HB108-2013

This is a free 20 page sample. Access the full version online.SA HB 108—2013 Timber design handbook HB SA HB 108—2013 This is a free 20 page sample. Access the full version online. TIMBER DESIGN HANDBOOK In accordance with the Australian Limit State Timber Design Standard AS 1720.1—2010 Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods Adjunct Associate Professor Geoffrey N. Boughton School of Engineering, James Cook University Director, TimberED Services Pty Ltd BE (hons), MEngSci (UWA), PhD (JCU), FIE (Aust), CPEng Professor Keith I. Crews Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney BE (hons), ME (UTS), PhD (UTS), FIE (Aust), CPEng, NPER, RPEQ, FIAgrE, MIABSE and should not be interpreted to necessarily reflect the opinion of the joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee TM-001. Revised and designated as SA HB 108—2013.This is a free 20 page sample. Timber Structures. unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968. ISBN 978 1 74342 373 8 COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia Limited All rights are reserved. While every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of the contents. . Sydney. without the written permission of the publisher. no responsibility for its use can be taken by Standards Australia or the Authors. Timber structures. Originated as HB 108—1998.1—2010. Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited. Access the full version online. electronic or mechanical. The information in this publication is intended for general guidance only. Australia. GPO Box 476. It represents the authors’ individual interpretation of AS 1720. NSW 2001. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means. including photocopying. Part 1: Design methods. Codes & Standards SA HB 108—2013 . The Handbook reflects the involvement of Geoff Boughton and Keith Crews in the development and revision of AS 1720. Structural timber products are available in a variety of forms including sawn timber. Access the full version online. • easy-to-use tables that complement those in the Standard. glued-laminated timber and engineered products such as LVL. plywood.Timber Design Handbook i PREFACE This Handbook has been specifically written to provide guidance on the use of AS 1720. The appendices include a comprehensive list of cross-sectional properties for commonly used structural timber products and guidance on selecting design parameters. Structural timber has a secure place in the future of sustainable construction. This is a free 20 page sample. including those that may have received little formal education in timber structures. This Handbook can be used to develop the understanding and confidence necessary to efficiently and effectively design in timber. These products can be used in both well-established construction forms and innovative building systems as part of simple. design actions. It can be a text for undergraduate or postgraduate students in tertiary education.1.1. or a companion document to the Timber Structures Standard for practitioners. This second edition addresses these changes in a way that is relevant and practical for Australian designers. It provides: • explanations of timber behaviour. and finally design detailing. Timber structures. I-beams. • step-by-step design summaries. an increase in the range of structural timber products. the advantages of timber are making it the material of choice for a growing range of applications. and where appropriate. Boris Iskra Forest & Wood Products Australia National Manager. Information is presented in a way that helps readers develop a “feel” for the behaviour of timber. It provides support for the design of timber structures in Australia so that engineering students and practicing engineers have the skills to use structural timber with competence and confidence. and as university lecturers.1. • illustrations and worked examples using Australian Standards. and an understanding of both what to do and why it has to be done. The chapters are organised in a logical sequence for learning: wood science. and cross-laminated timber (CLT). AS/NZS 1170. workability and practicality. The comprehensive index and table of contents will also help readers use the Handbook as a reference tool to find answers to specific questions. The first edition of the Handbook was published in 1998. As Australia moves to a low carbon economy. It explains the use of AS 1720. • mathematical expressions that model the material behaviour. The Handbook uses an explanatory style that is appropriate for self-paced learning. their experience as consultant engineers. Throughout history. large or iconic buildings and structures. Part 1: Design methods for Australian engineering students and practising engineers. there has been a revision of the Standard. and a move by the Australian building industry to embrace sustainable building products and systems. behaviour and design of members. people have used wood for many reasons and enjoyed its beauty. and • practice problems to reinforce the understanding of behaviour and enhance design skills. Since then. and Dr Bob Leicester (then of CSIRO) also assisted with thoughtful comments from an industry perspective.1 and to the loading standards since the publication of the first edition. formerly a Chief Research Scientist CSIRO.1 have provided invaluable comment. provided inspiration and guidance even before the Handbook was started.1. We are especially grateful for the continued support and encouragement of our families. In particular. concurrently with the development of the limit state version of the Timber Structures Standard. Bruce Hutchings (TimberBuilt P/L). Engineering assistants with TimberED Services Pty Ltd. and the late Prof. Mick McDowel and Leigh Punton (then of EWPAA) for their extensive review of the text. we would like to thank: Colin MacKenzie (Technical Director of Timber Queensland). and the first edition has been used in teaching at a number of Australian universities. Canada). AS 1720. long time Standards Australia Project Manager for timber standards. Access the full version online. Borg Madsen (Vancouver. The second edition has been developed to reflect changes to AS 1720. Geoff Boughton Keith Crews February. Dr Stephan Bernard (then of University of Western Sydney) and Prof. The second edition was developed with significant contribution from Debbie Falck and Julie Falck. is also gratefully acknowledged. Several of our colleagues who have also been involved in the development of AS 1720. This is a free 20 page sample. gave valuable feedback from a teaching perspective. The timber engineering community in Australia has developed design and analysis methods that suit our collection of engineering products and service environments. 2013 SA HB 108—2013 . The work of many people over almost a century in Australia has led to the understanding that has been captured in this book so that future generations of timber engineers can benefit from their work. during the development of the Handbook. which has enabled the text to reflect the intent and purpose of the Standard. The assistance of Chi-Nam Si. in conjunction with the first edition. Andy Buchanan (University of Canterbury.ii Timber Design Handbook This Handbook is dedicated to Dr Robert (Bob) Leicester. John Carson (then of Pine Australia). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Handbook has evolved over several years. Drafts of the first edition were circulated among the timber industry and academia. NZ). whose work over many years has underpinned much of the limit states Timber Design Standard. Many helpful comments and corrections have come from students and other academics during this time. ...............1.................................................................................................34   Natural durability ..................20   Air-drying ................................................................................................................28   The F-grade system ..............................................................3............2   Conventions used in this Handbook .........................................................................................1   Uses of structural timber......................................................................................................................................................................... 2   1.................................. 44   Fire resistance levels (FRL) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1   Durability ........................................................................................13   1................................................................................................48   1............................................................................................................................................3.......... 22   Visual stress grading ........................................................................................................................................... 48   SA HB 108—2013 .......21   Other methods of seasoning ...4   Timber sorting or grading .........3   Trees ................................................................................................................................... 11   Domestic construction ....................................45   1...........3   Wood fibre sampling and properties ...................45   Design for fire .......................................................4   Availability of Structural Timber ............................................................. 3   1.......................15   Drying and shrinkage....29   GL grades ................. 1   1....2   Structure of wood ...........................................................................3..................................................................................................................................46   Standard sizes and grades ............................... 7   1..........................6   Grade designations ......................................................................................................43   1...........................................................................22   Shrinkage .......................................3..................................................................................................................................................................................2................................................................35   1...... 32   Exposure to hazard .................................1   Growth characteristics of wood ..........................................................................................................................2   BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES ................................................................................................................................................. 1   1..................................................................................................2   Improvement of durability .............................................4   SELECTION OF SPECIES.....4...................................................1..............................................................................................................................................26   1.................................................................... 11   1..................................................................................................................5   Workability ........................................................ 1   1........1   INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................3........................................................................................................................................................... 31   1..........................................17   Strength properties of sawn wood .................................................. A-Grades and other products supported by in-grade data..................3...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2...........28   Characteristic strengths from in-grade test data ....................................21   Kiln-drying ..................................................................................................................................47   Species ...23   Machine stress-grading ................................................................................................1....................................... 26   MGP.........................4.........................................3   Seasoning of timber and shrinkage ..............................................................................................30   1................................................................3   Fire ........................................................................................................1   Structure of this Handbook ......................................................................................................5   In-grade testing ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36   Chemical treatment ................................................................................... 46   Seasoning ................................................................................4...........................................25   1......................................................................................................................................22   1............2   Effects of processing timber ..................................... 20   Measurement of moisture content ...........................................................20   Seasoning degrade .......................................................... 15   Residual stresses in timber .....................................................................................................4..................................................2.........................................................................................................................................................3   STRUCTURAL TIMBER ................................................... 5   1...........................................................30   Other grades ................. Access the full version online..........Timber Design Handbook iii CONTENTS 1........................................ 26   Characteristic strengths from small clear specimen tests ......................18   1.............. 5   1......................................................................................4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24   Machine proof-grading .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29   Significance of an F-grade classification ..................................................................................................................................................39   Maintenance..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36   Structural detailing ... 8   This is a free 20 page sample....................................................................................................29   MGP grades .................................................................................................11   Larger structures ...........................................................................0 INTRODUCTION TO TIMBER DESIGN ................... 1..................................................................................................... .......5.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1.......................................................... 70   Tributary areas for evaluating loads ..................................................................................................................................5   Structural analysis.............................................................................................................79   Distribution of the load ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................80   Certainty of the load ............................1.............................................................................7   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................53   Strand lumber (LSL and ESL) ......................................................................94   Example 2.......................................................................................................................2.........................................................76   2......................................................................................2............................................................................... 79   2..............................................63   Structural system (conceptual design) ........... 56   This is a free 20 page sample.....63   Information search .................................................................................93   Imposed load reductions with area .....1..........................................................................................................69   2....................................................................................... 51   1..................... 52   1..................3   Steps in the design process ..........................................5.....................................................81   Duration of the load ........................................................48   Length ..................................4.................................84   Example 2...............3 Imposed actions on internal bearer ..................................................................................... 53   1...........................69   2..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1   Plywood .........................2   LOADS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS .5......................................................................82   2.............................................. 79   Origin of loads ....................................................................................................... 85   Distribution of imposed actions ...........................................................................................................94   SA HB 108—2013 .............5   Cross laminated timber (CLT) ....53   1.................3   Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) ...............................................................................67   Advice during construction ........................................................................................................................93   Design summary—Imposed loads ...............2   Permanent actions .......................0 LIMIT STATES DESIGN ..............................................................................89   Floor imposed loads....................................................................................2...................................................................................................................................................................................1   Classification of loads ...........................................................................................82   Conservatism ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81   Design forces and moments .................................... 69   Requirements .............................................................................................. 55   1................................................................................................................................................67   Detailed design of members and connections ..................................... 53   Particleboard ........................1................................................5......................................... 48   Size ............5...................................................61   2.....................................................................................................................................................................49   1..................... 60   2.................................................................................................... 62   Problem definition ....................87   Certainty of imposed actions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2   Design constraints........... Access the full version online...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1   Criteria ...................................................1.................................84   2................................ 2............................69   Layout ................................................................................................................................................4   Strand and flake products ....................................................................................61   Other constraints ...67   Drawings and specifications ....................................4   Design calculations ........................................2 Permanent actions on internal bearer ......................................................................................................................2   Glued laminated timber (Glulam)...........................................................................................................................................................................................................49   Seasoning ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87   Roof imposed loads .....................................................................................................iv Timber Design Handbook 1............................................................................................................................................................63   Preliminary design of the structure ...5   ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS ............................................................................................ 60   2....................................................................1 Contributing area for floor member design .................................................................................................................. 60   Legislative constraints ..........................................................................................................................................6   PRACTICE PROBLEMS............................................................... 82   Design summary—Permanent actions ........................................87   Duration of imposed actions ........................................................................................1   DESIGN PROCESS..........................................................72   Example 2..................6   Specifying and Ordering Timber ............................................................................. 50   1..................... 59   2................................91   Concentrated floor imposed loads .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50   1.................................................................................................................................3   Imposed actions ............................................................................................................................................................................................91   Estimated floor imposed actions ....................................................................................................91   Known floor imposed actions ..............................................................................................................................53   Oriented strand board (OSB) ........ ........................................119   Building snow loads in alpine regions ..................128   Earthquake Design Category I .........................................9 Truss anchorage ........................................................... 157   Category of timber member or connection ....................................................................................................................137   Loads due to settlement .................................................................................................................................104   Internal wind pressure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................149   Example 2........................................................................................120   Example 2................................ 123   Structure classification ...... 141   2.......................................154   Example 2...........................................................................................4 Wind loads on building elements .....................................7   Other loads ...................................................................................................124   Design method ........................................................................................................................................................ 96   Wind velocity ......................................................................................................................................................10 Strength limit state load combinations ....................150   Strength of structural elements ............................................................................................................................................................................................144   Design for serviceability .............................109   Example 2......................110   2............................8 Smart design method for beam serviceability .....4   Wind actions .........136   Earth pressure ...........................4   PRACTICE PROBLEMS.....................................3...5 Snow loads on a roof ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118   Ground snow loads in sub-alpine regions.....................................142   Serviceability load combinations .....................................................98   Velocity modification factors ....................139   2..........................................132   Design summary—Earthquake actions ..............................149   2......................................................................................................................................................................................................129   Earthquake Design Category III – Dynamic analysis........ 139   2................152   Design for strength ..................................................................3................................................................................................................................................. 170   SA HB 108—2013 ...................................................Timber Design Handbook v 2.............................6 Earthquake loads on a building .................................................................... 135   Liquid pressure ..... 2.....11 Capacity factor .................................................................................................................................127   Common elements of earthquake design ............................................................................................................................119   Building snow loads in sub-alpine regions ...................................................................................................................132   Example 2............................................................................................................4..........................................................................................................................................8   Summary of Loadings ......................................................................................120   Design summary—Snow actions........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147   2...............163   2..............................................152   Strength load combinations ........................108   Net force on a structural element .............................................128   Earthquake Design Category II ......................................................................................................................................................................................................6   Earthquake actions ............................................................................................................................................................................................................125   Site Hazard .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3.......126   Earthquake load evaluation ............. 141   Serviceability limits ................................................145   Example 2..137   Loads due to temperature ...................................................................................146   Example 2........2........................................................................................4   Capacity factor (φ) .................................................................125   Site sub-soil class.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2................................1   Short answer problems ...............................................................................................................3   Strength limit state .............................138   Impact loads ......................................................158   Role of the element in the structure .......................99   Wind pressure .............................................................................................. 148   Stability load combinations ..................................................................................................................................................... 164   2.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 150   Strength limit state loads ............................2..........................................3..............................156   2......................................................................121   This is a free 20 page sample.................................................................................................133   2...................................109   Design summary—Wind loads ................................................................................................................................................................2   Stability limit state ........................................................................................7 Guess and check for beam serviceability ................................................................................................................. Access the full version online...162   Example 2..................2..............2   Calculation problems ..............................................................5   Snow actions ..............................................................................................1   Serviceability limit state ......................................159   Selection of φ factor .......................................... 164   2..4......................................................................................................................................................................................................................141   Serviceability modelling .........103   External wind pressure .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 117   Ground snow loads in alpine regions ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................148   Design for stability ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165   2...........................................................................3   LIMIT STATES ....................................................2...........................................................................................................................................5   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................ 195   3....................................................................................................................188   3........ 192   3.............................................................................................................................................................................................190   Assembly factor (g19) and effective area (At) .................234   SA HB 108—2013 .....2   Buckling and k12 factor ....................1   Characteristic tensile strength (f 't ) ..................................2   Calculation problems .....................................196   Example 3......................................................................................................................................................................................................................1   Short answer problems ........................................1.........................................................................................................................................................................................0 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS .....................................................185   3.................. Flow chart for the design capacity of tension members ................. 182   Partial seasoning in service ...............................1.......1..............................1   Characteristic compression strength (f 'c) .....182   Equilibrium moisture content ..........................................................................................................................220   Slenderness of compression members (S) ......................................................................................................2   Duration of load and k1 factor............................................................................................................................................. 218   4....................................................................3 Tensile capacity ..............................................2.........................................unseasoned timber ............................1   STRENGTH LIMIT STATE ...................................................................................................................................................1.............................................. 205   3..................................................................................................1............................... 215   4.................................... 192   Duration of load for serviceability.......................................................0 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS .................................................................... 205   3............................2........................................................ 212   4.......................179   Example 3............................ 189   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) ........................................................................182   3................................... Access the full version online.......................177   3............................................................................................................................................................... 209   4...................................5   Capacity of tension members ...................................... 187   This is a free 20 page sample.................................1 Design characteristic tensile strength ................................................................................ 173   3..................................................................................................184   Seasoned timber used in moist environments..... 205   3....4.1...................4   PRACTICE PROBLEMS.....................................................................................................................................196   Example 3.........................................2.......................................200   3.........................................................2   STRENGTH ..........................................4   Ambient temperature and k6 factor ...........4..... 231   Capacity of nail-laminated compression members ............ 186   3....................................................................................................................................... 218   Material constant for compression members (ρc ) .........................222   Effective length ......................................2 Duration of load factor .......................................................232   Flow chart for the design capacity of compression members........................................................231   4...........190   3..............................................................................................................................185   Identification of the critical load combination ................................................6   Plywood tension elements ............4 Tension member design ...................3   Partial seasoning and k4 factor ............................................................................................3   DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS ....................................................................1..........................................................................................................................183   Partial seasoning factor k4........................................................................................ 194   3............184   Unseasoned timber in dry environments .....193   3..230   k12 for stocky compression members .................................225   k12 for slender compression members ..................................3..........5 Tension member design ....................................................................................................................................................................................................233   Example 4.........3   Capacity of compression members ................................................................1 Compression capacity .........187   Example 3............................178   Imposed actions in combinations .......................................................................................................................................................................................................5   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 3 ............................... 177   Duration of load (strength limit state) ..............................................................................2   SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE.................................................................... 195   Design summary—Tension members ..........................................................................................................................2............................................................................ 210   4...........................................................................................1   Design techniques for tension members ............................................... 208   4..................................2...........................................................................................................................1   Creep and j3 factor ....................................................................................................................................................................................1.181   Identification of the critical load combination .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185   Common practice among designers .................................................................................... 174   3................1   Effective length........................ 176   Example 3.............................................................................................................1   BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS ..................................... 214   4..2   Checking serviceability performance ............vi Timber Design Handbook 3............................................230   k12 for compression members at the transition from stocky to slender..........................................................................seasoned timber ..........................................................................2   Compression capacity ................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 262   4..................1   Characteristic bending strength (f 'b) ................272   5.......................................................................................................................................4   Duration of load and the j2 factor ................ ( j2 ) .. 248   4........................................... 247   Duration of load for serviceability .............2   Deflections .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2   Calculation problems ............................................. 279   Moisture content and creep ................................279   Recoverable creep .............................273   Modulus of elasticity .......................................................................................2   STRENGTH LIMIT STATE IN FLEXURE ............................................................................6   Design for the serviceability limit state ...........292   Discrete strength sharing systems.............................244   4........289   5.................................... 242   Stability factor for plywood (k12) ..................277   5...................................................................................................................................................................................252   Example 4................................................................................................................................................... 249   This is a free 20 page sample.......................................1..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Timber Design Handbook vii 4.............................. 287   5................................................................................................................................................................. Access the full version online...................................................................................................................................5   PRACTICE PROBLEMS........................................................3.....................................................................................268   5..................................282   5..............................................................2..........................................................1   SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE.....................284   5.........................................................270   Dynamic structural response .............3   Creep under long-term loading .......1.................1   Creep and j2 factor .......................... 236   x axis buckling of composite member .................277   Camber..................................................... 262   4.......................................................................................................................................................................................4...................................................244   Assembly factor (g19) and effective area (Ac) ..............................2   Strength sharing factor (k9) ..................................................................................................... 267   Design span........4   DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS ......................................... 282   Initial moisture content ............................................................. 285   5.....................................................................................5   Plywood compression elements...................................2 .....................................................................................................293   Strength sharing factor k9 .....0 DESIGN OF BENDING MEMBERS .237   y axis buckling of composite member ............276   Design dimensions .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238   Buckling of individual shafts about their own minor axes between packing pieces .........................................243   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .......1............................................ 286   5........................4   Columns with multiple compression elements ................................................................................................................283   Duration of load factor for serviceability.............1   Short answer problems ...................................................................................................... 266   5................................ 262   4........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................271   Acceptability criteria .............................................1......................................................2................................ 270   5.........................................................................4 Modification of design of wall studs from example 4.......................................... 272   Deflection limits .........................................6   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 4 ........5.................................................................................................................................3 Design of a load bearing stud column ........................................................................ 270   Excitation ..............................2   Checking serviceability performance ......................271   Design to avoid vibration ............ 289   Reduction in strength of larger bending members .......247   4...............................................................................................................2 Capacity of spaced columns .................2.....................................239   Limiting capacity of spaced columns carrying axial compression ...............................................................................................3.................................................................................1.............................................................................295   SA HB 108—2013 .................................................................................259   4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 246   4...................................................................................1   Vibrations ..................................................255   Example 4................1   Design techniques for compression members .....................................................................................................251   Design summary—Compression members ............................................282   Duration of load ...........................................................................................................................................294   Strength sharing factor for glulam and LVL ......................................................2................................................... 249   4.............239   Example 4...................3   SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE...................................................5.......... Design assistance for compression members ..............5   Deflection calculations .................239   4.......................................................................................1....................................................................................................................................281   Irrecoverable creep ................................................................................................................................................................................ 290   Combined strength sharing systems .................................................................. ................................... 324   5.....5   Calculation of bearing capacity ..........2...................................... 350   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333   5...............4   STRENGTH LIMIT STATE FOR BEARING ..... curved and pitched cambered beams ...............................................................................................................337   Example 5.................... ............................ 329   5....323   Design for shear capacity ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 333   5.....................332   5................................1   Bearing capacity .......................................3...5   DEEP SECTION AND LONG SPAN CURVED OR TAPERED BEAMS ....... 311   5........................3   Capacity of single-tapered straight beams ..............5..........................................................................................................................................................................................................308   5............5................................4   Bearing capacity at an angle to the grain ......................... 322   5...........................................2..................................................................................................................................................338   5......................................................................................................................................................... 321   Size effects ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 330   Flow chart for calculation of bearing capacity normal to grain....................................2   Characteristic bearing strength ...........................................................................................................................351   Assembly factor for bending spans parallel to face grain (g19) ........................................... 349   5............................................................................................................................................ 320   5........3   Lateral-torsional buckling and the k12 factor ..............4   Shear capacity ...............................................................................................................................................351   Effective section modulus for out-of-plane bending spans parallel to face grain (Zp) ......................340   Shape factor (ksh) ....................................................................... 325   5..................................................................353   SA HB 108—2013 ...........309   5. 5..334   5.......................................................................................................5   Design for flexure at the strength limit state ...................................................................1   Shear capacity ......................................................................307   Stability of LVL and glulam beams .........................................................300   Effective continuous lateral restraint (CLR) ...............................................2 Single-tapered glulam beam .................................... 308   Flow chart for the design capacity of bending members ....................................................1 Design capacity of a formwork bearer .......................................................................6   DESIGN CAPACITY OF STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD IN BENDING .........................................327   5..........................................................................................331   Design for bearing capacity ................................................................................................................1   Out-of-plane bending capacity (Md............................................302   Beam slenderness (S1 or S2) ....................... Access the full version online...........................................................4.............................................4....300   Restraint of bending members ...............................................................................336   Taper angle factor (ktb) ........................................................ 335   Grain orientation factor (ktg) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 340   Capacity limited by flexure ........................................3   Bearing length and k7 factor .............................................................303   Stability factor for beams (k12) .....................................2.............................................................................................................................................................4........323   5........................................................................... 334   Induced radial stresses .......2   Characteristic shear strength (f 's) ..4................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 296   Stability factor for lateral torsional buckling .................................................................................................................................................................................................p) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 317   5........4   Capacity of bending members ......308   Example 5.viii Timber Design Handbook 5.......................................................4 Capacity of double-tapered.....................................................................................................................................................................3   Shear area (As) .........................................................................................351   Assembly factor (g19) and effective section modulus (Zp) ..........................................................................334   Grain and stress orientation ...........................................................352   Assembly factor for bending spans perpendicular to face grain (g19) ......................................343   Capacity limited by radial tension ................................297   Material constant for beams (ρ b) ........................ 322   Flow chart for the design shear capacity of bending members ............................................................................................................................................................................344   Volume/size factor (kv) ................. 333   Capacity of straight glulam and LVL beams .............................................................................................................342   Radius of curvature factor (kr) ...308   Stability of cantilever beams ........................3.............................347   5.................................................................................3 Pitched cambered glulam beam .........................................3   STRENGTH LIMIT STATE FOR SHEAR ................................3...............................................................321   This is a free 20 page sample..........................................................................................5......................................345   Factor for radial stress effects (ktp) ......346   Example 5.......................................................................................................................................................................5......................................................................................................331   Flow chart for calculating bearing capacity at an angle to the grain........................................................................352   Effective section modulus for out-of-plane bending spans perpendicular to face grain (Zp) .........................................................................1   Design of straight constant depth glulam and LVL beams ............ 326   Bearing perpendicular to grain ...................... 328   5......................6.........327   Bearing parallel to grain ........................................................3.......299   Critical edge ....................................4...............................................................................2   Behaviour of curved and/or tapered beams .............................................................................................................................................................................. ...................................................357   Effective shear area for shear due to out-of-plane loads (As) .............................................................................................................................. 419   6................................................3   Inter-lamina shear capacity (beam shear) (Vd..............................................................................................................................4 Checking beam/column capacity...............................1   SECOND ORDER EFFECTS...................1   Structural analysis............................................................2.................................................354   Assembly factor (g19) and effective in-plane section modulus (Zi) ............................................... 409   6.............402   6...................................................t) – Tension edge ......................................................................................................................364   Example 5............. Access the full version online................................414   Bending capacities ...........................................................................................................................................423   Combined actions flow chart—Bending and tension .....................................................................................8.....................................................................................................................................................................358   Assembly factor for shear due to out-of-plane loads (g19) ......................360   Assembly factor (g19) and effective shear area (As)....................................362   5.........363   This is a free 20 page sample.............................................................................383   5..................................................................................................................403   Sway members ............3   Bending about the minor axis (Md....................................................................2   In-plane bending capacity (Md..........................................................................................................1 Second order effects for beam/column ......................406   6................................................................................................................................................................................354   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 409   6..................................................................................................................................................... 397   6.................................6 Design of a floor beam for strength ....377   Example 5..........................................................................................360   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .........................7   DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR BEAMS.......................................................................................................................................................................... 364   Design summary—Bending members selected for serviceability .......................y) with axial compression (Nd................360   Effective shear area for shear due to in-plane loads (As) ......................................................1.....................1................. 419   6........................................................ 402   First order analysis......p)...................2   Major axis bending (Md.................................................................................................cy) ...........................424   SA HB 108—2013 .x) with axial tension ( Nd..................................................................................................................1   Short answer problems ........................................402   Second order analysis .....................................................................................................................0 MEMBERS CARRYING COMBINED ACTION EFFECTS ..........................................Timber Design Handbook ix 5................................... 392   5......................413   Compression capacities .........4   Checking combined bending and tension members ...............................................................3.............................. 403   Braced members ..................................................................2............. 399   Beam/columns ...................7 Design of floor joists for strength ............... 363   Load ratios .. 412   6...............1   Bending about the major axis (Md...............................3..........................361   Assembly factor for in-plane shear (g19) .................................................................2   Calculation problems ...............................1   Major axis bending (Md..414   Example 6...........................................................................................t) – Compression edge ........................2 Combined actions on beam/column ...414   6.........................................................6........................................... 353   Stability factor for plywood (k12) ............................t) .............................................................................404   Example 6............... 359   Stability factor for plywood (k12) ........................................................7..................................................424   Example 6........x) with axial tension (Nd.................................................................................................................... 392   5................. 375   Design summary—Bending members selected for strength ........................ 5..............................................................................................355   Effective in-plane section modulus (Zi) ...............................4 Serviceability design of a portal rafter ...................................................2   Bending about the major axis (Md..i) ........................................... 420   6.................................................................359   5................................................................................................................5 Serviceability design of a floor support beam ..................................................................................................................423   Bending capacities ...................365   Example 5..........9   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 5 .........................2   Estimate of moment amplification ...........................7.........................................1   Design for the serviceability limit state .............x) with major axis buckling (Nd....................................................................................................... 423   Tension capacity ..............................3 Combined actions on bending/tension member ................................................................c) ......... 413   Combined actions flow chart—Bending and compression ........y) with axial tension (Nd................8   PRACTICE PROBLEMS..................................................................................................i)................................................................3   Minor axis bending (Md..............................................2............400   6...2   COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION ....................................................x) with minor axis buckling (Nd.....................................................3......... 423   6......................373   5.....................3........ 401   6................2..................................................................................................................................................................................... 392   5..........4   In-plane shear capacity (panel shear) (Vd...................................................................2   Design for the strength limit state.........................6....8................................................................................................................................... 356   Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) ..................................6......................................................................................................................................................cx) .................................357   Assembly factor (g19) and effective shear area (As)................................................................................................................................................. 411   6.........................................................................................355   5...........................................3   COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION...............355   Assembly factor for in-plane bending (g19) ................................376   Example 5....... .....................................................................................................................................451   7............ 430   6.................................................................................................................. 458   7................442   Coach screws ....................................................................................................................................................................x Timber Design Handbook 6.....0 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS ......................................6   7....................................................................................................443   Split-ring connectors .... 457   Shear plane factor (k14) ..................................................469   7................................................................................... 428   6............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2...................................................................2.........................................................8   7...........................2   STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF NAILED CONNECTIONS ...........11   Head fixity factor (k16) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. Access the full version online......................................................................................1.................................................................................. 435   7..................448   Positioning of fasteners ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12   Design techniques for nailed connections ........473   Detailing nailed connections .........................................................445   Shear planes ..................467   Nail spacings................................................................................................................3   Connection modelling...9   7....................................................................................................1   Biaxial bending and compression .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 453   Capacity factor ........................................................ 436   7...........................1   Type 1 nailed connections ..........................................................................................2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 462   Moment resisting nailed connections ...............................441   Bolts ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 478   SA HB 108—2013 .................3   7.....451   Serviceability modelling of connections ........... 428   6.................10   7. 430   6................................................................................................. 456   Grain orientation factor (k13) ...........................................451   Strength modelling of connections ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................466   Detailing nailed connections .......................................................................................................................................................439   This is a free 20 page sample.........................474   Example 7....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 459   Factor for multiple nails (k17) ..............449   Fastener spacing ............ 440   Nails .................................................................................................................................4..2............................................................................................................................ 430   6....................469   End distance ......................................................................................................................................................................................................2   Calculation problems .........................................................1   Capacity of Type 1 screwed connections ..........................................................................................................................................................................2.................437   Timber in connections .......................................469   Edge distance ....... 464   Geometric details for nailed connections ........................................................................436   Type 2 connection ........................................................................................................................................................1   Short answer problems .............................................................................475   7.......................................................................441   Screws .........................................................................7   7............................................................................................................................. 469   Design summary—Nailed Type 1 connections ..........................................2....................................................................436   Common types of connections ..................................................................................................2.......................................................................................470   Design summary—Nailed Type 2 connections .......................................................................1................................................................................................................................2.3   STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SCREWED CONNECTIONS .....................1 Design of a spliced connection in a tension chord ................................ 455   Duration of load factor (k1) .............................................................. 466   Eccentricity of connections .........3......................................451   End distance .... 453   7........... 428   6........................................ 478   7..............................................................2   Connectors ...................................1   CONNECTIONS .....................5................................................................... 7........................................................................................................................................... 436   Connector...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................440   Nailplates ......................................5............................................................................................................................................................................1   Elements in connections ............2   7...............................................2................4   BIAXIAL BENDING ................... 461   Type 2 nailed connections .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................6   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................436   Type 1 connection ...1.................................................................................444   Metal dowels.............................................2............449   Edge distance ............................2   Biaxial bending and tension ...................................5   Characteristic nail strength (Qk) ................................................................................................................ 434   7......................5   PRACTICE PROBLEMS................... 460   Serviceability of Type 1 nailed connections...............................................4   7........................................443   Shear-plate connectors ................................................................454   7..................................................445   7......458   Thickness of elements .................................................2.......... 445   Geometry of connections ..................................................................................................................................................................4.........................2...............................436   Connection ... ..........3   7............... 506   7.........................4.....................................................................................3.........................................485   7... 488   Serviceability of Type 1 bolted connections ........................................................................................................7.....4.................. 518   Capacity factor ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 507   7............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3.... 515   Connections ............................................................................................................................2   Characteristic capacity of shear-plates (k15 k18 Qk) ......................................7...................... 513   7................4.........................................8   Design techniques for bolted connections ........4.............................................................. 479   Serviceability of Type 1 screwed connections .................................... 480   Moment resisting screwed connections ..............................1   Capacity of Type 1 coach screwed connections .....................496   7...........................................................................8.......................................4   Designing and detailing coach screwed connections ................8.......................................2   Capacity of Type 2 coach screwed connections ......................................................... 510   7.. 491   Length of bearing factor k7 ...485   Modification factors ................................................................................................................................ 508   7.................................... 480   Comparison with nail capacities .................................................................................................... 511   7................ 512   7......................2 Bolted truss connection ....................3   7.......6   Geometric details for dowelled fin plate connections ........................................................................................................................................8......................................................5......................................................4   7.........................495   Edge and end distances ..8..493   This is a free 20 page sample..........................................6   Characteristic system capacity of bolts (Qskθ) .............................................................................................................5   Issues for maintenance of shear-plate connections...........................................................................................................................................................................6....... 505   7.....................7   STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SHEAR-PLATE CONNECTORS ...................................................... 508   7.......6.................................500   Example 7.3 System capacity ................................................................Timber Design Handbook 7.....................8.....5.........3   Serviceability of Type 1 coach screwed connections .................................................................516   Timber members ..........................5....................................1   Type 1 bolted connections ......................................................................................7...................................... 481   7.....................................................................518   Dowels .........2   7......................................................5   7............................................2   Characteristic capacity of split-rings (k15 k18 Qk) ....................521   7.............................................................................7.........3   Characteristic system capacity of dowels (Qskθ) ........................................................................................................ 487   Factor for multiple bolts (k17) ...516   Metal fin plates ...............523   SA HB 108—2013 ..............................................4...........................................................................................................2   Strength of Type 1 metal dowelled fin plate connections .................... Access the full version online............................. 484   Capacity factor .............6.........................................517   Holes ............................ 514   7...5   Serviceability of Type 1 fin plate connections ............................................................516   Slots in timber members . 481   Designing and detailing screwed connections .........................................500   7... 507   7......................... 496   Design summary—Bolted Type 1 connections ......................................................................................................................1   Strength of Type 1 shear-plate connections ...................................................................... 510   7..........................493   Spacing of bolts ........................................................................................................... 512   7..................................................495   Washer size ..3...............5   Issues for maintenance of split-ring connections ...............................................................4.................................................................................................................................495   Hole size ....................... 513   7...............................................................................................dowelled connection ....................................6   STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SPLIT-RING CONNECTORS ..................................................................................................................................................................3   Serviceability of Type 1 shear-plate connections ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4..............................................................................................................................................1   Strength of Type 1 split-ring connections ..........................................5   7........................................................................... 489   Type 2 bolted connections ...................................................................................8   STRENGTH OF METAL DOWELS IN TYPE 1 CONNECTIONS ............7...........................7   Geometric details for bolted connections ...................... 520   Example 7........................4   STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS ........................... 7.................4.......................................................4   Limitations on the use of shear-plate connections............... 493   Thickness of elements ............4   Limitations on the use of split-ring connections ............................................................................... 515   7.................................................... 514   7...............................................3............................3............519   Modification factors ..........5   STRENGTH OF COACH SCREWED CONNECTIONS ...............5.......................................497   Design summary—Bolted Type 2 connections ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................484   7......................................................................4   7................................................6   xi Capacity of Type 2 screwed connections ...................................................................... 522   7.....4   Head fixity factor (k16) .....................................................................1   Metal dowelled fin plate connections ......................................6........8..........................519   7...... 510   7......................................................................................................................................................................................2   7......3   Serviceability of Type 1 split-ring connections ......................518   7......................................................................................6.................... 486   Head fixity factor (k16) ........... 505   7.......................................... 522   7............................................. 483   Directionality of bolt strength................ 523   Clamping bolts ......... ................................................. 523   7............................................................9   INJECTED EPOXY STEEL DOWEL CONNECTIONS .............................................................................................................................12   PRACTICE PROBLEMS...................... 531   7........................................................................10.................................... Access the full version online..... 527   7..........................................................................................3   Construction of epoxied dowel connections ...................................7   Design techniques for dowelled fin plate connections ....... 537   7.........................................11   SUMMARY OF CONNECTION CAPACITIES .....................................2   Capacity of epoxied dowel connections ...............................................................13   REFERENCES – CHAPTER 7 .....................1   Load transfer mechanisms in epoxied dowel connections ...............9........................................................................................................... 528   Reducing the risk of failure due to tension perpendicular to grain................... 553   INDEX ...................................2   Calculation problems ................................................. 537   7.................................... 547   APPENDIX C NOTATION ......................................................... 537   7...................................3   Splitting characteristics of structural timbers . 532   7.....................................8...... 526   7....12....1   Short answer problems ............. 525   7........10........................xii Timber Design Handbook 7............................................................................................................ APPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF TIMBER CROSS-SECTIONS ..1   Load transfer in a connection .................................................................9.........................................10...................................2   Tension perpendicular to grain .............................10.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 533   7................................................................ 557   SA HB 108—2013 ....................................10   DETAILING CONNECTIONS ..................................................4   Eccentric loading ............................................. 524   7...........................................................529   7........................................... 527   7........... 543   APPENDIX B DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR SOME COMMON MEMBERS ....................................... 526   7............................................. 541   This is a free 20 page sample........9..........................12........... ....................168   2........76   2.......................................................................................................................................52   1...................................................................................................................................20 Cross laminated timber (CLT) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................165   2......................78   2....................................................................................................................32 Commercial centre building ..........73   2...............16 Loss of section due to fire ...13 Combinations of internal and external pressures ..........11 Building surfaces and nomenclature ....3   1....................................135   2.............................................................25   1....................................................................129   2...........................................................................................................................................................................17 Snow loads example – results ...................................................................................................1 Design process ...152   2........................23 Loads on a structure during its lifetime ..............................................................................................................133   2............2 Cross-section of trunk .............................................................................................................6 Example 3........................16 Snow loads example ...........................................solution ............................................................................................169   3................................2 Loading on floor bearers .............................................................4 Tributary area for a hip rafter in a roof ............................. ............................................................................................................................51   1.........3 Contributing areas on supporting members ...........................................................................................cat ............................. magnified 250 times .........1 .......................103   2..........................28 Design equation for the strength limit state ..............................178   3...............3 Failure characteristics of clear wood and structural timber ............................................................1 ..........................................................15 Fire-rated plasterboard to give fire protection to a timber frame ...................................4   1..................33   1..6 Example 2...............27   1............................17 Plywood..........7 Flow chart for finding strength limit states imposed loads .............................................................183   3........................................................................62   2............................................1 Duration of load effect for members ..................................................................................................................................................117   2.........................................................................9   1.....19   1.church in Perth ........20 Earthquake loads design example .............................................................................................................................................................5   1.............................179   3........................... FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1..............................................................................................floor system ......................................27   1...............9 Terrain and structure height multiplier Mz.......................................................167   2......19 Horizontal force distribution with position in building......................................166   2.......................9 Slope of grain in timber.............................2 Anticipated history of loading on a structural element ........................14 Wind load example .....18   1............7 Nomenclature of timber used in housing .......................................................72   2..................54   2..........................................151   2..........................................................Timber Design Handbook xiii This is a free 20 page sample............................46   1........................................................................................... Access the full version online............................................1 Figure 2.......................................................................101   2...................................................................18 Earthquake response of buildings and static analysis ...........151   2..3 ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Example 2.........................................................12 Wind suctions on a roof at a snapshot in time .............................................4 k6 for seasoned timber by location in Australia .......................................................................................24 Probability distribution of loads on a structure...........................111   2.....8 Wind pressure on a building ..........45   1......................................................................................extension of tension members <AS 1720..............................................................................25 Imposed actions in offices ...............................................................26 Probability distribution of strength of structural elements ...................................................150   2..7 Duration of load effect ....................................1 Trees .......................3 Equilibrium moisture content of timber in service (CSIRO 1983) .....188   3...........................................................................................2> .................capacity of a tension member ...................74   2................10 Knots ................................................................................187   3..................................186   3...121   2................................................................................................10 Wind flow over hills ................149   2...................6 Creep and duration of load effects ........11 Correlation of properties with grading parameters ................................................8 Distortion in timber ..............153   2............12 Derivation of properties from small clears.......................19 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) ..................................................5 Flow chart for capacity of tension members ...................................................................lodge at Cradle Valley...................29 Agricultural demonstration building ....................18 Glulam beams..........5 Orthotropic nature of wood fibre .............................................................................................................................................................13   1.........................................97   2.............................................15 Snow loadings in sub-alpine and alpine regions ......................................50   1........................................194   SA HB 108—2013 .......................33 Ski lodge buildings ...........153   2.........................................131   2................................7   1.....................................123   2.................................................................................................106   2................................... Tasmania ...........................................................................22 Roof truss anchorage example ..........6   1.................................................14 Flow chart for design for durability .............................13 Derivation of properties from in-grade testing ..................................................................108   2.................16   1...........................................27 Overlay of load and strength probability distributions ...............................................104   2....31 Glulam storage area floor beam .............................................21 Earthquake loads design example – results ......................................................4 Cell structure of timber....................................................................................89   2........................................................................................................................30 Office floor members .................................................................... .....293   5...............................................................................................213   4.............................................load sharing ...............................................41 Library floor beam .......................................................................323   5....................................................................330   5................................................................19 Duration of load effect – shortening of compression members ..................................................................11 Lateral torsional buckling ...........................................................................................................................................................344   5...................................................................................................................................................................................................349   5...............22 Different bearing lengths and configurations ...................................227   4..............................................................................................................8 Stress distribution in buckling columns ...........................................................................................27 Radial tension due to curvature of beam axis ...................... ................................................................................6 Failure mechanisms in compression ...............................................346   5......................................................................3 Braced and sway columns ............324   5.................................................236   4............................................31 Taper angle factor ktb — compression at tapered edge ................................................................................................28 Single-tapered straight beam .............................................................................................................................................................224   4..combined and discrete load sharing systems ................................................................................ xiv Timber Design Handbook Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 3..............................18 Shear effects in timber beams ........................................................................................205   3..................This is a free 20 page sample..........................................................................................................38 Shear effects in plywood under in-plane loading ...........40 Bridge over Whiteman Park drain .......................383   5.............296   5.................24 Flow chart for calculation of bearing capacity perpendicular to grain .................................................................................395   SA HB 108—2013 ............................................................................................306   5..................................................................223   4.................................30 Taper angle factor ktb — tension at tapered edge .........................................10 Spacing of intermediate restraints ........................................................................................................................5 Assumption – plane sections remain plane after bending .............................................................................308   5...........................263   4..................................................14 Flow chart for design capacity of compression members ........................................... Access the full version online....................39 Example 5.......................................................................................289   5............19 Splitting at notches in beams..........................278   5.............................248   4....................................................................225   4.............1 Effective/design span ..337   5..............234   4...........13 k12 as a function of slenderness (ρc S) ....23 Bearing at an angle to grain ...................................................269   5....................................214   4...................................................319   5.............................................................16 Flow chart for determining the flexural capacity of beams ......................10 System strength and single member strength ..................304   5........26 Vertically and horizontally laminated beams ...............................301   5..........................................................4 Visualising Euler columns within the lengths of columns to give the effective length.......................................21 Undercroft columns ........207   4..........................................................................................................................................................22 Load-bearing partition .................................................17 Definition of terms – spaced columns ..................309   5....217   4....231   4.....................................220   4...................33 Shape factor ksh.........................................280   5.....25 Flow chart for calculation of bearing capacity at an angle to the grain ...................................2 .............338   5........................................................................................6 Bending strength ..........213   4.................................................................................................................................1 Elastic behaviour of compression members at small loads ......................................................20 Load-bearing stud wall ................................................8 System behaviour .....................................................................................................................20 Flow chart for design shear capacity of bending members ....338   5......................................................................................16 Fabrication of columns with multiple compression elements ...318   5...292   5...............12 Effective length for slenderness calculation...................................15 Example 4...............................13 Slenderness coefficient for beams ............................................................................................................21 Bearing effects at supports and points of concentrated load application ..................................17 Influence lines for shear effects near supports ........335   5..................................393   5..............................394   5..................42 Storage area floor beam ................358   5..7 System behaviour ......................................................................................end details ...............................................................35 Radial stress factor (ktp) ...............333   5.......................291   5.................................................12 Flow chart for finding slenderness of beams ............................5 Compressive capacity versus slenderness ratio ...................................331   5..................................36 Bending of plywood ...........7 Effect of bolt holes on tension members and compression members ......239   4....283   5....288   5............................................................................................210   4..........................................2 Camber in beams ....................................9 System deflection and “average” beam stress .......................34 Minimum radius of curvature for various laminate thicknesses ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................compression capacity .....2 Elastic behaviour of compression members at large loads ..........215   4..........................8 Bridge truss tension member .......................................................233   4......................................328   5............................................................................................317   5...........14 Slenderness coefficient for beams ........................18 Spaced column in Example 4........................................292   5................................................................32 Geometry of apex zone in curved and tapered beams..11 Restraint systems for compression members ................................................9 Tension member from bond store .............................3 Creep behaviour ...332   5..floor joists .............................237   4.......334   5............................................................................................................................................361   5........................265   5...............................................4 Duration of load effects – serviceability .7 ......................................................................1 ....................................................................255   4.342   5....................29 Grain orientation factor ktg for single tapered beams ......................................................................................................................................................................................341   5............................211   4.............15 Slenderness modification factor k12 ..............................9 Critical dimensions for buckling restraint ...37 Shear effects in plywood under out-of-plane loading ......... ...................................430   6..............................11 Example 6.....................36 Tension perpendicular to grain at connections ..................................................7 Typical nail behaviour in timber connections ...........................1 Type 1 and Type 2 connections ........40 Column to beam connection..37 Detailing connections with tension perpendicular to grain ........................27 Bolt location in finished connection ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 Conventions for defining spacing and edge distances of fasteners .....................................503   7.........................................................................................................................446   7............................................................................................2 ....second order effects ................16 Example 6.............524   7.........410   6........18 Typical bolt behaviour in a Type 1 connection .........................................................................................................................................................................................................41 Connection between web members and lower chord in truss .........2 ................................................................15 Critical dimensions in nailed connections.............................................................................................................................................34 Shear transfer in epoxy injected dowels ..........412   6..........................................................................................................................................................................422   6......................................................411   6.........458   7.........1 Examples of combined actions in common building elements ...............................................................437   7.....450   7.................................................................................................................This is a free 20 page sample.........529   7............10 Flow chart for checking the capacity of a beam/column ..453   7.......459   7.........................................13 Buckled shape under varying tensile forces .................5 Number of shear planes in Type 1 connections ..............................515   7..........................................................................................................404   6........................488   7........26 Bolts per row in example ..............39 Truss anchorage strap connections ..24 Determination of number of bolts per row ..................................431   6...6 Minor axis buckling due to axial force and major-axis bending .................................................................................8 Combination of axial effects under bending and axial compression ....................................32 .................................................................................421   6.............................................................525   7..............exposed roof truss ................491   7.............1 ..20 Portal leg ....................15 Flow chart for checking the capacity of bending/tension members ......................................................12 Stress distribution in members under combined bending and tension ..............12 Type 2 nailed connections .............................................30 Dowelled connections with fin plates .....................475   7...................14 Interaction diagram ......22 Deformation characteristics for Type 1 bolted connections..................10 k17 for nailed joints .............................409   6..........................................................33 Concealed structural connections using epoxied steel dowels ......31 Configurations for steel fin plates in metal dowel connections...............................19 Bottom chord of truss ...................517   7..........................................................468   7.................................425   6..........................................538   7...........................................13 In-plane moment resisting nailed connection ............................399   6................................................................................................................483   7......................................................................................................2 Materials combined in timber connections .................................................................3 ............405   6..............................................................2 Amplification of bending moments due to second order effects in a beam/column .......11 Non-linear deflection characteristics for Type 1 nailed connections ........................................................................................ Access the full version online..4 Sway members ........................................................................................23 Type 2 connections ...................................................................449   7.......................................................................................466   7............................462   7............................539   SA HB 108—2013 .................432   7............................................................17 Stair stringer ......424   6..3 Braced members .....419   6.............. ............................................ Timber Design Handbook Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure xv 6...............................................................................................492   7............................8 Nail slip for a double shear/steel plate connection..............................................527   7...................................17 Example of spliced connection ...........................................................................438   7.......................................................................521   7.............504   7.................Second order analysis of pole ................................5 Example 6................................................9 Nail head fixity and restraint .........................................................................................35 Load transfer in connections ...........539   7...................401   6.................................................508   7........................................42 Splice in tension member ................................447   7.....................................................................................................................................21 Transverse restraint in bolted connections ..........413   6.................................................................................14 Thickness of elements in Type 1 nailed connections .....................3 Angle of force to grain direction .......................................................................25 Example 7..............................528   7........................512   7................20 k17 for nailed and bolted connections ..............38 Prevention of transverse restraint in bolted connections .........................................................................................................................................................................................................system capacity of dowels ....................489   7.......................16 Determination of nails per row ..........9 Interaction of major axis bending with major axis buckling under axial loads for a beam/column ..............................................................compression edge of bending/tension member .....................................................................................................................................Example 7..........18 Truss roof member ..............501   7......................................................................................................464   7.....28 Split-ring connectors in Type 1 timber/timber joints ...............................414   6.......................................................486   7.....................................................................................530   7..........................................................499   7...bolted heel joint in truss...........431   6....3 ..406   6........................................................................537   7...........................................................460   7.........................................................................472   7................................................................29 Shear-plate connectors in Type 1 joints ..................19 Angle between force on bolt and grain in timber .....................................................462   7.....4 Number of rows of fasteners in a connection................7 Interaction of minor axis buckling and major axis bending for a beam/column.... .............................................................xvi Timber Design Handbook This is a free 20 page sample......2 Bending moments for different loading diagrams on prismatic beams ...........1 Minimum densities for timber joint groupings ..............................................................................................................................................535   7............................................................................0 with lateral restraint on critical edge ............10 Availability ..........................185   3......................................6 Effective timber thickness in Type 1 bolted connections .11 Design capacity of Type 2 connections ................................................................................4 Common floor imposed actions ............343   5......................................................................................................................................................................................3 Unit weights of common building materials used in timber construction...4 Spacing...................................................254   5..............................................................5 Design k12 for seasoned timber columns ..............24   1..........................................................................................47   1..................................6 Maximum Lay to give k12 = 1..................................................................43   1...................................................................75   2.....35   1.............2 Estimated duration of load for different types of loading ..........2 Duration of load factors for connections ..........................................467   7...................................................................126   2...................................................................65   2..............................................4 Maximum Lay to give k12 = 1..........................6(a) Site sub-soil classes for earthquake actions .....................................................2 Slenderness of columns ....................................................................545   A3 Section properties for sawn timber and LVL ...131   2..................313   5................................................................................340   5...................................................plywood in tension .....................................................8 Guidance for scheduling of maintenance .............................................6 General guide to probable life expectancy ..............................................509   7...........495   7..............................................................................................3 Effective length factor g28 for spaced columns ..................................................................................143   2...............5 Comparison of nail and screw strength properties ...................................................5 Natural durability classification of heartwood of some common Australian timbers – in ground decay ..........2 Duration of load for strength and serviceability limit states .............................................2 Relative strength of structural grades .................................................................................3 In-grade properties for MGP12 compared with those for F8 material ........................................................................6(b) Spectral shape factors (Ch) .........................................5 Maximum LaΦ to give k12 = 1......................11 Size or volume factor kv for tension perpendicular to grain ........1 Ranges of common deflection limits for timber structural elements............................356   5....................1 Spans for various structural systems (Source: Canadian Wood Council..30   1.........................1 Character of loading in strength limit states combinations ...............................................................................................4 Assembly factor and effective area – plywood in compression .......................362   7.......................................314   5............................................................................... TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1....8 Comparison of parameters in bolt capacity with those in split-ring capacity .............................1 Historical stress grades for structural grades ..........................24   1............................47   2.................................................7 CCA treatment by hazard class and natural durability ...........92   2.................................8 Structural response factor ...................................................................0 with CLR on non-critical edge ..................3 Partial seasoning factor k4 for initially unseasoned timber........................5 Earthquake hazard factors (Z) for major centres .............228   4...127   2............... edge and end distances in nailed connections.............................................245   4...........................................................44   1.........3 Geometric parameters used in the evaluation of strength sharing factor k9 .....................................................36   1.......11 Availability ......................12 Assembly factor and section modulus – plywood in bending ...............................456   7....................4 Biological hazard classification .....................................9 Guidance for maintenance of exterior wood finishes .....................................................284   5.......unseasoned hardwoods ............41   1....................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Assembly factor and shear area – plywood in shear .............10 Minimum radius of curvature for cold bending of timber laminates (based on radiata pine) ..295   5...............................10 Estimating 5th percentiles of modulus of elasticity..............253   4................................546   SA HB 108—2013 ...........................0 with CLR on non-critical edge ................................................................9 Geometry at apex of curved and tapered beams .................................314   5.................................229   4.........9 Geometric limitations for connections ....................................................................................1 Effective length factor g13 ...........................................126   2..............................................................................180   3.................... 2005) ................544   A2 Section properties for larger glulam sections ................................................181   3......................162   3........ end and edge distances for bolted connections ....................................................................10 Design capacity of Type 1 connections ........312   5..534   7...................6 Design k12 for unseasoned timber columns ..................................................7 Maximum LaΦ to give k12 = 1.............275   5......................3 Thickness of members in Type 1 nailed joints ................................0 with lateral restraints on critical edge ...........191   4..................................................................................................................................................................336   5.......................346   5.........7 Selection of Earthquake Design Categories .11 Capacity factors for structural timber and connections φ ........................................4 Assembly factor and effective area .....................7 Spacings.........................................................................................................8 Values of grain orientation factor ktg for α ≤ 10°<Table E9> ...........................................................................................83   2....468   7.............................9 Characteristics of structural loads .127   2.................................................................536   A1 Section properties for smaller glulam sections .......seasoned softwoods .....140   2........................................................................439   7................35   1...............................................238   4....................494   7........481   7.............................................................................. Access the full version online............. .................................................................................552   SA HB 108—2013 ......................... Table B1 Typical configurations for beams ........548   Table B2 Typical configurations for truss members .................... Access the full version online..............................................................................................................550   Table B3 Typical configurations for compression members ..............................Timber Design Handbook xvii This is a free 20 page sample.............................. SA HB 108-2013 Timber design handbook Looking for additional Standards? Visit SAI Global Infostore Subscribe to our Free Newsletters about Australian Standards® in Legislation.This is a free preview. Purchase the entire publication at the link below: This is a free 20 page sample. IEC. Standards and Manufacturers Materials Infobase Database of Materials. 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