmarble altars ofvariousforms to dedicated individuals to honour.114 JOSEPHL.Merc.149 complement elegiaccouplet. Fab. pp.68-9. (1963) 64. Gr. each displays Threatte onlyone pre-Euclidean (1980) 9 wrongly for eta). Guarducci (1980) 9. 1078.156 in d Roman a the here even at the thealtar place of stadium. c. toAntoninus Pius) and 5063 (label on seatat TheGuarduccci comparanda. (1967) 151 from ofknights see dedication Acropolis). basic the same forms across these that the so early alpharepresenting variability idiosyncracies. 10587 (funerary 151. alpha left-slanting anda script.Lazzarini Homolle(1896) (2007) 166-7. to PoseidonandAthena.using epigrapher though the stadium and the from in thetexts forms The letter delta.192.204.pis 51-65.Twoidentically disturbance andtoprohibit into theTriopion theentrance tomark (IG XIV 1390= IGUR II 339aon than thetext archaism andthoroughgoing a moremannered Theseinscriptions display b). dedication as intheheroic wide. Indeed.152 omicron. IG XIV 1391= IGUR II 340 does notdisIV 444-5(funerary Phlius).150 of Late Archaic inAtticinscriptions forms found letter centuries. IG II2 3380 (dedication 157 Lazzarini Guarducci II2 2478. diagonal protracted epigraphy to missedone of theeasiestletters 4 showsa gentlecurve. The left-slanting bothGreekand Romanletters apex on thealpha is typical in line in the rho the and to third the second of Athenian centuries.II2 5506. inthese letters resemble Herodes particularly inscriptions.I2 400 (copied fifth Aristogeiton latesixth-early centuries). the base oftheloop imitate from thediagonalextension truncated hasta. betis quite inscriptions their and are of theEmpire. I2 (2007) 166 asserts. cation palaeographic (1967) 376-85. a instead of bar with a detached he carved which thetheta. 143. a novelomegawith he created Ionicalphabet.24). as Pomeroy and alphabet'. (1986) (1978) 233 n. not we should andsuccessas a sophist. 155 153 Lazzarini (1986) 152. Guarducci Thria).154 and boundary giousprescriptions has buteachtext nuandrho. (votives This content downloaded from 62.Pomeroy RomanGreeceare less common e. a regular. The epigrapher Moreor a cartwheel.Threatte 156 Guarducci in archaism (1983b) 148-50. slipsonce.II2 2680 (boundary Jeffery from and Harmodius 131-43.vl-2. 3121. the did before to expressthelongo.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 115 letter forms He also carved H tomark ofan initial barinstead byearly inspired rough breathing. point archaize. intheRomanpresent.5. mix often these atthestadium. usingan omicron orClassical likeanArchaic closedcircle. origin betray perfect thequadrate themuandthenu. forms.85 on Tue.153 and letter that contain second mostly archaizing language century) reliand votive but also monuments several include urban dedications. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . IG no. Instancesof palaeographic Athens: outside (1986) 151. prohibitions.like a RomanR. as Athenians than rather adopting over. Epigraphic andactiveforce theClassicalpastas a meaningful was a meansofestablishing andarchitecture.155 consumption public theconseritwas through élite. 721 (dedication play 'thearchaicAtticscript Delphi).for as archaizing ofthelatesecondcentury atre of Dionysos) have been identified documents official seeAthenian inGraindor (1980) 9.mirrors oftheletters. honorary centre. I2 865a-b.IG II23396 (dediOn ImperialGreekpalaeography generally. sacred and 5004 4742. 154 to Hadrianat Eleusis). Lazzarini(1986) 152 n. (1978) 233-4. p4-5.Ameling zarini(1986).Galli(2002) 112.3194. however. epsilon chaizing. belowthelettering barat or slightly butalso an inferior plane. bar a the with vertical an second nu with elevated The Attic hasta. omega. speech just past. thealpha.andtherhowith right are not The letters to Classical date. though (Threatte (1924) 42-54.II2 5007 (oracleof (1961) 66-78 (a5.151 in Roman the middle their details and certain facsimiles. blockiness The general shapeof especially for of theperiod. prescriptions).nos 66-82. Moreover. funerary on thealtarto in theinscription forms The letter stones. Manyof thesetexts sacred.157 Attic Archaic an angular Triopion 150 stones). withletters letters typical archaizing and that connoted visualimpression an made have must letters venerability arresting antiquated also must texts for indiverse letters Theuse ofarchaizing eveninviolability. 152 for letter (omicron calles the omega ar. oftheClassicalheritage Herodes' mastery Considering Herodean in the is nottheonlyarchaizing theheroicdedication that be surprised inscription wereerected marble ofCarystian columns inscribed alongtheVia Appia corpus. 525-500. Laz(1967) 388-90. contra dedications). ofthecultural haveappealedto theaesthetic sensibility memandevenrevived Greeks cultthat andfunerary ofofficial rituals vative preserved religion like in such archaism andhistorical oriesofthemythical contexts. ofRomandate(predominantly ofovera dozenAttic to a group Thistext inscriptions belongs the from Thesetexts.g. 8. on account ofitsassociation with a publicburial at thestadium 'forall Athenians' (navoc9r|vaiKÓç).2. ordescendant ofHerodes'. although byó ôfj^oç. century whoseCephisian villawas located ofEpidaurus. their celebrated and families their loved cities honoured dead remembered memoration. This content downloaded from 62.213). (2002) 175-6no. 162 Puech claims.no.6. (1969) 7a precinctof Artemis BE 1970.2). 258 (Philoppopolis.153 or later). atCorinth intheform memorial toHerodes of BE 1977. of the are abiding they speak Together they surely products separate and intellectual of Herodes' forms that was an essential revival ofancient publicpersonae. designation. E. (2003) century). 9. nu) anddifferences (epsilon. hero-shrine ofIolauswas under therunning buthe track'.AD 15 orlater). might that ithonoured havethought Herodes'contributions tothecity. Vibius Postumus.116 JOSEPHL. Sicyon. The heroization of Herodesgainedgreater within thecontext of thestadium as significance bothan athletic venueand a monument to Classicalgrandeur.22 (Messene. 169(Pergacentury).32. 31-2. ErgonAAH a freedman.16).5.9).IG XII.87. namelyRegula and Polydeucion. (Paus. (1998) 140: mum. no. comthelanguageand ritual of heroization becamepotent mediaforpublicand private time. Just deliberately was one of The mostlikely dedicator theseidentities.244/5). might by Epikrates. third members. 161 Thuc. Imag.Plut.2. Cf.11 of Hadrianat thestadium of (Brasidas. As MarcoGalli has stressed.fourth '[The altar] by century). or a close accomplishment emotional thebereaved.23. in Hellenistic theevolution ofhero-cult andRomanGreek Thistreatment ofHerodesreflects traditional heroes from or earlyhistorical Local communities still recognized mythical society. in the interest to an hands. Robert. The case of Iolaus at Pheneoscompares 158 Two fragmentary stones with Herrmann andPolatkan boundary archaizing Samos. 2.204. Jones (2001a) 146-8.23.g.Theheroic toHerodes bondwith dedication seemstohavebeenmadeby a relative outofdeeprespect. n.192. were heroized members of Herodes' house have knownthatother too. Julius latefirst Tobin (1997) 182-3 misreadsPaus. TAMV.Apamea.12.Arat. Messeneand thecenotaph Amphipolis.itwas claimed Endymion OlympianStadium(6.3-4). and L. 164 1098 (C.2 Puteoli.Atthesame andthey invested newinterest times.20.160 citizens as heroes. and Phaedra had monuments near the stadium cf. Stadium 2.north Nakrason. 865a-b. Hippolytus funerary atTroezen that was buried nearthestarting lineatthe (Paus. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .omicron/omega.162 buildings161 References to thedead as rípcoç also occuron numerous acrosstheeastern tombstones ordinary In to a some cases the word seems have been conventional butin others provinces. itwas noterected viewers Furthermore. 65 (Sebaste. Assos. midHerodes.Roman).withJ. becausehis (9.Lolling(1880). client. citingThemelis (1992) on Hughes(1999). IG XII.163 We knowfrom Pausaniasthat theburial ofheroes at athletic was buildings a venerable institution. 512 (will of scriptmarking Amarysianear 36. 85 (T. madebyfamily see n.fig. AD). suchas hissonBradua.72).159 Herodes'survivors. inthemaintenance andenergy ofold cultsites. couldhavebeencommissioned as a votive 357 (Ilion. 128). whereby in explicit ones. (IG I2 Statilius nearby Lamprias IGR IV 779-80. script. RIFE H/horizontal havebothsimilarities rho. century BC). (mu.and L. The dle first century). the combination ofagonistic in Greekstadia. Jun. 422). Robert.158 part theepigrapher erected thealtar andemployed whoever as inthecase oftheepitaph.489 (Sosia Polla. withJ.Arcesine.1 ('the Xenon.85 on Tue. IG IV2. fourth 343-4no.Welch 469-70no.Í 365 (C. andtext to commemorate chosebothform Thisperson would theadopted Claudius oranother. which was established inHellenistic times butwas usedfor rich burial wellinto thesecondcentury. bar). 160 163 Galli (2002) 21-4. Athens and Sparta. Philostr. E.second-third centuries). Ilasos 137 (Roman?).53 (Aratus. particularly whereongoing sacrifices and heroicbuildings reminded bothspectators and participants of the of the He adduced the of the heroön at the end of the stamythical origins games.Roman?). itexpressed thespecialstatus ofthedead. Palaimon was buried andworshipped attheIsthmian 1. sometimes Communities exceptional gratitude recognized forgenerous benefactions or great or in appreciation of intellectual achievement.g.1 82.7-8.Thyateira.7 posthumous a herm with a portrait bust (Philadelpheus (1920)) doesnot 53 (AureliusOctavius.3 (Callisthenes. example grand dium atMessene. ritual is hardly space and funerary unique. have been erected first Marousi. c. Tobin(1997) 237-8. of Athens. lAssos 27b have archaizing as Gasparri(1974-75) 379. near Pythagorio. and Pindarhad a 'tomb' ((ivfjiia) at the Theban Hippodrome 164 well withHerodesat Athens. Polyb.fig.whether becauseofyouth. 159 Private dedications to heroesare mostfrequently 341-2(Trachonitis. andKöre(Paus. Platt(2007) (sophistic evidence).9-10).18. andtheIsthmian On Herodes Sanctuary. whocomposed time of at the most vivid was That and benefactor dead for the citizen. notonlybefor theburial ofHerodes. totheOlympian on Herodesandhisdonations Sanctuary. of statues Thereis ampleevidencefortherecycling by re-inscribing of the over re-casting public Or. thetrack was longsincedefunct.21. for A hero-cult havepersisted andconspicuous. Pelopion and in of the Isthmian instrumental the foundation and were Palaimon over. recycling thealtar different faces. Gebhard andcultofPalaimon. uniquecontents inscription.The offerings cult-site ofPalaimon is oneofthebestunderstood ofthese heroä.167 to thetwoPanhellenic Sanctuaries cause he was linked through Morewas a sitefor sacrificial theburial ofthehero Herodes andPalaimonion.124. andpositive for both andspacesofhisburial materials thewords. Pelopsinthe 166 Paus.2) and ofDemeter statues including thegreat and ofHygieia (Luc. was never This content downloaded from 62. negative people changed was a blatant from thealtar anddedicand ofthenamesofbothdedicator The deletion attempt of thestoneforre-use.168 found a voice argument sophistic images ofthe and the there is no new where altar to the Herodes. all themorevividfor performed andOlympia.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 117 tomb was situated on a hillnearthestadium.Shear(2007) (Athenian 169 theusualmethods Kajava (1995) 209-10describes on which was inscribing for among inscriptions. ThePalaimonion seen excavated a second-century with an underground tunnel thepodium.1. Hadrian and erected Herodes'funeral who conducted TheAthenians a all helped to create dedication whomadetheheroic andtherelative theepitaph. components which wouldhaveattracted sometime. andPelopsareaptcomparanda Theburials ofPalaimon Like the rich benefactions.8 report andDickie(1999) andGebhard (2005) disV).The memory forcommemorative visitors effect. The situated attheheadoftheold stadium. memory sophist. standin manycases.however. thesacrifices dresses 167 see n.3)andRhodes(Dio Chrys. gamesfor inthechariot-race. tombs under for tracks'. memory remained ofburial atthestadium thephysical when andshortly thefuneral thereafter. attributed to thepreparation are often Erasures thismemory.Itwouldhavebeeneasytorecycle butthat into another a newtext toHerodes face.165 exampleof heroicinterment inPausanias'day(Pind. 31). wouldhavebeen Their association differed.192. was monopteros through byPausanias.19. including and while a new name not accommodate could text accuracy unity. games origin there andthesacrifices his altar thosewho saw Herodes'tomb. intact might evolvedovertimeas of Herodes. cannot such an But in debate. bycutting done. 6. andGalli (2002) 222-7. 14. bate). 5. cussthemyth 166 otPelops themyth Burkert (1983) 93-103discusses and his worshipat Olympia. 1.169 retaining remaining theProetidian that itwas before wrote Gate)andmisonly 392 pointsout (1974-75) ('Gaspard Gasparri represents buthe doesnot). he saw anystructure clearwhether 165 et al. in the of the if roles even their venues. ofPelopsoverOenomaus thevictory tocommemorate werebelieved Although in 140. offerings. Philostr.85 on Tue. rituals.a) there.13. nymphaeum 288) (IOlympia VS 2.204. to modify at thebase. see Tobin(1997) 314-23 Peregr.Ol 1. 168 deJones(2001b) 17-18. THE SHIFTING MEMORY OF HERODES thepoet ofTyre.90-3. his tomb.1-3). of the festival he was the founder of the the and the inaugural sponsor building that ofPelopsandPalaimon notunlike a place in civichistory he assumed After Herodes'death.5). at theIsthmus hislavishdonations andrecalled VII. ofEndymion (uvf||j. and anxiety Athens (Paus. Olympian Pelops whilethelatter from thefuneral werebelieved to derive Games:theformer Palaimon. was still usedfor sacrifices where thealtar Altis. andhewas given as a hero(8.as thedonor of thefirst racesatthestadium andsacrifices didnotprecede burial Herodes' Panathenaic Games.Ekroth (2002) 190-2 adatthePelopion. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . (1998) Broneer (1973) 99-112and Gebhard remains on thearchaeological ('Palaimonion fig. at majorathletic All three heroeswerektistic in themythical figures past of thesanctuaries. forinstance. running parallels the 'tomb' theEleans claimedthat that Pausaniaswrote butitis unwas atthestarting-line. time though bythat in which to the involved noctural rites made blood sacrifices cultofPalaimon boyworshippers is theburialof at a place of sacredcompetition Another hero. 4. becausethealtar was located on thecity's southeast outskirts. Agora.174 Such targets emperors. sincethephrase 'theMarathonian hero'identifies a herofrom orat Marathon. Acropolis. Julius a wealthy landowner and poetat Nicanor. 179 182. 1.32. level of intercourse. (1982) 147-8. 177 twolineserased.44.175 ticealso existed inGreeceduring theHellenistic era.1 479 (altarwithfourverseserased. citingThuc. Plut. Polyb.Camp(1992) 164. political Agora. E. 43. Cf. erased.4.Thessalonica.Mor. Bradeen(1974) 87 no. Laert.IG XII.see also n. Wrede. and theAssembly decreed thedestructionofall monuments toPhilip V andtheMacedonian andtheremoval oftheir namesfrom kings all public in200. who gave his nameto thedeme.IG 173 Skias SamianHeraion). TheMacedonians: Livy century AD).137.Dio.4 and Calpurnius Piso erased. Ephesus). (destruction of Macedonian by Scopas and royalstatues VS 2A.39. Agora.One famousexampleis C. 6-24. hardfeelings between rivalsoverpolitics. 175 Varner monument with line (2004) 12-14. SamianHeraion).Habicht n. (1905) 260. Pausanias andPhilostratus both Marathonian hero'.first AD).872 (= IG II2 11792: columnar on images). itwouldbe an unusualappellation forMarathon or Marathos. century).15-16. Eresos.4. Lesbos. Empire. 183 discusstheheroandhiscult. Sardis).Manyinscriptions of expression through Romandatefrom Greekcitiesshownamesor titles defaced. public public GreeceandAsia Minor. whosecultseemstohave existed during representations As Emily Kearns has shown. 5. TheAthenians numerous destroyed images ofDemetrius ofPhalerum at theendofhisreign in 307. Tobin(1993) 84-5. RIFE and that for thesemantic for theerasures onthealtar toHerodes account One explanation might Herodes to 'the of 2-4 is that redirected the dedication from coherence lines grammatical they mention heroofMarathon.2.4(Marathon inpainting inStoaPoikile). 183. 220).During theLateRepublic and bycertain monuments of Roman officials stricken from the record were in defaced Empire.1290. partof lineerased.Roman?). third XII.Ilium. OGIS 2 18c. In communities likeAthens. IG II2 11972 176 Demetrius: Strabo Athenian second 9.32.evenpersonal. 3. IEph 413.g. SEG Paus. 136no.ortheeponymous the oftheheroMarathon orMarathos.6 171 Kearns(1989) 139-207. as theAetolians.177 tyrannicalcontrol individuals orfamilies hadbeenabolished.6. 364.58. centuries). (1933) 414. Dium.2 547 (slab with 31.172 persisted Thefirst andlastlineswouldhavebeendeleted todestroy ofHerodes andtheone thememory who honoured him.fig. (âya^uxx)of Marathos 178 farmer-hero at Marathon). century century see nowFlower(2006).g. centuries erased.138.1428 and E.798 (nameandtitle of Domitian erased. earlythird century BC).173 This sortof mutilation can be identified the term modern damnatio by memoriae as an actsanctioned the state or driven interest to by bypopular forget publicenemies their or inscribed nameson monuments.1 425 (nameofGetaerased. As has beensugAthenians who read the would havethought first ofsomeone whofought anddied gested. 359 {stêlêwithdedi174 On memory sanctions inRoman and social cand BC-first erased. Habicht (1997) 67-8.11 erasure ofnamesof tyrants from fourth-sixth (decreeordering public Athenian Acropolis. Furthermore.85 on Tue.19-20(concentrating 157 no.221: blockwith E.withJones(2001b) 17 (letter Kearns(1989) 45. 1. Flower(2006) 34-41. This explanation should fortheerasure therefore be rejected. Roman).77.1-2 This content downloaded from 62.1.(1997) XII.withFlower(2006) 30-1 no.likeothers outside viewers that reminded Athens. 170 Paus.62. RE 14. withKajava (1995) 205-8 (namesof Statilia 172 Kearns(1989) 55. practice Imperial destruction had longoccurred in societies with and a complex political organization competitive theancient NearEast andPharaonic andPtolemaic Thepracpublicdomain.171 from suchas TheseusandCecrops.170 apart figures major theworship of most Attic heroeswas highly localized.178 just they oroffensive citizens couldsuffer similar condemnation within thenarrower realm Dangerous oftheprovincial cities.Often thecondemned and persons their offences are otherwise unrecorded because they actedon a small.179 Thesetargeted erasures ofspecific words with thetechnique usedon the compare altarto Herodes. texts. 717 (blockwith dedicand life.192.second-first BC). including Egypt.g. Broneer 5. from MarkAntony erasedafter Actium.20.176 records Theseacts. W. X. SEG 39. 820E-F. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . fig.14.c.204. all themoreso ifthecultofthewar-dead inRomantimes.118 JOSEPHL. and L. {stêlêwithdedicanderased.I ('cult-statue' Philostr. as in were RomeandtheWest. Whilethebest-known by defacing sculpted depictions were Roman the was not limited to Rome or the circle. phrase atMarathon. intellectualism or ancestry found actsofpublicscorn.89 (= SEG 33. citing his and at Prusa 47). the snatched into his broke citizens to an epigram cration. M.180 Pius. 3787. 185 diPleket(1961) 305-6 and Papaias (1975) offer the to either of Domitian's views motives.1. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . have been The namemight foruse by himand his wifein thelate secondcentury. Dio Chrys. for oratorical theme a fundamental was of The accusation East.5. see withJones (1976) 31-2.5. oftyranny himtotheemperor inaccusing Athenian 1). that he was thevictim countered Herodes Mamertinus.181 and somewhat is the text altar Herodes. Valerius Although at in trial the culminated the conflict are suits unclear. 186 Ameling (1983b)61. 3789.whomMark The example ofcivicdiscourse.192. and Nicias at Cos (Ael.182 the to for considerably longer Although Spartan parallel ofa statue ofthe itrecords thepublicdedication than theHerodean third later text.215B). presumably (eipuoav éç rcoiváç).183 ofMetrophanes ledgeofthebiographies to destroy a concerted effort of the altarto Herodes likewiserepresents The mutilation conwhat Athenians over certain to The erasures they among antipathy point lingering memory.85 on Tue. unique knowbetter is lost without motivation But the the erasure. 52). tomb. 182 IG V.Macedoniaand Epirus of thecombined as rulers an Imperial provinces appointment canbe traced andHerodes them between The friction after theraidoftheCostoboci (c. E7.185 might Anger ofClaudiaAlcia atEleusis(IG II23604a). Aurelius Cleanor. for thestone erasures prepared 184 of Dio theexamples Kennell(1997) 351-6. Puech(2002) 350-2.see also Ameling lowerclasses or to support (1983a) 17-18.2). lost ofHerodes. in 174/5 validated Marcus Aurelius Popillius'citizenship (SEG 29. of thecompeting exactterms Sirmium.254.187 andpenalized ofHerodes'enemies Aurelius Marcus where judgedinfavour Marcus sent in letter the famous illustrated is and Herodes these between tension vividly strongmen 180 IG II2 3786. 183 that the Puech(2002) 351-2argues unconvincingly re-use.no. His grandfather thefamily also followed oftyranny Hipparchus Allegations the circumstances of a on Domitian land to confiscation his (VS 2. Leading (VS Assembly they joinedthe and AeliusPraxagoras with Ti. 21.Or. financial and abuseofpolitical tobe histyrannical sidered swaythrough and orretention offunds thedistribution and sacred inpolitical ofpartisans establishment posts. On Nicanorand his career. Thebrothers on many facedcontempt Herodes the held not who aristocrats wereprominent Maximus iusValerius (151) butalso only consulship ofAchaea. 31. thedestruction including andSex. Quintilius sides.184 was a recurrent Antony subject tyranny deseit involved because ofCos in41/0BC. body byCrinagoras. 1 .ill II 30. Athen.204. 33. QuintilCondianus Sex. later mocked which Herodes after at contest a musical over toa dispute them. realities of were construction elaborate of transformation and the publicspacesthrough property. Tobin (1997) 16. Follet(2004) andJones (2005). andtheevents flict This content downloaded from 62. Luc. is especially as tyrant installed sepulchral germane.14. together the ofa conspiracy. According mutilation ittopunishment' and 'dragged (AP 9.no. apparently ofHerodeswhowas is Popillius Another of Salamis.I 563. pl.29). in the Roman life urban tyrants sourcesrevealthat and historic to theclassroom: butit was notrestricted epigraphic practice. 187 thewholecon(1983a) 136-51discusses Ameling at Sirmium. The hisfreedmen. protect vergent rivalélites. attheexpense of AeliusMetrophanes andorator philosopher excised. ofNicias. beenreçut for his qualifications thesamemenwho had challenged erasedby Popillius'enemies.a contemporary example property that had stêlêwitha sculpted relief a funerary His namewas erasedfrom also a Marathonian. 1 2. 181 Lambert (2000) 495-7. Claudius oldenemy wereHerodes' theattack Demostratus. purportedly Delphi.no.Or. Lysias Chrysostom at Tarsus(Strabo 14. the Autocratic influence. predecessors (Or.200-1.81).48. perhaps a good at RomanSpartafurnishes textfrom thetheatre One mutilated Athenian citizenship. secondary andCleanor. 174. SEG 50. Dio Chrys.though charge tyranny by haveledto andhisfamily influence ofHipparchus overtheinordinate arecloudy. 77. the of was intention use. Macr. 171-175).Thetext's nearthetopwerecarefully andthededicand nearthebottom thespender both not that letters show added the absence of and the individuals to reference defacement.28.116.186 statue thetoppled ofimages. century) (early names of The M.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 119 'theNew Themistocles and theNew Homer'was Athens whose overblown epithet Augustan ofthe who ofhishandling Athenians three from removed disapproved by inscriptions. VH 1. 120 JOSEPHL. shortly existence atAthens ofopposing sentiments overthememory ofHerodes. theother ignominy.and they None of the an names individual connected to Herodes. This content downloaded from 62. 13188-13208. pattern emerged inlater when interment nearholymenorecclesiastical leaders andcomfort centuries. arrogance bearable orfelt with Atticus' estate. inscriptions a largemajority on theMarathonian andCephisian estates.including Commodus to carry out however. simple and their markers indicates that thedeceaseddidnotbelongtothecity'sélite. Rhomaios(1906) 443-50. SEG Welch(1998) 140 suggests that'tomboccupants descendants ofHerodes and/or mem14. known that thenamesof Herodesand his dedicator wereonce there.204. (Luc. 55-6. nos 147-70 and Tobin unlikely suchmundane itwas coincidental that one (1997)113-60. (1998) 84-5. Cf. familiaoffreedmen that Herodes'descendants in wouldbe interred Ameling(1983b) 23-9. ifnothisbiological A similar lineage.who in death tempting joined his socialcircle. Dio 73.Perhaps buried came from thedemeof here. Itseems 310. of whom couldhaveerased thetwolinesonthealtar any in one or twoevents. We might.Perhaps theperpetrator was an anonymous Athenian whoattacked the altar outofpersonal toward Herodes and his because he found Herodes' unrage family.3). they nearby. (Cass. Peregr. must have the monumental ofthe visibility they appreciated setting and must have known that Herodes rested The character of the Stadium. AD 33. it createda lasting document of his banishment from Viewers of the altar would have memory. Polydeucion. RIFE tothecity inthemiddle170stosettle various ofresentment legalcases (SEG 29. no. gavehonour 188 190 Oliver(1970).189 Herodes hadno shortage ofenemies. expectsuchprominent persons a coordinated of mutilation. spreadamong betrayed rescinded his father's final wish(VS2. TheAthenians who interred their relatives or friends on thelofty haveconsidered thesite'sbenefits slopemust ofhigh andeasyaccessibility. If itoccurred after the altar's then it reflects the codedication.192 Evenifthoseinterred here werenothisfreedpersons. see also Flower(2006) 276-8. 1978. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . This textual deletion did notremoveHerodesfrom thepublicrecord.1. 189 192 IG II2 3970. For fulldiscussion. couldhaveincluded see bersofhisgreat andslaves'.3-4). It couldhavebeenanyof identity Herodes'known detractors who outlived theQuintilii.192. nymphaeum toward mencouldbe communicated 20. Ameling no. burial nearthegreat HerodesandbesidethePanathenaic a degree ofprestige. through mortuary proximity.292. We cannot knowthe dedication.9 134. Hedrick different forms of (1983b) 182-205. VS 2. development memory The choiceofburial locale in all cultures is a conscientious andmeaningful one. person Cephisia(/GII26418).85 on Tue. 189.Thedefacement occurred atsome slighted byhisinterference between c.1 . buttheerasures reminded them toforget these names. and thealtaris theonlyknowntextassociatedwith programme Herodes with deleted lines. Peek (1942) 141. Herodeswas so concerned that his detractors. when point resentment was stillhot. engulfing phenomenon 191 vonMoock inImperial Greek cities. (2000) 89-130discusses Kennell(1997) examines thistext in light ofthepolitical damnatio memoriae and how they remind theviewerto conflict Herodes andthe oftyranny forget. B'l.127). one embracing honour.5. Twenty-five ofthese texts havebeenfound. A simultaneous inHerodes' was thegrowth ofa cemetery nearhistomb. graves.191 epitaphs obviously thepossibility cannot be ruled out.IG XII. A broader distaste in for hismonuments is evident thetirade ofPeregrinus whodecried theimposing atOlympia Proteus.188 Feelings had already common who felt deceived and when Herodes Athenians. 179 andthe250s butmostlikely within a generation after Herodes'death. oftheperson whoerasedtheinscription orthecircumstances.13). but freedpersons. whowereexecuted under him.Herakleitos.190 Theerasure ofHerodes'namewas particularly intheconpoignant text ofa heroic whichimplied theimmortality ofthedeceased. cf.somerepresented classes.10). heplacedcurse ontheir bases(VS 2. Suchopenanimosity powerful through channels besidesinvective and litigation. Theywere graves citizens from different theworking couldhavebeen demes. includthe would mutilate the statues of his beloved Achilles andMemnon that ing Quintilii. It is mayhaveconferred to imagine that theburialsbelongedto admirers of Herodes. 160-6.1. The hero-cult Hadrian's building. The short fame. and funeral the elaborate had an intriguing Through development.R. at shifted Athens had his Herodes.R. Smith thana haggard rather intellectual as an elegant wrote. forall Athenihe had erected the stadium tomb in an Herodes of alongside imposing deposition wereheld Panathenaic Games When the the of ans was an appropriate city. the burial at thestadium. This member of their as a leading Herodes andcelebrated avoided Athenians community. The suburban and traversed a social hierarchy reconstituted outthepopulace. TheAthenians Marathon.Apartfrom Antimachus points the burial for Herodes' Athenians chose the and the forms ClassicalAthens. notonlyin hisveneration Nemesisis apparent funerary from andthequotation thecult-statue that recalled thesculpted references. at burial cessors will.204.He created andaugust territorial control cemetery lineage himself withhis predeto identify buthe preferred his wifeon theCephisian estate. URBAN SOCIETY AND PUBLIC MEMORY Atticus revealshowrituals. Roman to both tied this of Thepublic integrally memory persona. The handling ofthealtar and sarcophagus. ofa hero-cult establishment would atMarathon life. Butanyrespectful activity ifithadbelonged to Herodes. The stadium. adjacent growth through 193Zanker (1995) 243-4. whenthechamber was builtintothe monument andepitaph roughly funerary erstwhile of of Philostratus' readers the As the first contemplated greatness generation stairway. The plannedgraveon theMarathonian for hischildren and a lavish ofHerodes. eclipsed private Popular through hisrole to recognize Stadium at thePanathenaic andburial a publicfuneral seizedhiscorpsefor that of civic like a The was andbenefactor. embraced samearchaizing byeducated style decor. presided his universal butsophisticated overtheevents. thelanguage and. 179.193 with ofmodest an image Herodes' atAthens. The burial ofHerodes monuments. displayed settings andthesarthetomb. We can onlyimaginethecondition that his posthumous suggests after 75-85years. oration.194 ofa leaderoftheclassicalAthenian andstyle thedemeanour Athens andClassicalAthens. 'In the As R. sarcophagus namely and Herodes contact between of thesespecific in theepitaph. This content downloaded from 62. see Datsoulis-Stavridis (1978) 214-28 and Tobin(1997) 71-6 on Herodes'porfrom traiture atAthens.prepaleography appearance an evoked athletic at an located ofHerodes. by gesture gratitude from where he figuratively see Herodes' couldplainly after c. ofhis cultwas short-lived. Herodes his forebear battle history through great with association His cherished atRhamnous. 194 Smith (1998) 79. oflocalpolitics context reserve. memory dramatically. portrait presents demos'. who to Athenians wouldhavebeen familiar Suchpervasive institution. then.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 121 at thetomb ofHerodesgradually endedas the to Christian mourners.85 on Tue. Classicism and marked all were distinguished antiquated simplicity by elegant cophagus ofthealtar andunusual theaustere oftheepitaph. dispute anditwas augand the monument of reinforced was epitaph.spectators monument. procession citizen as leading reception drew ceremony andurbanspace.His burial theendofHerodes' to the Classical Connections pastframed tothe ofHerodes'ownlink memories ofAthenian that travellers havereminded landscape through his Marathonian also commemorated Miltiades. sitefellintodisrepair. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .and the epitaph pronounced was a specialhonour. CONCLUSION: ÉLITE IDENTITY. ancient antiquarianism of the Late Classical the Attica recalled from Instances knew Herodes' Koo|ir|Tr|ç type portraiture. élites oftheday. however. (probably) wish. already VIII. Cephisiaand including examples Marathon. philosopher. sumably. viewing frequent through impression Herodes' of the the and the hero-cult of the observance mented cemetery.192. estatewould have expressed Romanera. places andwordscouldbe cominGreek the urban andtocreate éliteidentity tocommunicate bined society during publicmemory thewealth. andbysacrificing hisdaughter Elpinice bynaming in subtle but also on theRomanestate. . andRaubitschek.(1992) TheAthenian edn.G. 'Excavations on the north of the in Broneer. Hesperia40. The selective and bias toward Life.G. Benjamin. (1983a) Herodes Atticus 1: Biographie Ameling. (2003) Untersuchungen zu den Grabbauten der Kaiserzeit inKleinasien Berns. A.85 on Tue. RIFE Vanderbilt University BIBLIOGRAPHY A. andMiller. (1991) FinalJudgments. (1983) ofAncient Sacrificial and Los (P. (1906) OÃíyaiXéÇeiç Ambelas. (1965) 'Inscriptions 29. 159 Atticus'. Agora 17:Inscriptions'. Kenchreai'.H. (2003) RomanCitizens Byrne.La villadi Massenzio Calza. 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London) 5-14 einarchäologisch-epigraphischer H.(1979) 'Zu denGedichten des Herodes von Side aufRegulaunddas Triopion des Marcellus Atticus'.Oxford) C.2. ek Kuvoupiac'. andrural residence W. (2000-03) xacpiKÒ 1 : AxxiKa N.(forthcoming) practice. inW. aus Athen 2: Unedierte Grabinschriften Grabschriften Berlin) . (2001) Excavations Miller. les dans et Orateurs B. 116-89 von S. J.Ch. Lorenzo'. 49-59 Papaias. Oliver. and 17.54-6 .W. Aphrodisias'. of ofRegula.K. Project(AB suppl. Pomeroy. 1987) (BEFAR AA45. inHellenica6 (Paris)80-8 . 87 . 406-17= OMS 6 (Amsterdam etépitaphes'.) andLos Angeles) 4 (Berkeley Stateat War W. SA The Laconia Rural Sites and T. (2001) 'Iconography Perry.(1979) 'Deux inscriptions AJPh100. 1996. (2007) wing": 247-71 World Ancient in the Art and Z. in intheGreek and anxiousorators unstable takes '"Honour tradition'. (2005) 'Land tenure Mee. . (1906) "Emypacpai Rhomaios.Berlin) Versinscriften of thefamily from a sarcophagus ofpatronage: andthedynamics E.438-54 K. Polydeukion: Meyer. MDAI(A) 67.(1963) 'Domitian's Antiochus'. H laropía rov¡izca arovç aicoveç A.D. 153-65= OMS 5 enAttique'. (Berkeley in Classical Social Structure and Death-Ritual I. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . (1942) 'Attische Inscriften'. (Paris) d'époque impériale inscriptions grecs Puech. (1999) TheArchaeology Parker TX) Pearson. thesenate H.A.N. (1946) inscription . IIpoiaxopiKcov AD 23. Pallis. Hesperia32. (1920) 'Un Hermès Philadelpheus. Peek. 14.13. C. inHellenica2 (Limoges)1-14 'Sur une L. Herodes Atticus'.(1957) Attische undAnika(ADAW 1956. James.(1930) 'Tò fipœov xr'q Ata)Çíaç' AEph.85 on Tue. (Cambridge) Morris.(1968) 'Enterrements AC 37. V. KAoccikcov kcci V. MDAI(A) 100. (1992) Reynolds. G. (2002) sophistes Ktema Attalis of Tatia of 'The funeral C. (1974) Tlavoavwv 'EAÀaòoç (Athens) Il£pir¡yí]aic Papachatzis.(1970) Marcus Aurelius. N. (1979) 'Un Décretde consolation J. (1990) 'The promotion Atticus'. M. London) vonMoock. andRunnels. (1990) Breadand Circuses. 117-45 . (1998) 'GreekstadiaandRomanspectacles: andthetomb ofHerodes Welch.R. (1948-49) 'Eine römische Grabkammer in Kephissia'. àp%aioXoyiKÒc e')pr|jLiaxa |nexr'jlux%t|' 29. (2002) Kaiserzeitliche Grabaltäre Niedermakedoniens. Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Portraiture Varner.(2001) Polis andPanathenaia.(1978) 'Balbilla. JRS88.26. inW. identity portrait inthesecondcentury A. andbestowing in Roman honours inZ.E.(1974) 'Mapoc0ci>v xà 7ipóa(paxa ae G%éar' AD Themelis.V. ofAthena ofPennsylvania) University . Typologie Ikonographie (Mainz) K.(1993) 'Some newthoughts on Herodes Atticus 's tomb.(2000) 'Continuity ofprehistoric burial sitesintheRomanlandscape of Vermeulen.D. (1905) 'Ai àvccomcpcci Zxocôíod'. RIFE G. and M. Pearce.(1997) Herodes Attikos and theCity and Conflict under theAntonines ofAthens. Sandy (eds).(1998) 'Cultural choiceandpolitical inhonorific intheGreek statues East Smith. Atticus'. Shear. (eds) (1996) TheBerbati-Limnes 1988-1990(SkrAth Wells. J.TheLaconia Survey andIntervretation Methodology (ABSAsudoI. London)315-438 .'. (1998) Die figürlichen Grabstelen AnikasinderKaiserzeit. Lifein theGreek Hellenistic and Roman Periods(Amsterdam) E. Newby Athens'. Imperial (Leiden) F. R. ClAnt 10.V. Cavanaugh.(1988) Bildlexicon zur Topographie des antiken Anika(Tübingen) A.ßpiov 1988 (Athens) 87-91 OXv/âxicckcòv Ayávcov.D.J.226-44 . 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . and C. Patronage (Amsterdam) J. zur Spiliopoulou-Donderer. and G. L. of Spectacle(Washington.Lund) xox> Skias. UpaKxiKaIv^inoaiov 5-9 Z£7trejj. (1980) TheGrammar 1: Phonology Threatte. AA.Crouwel.550' AJA 97. 214-16 Swain. C. and in a Greek Rural The Laconia Continuity Change Landscape. Tschira. (1996) TheLimits Women and Civic East in the ofParticipation. inB. 81-9 . 249-60 Spawforth. and in a Greek Rural 1: Catling Shipley.M. I. 1952-1967(Princeton) Sturgeon.G.. Shipley. Leader-Newby Art and in the Ancient World 221-46 (eds). und Chronologie. 257-65 Néoç 'EXXrivoßvfiiMov R. Struck and Context in the Flanders'.(2002) 'The survey areain theHellenistic andRomanperiods'. Reflected ofAntonine (StudiaGraecaet LatinaLundensia 13. Millett. R.theEuryclids.R. 4° Archaeological Survey 44. Survey 2: Archaeological Data (ABSAsuppl. London)257-337 F.A'.192.27.S.TheHistory andDevelopment s Festival(Diss.W.G. 56-93 A. Untersuchungen einer imSpannungsfeld zwischen OstundWest and Sepulkral-skulptur Kunstlandschaft (Mannheim Möhnesee) M.204.Crouwel. 1977.Themelis (eds). (London) ofEphesus à Cyzique'.126 JOSEPHL. inW.(1992) 'To Ixáôio xr|çMeoar|vr|<.' inW. J.BCH 103. Inscriptions (Cambridge) G. .85 on Tue. rewriting inscriptions andR. (1987) Isthmia 6: Sculpture 1. navaôrjvouiarí) 2.83-97 vanBremen. Cavanaugh.(2007) 'Reusingstatues.S. (1991) TheSacredIdentity Rogers.N. andBourgeois.A. Stockholm) This content downloaded from 62.Catling and Shipley. VS2.D. andPhilostratus Tobin.327-59 Sève. CoulsonandP.Athens.(1999) 'Negotiating Romanspectacle in theGreek architecture world: Athens andCorinth'. JRA11.( 1971) Pictorial Athens Travlos. hisstadium of 143/4. R. Historical and PoliticalPluralism Veyne. Asia. Dictionary ofAncient (New York) . ofAttic Inscriptions (Berlin) J.M. (2005) Herodes Atticus in OccasionalPoetry Athens Skenteri. andmemorials for a Greek ABSA73.Burial Society RomanWorld (London)143-61 P.(1991) 'The reliability ofPhilostratus 's LivesoftheSophists'. 148-63 P. (2004) Mutilation and Veneration. (1996) 'Site catalogue ofthesurvey'. Studien zur Verbreitung. DC) B. J. ofHadrian ofTyre andthedeath ofHerodes CPh 85.W. G. Pearcetrans.R.W. Continuity Change Landscape.L. magnate'. in J. Sociology (B. Kondoleon The Art Ancient 125-45 Bergmann (eds). C.. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . (1963) 'The Pythion AJA 67.E. (1870) 'Ausgrabungen Stadion'. inhalts'.. .85 on Tue. Zeitschrift fürBauwesen20. (1921) Philostratus Mass. (2ndedn.. 75-9 Wycherley. Sarkophagherstellung inMélangesMansel 1 (Ankara) 345-83 Säulensarkophage'.Vienna) PAA17. atAthens'. lykische (IstForsch Berlin) Metropole U. (1995) TheMaskofSocrates. 485-92 This content downloaded from 62. unddie Lokalisierung derkleinasiatischen Wiegartz. 3 391-501 Inschriftenkunde (Leipzig 1974) griechischen W.THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 127 H.(1975) 'Kaiserzeitliche in derNikolaoskirche'. von(1928) 'Marcellus von Side'. R. (A. (1974) 'Marmorhandel. andEunapius:LivesoftheSophists Wright.Eine 161-251 30. andEichler. 1-107= Akademieschriften zur A.Myra.1: Die Bibliothek W.TheImageoftheIntellectual trans. (1953) Forschungen inEphesos5. 2 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff.Borchhardt Reliefsarkophage (ed. (1951) 'Griechische Inschriften rechtlichen Wilhelm. Shapiro and Los Berkeley Angeles) ampanathenäischen E. 1928.3-30= KleineSchriften 192-228 (Berlin1971) M.192. Theuer. F.) (LCL 134. Ziller.204.Cambridge. inAntiquity P.Keil. Wilberg. SPAW.). inJ.J. Zanker. JHS 128 (2008) THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS PLATE 7 and surrounding Stadium buildings (a) The Panathenaic (Travlos(1971) 501.204. 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . fig.85 on Tue.192.630) to Herodes'the dedicated (b) Altar hero'(photo Marathonian byauthor) klinêsarcophagus (photoby author) (c) Strigillated This content downloaded from 62. 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