Calcium ChlorideA Guide to Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Moisture Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table of Contents About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride and Hydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . 8 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Summary . . . . . . It is intended to complement other OxyChem literature on calcium chloride products.oxycalciumchloride. It is not intended to serve as a complete and comprehensive technical reference for the topics presented. 1 . These documents provide information on health and handling precautions. OxyChem publishes and regularly updates Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each calcium chloride product it produces.About This Guide This guide presents information on the physical properties of calcium chloride products from Occidental Chemical Corporation (OxyChem). It is the responsibility of the end user to determine the most appropriate way to apply this information to their specific situation.com. safety guidelines and product status relative to various government regulations. Obtain Material Safety Data Sheets and other product and application information at www. crystallization will occur under certain temperature and concentration conditions. Solubility Although calcium chloride is highly soluble in water at ordinary temperatures. g/cm3 Heat of Fusion (cal/g) (BTU/lb) Heat of Solution(3) in H2O (cal/g) (to infinite dilution) (BTU/lb) Heat of Formation(3) at 25°C (77°F).49 0.6 -176. the temperature of the solution may fall several degrees below the phase boundary without crystallization taking place.32 • CaCl2 2H2O 75. (2) Temperature when dissociation pressure reaches one atmosphere for hydrates.66 219. (3) Negative sign means that heat is evolved (process is exothermic). i. which is typically accurate enough for most purposes. Concentrated solutions of calcium chloride have a marked tendency to supercool. and should not be confused with.3 0.0 -623.e.1 -335.83 39 70 -14.Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride The data in the physical properties tables in this section are laboratory results typical of the products.24 32 58 -96.49 147.16 . Table 1: Properties of CaCl2 Hydrates Property Composition (% CaCl2) Molecular Weight Melting Point(1) (°C) (°F) Boiling Point(2) (°C) (°F) Density at 25°C (77°F).2 31. Commercial grades of calcium chloride. cal/g°C or BTU/lb°F CaCl2 6H2O 50.5 110. Pure calcium chloride.10 0. such as those produced by OxyChem. Note that anhydrous calcium chloride and the lower hydrates release a large amount of heat when dissolved in water (negative values for Heat of Solution).8 -174. These conditions are defined by the phase diagram of the calcium chloride-water system shown in Figure 1.2 -190.20 • CaCl2 100 110.85 21 38 -72. or regarded as. is only available in smaller quantities from chemical reagent supply houses.3 113. kcal/mole Heat of Capacity at 25°C (77°F).02 176 349 174 345 1. The physical properties that have been determined only for pure calcium chloride may be applied to OxyChem commercial-grade calcium chloride products with an error of a few percent. the temperature of the mixture will rise to the limit defined by the phase diagram.71 50 90 17.34 (1) Incongruent melting point for hydrates.3 0. contain other trace elements and impurities. however..28 • CaCl2 H2O 86. specifications. This figure can be used to determine which phases are expected under different temperature and concentration conditions.6 -480.2 -317.5 – – 1. Figure 1: Phase Diagram for CaCl2 -Water System Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride and Hydrates Various physical properties of calcium chloride and its hydrates are listed in Table 1.8 – – 1.8 -131. its hydrates and solutions generally refer to pure material.03 129 187 369 183 361 2.9 85. Crystallization points of commercial calcium chloride brines will differ slightly from those of pure calcium chloride.3 -265.99 773 1424 1935 3515 2.16 61.58 0. 2 • CaCl2 4H2O 60. Literature data on the physical properties of calcium chloride.2 -25.63 183. When crystals finally form in these supercooled solutions.05 45.09 29. 36 9.41 – – – – – – – 40° F 4.Table 2: Solution Density (lbs/gal) at Various Temperatures and Concentrations % CaCl2 2 4 6 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 0° F -17.74 9.83 11.56 11.25 11.17 11.26 10.94 11.84 9.47 11.13 9.90 9.87 9.79 9.09 10.65 10.30 9.09 10.00 11.27 11.60 10.66 11.21 9.85 9.04 10.96 10.12 10.45 10.1° C 8.82 10.33 10.34 – – – – – – – – 30° F -1.47 9.00 9.39 10.24 10.10 9.17 11.67 9.85 10.04 11.18 10.05 11.86 11.30 – – – – – – – – – 10° F -12.56 10.6° C 8.55 9.71 9.90 9.69 11.02 9.70 9.46 9.79 11.04 9.54 10.34 10.56 10.98 11.2° C 8.85 9.03 11.17 10.92 10.27 9.49 10.07 10.93 9.28 – – – – – – – – – 20° F -6.07 11.60 9.65 9.14 10.57 9.59 10.82 9.04 10.35 9.39 10.68 9.30 9.89 9.46 10.51 10.57 9.27 9.20 11.01 11.48 10.10 10.93 11.07 10.53 11.46 11.41 9.49 9.88 10.27 9.50 11.12 10.19 9.69 10.01 9.42 10.82 9.91 11.65 9.44 11.40 10.7° C 8.57 9.12 11.7° C – – – – – 9.21 10.76 9.66 10.75 10.63 10.88 9.09 11.73 10.39 9.84 10.42 11.81 8.13 10.30 11.90 9.22 11.99 11.90 9.78 10.63 10.88 10.49 9.48 11.30 9.65 – – – – 60° F 15.72 8.01 10.22 10.56 8.32 9.58 – – – – – 50° F 10° C 8.26 10.59 10.98 11.18 9.61 11.89 11.15 11.85 10.70 10.79 9.09 10.40 8.15 10.63 11.26 10.28 11.44 9.79 10.33 11.71 8.56 11.34 11.87 9.11 9.74 10.10 11.95 10.19 9.51 9.08 11.48 8.62 10.97 11.24 9.31 11.34 10.32 10.95 90° F 32.38 9.74 8.76 11.28 10.14 11.22 11.15 10.84 9.98 80° F 26.73 9.8° C – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.90 11.99 10.68 10.18 11.62 9.68 9.53 10.30 10.16 9.52 10.37 11.37 9.24 10.63 8.44 10.71 10.53 11.16 10.4° C 8.92 100° F 37.90 9.63 9.43 9.08 11.93 10.51 11.79 9.54 8.21 10.83 10.42 8.41 10.76 9.58 10.1° C – 8.92 11.24 9.05 9.54 9.81 10.40 9.36 11.49 10.16 9.96 9.23 10.59 9.33 9.08 9.40 11.95 11.45 8.05 11.51 9.70 8.73 9.72 – – – 70° F 21.25 10.19 11.79 10.16 9.55 8.71 11.84 8.77 10.59 11.98 10.32 11.04 10.54 9.22 9.65 10.61 10.32 10.87 9.73 10.07 10.01 10.68 10.15 10.71 10.76 10.57 8.06 10.93 10.26 11.46 10.89 10.60 8.81 9.43 11.98 10.01 10.75 8.35 10.02 11.50 10.38 10.95 11.23 11.14 11.14 9.46 9.52 9.20 11.43 9.36 10.87 10.71 9.63 9.19 10.82 9.2° C – – – – – – – – – – 9.08 9.24 11.32 9.86 9.48 9.18 10.99 10.96 10.41 9.90 3 .8° C 8.62 11.69 8.81 11.34 9.65 9.29 10.55 10.60 9.29 10.76 9.66 8.74 9.51 8.25 9.73 11.99 9.43 10.81 10.78 8.01 10.38 11.11 11.12 11.36 10. 009 1.61 8.000 1.287 1. Units at 77°F % CaCl2 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29.39 8.110 1.13 10.84 8.027 1.169 1.369 1.159 1.120 1.322 1.50 10.063 1.310 1.428 1.47 9.Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride Table 3a: Properties for Calcium Chloride Solutions in U.189 1.46 8.334 1.71 9.31 8.06 9.96 241 238 236 234 232 230 228 226 224 222 221 219 217 215 213 211 209 208 206 204 202 201 199 197 196 194 192 190 189 187 186 185 184 182 180 179 177 176 174 173 171 170 168 167 n/a 23.240 1.416 1.S.036 1.149 1.045 1.60 10.838 11.57 11.054 1.80 9.179 1.090 1.77 11.91 8.96 10.99 9.6 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Specific Gravity Density (lbs/gal) Gallons per Solution Ton Gallons per Dry Ton Freeze Point (°F) 1.69 10.22 9.209 1.219 1.294 1.75 10.820 7806 5807 4603 3805 3232 2806 2472 2208 1989 1808 1652 1523 1408 1309 1222 1144 1074 1012 956 905 858 817 777 740 705 674 645 629 618 592 569 546 526 507 488 471 455 439 425 411 398 32 31 30 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 5 2 -1 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 -25 -31 -38 -46 -53 -60 -52 -34 -17 -4 10 20 30 39 48 55 61 65 69 Boiling Point (°F) 212 212 212 213 213 213 213 214 214 214 215 215 215 216 216 217 217 218 219 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 230 230 231 232 233 234 235 238 239 240 240 241 247 249 251 .48 11.38 11.018 1.20 10.76 8.31 9.275 1.54 8.345 1.09 11.79 10.263 1.392 1.139 1.89 10.87 11.55 9.38 9.28 11.88 9.081 1.69 8.228 1.14 9.404 1.100 1.99 11.357 1.129 1.439 8.18 11.63 9.05 10.251 1.67 11.30 10.072 1.199 1.40 10.381 1.298 1. 251 1.110 1.201 19.318 1.345 1.858 13.388 1.018 1.199 1.006 1.205 1.051 1.117 1.404 1.307 9200 8287 7528 6887 6344 5869 5454 5089 4769 4479 4219 3985 3772 3578 3404 3236 3084 2942 2810 2688 2619 2576 2470 2371 2278 2193 2112 2035 1963 1891 1832 1771 1713 1659 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -15 -17 -18 -20 -22 -24 -27 -29 -32 -35 -39 -43 -47 -51 -47 -37 -27 -20 -12 -7 -1 4 9 13 16 18 21 Boiling Point (°C) 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 111 112 112 113 115 115 115 116 116 120 121 122 5 .175 1.439 0.334 1.552 24.042 1.120 1.275 1.424 1.126 1.146 1.000 1.290 1.219 1.294 1.404 49.027 1.Table 3b: Properties for Calcium Chloride Solutions in Metric Units at 25°C % CaCl2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29.693 10.412 1.078 1.097 1.060 1.129 1.435 1003 994 985 977 968 960 951 943 935 928 920 912 903 895 888 880 873 865 858 851 844 837 830 823 817 809 802 794 787 779 775 773 766 759 752 746 739 733 726 720 714 708 702 697 n/a 99.306 1.069 1.261 32.271 1.357 1.045 1.287 1.081 1.209 1.283 1.185 1.428 1.310 1.063 1.215 1.036 1.997 1.240 1.259 1.416 1.341 1.377 1.330 1.165 1.381 1.009 1.024 1.6 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Specific Gravity Density (kg/liter) Liters per 1000 kg Solution Liters per 1000 kg Dry Freeze Point (°C) 1.100 1.033 1.400 1.228 1.136 1.236 1.194 15.054 1.189 1.169 1.107 1.353 1.159 1.477 11.156 1.247 1.365 1.179 1.090 1.149 1.139 1.294 1.195 1.298 1.263 1.072 1.087 1.369 1.322 1.015 1.224 1.392 1. Thus. Calcium chloride solutions will absorb moisture until an equilibrium is reached between the water vapor pressure of the solution and that of the air. At 30°C (85°F). calcium chloride liquid. If the humidity of the air increases. a typical summer temperature. Calcium chloride is both hygroscopic and deliquescent. The saturated solution curve shows the temperature and humidity conditions under which calcium chloride transitions between solid and liquid phases. water evaporates from the solution into the air.Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride Moisture Absorption temperatures. under common ambient conditions. Figure 2 shows the equilibrium water vapor pressure of various forms of calcium chloride at various Figure 2: Vapor Pressure of CaCl2 Vapor Pressure – mmHg 55 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 130 50 120 45 110 40 100 35 30 80 25 70 20 15 60 10 50 +5 40 0 -5 6 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 Vapor Pressure – mmHg 30 35 40 Temperature °F Temperature °C 90 . the water vapor pressure needed to liquefy calcium chloride is 7 mmHg. more moisture is absorbed by the solution. This property makes calcium chloride useful in dehumidification and dust control applications. solid material will absorb moisture from the air until it dissolves. corresponding to 22 percent relative humidity. Since summer humidities are usually higher than 22 percent. flakes or pellets will pick up water from the air and either dilute or dissolve. If it decreases. Figure 3: Surface Tension of Pure CaCl2 Solutions Start percent equals starting concentration of calcium chloride product in decimal form.27 Water absorbed is equal to (0.5 lbs 7 . At the surface. Figure 3 shows the surface tension of pure calcium chloride solutions at 10°C (50°F) and 25°C (77°F). The lower the surface tension.94/0. all the molecules are attracted inward. Surface tension has an important effect on the wetting and penetration abilities of a liquid. It is a result of differences in intermolecular attraction at the surface and in the interior of the liquid. the greater the liquid’s wetting and penetration ability.The rate at which moisture is absorbed by a given quantity of calcium chloride depends on applicationspecific variables that control the degree of contact between the air and the calcium chloride. the attraction is the same in all directions. While it is difficult to estimate the rate at which moisture is absorbed. and on its ability to form emulsions. This may be done with the following formula: Water absorbed=(Start%/End%)-1 Where: Water absorbed equals water absorbed per pound of calcium chloride product. and its ability to form an emulsion.94 From Figure 2. in the interior. it is not difficult to determine the maximum amount of water that can be absorbed per pound of calcium chloride at any given humidity and temperature. Surface Tension Surface tension is the force on the surface of a liquid that tends to diminish the surface area to a minimum. such as surface area and air movement. end percent = approximately 0.27)-1=2. End percent equals ending concentration of calcium chloride in decimal form. This is obtained from Figure 2 at the specified humidity and temperature conditions. Example: How much water can be absorbed from air by 94 percent calcium chloride at 77°F and 70 percent relative humidity? Start percent = 0. 52 1.95 100 0.42 0.8 EITHER BTU/lb °F EITHERcal/g cal/g.82 1. the tendency to flow decreases.45 0.03 0.82 2.01 1.90 1.83 6.57 10 – – 2.73 0.64 15 – 4.34 0. The specific heat of water is approximately one at ordinary temperatures. viscosity values can readily be converted from centipoises to centistokes by dividing the centipoises by the density of the solution in grams per milliliter at the indicated temperature.94 6.15 3.85 1.54 1. Table 4 and Figure 5 show the viscosities of calcium chloride solutions at various temperatures.07 1.75 8.9 –20°C 14 –10°C 13 12 104 20 0.99 25 9.33 1.02 0.53 5 – – 1.47 0.74 2.13 1.79 0.22 0.57 50 – – – – – – – 11.7 0. °C 60 –4 1.62 0. Solutions PERCENT SOLUTION 40 30 20 10 5 Figure 5: Viscosity of Pure CaCl2 Solutions 0 160 320 140 284 120 248 100 80 60 40 212 176 140 68 0 32 SATURATED SOLUTIONS –20 0.35 0.27 30 14. The viscosity of a solution of calcium chloride varies inversely with temperature at constant concentration.5 0.04 5.07 2.68 0.50 8.81 1.17 3.49 0.82 0.77 4.04 3.40 0.22 1.89 1.86 0. Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of a liquid.39 4.52 2.54 40 – – – 11.38 1.43 2.32 4. As viscosity increases.00 45 – – – – – 11.24 70 0.99 3.27 9.54 1.73 35 – – 8. and increases with increasing concentration at constant temperature.39 5.90 4. If desired.77 4.26 0. °F 50 SATURATED SOLUTIONS TEMPERATURE.24 9.°C°Coror Btu/lb.97 1.25 7.40 1.35 0.09 2.07 2.74 0.84 1.28 .77 1.16 0.07 1. It can be expressed either as calories per gram per degree Celsius.28 0.87 3.Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride Specific Heat Viscosity Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise a unit weight of a substance one degree in temperature at either constant pressure or constant volume.39 0.46 2.84 1.48 6.62 4.0 ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY IN CENTIPOISES Figure 9 —4:Specific Heat Heat of Aqueous CaCl2 Figure Specific of Aqueous CaCl2 0°C 10°C 11 20°C 40°C 30°C 50°C 60°C 10 9 8 70°C 7 80°C 6 90°C 5 100°C 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 WEIGHT PERCENT CaCl2 Table 4: Absolute Viscosity in Centipoises of CaCl2 Solutions Temperature.93 0.73 1.51 0.29 1.20 1.42 0.76 20 – 4.55 0.33 2.97 3.57 0.51 0.6 0.45 80 0.67 0.26 5.03 1.72 4.33 4.30 0. or as British thermal units per pound per degree Fahrenheit.70 0.07 0.59 0.46 0.°F 0.35 1.80 8 60 0.68 0. °C Weight % CaCl 2 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 – – 1.49 0.24 1.97 90 0.62 2.50 1.59 0.12 2.30 3.4 15 TEMPERATURE.90 6. and the expressions are numerically equal. The specific heat of aqueous calcium chloride solutions of various concentrations is shown in Figure 4. While not to be construed as specifications. 9 . In addition. key properties are defined and addressed for more in-depth physical property information relevant to the most common applications for calcium chloride. the data in this guide are offered in good faith to improve the understanding of these physical properties relative to the performance and safe and effective use of calcium chloride.Summary This guide provides a more extensive list of typical physical properties than the Material Safety Data Sheet for each OxyChem calcium chloride product. a recommendation to infringe any existing patents or to violate any Federal. and nothing herein shall be construed as. was prepared by technical personnel and is true and accurate to the best of our knowledge. and OxyChem assumes no liability whatsoever for the use of or reliance upon this information. SUITABILITY.For more information or to find an authorized distributor of OxyChem’s calcium chloride products. This information is not intended to be all-inclusive as to the manner and conditions of use. storage. handling. NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. while not guaranteed. State.com Important: The information presented herein. 173-01791-0809P&M .oxycalciumchloride. While our technical personnel will be happy to respond to questions. disposal and other factors that may involve other or additional legal. IS MADE REGARDING PERFORMANCE. please call or visit our website. Form No. safety or performance considerations. OR WARRANTY OR GUARANTY OF ANY OTHER KIND. environmental. (888) 293-2336 www. SAFETY. STABILITY OR OTHERWISE. EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. local or foreign laws. safe handling and use of the product remains the responsibility of the customer. No suggestions for use are intended as.