Grueber and Dorville's Journey Across Tibet

Grueber and Dorville's Journey across Tibet Reviewed work(s): Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 24, No. 6 (Dec., 1904), pp. 663-670 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1776258 . Accessed: 10/03/2013 13:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions * Skottsberg. is the purpose of great discrepancies. Here. MacDonaldand Heard islands. 2. The object of the present study is to vindicate for the German. he went on a real geographicalmission." t Since this was written. the different parts of Wilkes Land. pyrifera. Although a Jesuit.I learn that the ScottishExpeditionhas reportedtliree mosses. Chatham. but which has certainly not hitherto been conceded to him. calcareous algaeform an importantpart of the vegetation. dated from Surat (India).Auckland. Victoria Land with Balleny islands.six lichens. the place to which he seems entitled in the history of geographical progress. The chief difficulty in reconstructingthe journey lies in the fact that these scanty materials present to reconcile which. and has been forced to retire into the small basins. GRUEBERAND DORVILLE'S JOURNEYACROSSTIBET. especially the Desmarestias. The extension of the Austral and Antarctic zones into the Indian and Pacific oceans has not been referredto here. as Odorico de Pordenone's journey shortly before1330 can scarcelybe called in doubt. and Alexander Land with the Biscoe islands. Prince Edward and Crozot islands. 5.No. but not Macrocystis.ACROSS TIBET. as well as to the circumpolarextension of Austral vegetation.1903. This content downloaded on Sun.* It would be interesting to know if it also lives round the South Sandwich islands. Herr R. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . Athanasius Kircher. a Latin reportof the Jesuit. As botanicallyAntarcticlands we perhaps ought to consider Enderbyand Kemp Land. Tronnier contributes a monographon the journey made in 1661 acrossTibet by the Jesuits. Authentic documents referring to the journey are not very numerous. To this question. The vegetation of the beach is influenced in its characterby the ice-floes always grinding against the stones. floating when torn off from the bottom).-I. Giant algae are not at all wanting. But he is the first who broughtback with him a genuine recordof the land and its people.Macquarie.the Falklatd islands. more or less limits it. Austral lands are Bouvet inland. Campbell. No. To the Berlin Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiur Erdkunde for 1904.but I should think not. The northern limit of Austral vegetation seems to me difficult to define.Johannes Grueber. he did not go to Lhasa as a missionarylike his precursor andhis immediate successors. I think that the 40? S. The Antarctic vegetationis characterizedby the total absence of a type with floating fronds(except the Marginaria jaquinoti (Mont. They comprisefive of Grueber'sletters. Johannes Grueberand Albert de Dorville. where the ice-floes cannot come. a route which at the time was supposedto be still untrodden. March 7. Subjoinedis a summaryof the results.. and Emeraldislands. imposed by the necessity of finding a new home route to Europe. The earliest extant. Such a type would be quite inconsistent with the ice-conditions. and lastly a long Italian " Relazione" by an uncertainauthor.t Other characteristic algaeare the Lessonias. Notiser.)."Nagraord om Macrocystis Bot.but in a greater depth. Grueber's Letters. Kerguelen. this essay. I shall return anothertime.and somealgsefromthe South Orkneys. of coursewith some deviations to the north or south. where at all possible. I do not know if the Scottish South PolarExpeditionhas found the Macrocystisin the South Orkneys. AND DORVILLE'S GRUEBER JOURNEY 663 the coasts of Tierradel Fuego. He is certainly not the first European that crossed Tibet. as in more northern shores. New Zealand and Antipode. and South Georgia. after starting on his second journey.' is made to both underNos.-This is the generallycurrentform.areauthentic. III. ACROSS GRUEBER AND DORVILLE'S JOURNEY 1658. 1658) to sail in an English vessel for Macao. and receivedinto Austrian-German. 1641. Jes. Father John Haffenecker.' pars. 222 sq. owing to local troubles. 'Catalogus Patrum Soc. (pp.but. and here it will suffice to give the main result. occurs first in the collection 'Der Neue Welt-Bott' (Augsburg and Graetz. herce apparentlyabout the beginning of 1664. like all the rest. and Ormuz to Surat. Couplet.. the order October 13.) as formerassociateof P. No. In 1661 he was sent back to Europewith Grueber. rectorof the Jesuits' Collegeand University of Graetzin Styria. although called Alb. IV.. 1664..664 TIBET. from Venice to Kircher. IT. 1892. FerdinandVerbiest. It contains a copy of another undated letter from P. s. 39) and 81 (p. where he stayed at least ten months.. iv. (2) On (1686). As far as known. went to China as a missionary in 1656. theque Paris.'but apparently not in all editions. III. iii. 1668.' and also in the ' Catalogus. which.and addressedto the Rev.but was sent to P. Johannes Grueber (1623-1684).-The origin of this document will be explained in our biographical notice. ' Illustrata. cit. 1623. is dated May 10. pp. 74 (p. which. 64-77). and in December. and V. It occursat least seven times in Kircher's' Chira lllustrata." pictureof the line of march. are replies to a distinguished acquaintance of unknown name and address.Armenia. 1666 (New Style). He was an bornat Linz. in Breslau on March14.did not reach Chinatill 1659. in Thevenot's'Divers Voyages Curieux. Grueber's interview with the two Italians took place. II.on all kind of things connected with the journey. IV. and cap. Joannes Gamans. Grueber of the orderin Chinaand editor of the 'Novus Atlas MartinusMartini. V. the route followed being from Rome through Asia Minor. cap. GiovanniGruebertornandoper terrada Chinain Europa.1657. follows a now lost short communicationto the same address. while the Latin is Gruberus. V. ? 2. It is scarcely surprisingthat errors should occur in a narrative written down after a conversationof several hours'duration. is written in German. Here is also given a route-map.1667). on the Danube. It is by far the most importantof all his letters on his journey through Tibet.). which Grueberhad receivedin Singanfu after his departurefrom Pekin (1661). The Relazione was first printed by Thevenot (op.' He was bornin Belgium (date of birth unknown).in Florenceon January 30. Letter I. presents a very confused a "Carta Geodoborica.-This is undoubtedlyhis correct name. The second. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .procurator Sinensis' (1655). 1664. where he laboured as a mentionshim (Letter II. 1662). 34.' For the lives of both travellers two documents have been brought to light. missionaryin Shansi.J. The Italian 1Relazione. wherereference in ' BiblioGrueberalone valuable informationis suppliedby Carlos Sommervogel Partie: de de la " Bibliographie Compagnie Jesus' (Premiere "). he intended in a few days (counting from March7.October28. is found in Kircher's 'China Illustrata' (Amsterdam. and went in 1657 to China. which. however.). vol. iii.but next year succumbedto the hardshipsof the journeyin Agra. though short. 1726).though the ' Catalogus' write Greuber(for Griiber ?). observed a lunareclipse with a view to fixing a longitude(Letter III. in Aschaffenburgfrom Rome shortly before starting on his second journey. (1) Ph. hence it can only be accepted with a certainreserve. From MacaoGrueberwas summonedas mathematicalassistant to the court of This content downloaded on Sun. was written in Danzig on December11. Accordingto Letter I. (Brussels. and is undated. Albertde Dorville (ob. 43).) as the 'Viaggio del P.Persia. IV. is in Latin. ii.. de Bonville by Grueberin his Letter II. the two Jesuits were instructed to discover. as above seen. As Macaowas just then being blockadedby the Dutch. From Pekin to Sining. At the time of the interview he was still under orders to return to China.who informed him that news had just come in fromthe Grand Duke of Moscowthat the road to Astrakhan was blocked by the Tatars.on the conditionthat everything was to be includedin one volume. first of the Manchu dynasty. 1665 Old Style = 1666. as stated by Grueber in Letter II." Hence Astley's "he left Peking in the month of June. he went to Mitau. where he met many English and Dutch traders.-Our travellers left Pekin on April 13.where he embarked.). mense Junio.and returned through Breslau to Vienna. and credencemust be given to the statement of the 'Catalogus' that Grueberdied in 1684.he went from Agra in seven days to Teli (Delhi). Markhamstates that "Grueber died in 1665 on his way back to China. who had been stationed for nine years in Delhi. 1661) of the emperorShunchi.and on May 10. cf. Accordingto the Relazione. After a short delay. 1904. 1664) at Danzig.at that time allies of Polandagainst Russia (Letter V. whence they made their way throughLhasa to Agra.and thence to Multan.where he took ship for Messinaand Rome." All agree that Singan was reachedin thirty days. Grueber was recalled"to receive instructions from the G(eneralof the Orderat Rome" (Markham). CountLesle (Lesly) to Constantinople.de Dorville being chosen to accompanyhim on the returnjourney. near Riga. and Sining in another thirty days. but continued the homeward journey with HenricusRoth. Little more is known of the life of Grueber.such as was supposed at that time to have never yet been opened. returnedby sea to Leghornfor Florence. VI. striking the old overlandroute eastwards. But here he suddenly fell ill." referring"mense Junio " to " ex Pequino" instead of to "confecerunt iter. Soon afterGrueberwas orderedto returnto China. Here he had a long interview with Carlo Dati and the author of the Italian Relazioneon January 30. The travellers now left Pekin for Singanfuand Siningfu. ACRoss TIBET. 1666. But even so this date cannot be accepted. (December 11. thence in fourteen and in forty days reached days to Lahore.JOURNEY ACROSS AND DORVILLE'S TIBET. evidently on his way to Vienna. was written at the earliest four or five days after the travellers had left Pekin. After writing Letter IV. which. Here he handed his memoranda to Kircherfor publication.-DECEMBER. quod Hoang vocant. in Siganfutriginta dierumet hinc Sining sive Sininfu. so that the section of the journey in China proper took altogether two months. "Ex Pequino itaque hi Patres anno 1661.)." Kircher writes in his barbarousLatin. being unable to continue his journey.: "Discessi e Sinis Pequino 13 Aprilis 1661. where he held this position for two years (1659-1661)." the date borneby this document. but in Germany. transito. as this time he was to take the overlandroute through Russia to China.] 2x This content downloaded on Sun. Grueber had thereforeto give up his project. After the death (February. since here Grueberreceived the above-mentioned letter from P. totidem fere dierum decursu transacto bis croceo flumine. which answers within a day to the " 31 Gennajo 1665 al Incarnatione.some shorteroverlandroute to Europe. From Ormuz he again followed the main highway to Smyrna. 1661. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .if possible. the court of the Duke of Courland. he was already in Venice (Letter III. GRUEBER 665 Pekin.but does not appear to have done so. Verbiest. 1664. Here Grueberlost his fellow-traveller(see above). whence he accompanied the with the intention of again emperor'senvoy. also the address: No. he continued the journey by land through Maccaran (Mekran) and Cape Caramania (Kirman) to Cape Jax (Jask) and Ormuz. In Singan they probably stopped a few days."that is. confecerunt iter. not on his way East. Tata at the head of the Indus delta. as shown by the contents. New Style. and. as we shall see. and traverses the Tsaidam plain to Dsun-Sassak. . Supplement. P. hence the somewhat full description of this important mart and its surroundings.-"A Sining trimestri spatio per Kalmack Tartariae desertam. with the determination of its latitude. "Ad Gruberum in Singanfu commorantem. Kokonor dunque significa in lingua Tartara Mar grande.. one line.Relazione.' (Letter Inde (Sin". e quella attraversata in tre giorni arrivato alle spiagge di Kok6nor. e finalmente nel Regno detto propriamente Barantola. as above." Thus the Chinese section would be 14 . . and three. In order the better to understand which of these routes was actually taken. This second road runs from Sining west to the Kuku-Nor. Tertio mense attigimus regnum Baranateka . paese di Tangut arrivo in Retink. statim vastissimum illud desertum Kalmack.. . the stay in both cities should be estimated altogether at one month. For the whole journey from Pekin to Lhasa they allow six months. the other trending first westwards along their foot... Here it ramifies..) eleven months "after leaving China. and south of the Tanla range joins the other route. Questo e un mare simile al Caspio di donde ha l'origine il flume Giallo . 2. they must have waited some time for a suitable caravan. .666 GRUEBER AND DORVILIE'S JOURNEY ACROSS TIBET. e un' uomo a cavallo lo passa francamente a Quindi inoltratosi nel guado.-With Sining begins the most interesting. usque ad initium Regni Lassa quod et Barantola Tartari vocant. crossing the headwaters of the river. from Pekin to Sining. . from Sining to Lhasa. as it is called on Sven Hedin's large map (Peterrmanns Mitt. one branch immediately surmounting the ranges in a south-west direction. provincia assai popolata del Regno di Barantola. for us. . P. One. . . the least-known section of the journey. leaving one for the delays in China proper. According to Peschel and Markham. the two en route and the one of detention. crosses the south Kuku-Nor range. but at the same time. leads from Sining south-westwards straight to the large lacustrine sources of the Hoang-ho. crosses the Di-chu at Tatsando. here are juxtaposed the pertinent passages from the extant documentsGrueber II.. and unless it be a simple error it may have been arrived at cn the following calculation. again." In Sining... the "old" highway.-" Essendo egli di China entrato nelle arene della Tartaria deserta.. dalle rive del quale successivamente discostandosi il Padre entro in terra Toktokai . Per questa terra passa il fiume Toktokai da cui prende il nome. amongst them the Toktonai-ulan-muren. 1900). fourteen months. . P. But this six months is nowhere clearly given. se non che ha pochissimo fondo. joins the west route. ingressi. Kircher gives. statim rivum piscibus refertum obviam invenerunt.-Egressi itaque hanc stupendi muri vastitatem dicti Patres. From this place to Lhasa there are two main routes. . as seen. At the confluence of the Napchitai-ulan-muren with the Murussu (Di-chu) the east branch again ramifies. From Siinng to Lhasa.. although the reference to the Great Wall is not very clear. skirts it north and south. pervenerunt. transito quoque flumine croceo (Hoang) extra muros. of which two.11 = 3 months. that is." TheItal. bellissimo flume e sull' andare del Danubio. 65. 131. ." Kircher Illustrata (" China "). ." This content downloaded on Sun. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . as the duration of the whole journey from Pekin to Agra.. ing) egressus transivi trium mensium spatio Tartariam adeo desertam . Both branches again lnite south of the Tanla range. and then bending southwards. 67.ad Barantole Regnum usque trimestri spatio confecerunt. while the other at once crosses the Murussu and continues to run east of the river. and Grueber (Letter III. and then follow the same track as the first route all the way to Lhasa.). . the statement gives us a first safe standpoint. as here begins the above-mentioned forking. and also beyond the " wall" crossed the Hoang to enter the "Kalmack desert" (?). Although these statements are wrong. But this would again be scarcely admissible." but the " Blue. On the other hand. n'est que de 3 mois. (2) it cannot be comparedwith the Caspian. (3) nor is it the source of the "Fiume Giallo" (Hoang-ho).v.not on the south side. AND DORVILLE'S JOURNEY GRUEBER 667 A comparisonof these records shows clearly that the section between Sining and Lhasa took about three months. On the other hand. The alleged second crossingof the Hoang-hocan fit in with the "old " route only by taking "extra muros" in a very wide sense. Still.and. 1716-22). was above seen that this river is crossedby one caravanroute west of the Murussu.cannot be taken absolutely. 167)." This.which is here60 to 80 metres wide. and had thus no opportunityof correctinghis mistake regardingthe Hoangho. Accordingto the Relazione-the other records are silent-the travellers now entered the Toktokai district. Martin s. the Toktonai-ulan-muren 20 to 30 metreswide at its junction with'the Murassu. p. Then the further section as far as Dsun-sassak can be anticipated. as such details cannot have droppedfrom the clouds." lake. But at Dsun-sassakfresh difficultiesarise. which occursin the Nouveau Journal Asiatique (Paris. 130: "De Lhasa a Sining il y a deux routes. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . accordingto Stieler's latest map. it cannot be accepted. It Toktonai-ulan-muren. viii. where. and placing the crossingsomewherebetween the Oringand the Charing-nor. we must still assume that they were obtainedby the author of the Relazionefrom Grueber.the travellers.ACROSS TIBET. Our travellers' itinerarywould thus coincide here with that of Hue and Gabet (1845-46). Then they reached Barantola (Lhasa) through the Toktokai district and the provinceof Retink. while Kircher tells us that just bejond the " wall" they came upon a river aboundingin fish. it may presumablybe inferredthat Grueberskirted the Kuku-nor. and it may even be inferredthat the " old " road was alreadyat that time little used. Yangtse). Where is this district to be sought ? Markhamand von Richthofenpoint out that one of the headwatersor left tributaries of the upper Yangtse(Murussa) is the which might perhaps be brought into this connection. p. traversed the Tartar desert to the Kuku-nor in three days. elle est plus a l'ouest et au nord. Why did Grueberand his editor Kircher pass these things over in silence? But.since the " Kalmack desert" is not entered till after that crossing. l'autre par le desert. All this points to the western as the more probableroute. statements which are duly entered on his hopelessly confused " route-map. Grueber'sToktokai is spoken of as a very x 2 This content downloaded on Sun. L'une.. passe par des pays inhabites. et coupe le desert en droiture. Only then three points will have to be rectified: (1) Kuku-nordoes not mean the "Great. de 4 mois.is laid down on the maps. vol. But.for instance."but must remain unintelligible to us. Nor will any one infer anything in fav6urof the "old" route from his statement regarding a "lacustrine source" of the Hoang-ho. But Grueber says too little. of course. since the caravansmove at very differentrates of speed. 1876.after leaving China. This of itself may be importantwhen taken in connectionwith the following passage from P. but fordable. however tempting the conjecture. they still show that Grueberwas aware that the river trended a long way to the west from Lanchau. which is about a hundred times larger. but on the north side.1831). who also followed the north side of Kuku-nor. the main highway runs. Desideri (Lhasa.of the Kuku-norand of the Koktokai river. According to is only Prjevalski (quoted by St. supposedto be so named from the Toktokai river. the Relazione here giving relatively ample descriptions. indeed. And Prjevalski tells that caravans even still take the north side of the lake (PetermannsMitt. In the much fuller Relazione. plate i.and thus gains the Tanla range. Von Richthofenrightly assumesthat the breadthhere meant is that of the Danube at Linz.668 ORUEBER AND DORVILLE'S ACROSS JOURNEY TIBET. The very rough passes over the Burkhanbudda. Grueberutilized the delay to fix the latitude of Lhasa.-Four days out from Lhasa our travellers reached the very high "Langur" range. they still took nearly a month to reach Cut(h)i. where they couldhardlybreathefrom the rarefied dangerof being poisonedby the effluviaof certain plants. and take sketches of the natives. Hence Markham supposesthat in this instanceit has been extended to the tableland northof Lhasa. Grueberuses both the native name Lhasa and the Tatar (Mongol) Barantola. residenceof the Dalai Lama [Pota-la]. fine river.). and the "Burg Bietala " (Kircher. could just as well have been surmountedby our travellers as they were later by Hue and Gabet and Prjevalski. that is. ten times that of the Toktonai. owing to the severe climate.they had now to look roundfor anotherdestined for India. the caravansbegin to break up into small scattered groups. where. The term"Tangut" is usually restricted to the Kuku-norregion.). K.. while in any case its great breadth did not permit of any great depth.-For the capital of Tibet. From Lhasa to Agra.where the bridgeis about 200 metres longthat is. while Kircher and Markham give them two months. which Kircher wrongly connects with the Paropamisus of the ancients. Nor does one quite see why a large province should be called after a small river. broadas the Danube. breadthof the river-bed (of course. Perhapsthe one and the two are to be taken as roundnumbers. Perhaps it might be equally correct simply to reveise the sequence of the two names Toktokai and Tangut. Equally strong reasons for the westerly track it would be impossible to adduce from the scanty extant records. and were in constant atmosphere. Barantola included. it follows that our travellers reached the river at a time when the summerhigh water (June to July) was alreadyover." Letter II. Kircher even applies the name to the whole of east Tibet. The Relazionebrings the travellers from the Toktokai district through Tangut to the thickly peopledprovinceof Retink. and with MarcoPolo's Bolar. The pundit A. Beyond the Murussu.and beyond it the converging point (Nap-chu) of all the roadsleading south. 74). the north-eastcornerof Tibet. Crossing this terrible range. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . That this last was really meant seems almost certain from these and further considerations. It is not quite clear how long this took them.although (at that season) easily fordableon horseback.and its breadth was that of Prjevalski's smaller figure. or the central mainstream(Murussu)itself. In Lhasa. once gives the alternative name "Thokto " to the upper Murussu (Petermanns Mitt. leading to where the Murussuwas certainly forded(see above). In Stieler's old " Langur" certainly occurs.the wayfarertraverses the broadplateau about midway between the river and the " old " route. or why Gruebershould not have mentioned the more northerly and much more important Napchitai-ulan-muren. At this point Sven Hedin's map (see above) describesit thus: Main branch 214 metres. as Grueberspeaks only of a month (" in hac civitate sumus morati uno mense. But as the streamwas easily fordableon horseback. while Grueber'sstatement as to the breadth of the river agrees remarkably well with that given by Prjevalski for the Murussu (Di-chu) at the Napchitai-ulan-murenconfluence-that is. only the Iange is placed too far from atlas the name This content downloaded on Sun. the temples. 1885. and Bayan-Khara-ularanges. Grueber'sbirthplace. As this was the terminus of the caravanwith which they had hitherto travelled.at summerhigh water)about 1600 metres. just where it is crossed by the main easterly track (the 1873 journey). Shuga. the first city in " Necbal " (Nepal). * . {f270 270 36' (St. This content downloaded on Sun. Martin). The pundit of 1867 tells us (Petermanns Mitt. 1250 17'.1880). 25 35' (Indian Survey). Agra . Sining . . Martin).. From Hedonda Kircher brings them in eight days to Mutgari (Markham'sMotihari). Patna Benares . as stated by Grueberin Letter II. instead of 78? 2' (St. . and as the start was made on April 13.. and has often been described. . Here they had a friendly welcome from the king. where de Dorville died (see above).. beforeGrueber'sown observations. are the somewhat numerous determinations of latitude which were made by Grueber en route... 36? 39' 20" (Jesuits. . Here follow the latitude and longitude (E. Although pretty accurate. from the comparativefigures given below.1884-6)..1662. Patna . and thence in six days to the double capital of Nepal. a station of the Moranga state.. E. 44' 2 . 18' 33" (Observatory).. Place. instead of 77? 12' (St. Easton. maps of Asia (Paris. 75? 41' 29" 74? 52' 8" the longitude east of Greenwich would be for Accordingto Grueber-Busaeus. Martin).. on the upperBrahmaputra(Sanpo). ... GRUEBER AND DORVILLE'S 669 Lhasa to be reachedin four days. 1708-9 ?). Latitude. They thereforefollowed the great highway..... but only straw huts and a royal custom-house. are too low by from 24' to 53'..... Agra 76? 34'. Martin). of Rome).were studied amongst others. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . Surat. Katmandu-Pattan.. of Paris (St. or say... 36? 37' 15" (Potanin... Long.. .. Martin). 24250 \ 27? 26' (Pundit). Place. the whole journey between Pekin and Agra lasted just about eleven months. . publishedbut not utilized by Kircher. .and thence in ten days to Battana (Patna)... E.. 29? 39' 17" (Pundit. Martin.. 76? 54'. Latitude(Grueber). partly calculated by P. From Kuti they went by one of the most difficult roads in the world (Markham)to Nesti in five days..-Of special interest to geographers. G. 36? 10' 29? 6' 5 9 270 26? 36' 24. 260 43' 280 39' 21? 10' 4h 16m 16s = 64? 4' Lost..... de l'Isle and Nolin for their by later European cartographers.. r Long. . 240 50' Benares .the first city of the Moghul. whom Gruebergreatly astonished with the wondersof a little telescopewhich he gave him. 36? 33' 32" (St. 1875. . Thence eight days brought them to Benares. it will be seen.. Delhi. and seven to Agra. HenricusBusaeusfrom Letter III.. on the Ganges. From Nepal five days (Kircher) took them to Hedonda. . 150) that the people of Nepal call all snowy peaks Langur. All these data. 1700 and 1704).. 1661 (see above). i250 37' 15" (St. Later determinations.. roughly.owing perhaps to defective instruments.and it is evident from all the circumstances that here Langur simply means the Himalayas. Katmandu Hedonda . that all his determinations. for Delhi. . which state they traversed in five days.. meeting no towns. by a mean of half a degree. AstronomicObservations. Martin)... of Rome.. which leads from Katmandu to Shigatse. crossing the river at Minapor (Markham'sDinapur). 41' 28" (Pundit).JOURNEY ACROSS TIBET. This place was reached about the middle of March. Lhasa . St. .. eleven to Ca(ta)mpur... To obviate these defects Prof.as will be seen by a glance at Fig. Figs. Futterer and other recent observers. thus. its enormous exaggerationof the land areas in high latitudes rendersit unsuited for most other purposes. telegraphcables. B. and other natural phenomena. C.. "With regardto the Chinese and Tarters. of the Earth. Tn order to obtain the average general distributionof errorsof area and angle to the best advantage. A projectionhas recently been constructedand patentedby Mr. VAN DER GRINTEN'SPROJECTION. instead so as to include the whole equatorialcircumference of there being 90? on either side of the'central meridian. The parallelsof latitude and meridiansare contained in a circle. 10 Mar 2013 13:21:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . On other materials supplied by Grueber. are the well-known Mercator'sprojection. 4.of Chicago. as well as related others in a differentmanner. Mollweide in 1805. as in ordinarycircularprojections.etc. in high latitudes. The straight line representingthe equator. Whilst the former is admirably adapted for marine charts.the areaof which is equal to the surfaceof a globe of half the diameter. Astley wrote about 1745. By E.and certainly steamertracks.000 miles.670 VAN DER GRINTEN'S PROJECTION.oceaniccirculation. His actual wanderingsmay be roughly estimated at a total length of some 25. but in preservingthe correct relation between the areashe was compelled to sacrificeconfigurationand angular measurement. In this the angles of interof the section between the parallels and meridians.the parallelsof latitude increase rapidly soon after leaving the equator. Mollweide drew his elliptical projection. van derGrinten." His ethnologicaldescriptionsand sketches of Tartars(Mongols)and Tibetans agree fairly well with those of K. AlphonsJ.instead is divided into 360?.can. or about the circumference of the globe. and the points where each of these intersects the central meridianand that forming the circumference of the map or plane of projectionis obtainedby the formule-1 +c -c 2 c whered represents the distance of any parallel from the equator on the central This content downloaded on Sun. or marginalmeridian. The drawbackto all such projections.and a full descriptionof this is given in Petermanns Geographischte Mitteilungenfor July last. REEVES.Grueberhas explained some things more fully than other authors have done.either in the area or configuration of the land. as a rule.and which can be seen in many atlases.and the general configuration land. A. 1 and 2 give a generalidea of this projection and its construction. of being divided into 180?.however.isothermaland isobaric geographical lines. The two projections of this kind which are most familiar.there are 180?. are preservedat the expense of greatly exaggeratedareas and distancesas the equatoris left. and the Elliptical Equivalent projection invented by Prof. can be followed far more readily when laid down upon a map of the whole Earth than when shown on a projectionthat necessitates the breakingup of the lines into sections.is the necessarygreat distortion. be much better shown on some such projection. can be no doubt that for certain purposesit is an advantage to represent THERE the whole surfaceof the Earth on one plane instead of by two hemispheres.of whichthe objectis to strike a meanbetweenthe projections of Mercatorand Mollweide. The distributionof population. Documents Similar To Grueber and Dorville's Journey Across TibetSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nexthardcoreinvestments.com Outlook On Greenlands ProsperityEssential Image Processing 124OrthoEngine_CourseGuide_2013Petrol 10Mapping Social Data With Arc GisPalaeontological StudiesKGFVY-7733B-8WCK9-KTG64-BC7D8History & Descriptionsoil report - isaac staceysyllabus-mepcoGeology of NepalABSTRACT.docxCartographyGeomatica_2015_ATCOROrthographic PptGeology of NepalMountain Ranges in India GL of Sri Gunakar on CD WorksHuman GeographyAmazonian ForestResume Full Apan 02january20152.5Third_angle_projection.pdf050105，050674124，崔翀NaoNCERT Class 12 Geography Part 1Natural Resource Monitoring in AfricaSpatial Data Acquisition – Specific TheoryScaling Issues With Social Data in Integrated Assessment ModelingFloodRocas Metamorficas del EcuadorMore From u2go4himSkip carouselcarousel previouscarousel next22110365-Stewardship-Study-Bible-Excerpt.pdfIndia-China. 6th DLTestamentDie 5 Dimensionen Ihrer Wohnung- Simplify.deWiki.desideriBeautifuloneMarriage Makeover eBook46346042-Bold-Love-Max-Lucado.pdfWerner Liegl - Christen in Asien 2Training Journal 11 2013-12Löcher in Der Seele StopfenTibetan Declaration of Independenceaa.1966.68.5.02a00050Quellenangaben Wissenschaftliche ArbeitenRehberger, R.Duerrenmatt, Friedrich - Die PhysikerFlu Ch Des Schwarzen PharaoNewsletter 8-4-2013Bonisaimpact eternity.pdfah_ih_rulesGiants Foxes Etcchurch efficiancy.pdfchops-stress-inventory-ok-for-ethne-web.pdfMillsJIATS 03 2007-Libregiants-foxes-etc.pdfmissionorgs.pdfLG09 TB02 Lehren Auszugcentral_asia.pdfMayer, Robert - Pelliot Tibetain 349. a Dunhuang Tibetan Text on Rdo Rje Phur Pa (JIABS, 27,1 - 2004)Footer MenuBack To TopAboutAbout ScribdPressOur blogJoin our team!Contact UsJoin todayInvite FriendsGiftsLegalTermsPrivacyCopyrightSupportHelp / FAQAccessibilityPurchase helpAdChoicesPublishersSocial MediaCopyright © 2018 Scribd Inc. .Browse Books.Site Directory.Site Language: English中文EspañolالعربيةPortuguês日本語DeutschFrançaisTurkceРусский языкTiếng việtJęzyk polskiBahasa indonesiaSign up to vote on this titleUsefulNot usefulYou're Reading a Free PreviewDownloadClose DialogAre you sure?This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?CANCELOK