Handbook on Mushroom Cultivation and Processing (with Dehydration, Preservation and Canning) Author: NIIR board Format: Paperback ISBN: 81-7833-034-2 Code: NI164 Pages: 544 Price: Rs. 1,075.00 US$ 125.00 Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. Usually ships within 5 days Mushroom has been attracting attention of mankind since ancient times and use of mushroom, as food is as old as human civilization. It is very rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. Unfortunately, it is realised that mushrooms did not receive universal acceptance over the years since a number of naturally growing mushrooms are poisonous. Now the situation has been changed because the cultivated edible mushrooms are totally safe for human consumption.n The present book contains cultivation, processing, dehydration, preservation and canning of various species of mushrooms. It is very useful book for agriculturists, researchers, agriculture universities, consultants etc. Contents 1. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS 2. MEDICINAL VALUE OF MUSHROOMS 3. ADVANTAGES OF MUSHROOMS How to Avoid Discomfort While Eating Mushrooms? 4. POISONOUS MUSHROOMS Distinctive Features of Poisonous Mushrooms Symptoms of Mushroom Poisoning How to Avoid Mushroom Poisoning 5. MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS Agaricus Bisporus Volvariella Volvacea Pleurotus Sajor-caju 6. COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF INDIA 7. WHERE AND WHEN TO GO MUSHROOMING 1/13 ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND SHELF-LIFE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) Material and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion 12. CULTIVATION OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM (AGARICUS BISPORUS) Temperature Moisture Ventilation Good Spawn Suitable Growing Space Compost and Methods of Composting Nature and Quality of the Basic Material Organic and Inorganic Supplements Management of the Compost During Composting 2/13 .A BRIEF SURVEY Fungi Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes-Fungi Imperfecti 10.8. OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BUTTON MUSHROOMS Materials and Methods Results and Discussion 14. DELICIOUS RECIPES OF MUSHROOM Mushroom omelette Stuffed Potatoes Mushrooms on Toast Mushroom Soup Mushroom Pakoras Mushroom Pulao Mushroom Pickle 1 Mushroom pickle 2 Mushrooms and Peas Mushrooms and Paneer Mushroom Samosa Liver with Mushroom 11. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Advantages of mushroom cultivation Comparison of nutritive value of mushrooms with other foods Salient features of mushroom cultivation Importance of mushroom cultivation for India Types suitable for cultivation 16. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. HOW TO COLLECT AND IDENTIFY FUNGI Steps in the Description of Macro-and Micro-characteristics of Gill Fungi (Mode of development) 9. COMPOSITION AND FOOD VALUE OF SCLEROTIUM (OSU) AND EDIBLE MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS TUBER-REGIUM) Conclusion 13. EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CARBOHYDRATES OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS Materials and Methods Results and Discussion 15. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI . Long Method Short Method A Compost Fermentation Method by Means of Forced Air Circulation Fermentation Chamber for Compost Formulation of Compost Process of Composting and Fermentation Mechanical composting Loading the Barrel Composting Cycle Spawn and Methods of Spawning Advantages of Grain Spawn Disadvantages of Grain Spawn Methods of Preparation of Grain Spawn Agaricus bisporus Volvariella volvacea Factors Determining the Amount of Spawn Needed Method of Spawing Storage of Spawn Casing Sterilisation of Casing Soil Chemical Sterilisation Time of Casing Cropping and Harvesting Diseases Soft Mildew or Cobweb (Dactylium dendroides) Brown plaster mould (Papulospora byssina) White plaster mould (Scopulariopsis fumicola) Olive green mould (Chaetomium olivacearum) Inky cap (Coprinus lagopus and C. comatus) Green Mould (Trichoderma viride) Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora) Bubble disease (Mycogone perniciosa) Dry Bubble. Brown Spot Disease (Verticillium malthousei or V. psiallistae) Bacterial Blotch (Pseudomonas tolaassi) Virus Diseases Control Insect Pests Sciarids Phorids Spring tails Cecid Mites Nematodes Control Fungidues for Mushroom Diseases Insectides for Mushroom Pets Abnormalities of Mushrooms Rose comb Long stalked mushroom Scaly and cracked mushroom Open Mushrooms Stroma 3/13 . CULTIVATION OF STROPHARIA RUGOSO ANNULATA Cultivation Layout of Beds Production and Planting of Spawn Cropping Harvesting 21. light and aeration Japanese Method 4/13 .Preservation Storage in Fresh Conditions Controlled Atmosphere Preservation by Gamma Radiation Freeze Drying Steeping preservation Dehydration of Mushrooms Canning of Mushroom Do’s and Don’ts of Mushroom Growing Mushroom Farm Design Construction and Insulation Peak Heating Chamber/bulk Chamber/tunnel Initial Consideration/Work Plan Casing Pasteurization Chamber Economically Viable Commercial Button Mushroom Unit Economics Fixed costs Variable Costs Economics of Canned Product 17. CULTIVATION OF FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES Cultivation Spawn Spawning and Cropping 23.) Diseases and Pests Preservation Canning Economics of Production of Paddy Straw Mushroom 19. CULTIVATION OF AURICULARIA SPP. CULTIVATION OF PHOLIOTA NAMEKO Moisture. CULTIVATION OF PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM (VOLVARIELLA SPP. CULTIVATION OF AGARICUS BITORQUIS Harvesting False truffle (Diehliomyces microspora) Control Bacterial Blotch and Pests Control 18. Method of Cultivation Preparation of Spawn Cultivation Economics of Pleurotus Cultivation in Hells on a Small Scale 20. (JEW’S EAR) Laying of logs Cropping yard Bag method cultivation Harvesting 22. CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SPP. ) ex Pers Sphaerobolus Stellatus Tode ex Pers Bovista Nigrescens 5/13 . TYPES OF MUSHROOMS Orange Peel Fungus Aleuria aurantia (Pers. Common (English) Truffle Tuber aestivum Vitt Winter Truffle Tuber Brumale Vitt Elaphomyces Granulatus Fr Common Earth-ball Scleroderma citrinum Pers Pisolithus Arrhizus (Pers.Spawn Inoculation Laying Raising Cropping Taiwan Method of Cultivation Construction of plastic mushroom growing houses Preparation of sawdust medium Bagging and sterilization of medium Inoculation and incubation Fruiting Cropping Mori Ham Song Royse Difference between bag method and log method of cultivation Important factors 24.) Fr Common White Helvella. ex Hook.F. False Morel Helvella Crispa (Scop. Common Morel Morchella esculenta Pers. Fries Summer Truffle.) Th. Gray) Fuckel Sarcosphaera crassa (Santi ex Steudel) Pouz Discina Perlata (Fr.) ex Fr.) Morg Cyathus Striatus (Huds. ex Pers. Amans Morchella Elata Fr Early Morel Verpa bohemica (Krombh. Turban Fungus Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr Lorchel.) Schroet Choiromyces venosus (Fr.) Fuckel Otidea Onotica (Batsch ex S. ex St.) Rauschert Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers. ex Pers Hysterangium Graveolens Velen Anthurus archeri (Berk. Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl ex Fr. Lactarius piperatus (Fr. Bare-toothed Russula Russula vesca Fr.) Fr.) P.) Fr.) Rostk Geastrum triplex Jungh Wood Witch. in Fr. ex Fr. Russula Xerampelina (Schaeff) ex. ex Schw. Str. ex Fr. ex Pers Common Puffball Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.) Fr. Stinking Polecat. (S. Fr. ex Secr. ex Zanted. ex St. F. ex Hook. Gray Lactarius helvus (Fr. Gray Saffron Milk Cap Lactarius deliciosus (L. ex Merat) Fr. Gray Fleecy Milk Cap Lactarius vellereus (Fr. Karst. Russula Olivacea (Schaeff. Common Yellow Russula Russula ochroleuca (Pers. Woolly Milk Cap Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff. Russula Cyanoxantha (Schaeff. ex Fr. Fischer Blackening Russula Russula nigricans (Bull. Boletus cavipes Klotzsch in Fr. Russula Mustelina Fr. Gyroporus castaneus (Bull.) ex Sing. Lactarius volemus (Fr. F. Porphyrellus pseudoscaber (Sect.) S. Russula paludosa Britz Sickener Russula emetica (schaeff. ex.) S.) S.) E.) Fr. 6/13 . F.) Fr.F. Amans) Fr. Grass Green Russula Russula aeruginea Lindbl. ex Pers Giant Puffball Langermannia gigantea (Batsch ex Pers.) ex Fr.Pers. Gray Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr.) Russula integra (L. Cracked Green Russula Russula Virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. Fr. Stinkhorn Phallus impudicus L.) S.) Quel. ex Fr. Kuntze Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw. Boletus Aestivalis (Paulet) ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr.) Sing Boletus Lupinus Fr.Boletus variegatus Bow.) Sut. SS.) Fr. Brown Birch Boletus Krombholziella Scabra (Bull. ex Fr. Devil’s Boletus Boletus satanas Lenz Boletus Impolitus Fr. ex.) R. ex Fr.) Bres Xerocomus parasiticus (Bull. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Karst.) Quel. ex St. Boletus aereus Bull. F.) Quel. Krombholziella Aurantiaca (Bull.) P. Gyrodon lividus (Bull.) S. Maire Krombholziella Rufescens (Konr. Boletus Luridus Schaeff. Amans) Quel Xerocomus subtomentosus (L. Xerocomus porosporus Imler Chalciporus piperatus (Bull. Edible Boletus.) Sut. Suillus placidus (Bonorden) Sing. 7/13 . ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Gray Suillus fluryi Huijsm Suillus granulatus (L. Red-cracked Boletus Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull ex St. Amans) R. Bitter Boletus Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) Sacc Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer Suillus viscidus Fr. Bay Boletus Xerocomus badius (Fr. ex Fr. Cepe Boletus edulis Bull.) O.) Gilb. Fr. Slippery Jack Suillus luteus (L. Romagnesi Red-stalked Boletus Boletus erythropus (Fr. Krombholziella Oxydabilis (Sing. Maire Paxillus involutus (Batsch ex Fr. Xerocomus rubellus (Krombh.) Quel.) Krombh. Clitocybe cerussata (Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm. ex Hook) Cooke Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Kumm. ex St.) Bres. Wett. ex Fr.) Fr. ) Sing.) Fr. Pinewood Wax Cap Hygrophorus Hypothejus (Fr. Miller Ivory Wax Cap Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.) O. ex Fr.) Fr.K.) Kumm.) Kumm.) Kuhner Hygrocybe punicea (Fr. Gomphidius Glutinosus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kumm. Gomphidius Roseus (Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Omphalina epichysium (Pres. Chroogomphus Rutilus (Schaeff. Goat Moth Wax Cap Hygrophorus Cossus (Sow. Lepista nebularis (Batsch ex Fr. ex Fr. Karst.) Sing. Amans) Quel.) Kumm. Clitocybe candicans (Pers. Maire Omphalotus Olearius (DC. Bluette. ex Fr. Blue Leg 8/13 .) Kumm.) Quel.Paxillus Atrotomentosus (Batsch ex Fr. Laccaria amethystina (Huds. ex Fr. Clitocybe geotropa (Bull. Camarophyllus Pratensis (Pers. Hygrocybe nigrescens (Quel.) Harmaja Wood Blewitt. Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.) P.) Kumm. Clitocybe brumalis (Fr. False Chanterelle Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf.) Cooke Clitocybe odora (Bull.) R. ex Fr. Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr. Clitocybe maxima (F. ex Fr. Common Funnel Cap Clitocybe gibba (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. ex Fr. Gerronema chrysophyllum (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr.) Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr.) Pat. ex Fr.) Sacc.) Kumm. ex Fr. Honey Agaric. Tricholoma caligatum (Viv. G.) Kotl. Blue Leg Lepista saeva (Fr.) Kumm. Wood Woolly-foot Collybia Peronata (Bolt. Lyophyllum connatum (Schum. Hohenbuehelia Petaloides (Bull.) Quel.) Kumm. Honey Fungus. Tricholoma Terreum (Schaeff. ex Fr. ex Fr.) Lund. Sulphurous Tricholoma Tricholoma Sulphureum (Bull. Catathelasma imperiale (Fr.) Quel.) Sing. ex Fr.) Schulz. Tricholoma Fulvum (DC. 9/13 . ex Fr.) Kumm. Melanoleuca brevipes (Bull. Russet Shank Collybia Dryophila (Bull.) Orton Tephrocybe atrata (Fr. et Schw.) Quel.) P. ex Fr.) Ricken Tricholoma colossus (Fr. ex Fr.) Donk Giant Clitocybe Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sibth. Greasy Tough Shank Collybia butyracea (Bull.) Sing.) Kumm.) Quel.) Quel. Orton Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff. Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow. Megacollybia Platyphylla (Pers. ex Fr. ex Fr. D. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Tricholoma Vaccinum (Pers. Smith Blewitt. et Pouz.) Kumm. Bluette. Spotted Tough Shank Collybia maculata (Alb.) Sing. Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers. George’s Mushroom Calocybe gambosa (Fr. Tricholoma Portentosum (Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr.) Sing Lyophyllum fumosum (Pers. Shoestring Mushroom Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) W.Lepista nuda (Bull.) Donk St.) Kumm. Tricholoma Columbetta (Fr. et Pouz. Entoloma nidorosum (Fr. Grisette Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Bertillon False Death Cap 10/13 .) Krombh.) Gill.) Gill.) Quel. Death Cap Amanita phalloides (Fr. Nolanea verna (Lundell) Kotl.) Sing. ex Fr. Livid Entoloma Entoloma lividum (Bull. ex Fr. Maire Velvet Shank. ex Fr.) Link Destroying Angel Amanita virosa (Fr. Amans) Quel. ex Fr.) Michael Caesar’s Mushroom.) Fr. Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria (L. Strobilurus Esculentus (Wulf.) Sing. ex St. Mycena rosea (Bull. ex Fr. ex Fr. Fairy Ring Champignon. Scotch Bonnet Marasmius oreades (Bolt. ex Fr. ex Fr.) R.) Kumm. ex Fr. Imperial Mushroom Amanita caesarea (Scop. ex Fr.) Vitt Amanita umbrinolutea Secr.) Moser Volvariella speciosa (Fr. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff. Little Wheel Toadstool Marasmius rotula (Scop. et Dalla Costa Mycena fagetorum (Fr.) Grev.) Fr.Slimy Beech Tuft Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad ex Fr.) Sing.) Kumm. Lilac Mycena Mycena pura (Pers. Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Kumm. ex Fr. Winter Fungus Flammulina velutipes (Curt. Rooting Shank Oudemansiella radicata (Relhan ex Fr. Panther Cap Amanita pantherina (DC.) Hoehn. Fairy Ring Fungus. The Miller Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) Hook Amanita regalis (Fr.) ex Sacc.) Sing. Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch ex Fr. Entoloma hirtipes (Schum. Marasmius scorodonius (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. Lepiota cristata (Alb. F. ex Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm. Common Field Agaric. ex Krombh) Kumm. ex Fr.) Quel. ex Fr. Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Sing. ex Fr.) Fr.) Sing. Agaricus augustus Fr. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr. ex S.) Schummel Amanita spissa (Fr. et Schw. et Schw.) Acker-Sch. Horse Mushroom Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. Glistening Ink Cap Coprinus micaceus (Bull. Shaggy Parasol Macrolepiota rhacodes (Vitt.) Fr. ex Fr. F.) Sing. 11/13 . ex Fr.) Maubl Shaggy Mane. Parasol Mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop ex Fr.) Sing Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff. Agrocybe dura (Bolt. ex Fr. F. ex Fr.) S. Gray Common Ink Cap Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) R. Maire Psathyrella velutina (Pers. Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull. Agrocybe praecox (Pers.Amanita citrina (Schaeff) ex Roques Amanita porphyrea (Alb.) Fr. Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck Horse Agaric.) S. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Meadow Mushroom Agaricus campestris L.) Kumm. Yellow Cow-pat Toadstool Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Opiz Blusher Amanita rubescens (Pers. ex Fr. et Schw. ex Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Gray Agaricus brunnescens Peck Red-staining Agaric Wood Mushroom Agaricus silvaticus (Schaeff. Lawyer’s Wig Coprinus Comatus (Mull.) Maubl Cystoderma cinnabarinum (Alb. Shaggy Cap.) Quel. ex Fr. Gray) Sing. Yellow Stainer Agaricus xanthoderma Genev. Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlow in Murrill Verdigris Agaric Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt. et Smith Tubaria conspersa (Pers. ex Fr. ex Weinm) Kumm.) Kumm.) Sing. Oyster-cap Fungus. Judas’ Ear Hirneola auricula-judae (Bull. Bricktop Mushroom Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr. Fr. Inocybe patouillardii Bres Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Kumm. ex Fr. Brick Red Hypholoma.) Sing Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr. Shaggy Pholiota Pholiota squarrosa (Pers.) Fayod Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) Fr.) Kumm. ex Fr. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Sing.) Sing.) Kumm.) Quel. ex Fr. Inocybe argillacea (Pers. Lentinus Lepideus (Fr. ex St.) P. ex Pers. Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr. ex Fr. GLOSSARY OF BASIC MYCOLOGICAL TERMS 12/13 . Pholiota carbonaria (Fr. ex Fr.) R. Cantharellus tubaeformis Bull.) Ricken Jew’s Ear.) Kumm.) Kumm. Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Sulphur Tuft Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. Hebeloma radicosum (Bull. Witches Butter Tremella mesenterica Retz. ex. Pholiota destruens (Brond) Gill.Stropharia albonitens (Fr. Oyster Fungus. ex Hook. Maire Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff. ex Fr. 25. ex Fr. Yellow Chanterelle Pixie Stool Cantharellus cibarius Fr.) Quel. Inocybe lacera (Fr. Yellow Brain Fungus. Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr. ex Fr. ex Fr. Bricktop. Amans) Berk. Karst. 106-E.org Tue. National Institute of Industrial Research . consultants and consultancy firms as one of the input in their research. Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports. Preparation of Project Profiles and Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Studies. NIIR also publishes varies technology books. New Project Identification. databases. directory.com Website: NIIR. General Guidance. 07 Aug 2007 14:13:46 -0400 13/13 . Kamla Nagar. Market Surveys and Studies. Email: niir@vsnl. Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities.About NIIR National Institute of Industrial Research. Manufacturing Process and or Equipment required. 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Report "Handbook on Mushroom Cultivation and Processing (With Dehydration, Preservation and Canning)"