Grammar and Composition 2 Handbook.pdf

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creEnglish Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook Gianfranco Catanzaro 2 Gianfranco Catanzaro English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 3 GIANFRANCO CATANZARO ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 2: A HANDBOOK UNIVERSIDAD CESAR VALLEJO ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS, TRADUCCION E INTERPRETACION está permitida siempre que se cite la fuente de compilación . por fotocopia. 174 p. Ed. Piura: Universidad Cesar Vallejo. Primera compilación. Traducción e Interpretación. 2010. GRAMATICA Y REDACCION Gianfranco Catanzaro Vargas. Gianfranco English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook. la transmisión de cualquier forma o por cualquier medio. su tratamiento informático. 2010. por registro u otros métodos.4 Gianfranco Catanzaro Catanzaro Vargas. ya sea electrónico. Escuela de Idiomas. 1ra. La reproducción total o parcial de este libro. ................ 11 Exercise 1.......................................................................................English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 5 CONTENTS 1......... 26 Exercise 2........................................... Present Perfect and Past simple in Contrast Present Perfect......................................................................... 31 ........2.................................................................................................................................10........6.......................14........................................................... 17 Exercise 1.......10....................................... 09 Past Continuous.........................2............ 23 Exercise 2......................................................................1............. 22 Exercise 2.......................................................................................................................................9... Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast Past simple.................................................................... 14 Past Simple and Past continuous in Contrast......................................................................................... 27 3...................................4.............................................. 24 Exercise 2...3................................................................... 19 Exercise 1..............7............. Present Perfect Modifiers Ever & Never. 18 Exercise 1....................................................8...................1................. 12 Exercise 1.................................................................7..........6.................... 12 Exercise 1........................................................................... 16 Exercise 1....... 12 Exercise 1........................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Exercise 1......................................................... 27 Exercise 2...........................................................3..5...........................................................................................................8..............................................................................................11......................................... 15 Exercise 1........................................... 19 Exercise 1..................................................................................... 31 Exercise 3........................... 20 2.................13..........................................................................5...................................................................................................................... 22 Exercise 2.......................................... 29 Exercise 3............... 25 Exercise 2............ 23 Exercise 2......... 29 Exercise 3......... 26 Exercise 2.................................................................. 25 Present Perfect and Past simple in contrast..................4...................................... 11 Exercise 1........5.....4....................... 13 Exercise 1................................................................................... 21 Exercise 2........................................................................... 30 Exercise 3..............................................12..................................................................................... 18 Exercise 1.............................................................................. 30 Exercise 3.......3.......................................1.............9............................................2........................................................................ ................................................................................................ 37 Exercise 3.......... 38 Exercise 3...........4.................................. 49 Exercise 4.......................10.........10.............. 78 Exercise 5........................................6..................... 44 Exercise 4............................................. 69 Exercise 5................................................................................................................................ 71 Exercise 5......................................................................... 62 Exercise 4............................................................................... 80 ............... 44 Exercise 4............................................ 38 Exercise 3........... Letter of Application Exercise 5.......5..................12.......................................................................................................................................3..............................................10...............................15.....................................................................8........................................................................................................................... 32 Exercise 3.. 79 Exercise 5............................................... 70 Exercise 5......16.......................................... 35 Exercise 3........................... 63 5.................................. 50 Exercise 4............................................................... 67 Exercise 5.. The Formal Letter Exercise 4.............................................................................................. For & Since............................3..................................................................17.......................................11.................................. 52 Exercise 4......................................................5.................... 35 Exercise 3...................9......................................................... 56 Exercise 4. 59 Exercise 4.........7............14....................... 57 Exercise 4.............................................................................6 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 3....................................... 53 Exercise 4........................9.................................................................... 46 Exercise 4......... 55 Exercise 4............................ 51 Exercise 4......................................................12......8.2...................................6......................................................................................................................... 60 Exercise 4...................................12........ 36 Exercise 3............................................................... 75 Exercise 5...............................1.11......... 74 Exercise 5............. 36 Exercise 3...... 76 Exercise 5...............................................................6....................................................... 72 Exercise 5...............................................2................................................................................................................7..................................................................................15.................................................................................................................................................................................................................1.........9............................................................................. 47 Exercise 4................................................. 54 Exercise 4...................................................................................................4..................................................................................................11............................................................. 39 4.............................................................. 34 Exercise 3..................................................................................................14...................................................................................13............................................................................................................................................. 33 How long............................................................13.................. 77 Exercise 5...................................8....... 73 Exercise 5...........7.....13............................................................. ..............11........................................................................... 121 Exercise 8...........10...................8............................................................................................. 82 Exercise 6................... 114 Exercise 8..............................................1............6........................................................................................................................... 92 Exercise 6........................................................................................4........ 88 Exercise 6............................................11......................................... 122 9........................ 128 ........... 127 Exercises 9.............................................................................................................................. Articles The.......................................2..................... 99 Exercise 7.................................... 86 Exercise 6.... 94 Exercise 6.. The Article Exercise 8.....7.......................................................... 127 Exercises 9....................................... 109 Exercise 8............................2. 107 Exercise 8.............................................................................................. 117 Exercise 8...............................................................7............................................................................................................................... Gerunds and Infinitives Exercise 7......12................................ 118 Exercise 8......................9................................. Letter of Complaint Exercise 6...........................................15....1.......................... 115 Exercise 8....................................1.............................................2................................ 100 8........................................................................................3..2.................English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 7 6.......................................................14........................................................................................................... 119 Exercise 8....................... 125 Exercises 9.............................................................................................8.............................................................6............................................... 123 a/an and The................................................1.............................................................. 113 Exercise 8.........................................13...........................3.... 99 Exercise 7.......... 98 Exercise 7.......... 91 Exercise 6............................................4. 95 7.............. 104 Exercise 8..............................................5...................................... 124 Exercises 9..........................................................9..................................... 126 Exercises 9................................ 120 Exercise 8...................................................5..................................................3......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Exercise 6....................................7........................ 111 Exercise 8.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 112 Exercise 8...............5...............6.......................5...................................................................................................4...................... 90 Exercise 6................... 116 Exercise 8.........................................4................................................. 89 Exercise 6...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................10....................................................................................... 124 Exercises 9..................................................... 87 Exercise 6.........................................................................................................3................ 126 Exercises 9........................ 98 Exercise 7............................................................... .............................................. 153 Exercise 13........8 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercises 9...........................................................................................................4.............3........................................................................... 142 Exercise 12......................2................................................................................................................................................................. 132 11.......... 152 13.......................................... 139 Exercise 12........... 151 Exercise 12..... 143 Exercise 12....................................................................................2.................................................................................... much and Many.............................11...................................4........................................................................................ 134 Exercise 11.............................................................................................................. 130 Exercise 10............ Relative Clauses Exercise 13..........1...............................................................................................................................................9. The Past Perfect Exercise 11..................................... 128 10....................................................................3............................................ 134 Exercise 11...................................................8........................... 149 Exercise 12..................... 131 Exercise 10.................. 147 Exercise 12.................................. 148 Exercise 12.3..................................................8..............................5...................................................3............... 135 12...................................................... 154 Exercise 13.2......................................................................... 145 Exercise 12................6.................................................................................... 150 Exercise 12............................................................... Quantifiers A lot of...................................................................1....................................... 129 Exercise 10........................................................................ 129 Exercise 10.................................................5.............................................................................................................................. 155 Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs Appendix 2: List of regular Verbs Appendix 3: Phrasal Verbs Bank Bibliography .................................1.............4................................................................... 144 Exercise 12......... 131 Exercise 10.......... 129 Little and Few.......10...................................................................................... 146 Exercise 12......... 132 Exercise 10.......................................... Short Story Developing Narrative.........7.. 154 Exercise 13..6...........................2............................................................................1.......................................................................... before I studied at secondary school. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. try). we change the Y for an I and then we add –ed Study  studied Carry  carried Try  tried. we only add –ed Play  played Enjoy  enjoyed .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 9 1 Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast PAST SIMPLE Look at this example: Cesar Vallejo was a Peruvian writer and journalist. He died in Paris – France when he was 46 years old Was / lived / wrote / published / died are all in past simple There are two types of verbs regular and irregular verbs: Regular verbs are followed by an –ed at the end:  I study at the University now. He lived from 1892 – 1938. If the verb finihes in Y and before there is a vowel (play.g. If a verb finishes in Y and before there is a constant (e. enjoy).  John worked in a Bank from 1982 to 2009  We enjoyed the party last night. poems. stories and essays but only published three books in his lifetime. He wrote several books. study. carry. There are two spelling rules: 1. are) is was / were I / he / she / it was / wasn’t Was I / he / she / it ? We / you / they were / weren’t Were we / you / they ? . plan. rub). they change completly:  Write  wrote Cesar Vallejo wrote several books.  A: Did you go out last night? B: Yes. we double the last consonant and then we add –ed. but I didn’t like the movie  They didn’t invite me to the party The past tense of be (am.  See  saw We saw Kevin at the supermarket  Go  went I went on vacation last month There are some verbs which do not change to make the past simple:  Read  read  Cut  cut  Cost cost  Hit  hit  Let  let  Put  put  Shut  shut For negative and questions we use the auxiliary did / didn’t + the verb in present. I went to Cineplanet.10 Gianfranco Catanzaro 2. Stop  stopped Plan  planned Rub  rubbed Irregular verbs do not end in –ed. is. If a verb has one syllable and the last three letters and consonant + vowel + consonant (stop. (at 8. (at 4. 2.15 yesterday morning) _______________________________________ 4. I started doing I was doing I finished doing past past now  This time last year. at 9. (at 10. but had not finished.00 pm last night? Exercise 1. (at 5.00 last Monday) _______________________________________ 3. What were you doing at these times? Write true sentences: 1. (half an hour ago) _______________________________________ .00 yesterday evening) I was reading a book.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 11 PAST CONTINUOUS Look at this example Yesterday Ann and Robert played tennis.00 and finished at 10. They had not finished playing Was / were + -ing is the past continuous I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time.30 this morning) _______________________________________ 5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) _______________________________________ 6.00 So.00 they were playing tennis They were playing = they were in the middle of the action. They began at 8. The action or situation had already started before this time. I was living in Lima  What were you doing at 8.1. She was watching TV. At 12. she was washing her car.12 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 1.2 Look at the pictures. (what / you / do / at 11. Sam and Liz _____________________________________________________ Exercise 1. At 8.15 ___________________________________________________________ 6. (what / Tim / do / when you saw him?) What was Tim doing when you saw him? 2.50 __________________________________________________________ 5.00?) __________________________________________________________________ . Linda __________________________________________________________ 5. 1.30 __________________________________________________________ Exercise 1. 2. Where were thse people at 3.4 Write the questions using was / were + -ing 1. Write a sentence for each picture.00 __________________________________________________________ 4. At 11.00 yesterday afternoon? What were they doing? 1.45. At 9. 2. At 10. Ann was at home. Sue and Jack ____________________________________________________ 3. At 09.3 Joanne did a lot of things yesterday morning. Tom ___________________________________________________________ 4.45 ___________________________________________________________ 3. (where / you / live / in 1991?) _________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 13 3.00? A: He was listening to a CD Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________ Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________ Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________ . (it / rain / when you went out?) _________________________________________________________________ 5.5 Write questions and answers using the past continuous Q: what was Rob doing on Sunday at 11. (what / she / wear / yesterday?) _________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________ 3. She was crying __________________________________________________________ . He was waiting for his parents to come to dinner __________________________________________________________ 4. Craig was sitting in front of the TV yesterday evening. He looked at the TV and he saw his girlfriend. She swam out to him and brought him back’. She was wearing shorts and a t-shirt but they were wet. she was late. He was feeling angry because he was waiting for his girlfriend Jennifer to come to dinner and as usual. He was playing on the beach when a big wave pulled him out to the sea. 2. The TV man said ‘Four-year-old Martin Mulligan can’t swim. Jennifer saved him. 1. Jennifer was standing outside a bank __________________________________________________________ 5. She was wearing a party dress. Suddently he heard the name Jennifer Murray. He was sitting in front of the TV.6 Read the text and correct the information. She was holding a little boy’s hand and she was smiling. Jennifer was stanging on the beach. __________________________________________________________ 6. He was feeling happy. He wasn’t watching the program because he was putting a new battery on his mobile phone.14 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 1. Craig was sitting in front of his computer He wasn‟t sitting in front of his computer. He began The phone He stopped He answered reading rang reading the phone He was reading We often use the past simple and the past continuous to say that soething happened in the middle of something else:  John phone while we were having dinne  It was raining when I got up . he was reading. Jack began reading before the phone rang. so: When the phone rang.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 15 PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN CONTRAST Look at the example What happened? The phone rang (simple past) What was Jack doing when the phone rang? He was reading a book (past continuous) What did he do when the phone rang? He stopped reading and answered. ______________ (get) dressed and then I ________________ (have) breakfast 6. Use the past continuous or the past simple. The boys____________ (break) the window while they _____________ (play) baseball . 1. We ______________ (meet) Joan at the party. I wasn‟t hungry last night. The mail _______________(come) while I ___________________ (have) lunch 7. 1. it was raining (rain) 2.16 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 1. ________________ (wash). ___________________ (you / watch) television when I _______________ (phone) you? 4. I ________________ (not / eat) anything 3.7 Look at the pictures and write the sentences.8 Complete the sentences in past continuous or past simple. I _______________ (get) up early this morning. (Mary / paint / the room) _____________________________________________ (She / fall / off the ladder) ____________________________________________ (She / break / her arm) _______________________________________________ Exercise 1. She _______________________ (work) 5. (Tom / walk / down the street) ________________________________________ (He /see / Jack) ___________________________________________________ (He / say / hello) __________________________________________________ 2. (They / sit / in the garden) ___________________________________________ (It / start / to rain) __________________________________________________ (They / go / into the house) __________________________________________ 3. She ____________(wear) a red dress 8. Jane was busy when I went to see her. When we went (go) out. We ______________ (have) a chat while we ________________ (wait) for our flights. but luckily I _________________ (manage) to stop in time and ______________ (not / hit) him. The sun _____________ (shine). I _______________ (go) quite fast. but my friends ____________(wait) for me when I ______________ (arrive) 10. so I __________ (go) for a walk 11. I was late. but she ______________ (not/see). . past simple or past continuous I _____________ (see) Sue in town yesterday. She ______________ (look) the other way I _____________ (meet) Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago. “What ______________ (you / do) on Saturday evening?” “ I went to the movies” Exercise 1. I _______________ (cycle) home yesterday when a man _______________ (step) out into the road in front of me. He ________________ (not / drive) fast when the accident ______________ (happen) 12. I ___________ (get) up at 7 o‟clock.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 17 9. They _______________ (go) to Paris and I ______________ (go) to Rome.9 Put the verb into the correct form. We were in a very difficult position. While / you / in America / they / married (live. Somebody ________________ (follow) me. Dave / on the phone / when / his girlfriend / into the room (talk. lose) __________________________________________________ 5. How fast ___________________ (you /drive) when the accident __________ (happen)? 5. “__________________ (you / go) out last night?” “No. 10. hear) __________________________________________________ 10. 1. arrive) __________________________________________________ 11. have) __________________________________________________ 9. he ____________ (try) to find a job 8. We / TV / when / we / a loud scream (watch. meet) __________________________________________________ 6. She / to work / when / she / an old school friend (walk. stand) __________________________________________________ 7. I _______________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ______________ (hear) footsteps‟ behind me. Last night I ________________ (drop) a plate when I _______________ (do) the washing up. I haven‟t seen Alan for ages. start) __________________________________________________ 4. While / I / on the phone / the cat / my dinner (talk. “What ___________________ (you / do) at this time yesterday?” “I was asleep” 3. eat) While I was talking on the phone. Who / when / they / the accident? (drive. Where / you / when / you / your earring? (run. get) __________________________________________________ . walk) __________________________________________________ 8.10 Put the verbs into the correct form. Sam __________________ (take) a photograph of me while I ___________ (not / look) 6. We ____________________ (not / know) what to do 7.11 Write the sentences using the prompts. I / in the Red Sea / when / I / a shark (swim. Jenny ________________ (wait) for me when I ________________ (arrive) 2.18 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 1. past simple or past continuous 1. Fortunately it _________________ (not / break) Exercise 1. When I was young. When I last ______________ (see) him. see) I was swimming in the Red Sea when I saw a shark 2. I __________________ (want) to be a pilot. the cat ate my dinner 3. I / a shower / when / you (have. I was too tired” 4. I / in the garden / when / it / to rain (sit. Where / you / when / you / the spaceship? (see. While / we / in the garden / a big dog / over the wall (work / jump) __________________________________________________ 12. I was scared and I _______________ (start) to run 9. While / Steve and Sandra / in the lake / somebody / their clothes (swim. he ______________ (tell) me funny stories. somebody (push) her in __________________________________________________________ 5. I (not go) very fast when I (fall) off my motorbike. I ______________ (run) after the ball when suddenly I ______________ (stand) on a piece of glass and I ______________ (cut) my foot. dear?‟ I ______________ (not answer) her. While / I / an e-mail / the computer / suddenly / down (write / crash) __________________________________________________ Exercise 1. She (wait) to pay for her shopping when somebody (steal) her purse She was waiting to pay for her shopping when somebody stole her purse. take) __________________________________________________ 16. At the hospital.12 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous I ______________ (have) an accident last week. While Andy ______________ (get) the glass out of my foot. I ______________ (sit) down on the sand and ______________ (start) to scream. . Who fast (he/drive) when he (hit) the other car? __________________________________________________________ 3. 2. Exercise 1. the nurse ______________ (ask) m lots of questions while she ______________ (clean) my foot. My friend Andy ______________ (come) to help me. I ______________ (play) football on the beach with my friends and I ______________ (not wear) shoes. While / Eva / tennis / she / down (play.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 19 13. One question was „Where ______________ (you play) football when it ______________ (happen)?‟ Her next question was „haven‟t you got any shoes.13 Write the sentences using the verbs in brackets into past simple or past continuous 1. Then he ______________ (take) me to hospital in his motorbike. While / Mark / the room / he / off the ladder (paint. fall) __________________________________________________ 15. The phone (ring) while we (watch) a program about surfing __________________________________________________________ 4. As she (get) ready to dive. fall) __________________________________________________ 14. He ______________ (look) at my foot and ______________ (see) the glass in it. I _________________ (smile) at her and _________________ (say) „Hello‟. Most people don‟t see her. I _________________ (go) to stay with a friend in Scotland. Her family lives in a very old house next to a lake. She _________________ (carry) an old lamp and she _________________ (sing) quietly. (You / live) in Spain when you (meet) your girlfriend? __________________________________________________________ 8. I _______________ (decide) to go for a walk around the lake.14 Complete the text by writing the verbs in parentheses in past simple or past continuous Last summer. You were luck‟. but she _________________ (walk) past me quickly. She (drown) when he suddenly (see) her and (rescue) her. „Don‟t worry‟ she _________________ (say). While I _________________ (walk) around the lake. She _________________ (die) in your room 100 years ago. __________________________________________________________ 9. When you (pull) her out of the water (she / breathe)? __________________________________________________________ 7. I _________________ (run) back to the house and _________________ (ask) my friend about her. Lucky? I wasn‟t sure about that! .20 Gianfranco Catanzaro __________________________________________________________ 6. She _________________ (wear) my green hat and scarf. I suddenly _________________ (notice) a strange light in my bedroom window I _________________ (look) at the window when it suddenly _________________ (open) and I _________________ (see) the girl from the stairs. but she sometimes comes back and tries on people‟s clothes. while my friend _________________ (talk) on the phone and her parents _________________ (watch) television. One evening. „That girl is Dora. I _________________ (walk) down the stairs from my room when I _________________ (see) a girl in a long white dress. He (take) my bag while I (not look) __________________________________________________________ Exercise 1. He can’t find them. The present perfect is have / has + participle. We say that something has happened when something started in the past and has a connection with the present Look at the following two examples: His shirt is dirty He is washing his shirt He has washed his shirt (The shirt is clean now) They are at home They are going out They have gone out (= they are not home now) . Have / has + participle is the present perfect. He has lost his keys He has lost his keys = He lost the keys recently and he can’t find them now.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 21 2 Present Perfect and Past Simple in Contrast PRESENT PERFECT Look at the following examples: John is looking for his keys. Tom is looking for his key He can‟t find it _________________________________________________________________ 2. Now he has a beard _________________________________________________________________ 6. Now I have it _________________________________________________________________ 7. Now it is 3. This morning I was expecting a letter. What has happened? He / wash / his shirt He has washed his shirt She / close / the door She ____________________________ They / go / to bed They ___________________________ It / stop / raining It ______________________________ He / take / a bath He_______________________________ . Now it is better _________________________________________________________________ 5. I have lost it (I can‟t find it now)  He told me his name.1 Read the situations and write the sentences using the verbs from the box Arrive break fail go up Improve lose grow 1. The temperature was 20 degrees.22 Gianfranco Catanzaro The action in the past has a result now:  Where is your key? I don‟t know. _________________________________________________________________ 4. but I have forgotten it (I can‟t remember now)  “Is Sally here?” “No. Last week the bus fare was 2 soles. she has gone out” (she is out now) Exercise 2. Maria‟s English wasn‟t very good. Now it is only 12 _________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.2 Look at the pictures. Dan didn‟t have a beard before. Margaret can‟t walk and her leg is in plaster _________________________________________________________________ 3. Are you hungry? Yes. I _____________________________ it 3. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. I _____________________________ there 6.3. Your house looks different. “Are they still eating dinner?” “No. I _______________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3. I‟m looking for Maria. Did you enjoy the party? I don‟t know. I __________________ it” 6.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 23 Exercise 2. Use the present perfect Break buy do finish go Go lose paint read take 1. . “Do you want the newspaper?” “No thanks. Where ________________ she ___________________? 10. “Is Tom here?” “No. He‟s going to see it this week. “__________ you ________________ the shopping?” “ No. 2. I‟m going latter” 5. I can‟t find my umbrella. What‟s their new album like? I don‟t know.4. He _____________________________ me. 4. Did he like the film? He ______________________ it yet. I _________________ it” Exercise 2. Write the answers to this questions Use the present perfect and one of the verbs Be have hear see tell write 1. he ______________________ to work” 4. They _________________ anything to eat today. Look! Somebody ________________ that window 7. “Where is your key?” “I don‟t know. Somebody _____________________ it 9. ___________ you ____________ it? 8. they ______________________ 2. What‟s Ireland like? I don‟t know. Is Stella enjoying her holiday? I don‟t know. She ________________________ to us 5. Do you want to come out on my motorbike? ___________________________________________________________ 5. I‟m not coming to school tomorrow ___________________________________________________________ 6. Then write the questions in the present perfect. Statements I can‟t see anything. F Have you lost your glasses? 1. My exam is this afternoon ___________________________________________________________ 2. Let‟s go out ___________________________________________________________ 7.5. Match the statements to the questions. I feel really healthy ___________________________________________________________ 8.24 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 2. We‟re going on holiday tomorrow ___________________________________________________________ 3. That was delicious ___________________________________________________________ Questions a) (you pass) your driving test? b) (it stop) raining? c) (you have) enough to eat? d) (you learn) your vocabulary? e) (you make) her a cake? f) (you lose) your glasses? g) (you tell) the teacher? h) (you be) to the gym today? i) (your brother find) his passport? . It‟s Ruby‟s birthday ___________________________________________________________ 4. _________________ but there is one problem. I ___________________ (look) at the book.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 25 Exercise 2.7 Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box See spend meet do finish Go lose buy find 1. I think I ____________ (lose) my passport B: Don‟t worry! You‟ve got three or four months to find it. 3. but I ______________________(forget) all the important things! B: James _______________________ (work) really hard this year. He can‟t see the board. A: Yes. 3. ______________________ They are really nice. He ______________________ his glasses. Can you give me some ideas? A: ___________________ (you see) the blue earrings in Pretty Things? B: Yes. but Suzy _______________ (make) her one.6 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the present perfect 1. A: It‟s Julie‟s birthday on Saturday? B: ____________________ (you make) her a cake? A: No. Exercise 2. ______________________ but I _________________ (write) to my American cousins and they ______________________ (say) I can stay with them. ____________________. “I __________________________ Caroline‟s telephone number”. I ____________ (buy) her a nice present. “Let‟s phone her” . A: We‟ve got our Geography exam this morning B: ____________________ (you learn) everything in the book? A: No. A: Why don‟t you buy them for Julie? 2. ________________ I‟m sure he‟s going to get a good mark. “I _______________ my book” “Can I read it now?” 2. B: _______________________ (you look) at any books about New York? A: yes. B: I ________________ (not buy) her anything. I _____________. A: I‟m going to go to New York in the summer B: _______________________ (you buy) your plane ticket? A: No. last month. I lost it yesterday 2. Can you lend me some please? I ________________ all mine PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE IN CONTRAST We use the past simple with a finished time. She doesn‟t want to watch that video. A: Have the children had dinner? B: (at 9. six months ago.8 Complete the dialogues using the verbs in parentheses 1. A: Have you seen Bob? B: (ten minutes ago) _______________________________________ 3. They left at 8. We __________________ three new CDS.00) ______________________________________________ 6. A: Have you painted the room? B: (last week) ____________________________________________ 4.00 am 6. A: Has he started his new job? B: (yesterday) ___________________________________________ . We don‟t use the present perfect with time expressions Compare: Time until now Specific Time Past Now Past Now I have lost my keys or I lost my keys yesterday Bill has gone home Bill went home ten minutes ago Have you had lunch? Did you have lunch yesterday? Exercise 2. I‟m sure you ________________ my boyfriend. in 1982. A: Has Jane gone to France? B: (on Friday) ____________________________________________ 5. her name is John 8. Rosie _______________ all her homework. She _______________ it three times. A: Have you lost your key? B: (yesterday) Yes. She‟s going out now 7. for example yesterday. My parents _______________ to work. 5. Do you want to listen to them? 9.26 Gianfranco Catanzaro 4. It __________________ raining for a while. I ________________ with it. The town is very different now It __________________ a lot (change) 3. My mother has grown up in Scotland _________________ 12. How many plays has Shakespeare written? _________________ 13. She‟s gone shopping _________________ 18. Napoleon has died in 1821 _________________ 9. The police _________________ three people. Tom arrived last week. You can have it (finish) 7. “Where‟s Ann?” “ She‟s gone to bed” _________________ 8. Drugs have become a big problem everywhere _________________ 15. but later they let them go (arrest) 5. but it‟s not here now (be) 9.9 Put a check if the sentence is correct. Where‟s my bike? It _______________ outside the house. I did German at school. but I ____________________ most of it now (forget) 4. I‟ve cut my finger! It‟s bleeding! _________________ 14. Correct the wrong sentences. There _______________ an accident (be) 10. Use the past simple or the present perfect. but I wasn‟t successful (apply) 8. I have finished my work _________________ 4. Where have you been born? _________________ 17. When have you finished your work? _________________ 6. The weather has been very good last week _________________ 11. __√________ 2. but now it‟s raining again (stop) 2.00 pm _________________ 5. 1. Look! There‟s an ambulance over there. Albert Einstein has been a scientist _________________ Exercise 2. I __________________ for a job as a tourist guide.10 Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. 1. Have you been to Argentina? _________________ 10. Mary isn‟t at home. A: Have you heard about Ben? He _____________ his arm (break) B: Really? How ___________ that ____________________? (happen) A: He ______________________ off a ladder (fall) . The Chinese have invented paper _________________ 16. George has graduated from school last year _________________ 7. I have finished my work at 2. A: Are you still reading the paper? B: No. Have you seen Pam last week? Did you see 3. What do you think of my English? Do you think it __________________? (improve) 6.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 27 Exercise 2. Last year we __________________ to Thailand for vacation. (go)9 . I __________________ sports (not like) 18. _____________________ Tony last week? (you see) 14.28 Gianfranco Catanzaro 11. He ___________________ there for three years (work) 20. When I was a child. I ________________________ my hair before breakfast this morning (wash) 17. I ____________________ tennis this afternoon (play) 15. He ___________________ many books (write) 12. John works in a bookstore. What time ___________________________ (you go) to bed last night? 16. She _____________________ many countries (visit) 19. My friend is a writer. Kathy loves traveling. We ____________________ a vacation last year (not take) 13. but I have never been to the US. (Poland) ___________________________________________ ? No.  Has your mother ever played Golf? Yes. never 2. (play / golf) _________________________________________? Yes. twice 3. a lot 7. (Montreal? Have you ever been to Montreal No. once 5. once  I have never ridden a camel (in my life) Exercise 3.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 29 3 Present Perfect Modifiers EVER & NEVER We can use the present perfect with ever in questions and with never in answers.1 Write the questions for the following answers 1. I have never  I‟ve been to Canada. twice 8. never 6. (Break your leg)______________________________________? Yes. Have you ever been to New York? Time from the past until now Past Now  Have you ever been to Singapore? (in your life) No. never 4. (ride a horse) _______________________________________ ? No. (eat Chinese food) ___________________________________ ? Yes. once . (travel by train) ______________________________________? Yes. (lose your passport) __________________________________ ? Yes. It‟s the second time_______________________ this week 11. __________________________________________________________________ 8.30 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 3. Ann 1. I _______________________________it 7. Mike was late again. but I ____________________________ for ages 5. Is Brussels a good city? I‟ve no idea. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Again? He _______________________ late everyday this week 9. Are you hungry? Yes. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you like caviar? I don‟t know. I_______________________________ it 10. __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 5. I ____________________________ much today 4. __________________________________________________________________ You 1. __________________________________________________________________ 8. What‟s Mark sister like? I‟ve got no idea. Ann has never been to Montreal 2. __________________________________________________________________ 6. Are you enjoying your holiday? Yes. __________________________________________________________________ 2. I hear you car broke down Yes. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 7. It‟s the best holiday ______________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 6. I ______________________ her recently 3. How is Diane these days? I don‟t know.1 and about you.3 Complete the answers using the verbs from the box Be be eat happen have meet Play read see see try 1. Ann has played golf twice 3. What‟s that book like? I don‟t know. I____________________ see her before . __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3. Who‟s that woman? I don‟t know. I ____________________________there 8.2 Write the sentences about Ann‟s answers in exercise 3. Can you play chess? Yes. I‟ve never met her 2. this is the first time I‟ve driven a car. Jack is driving a car. She doesn‟t look very confident or comfortable You ask ______________________________________________________ He says ______________________________________________________ 4. your family or your friends A Game I‟ve never played rugby (play) 1. Sue is riding a horse. He‟s not good at it and he doesn‟t know the rules You ask ______________________________________________________ He says ______________________________________________________ 3. You ask: Have you ever driven a car? He says: No.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 31 Exercise 3. but he‟s very nervous and not sure what to do. 2.5 Write true sentences with never about you. 1. Food _________________________________ (eat) _________________________________ (try) (make) _________________________________ _________________________________ 2. A place _________________________________ (be to) (visit) _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ . She has just arrived and it‟s very new for her You ask ______________________________________________________ He says ______________________________________________________ Exercise 3.4 Read the situations and write the questions and the answers. Maria is in London. Ben is playing tennis. I‟ve been to Spain. _________________________________________________ German or Spanish? I‟ve never learnt German. but I learnt Spanish at school. I‟ve never been ill for more than a week 5. 3. ____________________________________________________________abroad? Yes. but I‟ve worked as a tourist guide in London. . 4. Write the interviewer‟s questions using ever. Italy. Clothes _________________________________ (wear) _________________________________ (buy) _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 4. the USA and Australia 2.32 Gianfranco Catanzaro 3. ________________________________________________________ seriously ill? No. 1. _______________________________________________________ a computer? Yes. ________________________________________________ for a travel company? No.6 Jessica Dale is having an interview for a new job with a travel company. Car (drive) _________________________________ (travel by) _________________________________ (ride in) _________________________________ 5. A sport or activity _________________________________ (do) (swim) _________________________________ (run) _________________________________ _________________________________ Exercise 3. I use a computer all the time at home. ________________________________________a video of Scream on your own? ____________ 4. _______________________ a love letter to the most popular guy or girl at school? ____________ 3. ________________________________________________ a crazy hat to school? ____________ 2. Use the expressions from the box Dance hold watch sing in front of jump off Make wear write spend Have you ever held a snake? Yes.7 Write the questions and your answers to the quiz. I have 1. ______________________________________________ supper for thirty people? ____________ 6. ____________________________________________ the night alone in a forest? ____________ 8. _________________________________________________ on a table at a party? ____________ 5. ___________________________________________________ the whole school? ____________ . _________________________________ the highest board at the swimming pool? ____________ 7.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 33 Exercise 3. Today is Friday How long has she been in Rio de Janeiro? She has been in Rio since Monday She has been in Rio for four days Compare: She is in Rio now (is = present) She has been n Rio since Monday (has been = present perfect) For four days She is in Rio now She has been in Rio since Monday For four days Past Monday Now (Friday) We use for or since to say how long We use for + a period of time Four days Ten An hour minutes For four days A week Two hours A month Three For Five years weeks 1 2 3 4 Six months A long time Past Now . She arrived in Rio on Monday. FOR & SINCE Look at the following situation Mary is on Vacation in Rio.34 Gianfranco Catanzaro HOW LONG. Bill is a teacher _______________________________________? 6. She __________________________ in a bank for five years 8. How long have you known him? 3. They are married. I have a motorcycle _______________________________________? 8. Mike and Judith are in Indonesia _______________________________________? 4. Ted is sick. Allan works in Vancouver _______________________________________? . I know Bob. They___________________________ ___ married since 1988 4. I have known him for a long time 3. We ______________________________ here for ten years 6. Jane works in a bank.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 35 We use since + the start of the period of time. I know Tom very well.30 July 26th October 13th Since Monday Since December Christmas Monday 1982 I got up I was 10 Past Now Compare  David has been in The USA since June (= from June to now)  David has been in The USA for three months ( not since three months)  I‟ve known my wife since I was in primary (= from primary to now)  I‟ve known my wife for a long time (not since a long time) Exercise 3. She has been in Rio since Monday 2. I ____________________________ him since we were kids 7. Start of the period Monday Wednesday 9 o´clock 12. I know Nancy _______________________________________? 7. Have long has she been in Rio? 2.9 Make the questions with how long 1. Mary is in Rio. I know Bob. She _____________________ a headache since she got up Exercise 3. She has a headache. We live in this house.8 Complete the sentences 1. Mary is in Rio. My brother lives in Greece _______________________________________? 5. Linda and Frank are married _______________________________________? 9. He ______________________________________ for a week 5. She says that she lives in Chicago. A: You know Linda. You ask (be in Australia ) _____________________________________________________ 5. You ask him (have that jacket) ____________________________________________________ 6.36 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 3. A: Do you still play tennis? B: No. You meet somebody on a plane. A: Is Margaret married? B: Yes. A: Bill is in hospital. Joe now works at the airport. Time always wears the same jacket.11 Complete the dialogues 1. It‟s a very old jacket. You ask her (know Caroline) _____________________________________________________ 4. he has been in hospital since Monday 2. A: Do you watch TV a lot? . John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask (Live in Chicago) _____________________________________________________ Exercise 3. You ask her: (teach English) _____________________________________________________ 3. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. A: Do you see Ann very often? B: No. she __________________________________ married for ten years 4. we ____________________________________ each other for a long time 5. A friend of yours is learning to drive You ask him: (Learn to drive) _____________________________________________________ 8. I __________________________________________ tennis for years 6. You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline‟s. You ask: (work at the airport) __________________________________________________ 7. You are talking to a friend about Joe. isn‟t it? B: Yes.10 Read the situations and write the questions with the words in brackets 1. Your friend‟s brother went to Australia some time ago and he‟s still there. don‟t you? B: Yes. I haven‟t seen her for three months 3. You ask him: (be in hospital) How long has your mother been in hospital? 2. I haven‟t seen him ____________ last week 16.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 37 B: No. A: Have you got a headache? B: Yes. She‟s been in Rio _____________ four days 3. Mrs. doesn‟t she? B: Yes. The weather is dry. She‟s been there ____________ 7 o‟clock 7. It hasn‟t rained ____________ a few weeks . Jane is away. A: George is never ill. he _____________________________________. It‟s been raining ____________ lunchtime 10. I _________________________________________________ TV for ages 7.12 Complete the sentences with for or since 1. Mike has been sick ____________ a long time. I _______________________________________ to the cinema for ages 11. I0m tired of waiting. I haven‟t been to a party ____________ ages 14. A: Do you go to the cinema a lot? B: No. She‟s been in Rio ______________ Monday 2. I wonder where Joe is. I _______________________________________ a headache all morning 8.ill since I‟ve known him 9. A: Sue lives in London. is he? B: No. Harris is in her office. He‟s been in the hospital ____________ October 4. I‟ve been here ____________ an hour 12. Nobody lives in those houses. she _______________________________ in London for the last few years 10. The bus is late. I ______always_______________________________ to go to New York Exercise 3. She‟s been away ____________ Friday 15. Kevin has looked for a job ____________ he left school 13. We‟ve been waiting ____________ 20 minutes 9. They have been empty ____________ many years 6. My aunt has live in the USA ____________ 15 years 5. India has been an independent country ____________ 1947 8. Sarah has live in Paris ____________ 1995 11. A: Would you like to go to New York one day? B: Yes. I first met Sue two years ago. She has been an actress for two years 2. 1. I know Sue. It‟s been __________________________________________________________ 4. Q: She/have/a mobile __________________________________________ A: three months __________________________________________ 3.38 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 3. She is in Rio now..13 Complete the sentences with for. I bought it in 2008. They‟ve __________________________________________________________ Exercise 3. I have a camera. Q: you work / at the store __________________________________________ A: January 21st __________________________________________ . I‟ve ____________________________________________________________ 5.14 Use the prompts to write questions and answers with for and since. Jack is here.. He has ____________________________________________________________ 3. 1. They are married. Q: you/know/Steve __________________________________________ A: December __________________________________________ 4. It is raining. Q: you/have/black eyes __________________________________________ A: more than a week __________________________________________ 6. or since. She arrived there four days ago. Q: that cafe / be /open __________________________________________ A: three days __________________________________________ 7. Q: your grandma/ live /there __________________________________________ A: 1995 __________________________________________ 5. She has been there for four days 2. It started an hour ago. I‟ve ____________________________________________________________ 6. He arrived here on Thursday.. They got married six months ago.. Q: Annabel / be / an actress How long has Annabel been an actress? A: two years. Life ________________________ (be) very different __________ I moved to the USA. We invited about 15 people. and I ________________________ (not have) time for anything except for organizing my life.15 Complete the letter by writing the verbs in brackets in present perfect and complete the remaining spaces with for or since Hello Tom: I‟m sorry I haven‟t written (write) for a month. __________ we talked on the phone. But sadly I never have time to do any sport. I think I ______________________ (get) heavier ____________ August! ________________________ (you see) Kelly __________ the summer? I ________________________ (not hear) from her ______________ a very long time. If you see her. please tell her to write me. I ____________________ (not play) tennis and I ______________________ (not go) swimming ____________ three months. I ________________________ (move) twelve boxes of clothes and books. I ________________________ (paint) the apartment white and Debbie and I ________________________ (give) a party. That was fun. _____________ the beginning of term. we ___________________ (make) quite a few friends. Love Ellie . ___________ my last letter. Luckily. I ________________________ (find) an apartment to share with a girl named Debbie.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 39 Exercise 3. 40 Gianfranco Catanzaro . I am writing to introduce our organization in hope we may form a business partnership with you. Mr. Each place has its own rules. John Doe 555 Pilgrim Street Beverly Hills CA. We work with many different companies designing strategies for all marketing needs. All of them vary according to the country or even companies and organizations. 90210 USA Mr. We pride ourselves on consistent. We are a marketing company based in the United States with offices worldwide. I am enclosing information on us and our company and hope to hear from you. We have been in the business for more than 30 years and are one of the top marketing companies in the Top One Hundred Ranking listed in the Wall Street Journal. Dear Sirs. Joe Doe Managing Director . A formal or business letter may look like this: Mr.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 41 4 The Formal Letter Letters are the most common form of written communication. Yours faithfully. Martin Anderson 320 Cypress Hill Road Kent CT34 0BL United Kingdom June 23rd. There are many ways of planning and drafting a formal letter. reliable and economic solutions to marketing problems. 2010 Reference: business partnership.  Reference: On the left Maximum three word summary of your letter  Greeting: On the left. not the first or full name. if you know who you are writing to. Addresser (sender) on the right  Date: Separated by a line under the address.  The Body: Two or three paragraphs Explain with clarity why you write for. Always follow the same format: Month day. Use: Best regards. they go followed by the last name.  The concluding paragraph Ask the recipients to do something. complete the letter plan with the name of each section .42 Gianfranco Catanzaro Formal letters always follow a common layout with the following characteristics  Address: Addressee (recipients) on the left. year. On the next page. if you are writing a business email  Signature Write your name and last name in pen. Dear Sir. to reply or to act on the information place on the letter body.  Closing Use: yours faithfully if you do not know the name of the person you are writing to Use: Sincerely yours. Be concise. or Mrs. never write your rubric.  Introductory Paragraph: State the reason for the letter and should not have a lot of information. Dear Sir or Madam If you use Mr. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 43 Date . I wonder if you e. Whether I will n. complete the letter plan . Sir or madam o. Would like grateful if you l.2. (5) But I (6) want some more information first. which I saw in „Planet Monthly‟ last Tuesday. I am writing with g. I look forward to i. Yours faithfully. I am interested in b. (7) Tell me how much they cost. Change the expressions in bold with a more formal expression from the list below Dear (1) whatever your name is (2) I’m writing about your (3) advert for pieces of land on the Moon. I (9) want you to send me further information (10) about transportation to the Moon. (8) Also. Annabel Davis d.44 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4. Advertisement regard to h. However f.1 Read the following letter. Secondly could tell me m. Exercise 4. Regarding could hearing from you j. I would be k. Could you c. (11) Can you also me know (12) if I’ll be able to build a swimming pool on the land? (13) Please write back! (14) Lots of love (15) Annabel a. (4) I’m thinking of buying one. Based on the information of the following advertisement. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 45 Using the notes you wrote on the previous page and the information of the advertisement. write your letter in about 120 words ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . human resources manager for Omicron Consultants LTD. You tell her about the job conditions.46 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4. You write a letter to Vanessa Robinson.3. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . who you want to hire after her interview the day before. a company based in London. salary and benefits and ask her to send in her details for the personnel office. Write a letter containing the following information You are Paula Davis. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 47 Exercise 4.4. . Write a letter asking for more information. Write between 120 – 180 words. Read the advert for the Safari and Leisure Park and the notes you have written on it. 48 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 49 Exercise 4.5. Read the advert for Ocean Safari and the notes you have written on it. Write a letter asking for more information. Write between 120 – 180 words. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 50 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4.6 You work or your school magazine. A local chef has agreed to do an interview but wants more information. The editor of the school magazine has sent you this article from the local newspaper and asked you to write a letter to the chef. Using the information in the article and the notes you have made write your letter of between 120 – 180 words. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 51 Exercise 4.7. You have read an article in your local newspaper in which your local MP talks about environmental problems. Read the extract from the article on which you have made some notes. Then write a letter to the editor of the newspaper, using all your notes. Then I asked Mrs. Collins about the environmental problems Not true in her local area. ‘We have made a lot of progress recently’, she replied. ‘Our loca river, for example, is now much cleaner than it was two years ago. We have made a real effort to support local Tourism still environmental groups and we help them in whatever we can. falling – sea dirty! Our beach-cleaning scheme has also been a great success, Didn’t help with local young people helping to attract tourism. My party Greenpeace with is proud of our record on these problems in my area.’ advertising costs ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Write a letter to the newspaper editor including all your notes. I’m sure young people will new youth club but one welcome that. a local businessman. Frank Yates.8 You have seen this interview with a local businessman in your local paper. Not true – Mr. They have also worked very closesly with local didn’t build it meeting people to plan for the future’ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . They’ve also done all the They only work they promised to do on the local park. They’ve done a very good garbage! job of cleaning up the city centre. including They promised a organized building a new basketball court. agrees.52 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4. ‘The local still lots of council has done a lot in your area. 9. You have decided to write them a letter to find out more about the organization ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 53 Exercise 4. A friend has given you the address of Greenpeace and you are interested in the possibility of joining. 54 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .10 Your basketball team is interested n taking part in an international sports tournament for young people but only has the advertisement shown below and need more information. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 55 Exercise 4. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .11 Your debating team at school is interested in attending an International Youth Conference Debate on global warming but you only have the advert below and so need more information. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Read the advertisement for the festival and the notes you have made. You enjoyed the festival but you have some suggestions to make so that next one will be better. Then write a letter to the organizer giving your opinion of this year‟s festival and making your suggestions for next year.56 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4.12 You are staying in Britain and have recently been to a music festival. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 57 Exercise 4. Read the advertisement and the notes which you have made.13 You and your family are considering going on a cruise around the Mediterranean. You have seen the advertisement below and would like more information. Then write your letter to the travel agent covering the points in your notes and adding any relevant information about your family . 58 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 59 Exercise 4. On the right there is part of a letter the sportswoman has sent you.14 The editor of your school magazine has asked you to arrange an interview with a local sportswoman. Read the letter and the notes from the magazine editor on the right. ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Then write a letter to Ms. McDougal arranging the interview and answering her questions. 15 You help to run a basketball team for young people. during which they would like to arrange a match with your team. Then write a reply to Leroy. Read the extract from Leroy‟s letter and read the notes.60 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4. A similar team from England is coming to Peru on a tour. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Leroy has written back to you with some questions. You have sent a letter to the manager of the team Leroy Donovan. giving all the necessary information. and you have made notes about these questions. saying that you are interested in having a match. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 61 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 62 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 4.16 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 63 Exercise 4.18 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 64 Gianfranco Catanzaro . healthy activities. When writing an application letter you should include:  First Paragraph: Why you are writing .mention the job you are applying for and where you found the listing.mention why your skills and experience are a good fit for the job. Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Green Look at the application letter Helen wrote on the next page and answer the questions: .  Last Paragraph: Say thank you to the hiring manager for considering you and note how you will follow up.  Middle Paragraph(s): What you have to offer the employer . and how you will follow-up. You must have some previous experience of looking after children. during the summer holidays. and you must be able to organize sports and games and ofther fun.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 65 5 Letter of Application A letter of application also known as a cover letter is a document sent along with your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience. My kids love sports! Please contact Mrs. Our application letter should let the employer know what position you are applying for. why the employer should select you for an interview. A letter of application typically provides detailed information on why are you are qualified for the job you are applying for. Look at the following situation: Do you speak English? Do you like being with children? Do you want a job for the summer holidays? I’m looking for someone to help look after my 2 children ages 10 and 8. Green two questions. please do not hesitate to let me know. I love being with children. swimming. What are they? Find and underline them. hide-and-seek – and I would be very happy to organize similar activities for your children. 2. What are they? Find and underline them. Likes being with children c. Hellen also gives three other pieces of relevant information about herself. If you require further information. tennis . Helen Taylor 1. I was awarded an A grade in the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination last year. Can you find them? . 3. which I saw in the ‘Daily news’ yesterday. Write the letters a – e next to them. Green I am writing in response to your advertisement. I could be free everyday if necessary from the beginning of June until the end of September. Speaks English b. Wants a job for the summer d. I would be very grateful if you could let me know what the rate of pay per hour would be. 4.66 Gianfranco Catanzaro Dear Mrs. I would be very interested in applying for this position. or wish me to attend an interview. Helen gives two pieces of information about the advertisement. currently studying Maths at Warwick University. Can organize sports and games Underline the parts of the letter where Helen responds to these points. I have three younger brothers and sisters – who I regularly look after when my parents are at work They also love sports and games – basketball. I speak English very well. Yours sincerely. and which hours during the summer I would be expected to work. Has previous experience e. The advertisement asked for someone who: a. She asks Mrs. I am a nineteen year-old student. I would (also) be _______________ if you could let me know / tell me __________ 5. I look ____________________ to hearing from you. Look at the following advertisement. . Please do not hesitate to ___________ me if you need any further information 7. I am writing to__________ for the _________ of _______ as ________in ________ 2. I would be more than happy to ____________ an interview 6. complete the letter plan. I ____________ if you could let me know / tell me ________________ 4.1 Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the phrases. I have ______________ at/in______________ 3. Before you start writing your letter.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 67 Exercise 5. Advertised apply attend contact Forward grateful position require Wonder experience 1. 68 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 2 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 69 Exercise 5. 3 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .70 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 71 Exercise 5.4 ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 72 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5.5 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 73 Exercise 5.6 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 74 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5.7 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 75 Exercise 5.8 __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 76 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5.9 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 77 Exercise 5.10 ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 11 ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .78 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 79 Exercise 5.12 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 80 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 5.13 _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . voice your feelings in a tactful but firm way. How to write a complaint letter that gets results  Keep in mind that most errors are unintentional: and realize that most businesses and organizations want to address and clear up complaints quickly in order to have satisfied customers or members.  Begin your letter on a positive tone. but respectful If you need to make a complaint to or about people that you will still have contact with on a regular basis. With a well-written complaint letter you can:  Clearly make your complaint to the person(s) involved.  Be brief: Keep your complaint letter to one page. don't threaten legal action unless you are willing to follow through with it.  Avoid making generalizations: about the company or organization if your complaint letter focuses on a single individual.  Do not threaten! If a company has repeatedly given you bad service and refuses to correct the situation and you feel that your only recourse is to pursue legal action.  Address your letter to a specific person: Letters addressed to "Dear Sir" or "To Whom it May Concern" are not as effective and will likely not reach the right person. . However. and avoid aggressive. Writing to the assistant may ensure your letter reaches the manager. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 81 6 Letter of Complaint An effective complaint letter is short and to the point and includes documentation. Call ahead and ask for the name of the manager and his or her administrative assistant.  Be honest and straightforward Include sufficient detail to back up your claim and to show that you have thoroughly researched the subject. Written correctly it can also help make your voice heard and achieve your goals. accusing language Keep your complaint letter concise and professional. Consider how you'd react if an angry customer approaches you and shouts obscenities versus someone who smiles who begins the conversion with compliments. and be direct. your complaint needs to accomplish its purpose without destroying the relationship. However. and write short paragraphs rather than long ones. omit irrelevant details.  Maintain a firm but respectful tone.  State plainly and directly your reason(s) for making the complaint.  Use tact.  Make your concerns known to politicians and bureaucrats. (Be reasonable. Do you have to buy another train ticket? 3. that you are dissatisfied with the service you have received. The advert says which hotel you will stay in . but respectfully.) Exercise 6.)  Communicate clearly. What kind of hotel can you stay in? 4. The advert suggests that the hotels are close to the theatres 6. (Note: Your letter is more likely to be answered if you discuss specific concerns rather than political issues. They can always get your tickets for the London show you want to see 2.1 Read the following advertisement and answer the questions 1. and specify how long you are willing to wait to have your complaint resolved.  Explain why your suggestion or request for retribution should be granted (if you made one). The train leaves at nine o‟clock on Saturday morning 3. The weekend costs more if you live a long way from London 5. You have to leave London before nine o‟clock on Sunday evening 4. What is the cost for two people? 2.82 Gianfranco Catanzaro  Indicate what the reader can or should do to address your complaint. Can someone in France go on one of these breaks? Look at the advertisement again and answer T for true or F for False 1. Which meals are included in the price? 5. You can choose to travel by train or bus 8. . Fill in the Letter plan and then write your letter. Look again at the advertisement on the previous page and the notes you made on the right. You were not happy with the service.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 83 7. “+breakfast” means you have to pay extra for breakfast You recently went on a minibreak to London with Thornton travel. 84 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 2 You attended a summer course at the Queen‟s School of English. Look at the advert and the notes you made on it when you got back home.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 85 Exercise 6. Write your complain letter ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 86 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 6.3 You recently bought a CD throw a magazine promotion. Look at the advertisement and the notes you have made. Write your complain note ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 87 Exercise 6. You decided to write a letter to complain to the company about the holiday and ask for your money back.4 You have returned from a Thomsun‟s Holiday camp which was very disappointing. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 88 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 6.5 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 89 Exercise 6.6 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 90 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 6.7 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 91 Exercise 6.8 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 92 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 6.9 Read the following advertisement with the notes you have made. Then using the information write a letter to the coach company complaining about the excursion and asking for some money back English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 93 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 10 You bought a computer game from a mail-order catalogue but you were disappointed when it arrived. Read the advertisement carefully and the notes which you have made. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . complaining about the game and asking for your money back. or a better game.94 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 6. Then write a letter to the manager of the company. 11 You recently bought a pair of jeans from a mail-order catalogue. complaining about the jeans and asking for your money back _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 95 Exercise 6. but you are not happy with them. Read the advertisement carefully and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to the manager of the company. 96 Gianfranco Catanzaro . . Verb + ing Postpone admit avoid imagine finish consider deny risk fancy go on Carry on keep keep on enjoy mind Suggest  I enjoy dancing (not I enjoy to dance)  Mary suggested going to the cinema (not suggested to go)  He tried to avoid answering my question Verbs with two patterns like love Start continue prefer hate begin Exception: Stop: I stopped to play soccer = I finished what I was doing to start playing soccer I stop playing soccer = I don‟t play soccer anymore. there are two different patterns: Verb + to + verb Want decide hope try need offer expect forget plan refuse promise Deserve agree manage afford threaten Arrange fail learn would love would like  What do you want to do tonight?  I hope to go to college next year?  You have decided to leave tomorrow morning  You forgot to turn off the lights when you went out  I tried to work but I was too tired.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 97 7 Gerunds & Infinitives When we need to write two verbs together. 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs at the end of each sentence 1. Have you finished ___________ the kitchen? CLEAN 8. I‟d love ____________ you. What have you decided _____________________? DO 4. I learned ____________ when I was five years old SWIM 5. Don‟t forget _________ me a postcard when you‟re away SEND 11.2 Complete the sentences for each situation. Where do you want ___________________? GO 3.98 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 7. so I suggested _______ for a walk GO 10. He hates ____ LOSE Exercise 7. but it‟s impossible HELP 12. We invited Jane to the party but she didn‟t want ______ COME 16. You should stop ____________ so hard. it‟s not good WORK 17. Why did he start ___________________? CRY 20. I don‟t mind _________ by bus. I‟m trying ___________. I enjoy __________________________ DANCE 2. Do you like ______________? COOK 19. The weather was nice. . He wasn‟t happy when he lost the game. They were very angry and refused __________ to me SPEAK 18. but I prefer________ TRAVEL FLY 15. Do you enjoy _______________ books? READ 14. please stop ___________ WORK TALK 7. I‟m tired. Would you prefer __________ now or later? LEAVE 6. I want _______________ to bed GO 9. Where‟s Bill? He promised ____________ here on time BE 13. 8. We need to change your routine. Could you please stop ______________________ so much noise? 3. I keep ____________________ things 9. I‟ve given up _______________ to lose weight – it‟s impossible 12. I really must do it today 10. I decided against it 5. We can‟t go on __________________ like this 7. If you invest your money on the stock market. but in the end. you risk ______________ it Exercise 7. I enjoy ____________________ to music 4.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 99 Exercise 7. He tried to avoid _____________________ my question 2.4 Complete the sentences for each situation . Have you finished ________________ the newspaper yet? 6. I consider _______________ for the job.3 Complete the sentences with one of the verbs of the box Answer apply be forget listen live Lose make read try use write 1. I don‟t mind you ____________________ the phone as long as you pay for all your calls. My memory is getting worse. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anyone _______________ so stupid? 11. I‟ve put off ________________ the letter so many times. It is a nice day.100 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 7. Hurry up! I don‟t want to risk _______________ the train MISS 10. I don‟t mind ______________ WAIT 5. They don‟t have much money.5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs 1. Our neighbor threatened _____________ the police if we didn‟t Stop making noise CALL 8. It was a nice day. They can‟t afford __________ out Very often GO 6. When I‟m tired. Does anyone fancy__________ for a walk? GO 3. so we decided ____________ for a walk GO 4. It‟s relaxing WATCH 2. I enjoy _______________ television. I wish that dog would stop _____________ It‟s driving me mad BARK 7. so I suggested _____________ dinner early HAVE 9. I‟m not in a hurry. We were hungry. I‟m still looking for a job. but I hope ___________ something soon FIND . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 101 8 The Article Articles expand on an idea or theme. who the target reader is for each one b. Your teacher Read the extracts from the writing tasks and decide a. A student in another country 6. They are published in magazines. They are usually about a specific subject and try to show different sides of the story or argument. An article for an international young people‟s fiction magazine d. A letter complaint to a hotel e. A manager in a company 5. depending on the context and in what kind of publication it is published in. what style the writing will be . A composition about a project you‟ve done in b. Someone interested in reading 3. A friend or relative class c. The hotel manager 2. A letter describing a film you‟ve just seen 4. Articles can be written in a formal or casual tone. f. A short story for a national magazine. A letter applying for a job a. newspapers or local newsletters. Read the following writing types and match them to who are going to read them. 1. 102 Gianfranco Catanzaro Read the following writing tasks and answer the questions You have just seen the following announcement in a young people‟s magazine Have you ever taken part in a talent contest? If you have. What kind of act did you do? What happened? How did you feel? Did you win? We’ll publish the best article in the next month’s issue. Did you win? (If yes. Write your article 1. dance. Was it a success? (did people laugh. When (last year. during. club. last week)? 3. TV? 2. clap. How did you feel (before. Where was the talent contest (school. complete the composition planner . we’d love to hear at your experience. what was the prize) After answering the questions. after)? 5. etc) 6. What did you do (sing. tell jokes)? 4. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 103 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 1 .104 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. Write your article for the magazine .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 105 Read the writing task and complete the composition planner You saw the following advertisement in a young people‟s magazine. 106 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Why do you like them? .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 107 Exercise 8. (3)_______________. You are going to answer the questions below. In conclusion c. As the saying goes: good fences make good neighbors! Read the article again and label the paragraphs  Introduction topic  Develops the topic (use this twice)  Conclusion. you should be able to pop in and chat to your neighbor and have a cup of coffee together. they do not make a lot of noise when you want to relax or sleep. (1)______________________. (5) ________________. A B 1. Before you write. good neighbors are rare and some people do not know who their neighbors are! (2)_________________. (6)_______________________. Today 4. So d. First of all 5. they are happy to call one for you. Think of one of your good friends. a good neighbor knows when to be friendly but also when to leave you alone. Good neighbors are also willing to help you if you need them. a good neighbor is not nosy or noisy: they do not ask you personal questions or gossips about you.2 Match the connectors in list A with the words which have a similar meaning in List B. Of course. In addition b. Nowadays a. if you need a doctor urgently. To sum up f. What does it mean to be a good friend to someone? 2. What does a good friend do and not do? 3. An international young magazine has asked for articles on: What makes a good friend? 1. make notes about your ideas. they should invite you to the party because good neighbors are also friendly! (4)___________________. In my opinion e. In my view 2. As well Now complete this composition with the appropriate connector A good neighbor neither noisy nor nosy! A good neighbor is someone who respects other people and helps them if necessary. Therefore 3. 108 Gianfranco Catanzaro Vocabulary box: Good listener give support need help find solutions Share things lend money feel jealous Make you laugh give advice stay loyal Now write your article using the following plan and the notes you make Paragraph 1: What makes a good friend? Do you have a good friend? Paragraph 2: Give two examples of what good friends do Paragraph 3: Give two examples of what good friends do not do Paragraph 4: Conclusion: So what is the most important thing about good friends? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 3 An international young people‟s magazine has asked its readers to write an article describing their perfect day. How and where would you end your perfect day? . First look at the photos and then decide which of these things you would like to do in your perfect day. What it would be like Paragraph 2: How are you going to spend the morning? When? What would you do? Who would you be with? Is your dream based on reality of fantasy? Paragraph 3: In the afternoon.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 109 Exercise 8. Where would you have lunch? What would you eat? What would you do then? Paragraph 4: In the evening. Write your article using the following plan Paragraph 1: My perfect day. 110 Gianfranco Catanzaro ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 111 Exercise 8.4 You have been asked by an international students‟ magazine to write an article about problems caused by the weather n your country. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .5 Look at the note your editor has sent you. Write your article about an athletic club for the school magazine.112 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. 6 A student‟s magazine has asked you to write an article imagining the advantages and disadvantages of being famous. Before you write here are some ideas:  You can buy whatever you want  You have no privacy  You travel all over the world  People are jealous of your success  You are recognized wherever you go  People want your autograph  You need bodyguards  You meet lots of other famous people  People are interested in your opinions  Journalists and photographers follow you around ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 113 Exercise 8. 114 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. Write an article to appear in the series expressing your opinion. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .7 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title: Why I’m a fan of modern technology. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 115 Exercise 8. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .8 Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which ordinary people can help to protect the environment. Write an article for the magazine giving your suggestions. 9 Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which your school could be more environmentally friendly. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .116 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. Write an article for the magazine. giving your suggestions. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 117 Exercise 8.10 A national student magazine has asked you to write an article on how young people might choose a career. Write your article for the magazine ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Write your article to appear in the series describing your ideal job ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .118 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8.11 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title my dream job. The best articles will be published in the newspaper ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .12 A local newspaper has invited readers to write short articles about how they imagine the world of work will change over the decades.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 119 Exercise 8. 13 You have just seen this announcement in an international student magazine Does TV entertain us.120 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. Write and tell us what you think ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . or is it informative too? We are looking for articles on this subject. 14 Your favorite magazine is running a writing competition this month. This prize is a tour round a televisions studio. you have to write an article describing your favorite television program and explaining why you would recommend it to others. To enter the competition.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 121 Exercise 8. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 15 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title Radio and Young people.122 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 8. You have been asked to write an article to appear in the series giving your views on how popular radio is with your people today. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . where is the nearest bank?  Who is the president of the US?  Can you tell me the time. We use the before the word same  It is on the same street (not on same street) Note: The sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the ground / the country  The sky is blue and the sun is shinning The  I like swimming in the ocean  They live in a big city. He is in the army  Call the police! There‟s been a robbery The piano / the guitar / the trumpet. etc (musical instruments The  Tom is learning how to play the piano The radio. please?  My office is on the first floor of that building. but they want to live in the country The police / the fire department / the army The  My brother is a soldier.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 123 9 Articles THE We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean:  Rome is the capital of Italy (there is only one capital of Italy)  What is the name of this town? (the town has only one name  Excuse me. We also use the for specific location:  Write your name at the top of this page.  The Beginning of the movie was not very good  My house is at the end of this street  The table is in the middle of the room. but television (without the) The  I listen to the radio a lot  I like watching television (not the television) Breakfast / lunch / dinner The  I never have breakfast (not “the breakfast)  What are you going to have for lunch?  Dinner is ready . When I went to Rome. I stayed with ________ Italian friend of mine 9. when we refer to some of them specifically. This house is very nice. You must meet her 5.1 Complete the sentences with a/an or the 1. We had dinner in _________ best restaurant in town 19. I wrote to her but ________ letter never arrived 2. Which restaurant shall we go to?” 12. It‟s dirty 11. We use the. but it‟s a pity that _________ garden is so small 16.124 Gianfranco Catanzaro A/AN AND THE We use a/an when there are many of the things we are talking about. The stayed in a small hotel (there are hotel was awful (the specific many small hotels in Japan) hotel we stayed in)  Tim sat down on a chair when he  Tom sat down on the chair next arrived (there are many chairs in to me. the room) Exercise 9. we  We didn‟t enjoy our vacation. What is ________ largest city in Canada? 7. I don‟t have ________ watch 8. Can you turn on ________ radio please? I want to listen to some music 13. Let‟s sit in _________ garden 15. You need ________ vacation 10. What‟s _________ name of that man we met yesterday? . but in fact she‟s English. It‟s a beautiful day. Jane is ________ very nice person. I like living in this house. Can you recommend _________ good restaurant? 17. “What time is it?” “I don‟t know. not French 20. Tahiti is ________ island 3. Look at the examples:  Rome is a big city in Italy (there  Rome is the capital of Italy (there are many big cities in Italy and is only one capital of Italy) Rome is one of them)  When we were in Japan. What is ________ name of this town? 4. You look very tired. Don‟t sit on ________ floor. We had dinner in _________ very nice restaurant 18. Has it got _________ garden? 14. “Let‟s go to ________ restaurant this evening” “That‟s ________ good idea. Montreal is ________ large city in Canada 6. She ahs _________ French name. There is _________ beautiful garden behind _________house. My friends live in _________ old house in _________ small village. 31. 34. can I ask you question. He‟s taking ________ shower 29. opened door and went out __________________________________________________________________ 2. _________ driver of _________ car wasn‟t but but _________ car was badly damaged. Excuse me. please? __________________________________________________________________ 3. _________ car crashed into _________ tree. _________ week after next 26.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 125 21.I can‟t remember _________ name now 22. We stayed at a very nice hotel . 33. and don‟t forget to send me postcard! __________________________________________________________________ 6. I saw _________ accident this morning. There are two cars parked outside _________ blue one and _________ grey one. I bought _________ newspaper and _________ magazine. _________ Blue one belongs to my neighbors. We live in ________ old house near ________ train station. Its two miles from ________ city center. How far is it from here to airport? __________________________________________________________________ 5. _________ nearest airport in 70 kilometers away 23. 28. There isn‟t _________ airport near where we live. Tom is in ________ bathroom. Excuse me please. What is name of director of movie we saw last night? __________________________________________________________________ . This morning. I‟m going away _________ week in September 27.2 Put a/an or the where necessary in these sentences: 1. We had to wait at _________ airport for three hours 24. He works three mornings _________ week. I don‟t know who _________ owner of _________ grey one is. but I don‟t like ________ color of ________ carpets 30. I turned off light. Our flight was delayed. Do you have ticket for concert tomorrow night? __________________________________________________________________ 7. Gary has a part-time job. _________ newspaper is in my bag but I can‟t remember where I put _________ magazine 32. This is a nice room. Have a good vacation. Tim is best player on our soccer team __________________________________________________________________ 4. I would like to have _________ garden like this Exercise 9. Can you tell me how to get to _________ airport? 25. Are you going away next week? No. Do you think English is _____________________ for people to learn? 7. __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 9. What‟s that man doing on _______________ of that house? Is he repairing something? 5. Who was first person to walk on moon? 6. boy and girl. I don‟t smoke” 8. Ann is coming to see us at end of May 14. When we were in Japan. “Where is your dictionary?” “It‟s on shelf on right” 12. He‟s cooking something” 9. Sky is blue and sun is shinning 2. It‟s _____________________ today. “Would you like__________________?” “ No. Would you like to be in army? 9. what time is _________________________ to Toronto? 10. thanks. we stayed at ________________________ 3. Our apartment is on third floor 4. After dinner we watched television 11. Do you live near ocean? 10.4 Put a √ if the sentence is correct. Exercise 9. We went to the theater last night. Peter and Mary have two children. Excuse me. Rome is _________________________________ of Italy 2. “Where is Jack?” “He‟s in ____________________. let‟s go outside. Yesterday I bought jacked and shirt Jacket was cheap. Boy is seven years old and girl is three. Can you ride_________________________________? 4.3 Complete the sentences using a/an or the and one of the words from the box Bicycle capital cigarette play kitchen Difficult language nice day next train roof small hotel 1. Which city is capital of your country? 7. they‟re same price” . Help! Fire! Somebody call fire department 5. What is largest city in world? 8. What are you going to have for lunch? 3.126 Gianfranco Catanzaro 8. write THE where necessary 1. We live in country about five miles from nearest town 13. “Is this book cheaper than that one?” “No. but _____________________ wasn‟t very good 6. but shirt was expensive __________________________________________________________________ 9. It gives us light and warmth 4. Can you play___________? No. I didn‟t like her first time I met her 19. What do you usually have for breakfast? 20. Can you tell me __________ please? Yes. I was hungry this morning because I didn‟t have _____________ 6. I can‟t play any musical instrument 8. He‟s 25 and she‟s 25.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 127 15. You can see all the stars. It‟s six thirty 2. _______________ is very clear tonight. Did you see the movie on ________________ last night? 5. We arrived at ____________________ 3. . I arrived at 8. We have _____________________ 4. It was a very nice hotel. but I don‟t remember name 18. We‟re leaving on _________ Exercise 9. I live on Water Street and you live on Water Street. “Do you have any milk?” “Yes. When I‟m working at home I like to listen to ____________________ 10.5 Complete these sentences with “the same” and one of the words from the box Age color day problem street time 1. We had ___________ at a restaurant last night 3. Prime Minister is most important person in Canadian government 16. They are ___________________ 6. They are ______________________________ 5.6 Complete the sentences with THE and one word from the box Breakfast dinner lunch police radio sky Sun television time trumpet 1. I‟m leaving on Monday and you‟re leaving on Monday. there‟s some in refrigerator” Exercise 9.30.30 and you arrived at 8. My shirt is dark blue and my jacket is dark blue. I have no money and you have no money. _____________stopped me because I was driving too fast 7. We live on ______________ 2. _____________ is star. What did you have for _______________? Just a salad 9. I don‟t know everybody in this photograph. Who is man on left? 17. Lisa and I arrived at _________same time 15. We went for walk by _________sea” 11. but nobody was watching t 12. where is bus station. “Where did you have ___________lunch?” “We went to _________ restaurant” 2. I won‟t be long 8. It was mistake 5. “Would you like to travel in _______space?” “Yes. I haven‟t been to _________cinema for ages . “Did you have _________nice holiday?” “Yes. We live in small flat in city centre 12. Have you finished with book I lent you? 10. “What did you have for _________breakfast?” “I never eat _________breakfast” 13. “Do you go to _________cinema very often?” “I watch films on _________TV” 9. I lay down on _________ground and looked up at _________sky 10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester 11. I didn‟t mean to do that. “I was _________nice day yesterday” “Yes. There were no chairs. please?” “It‟s on _________fifth floor” 14. You‟ll find _________information you need at _________top of _________page 15 3. I‟m just going to post office.7 Write a/an if necessary. If no word is needed write a – 1. Exercise 9. please? 4. There‟s supermarket at end of street I live in.128 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 9. What‟s _________capital city of Canada? 18. If the sentence is correct write a √ 1. Excuse me. I‟m sorry. “We spent all our money because we stayed at _________most expensive hotel in town” “Why didn‟t you stay at _________cheaper hotel?” 16. Sarah spends most of her free time watching _________television 5. “Where‟s _________nearest shop?” “There‟s on at _________end of the street” 6. please? 6. “Do you often listen to _________radio?” “No. I‟d love to go to ________moon 8. In fact I haven‟t got _________radio 7. Would you like apple? 2. _________television was on.8 Complete the sentences with a/an or the where necessary. How often do you to dentist? 3. Have you had _________dinner yet? 17. so we sat on floor 9. Could you close door. it was _________holiday ever” 4. “Where is room 505. Can you help me? 7. I have problem. We do not normally use Much in positive sentences We use many + plural nouns  Do you know many people?  How many photographs did you take?  He doesn‟t have many friends. 2. MUCH AND MANY We use much + uncountable nouns  Do you drink much coffee?  How much money do you have?  She doesn‟t have much time to answer these questions. How___________mistakes did you make? 5.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 129 10 Quantifiers A LOT. How___________letters did you write? 6. How___________ money did you lose? 3. How ___________ photographs did you take? 2. 3. Exercise 10. Joe always put much salt on his food . We use much in questions and negative sentences. Change much to many or a lot (of) where necessary. How___________water did you drink? 4. Sue drinks much tea. Write a √ if the sentence is correct.1 Complete the sentences with How much or how many 1. How___________food did you buy? Exercise 10. 1.2 In some of these sentences the word much is incorrect or unnatural. We use a lot of + uncountable nouns or plural nouns  I drink a lot of coffee  We spent a lot of money  We took a lot of pictures We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences. We didn‟t spend much money. LITTLE AND FEW We use a little + uncountable noun to refer there is some but not much:  She didn‟t eat anything. 10. but she drank a little water. Little (without a) means nearly nothing. I don‟t know much people in this town 8. I use the phone much at work 9. It cost much to repair the car 6. I‟m unsocial) . You need much money to travel round the world.  I speak a little French. We haven‟t got much time 5. little is a negative idea  They have a little money (some but not much)  They have little money (the are poor. There wasn‟t much traffic this morning.  There was little food in the refrigerator  She eats very little food. Did it cost much to repair the car? 7. nearly no money) We use a few + plural noun to refer there is some but not many  Last night I wrote a few emails  We‟re going away for a few days  I speak a few words of Polish Few (without a) means nearly nothing  There were few people in the class A few means a positive idea and few means a negative idea  I have a few friends (some but not many)  I have few friends (nearly no friends. We‟ll have to hurry.130 Gianfranco Catanzaro 4. A little is a positive idea. Last evening I wrote _____________ to my family and friends 2. a post office and __________________ that‟s all. I‟ve been there ____________ times. but they have ____________money – enough to live 5. few or a few 1. There was ____________ food in the refrigerator. There are ____________good programs 7. “When did John go away?” “____________ ago” 4. Do you mind if I ask you ____________questions? 13. Gary is very busy with his job. It was nearly empty 2. He‟s not well known ____________ people have heard of him 10. Last night I went to a restaurant with ____________ friends 6. She‟s got ____________ patience 15. I can‟t decide now – I need ____________ time to think about it 8. It‟s not a very interesting place to visit. There is ____________ unemployment in this town 9. I live in a very small town. 14. There wasn‟t much furniture in the room – just a table and ________________ Exercise 10. Listen carefully. 8. I don‟t think Jull would be a good teacher. The TV stations aren‟t very good. a little. “Have you ever been to Taiwan?” “Oh. yes__________________” 7. He has ____________ time for other things 11.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 131 Exercise 10. There is one store. . I‟m going out for a walk. They‟re not rich. When did you see Kim? ____________ days ago 3. This is a very boring place to live. Can I have ______________ in my office please? 3. “Are you going out alone?” “ “No. Nearly everybody has a job. ____________ 16. I‟m going to give you ____________ advice 12.4 Complete the sentences with Little. He‟s very lazy.3 Complete the sentences with a little or a few and one word from the box Air chairs days friends houses Letters milk Russian times 1. “Do you speak any foreign languages?” “Yes. Italian and ____________” 5. Would you like milk in your coffee? Yes. There is ____________ to do 17. I need ______________ fresh _____________ 9. I‟m going with ________________” 6. so ____________ tourists come here. He does ____________work 4. Have you ever been to Paris? Yes. I can‟t give you a decision yet. I haven‟t been there for ____________ years Exercise 10. little 1. She isn‟t very popular. There are ____________ old buildings 6. write a √ 1.6 Write A where necessary.5 Complete the sentences with much. Did you take ____________ photographs when you were on holiday? 4. She‟s lucky. 5. I don‟t know much Spanish – only few words 8. Here was little traffic. I haven‟t got ____________ to do 5. Few people expected him to win 7. She has ____________ friends 2. We‟ve had ____________ rain 7. She has few problems 3.132 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 10. Do you know Rome? No. It was a surprise that he won the match. Can you lend me few dollars? 4. few. This is a very modern city. I need little time to think 6. I‟m not very busy today. I haven‟t seen him for ages . so the journey didn‟t take very long. She has ____________ free time 3. many. She has few problems 2. The weather has been very dry recently. I wonder how Sam is. if the sentence is correct. Things are not going to well for her. Ann is very busy these days. we found somebody had broken into the flat. Paul had gone home.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 133 11 The Past Perfect Look at this situation The past perfect is had + past participle. (Paul left the party before Sarah arrived). Compare the Present perfect and the past perfect . but I soon realised that I had made a big mistake.  Karen didn‟t want to go to the cinema with us because she had seen the film  At first we thought I had done the right thing.  When we got home last night.  When Sarah arrived to the party. We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before another past action. I went back there for the first time. The cup and Saucer face _____________________(move) from Park Street to New Road. (She just have breakfast) _______________________________________________ Exercise 11. they _______________________(build) a sports centre.2 Complete the text with the past perfect We left the village of Moreton 15 years go. And they _______________________(put) a stupid sign on the front door – The Pink House. . The people living in our old house _______________________(paint) it pink. A lot of new shops _____________(open) on the main street. I didn‟t like the new Moreton. In its place.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words 1. I offered Sue something to but she wasn‟t hungry.134 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 11. It _______________________(change) a lot. I was shocked. It wasn‟t the same as before (it change a lot) _____________________________________________________ 3. They _______________________(close) my old school. I invited Rachel to the party. They _________________(plant) trees around the market square. My favourite toy shop ______________(become) a mobile phone shop. It _______________________(grow) into a town. but she wasn‟t there (she go out) She had gone out when I went to her house 2. but she couldn‟t come. so I only spent an hour there. Last week. You went to Sue‟s house. They _____________________(make) Park Street wider. The New Inn _____________________(become) The Moreton Hotel. You went back to your home town after many years. You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late (The film begin)______________________________________________________ 5. It wasn‟t a village any more. Then I got back on the train and came home. (She arrange to do something else)______________________________________ 4. It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time (I not see him for five years) ____________________________________________ 6. 9. It was easy to get into the house because they _________________ a window open on the ground floor. All the plants in the garden were dead because it _________________ for months . My friend was nervous on the plane because she _________________ before 5. She took a taxi home because she _________________ the last bus 8.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 135 Exercise 11. I played badly in my piano lesson because I _________________ 6. My mother was angry with my little brother because he _________________ her coffee pot 2. There wasn‟t anything for lunch because the cat _________________ everything 3. Suzie couldn‟t come out on Sunday evening because she _________________ her homework 4. She took a taxi home because I _________________ 7.3 Complete the sentences with verbs from the box in past perfect Leave see eat break rain Fly do practise miss 1. 136 Gianfranco Catanzaro . make sure that every word is related to this theme. Short Story Plan : Start with a situation . It may be one single event that is momentous in the life of your main character or the story may take place in a single day or even an hour. Structure of Your Short Story: Novice writers are often given this advice on how to structure their short stories:  Put a man up a tree  Throw stones at him  Get him down When you come to think of it. Time Span for Your Short Story: An effective short story covers a very short time span. you must stick to the point otherwise you end up with either a novel beginning or a mish-mash of ideas that add up to nothing. 2.get the man down from his leafy perch .safely. Then present the problems that can occur (throw some stones): Misunderstandings / mistaken identity / lost opportunities etc The final step is to show how you can solve the problem . setting etc. As you write. Try to use the events you depict to illustrate your theme. Short Story Theme: Every piece of writing must have a message or thread of meaning running through it. but every excess word is a word that dilutes the impact of your story. The best stories are the ones that follow a narrow subject line. Love triumphs / good conquers evil / honesty is the best policy / united we stand 3. 4. descriptive writing. It's tempting to use your short story to show off your talents at characterization. . characters. Decide what the point of your story is and even though it's tempting to digress.a problem to be resolved for your protagonist (the man up the tree). it's good advice for any writer. dialogue or whatever. So follow the steps in the plan below to start writing great short stories.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 137 12 The Short Story 1. and this theme is the skeleton or framework on which you hang your plot. Setting for Your Short Story Because you have such a limited number of words to convey your message. .there must be a beginning. but normal places where readers can imagine themselves. 9. For example. You need to paint such a vivid picture that the reader can imagine himself or herself to be in the scene. and then keep your paragraphs and sentences short. Short Story Dialogue: Never underestimate the power of dialogue in conveying character. there's no room for free-loaders in a short story! That doesn't mean you have to be trite or predictable when deciding on settings. Every word you put into the mouth of your characters must contribute to revealing your theme. but it must contribute to the main focus of the story . your characters. middle and an end. Don't give in to the urge to provide detailed background on your characters. 6. use him/her as the basis for a novel later on. leaving the reader bothered and bemused but sadly. some of the most frightening settings for thrillers are not cemeteries or lonely alleys... 8. Again this goes back to placing yourself there and transposing this into your writing as we discussed earlier. It's a trick that sets the pace and adds to the atmosphere you're conveying to the reader. not bewitched. be ruthless and cut it. Plot for Your Short Story: Begin with an arresting first paragraph or lead. Make sure your plot works . so that the climax or denouement (as in the twist ending) is relegated to one sentence. And don't signal the twist ending too soon .try to keep the reader guessing until the last moment. you must choose your settings carefully . decide on the characteristics that are important for your theme and stick to those. Vivid Imagery for Your Short Story: Capture the reader's interest in. 7. if it doesn't. say crime. Characters in Your Short Story: Around three main characters are all a short story can effectively deal with because too many will distract you from your theme.don't just use it to pad out your characters. enough to grab the readers and make them curious to know what happens next. If you're telling a fast-moving story. But don't spend too much time on the build-up. If you fall in love with your character. Appeal to your readers' five senses to make your settings more real.138 Gianfranco Catanzaro 5. and empathy for. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 139 DEVELOPING NARRATIVE . complete the composition plan .140 Gianfranco Catanzaro You have decided to enter to short story competition. The rules of the competition states that your story must begin with the following phrase It was fool’s day so I decided to play a practical joke Before you write your story. English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 141 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . Use the following plan: Paragraph 1: Background information.142 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12. The story must end with the sentence It had been an unforgettable evening. How old were you? Which show did you see? How did you feel? Paragraph 2: Where did the show take place? How did you feel as you arrived? Paragraph 3: What happened on stage? How did the audience react? Paragraph 4: How did the show end? How did the audience react? How did you feel? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .1 Write a description of an unforgettable day when you saw a great show. 2 You have decided to enter to a short story competition. say what happened before Paragraph 2: Start the main part of the story.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 143 Exercise 12. none of this would have happened Follow this plan: Paragraph 1: Set the scene. add more background Paragraph 3: Continue the story Paragraph 4: End the story ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . The competition rules say that the story must begin or end with the following words: If I had stayed at home. Before you begin. choose one of these phrases to finish your story  I didn‟t want to show I was afraid  Now finally it was time to go into the house  Suddenly.  They had caught one of the most dangerous criminals ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . I heard a noise behind him.3 You have decided to enter to a short story competition.144 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 145 Exercise 12.4 Write a story starting with the following phrase Matt picked up his brush and began to paint. 146 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12.5 Write a story whose last phrase is: Finally I had managed to explain the mystery ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . The rules state that your story must end with the following words We got off the ferry and looked around ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 147 Exercise 12.6 You have decided to enter to a short story competition. 148 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12. It must begin with the following words: When I first saw Louise.7 Your teacher has asked you to write a story for the English Magazine. I got completely the wrong impression of her ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 149 Exercise 12.8 Write a story beginning with the following phrase: As the door slowly opened. I was surprised to see Tom standing there. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . 9 Your school magazine has asked students to write a series of stories.150 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12. Each story must begin with the following phrase: Martha knew she would never be the same after everything that had happened ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ . The story must begin like this: Rebecca knew from the beginning that this would be a journey to remember ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 151 Exercise 12.10 A travel company is organizing a short story competition. To enter to the competition you have to write a story about an exciting journey. 11 Write ka story beginning with the following expression How are you going to get home? Asked Tim with a worried expression ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ .152 Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 12. 1 Write sentences about the people in box A… is a person who… chose an ending from B to complete the sentences: A B A thief a dentist Takes photographs is very intelligent A butcher A genious Sells meat plays a musical instrument A musician A liar Is sick in the hospital doesn’t tell the truth A patient A photographer Steals things takes care of your teeth . It was too big for him 2 sentences It  which 1 sentence Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him Who … is for people (not for things)  A thief is a person who steals things  Do you know anybody who can play the piano?  I know somebody who knows you  The people who work in the office are very friendly. Which… is for things  An airplane is a machine which flies  Jack lives in a house which is 100 years old. She can speak six languages 2 sentences She  who 1 sentence I met a woman who can speak six languages Jim was wearing a hat.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 153 13 Relative Clauses Look at the following example: I met a woman. Exercise 13. She always asks me questions ____________are difficult to answer 8. The woman opened the door. What‟s the name of the man ____________ lives next door? 3. A waitress served us. which or where 1. It runs every half hour. He wasn‟t very friendly _________________________________________________________________ 10. A girl was injured in the accident. I met a woman ____________ can speak six languages 2. A police officer stopped our car. __________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ 5. She was wearing a yellow dress _________________________________________________________________ 8.154 Gianfranco Catanzaro 1. She was impolite and impatient _________________________________________________________________ 4. I have a friend ____________is very good at fixing cars . What‟s the name of the river ____________ flows through the town? 4. They have now been released _________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 6.3 Complete with who. He ran away _________________________________________________________________ Exercise 13. It has now been rebuilt _________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 4. Where is the picture ____________was on the wall? 7. A building was destroyed in the fire. A bus goes to the airport. Everybody ____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much 5. A man called. Some people live next door to us. He didn‟t give this name _________________________________________________________________ 2. They are very nice _________________________________________________________________ 9. __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 13. Do you know anybody ____________wants to buy a car? 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ 2. She is now in hospital _________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 8. A boy broke the window. Some people were arrested.2 Make one sentence using who or which 1. Why does he always wear clothes ____________ are too small for him? 14. A mystery is something _____________________________________________ 5. _________ takes thirty minutes to go around.English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 155 9. will give you an amazing view of the city 10. Barbara works for a company_________________________________________ 2. eat or look at people is a great place to go on Sunday 20. there are parks _________ you can swim. Convent Garden _________musicians and actors perform at weekends is very popular with tourists 17. People _________are interested in fashion will love the clothes at Portobello Market 18. The writer Samuel Johnson _________was born in 1709 said: When a man is tired of London. Alexander Bell was the man _________________________________________ 8. ride horses or have boat rides 19. Choose one ending from the box and change it into a relative clause He invited the telephone it makes furniture She runs away from home it gives you the meaning of words They stole my car it can support life They were on the wall it cannot be explained 1. Big Ben is the cock _________every visitor wants to photograph 16. Exercise 13. A coffee marker is a machine ____________ makes coffee 11. A dictionary is a book _______________________________________________ 7. What happened to the pictures _______________________________________ 4. he is tired of life. The London Eye. In London. I don‟t like people ____________never stop talking 12. It seems that earth is the only planet ___________________________________ . The book is about a girl _____________________________________________ 3. Camden Market _________you can shop.4 Complete the sentences. 15. Have you seen the money ____________was on the table? 13. The police have caught the men ______________________________________ 6. Tate Modern is the art gallery _________ you can see the most exciting modern art. 156 Gianfranco Catanzaro . were been bear bore born beat beat beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bid bid/bade bid/bidden bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived/dove dived do did done .English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 157 Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs Infinitive Simple Past Tense Past Participle awake awoke awoken Be was. 158 Gianfranco Catanzaro draw drew drawn dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt drive drove driven drink drank drunk eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fit fit fit fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven Forsake forsook forsaken Freeze froze frozen Get got gotten Give gave given Go went gone Grind ground ground Grow grew grown Hang hung hung Hear heard heard Hide hid hidden Hit hit hit Hold held held Hurt hurt hurt Keep kept kept Kneel knelt knelt Knit knit knit Know knew know Lay laid laid Lead led led Leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt Learn learned/learnt learned/learnt Leave left left Lend lent lent Let let let Lie lay lain Light lighted/lit lighted . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 159 Lose lost lost Make made made Mean meant meant Meet met met misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt Mistake mistook mistaken Mow mowed mowed/mown overcome overcame overcome Overdo overdid overdone overtake overtook overtaken overthrow overthrew overthrown Pay paid paid Plead pled pled Prove proved proved/proven Put put put Quit quit quit Read read read Rid rid rid Ride rode ridden Ring rang rung Rise rose risen Run ran run Saw sawed sawed/sawn Say said said See saw seen Seek sought sought Sell sold sold Send sent sent Set set set Sew sewed sewed/sewn shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear shore shorn shine shone shone shoe shoed shoed/shod shoot shot shot show showed showed/shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk . 160 Gianfranco Catanzaro sit sat sat sleep slept slept slay slew slain slide slid slid sling slung slung slit slit slit smite smote smitten sow sowed sowed/sown speak spoke spoken speed sped sped spend spent spent spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt spin spun spun spit spit/spat spit split split split spread spread spread spring sprang/sprung sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank stunk stride strod stridden strike struck struck string strung strung strive strove striven swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swelled/swollen swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought thrive thrived/throve thrived throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden understand understood understood . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 161 uphold upheld upheld upset upset upset wake woke woken wear wore worn weave weaved/wove weaved/woven wed wed wed weep wept wept wind wound wound win won won withhold withheld withheld withstand withstood withstood wring wrung wrung write wrote written . 162 Gianfranco Catanzaro . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 163 Appendix 2: List of Regular Verbs The list below contains the 600 more common regular verbs in English accept battle cause cough doubt add beam challenge count drag admire beg change cover drain admit behave charge crack dream advise belong chase crash dress afford bleach cheat crawl drip agree bless check cross drop alert blind cheer crush drown allow blink chew cry drum amuse blot choke cure dry analyse blush chop curl dust announce boast claim curve annoy boil clap cycle earn answer bolt clean educate apologise bomb clear damage embarrass appear book clip dance employ applaud bore close dare empty appreciate borrow coach decay encourage approve bounce coil deceive end argue bow collect decide enjoy arrange box colour decorate enter arrest brake comb delay entertain arrive brake command delight escape ask branch communicate deliver examine attach breathe compare depend excite attack bruise compete describe excuse attempt brush complain desert exercise attend bubble complete deserve exist attract bump concentrate destroy expand avoid burn concern detect expect bury confess develop explain back buzz confuse disagree explode bake connect disappear extend balance calculate consider disapprove ban call consist disarm face bang camp contain discover fade bare care continue dislike fail bat carry copy divide fancy bathe carve correct double fasten . 164 Gianfranco Catanzaro fax heal laugh object preserve fear heap launch observe press fedex heat learn obtain pretend fence help level occur prevent fetch hook license offend prick file hop lick offer print fill hope lie open produce film hover lighten order program fire identify like owe promise fit list own protect fix ignore listen provide flap imagine live pack pull flash impress load paddle pump float improve lock paint punch flood include long park puncture flow increase look part punish flower influence love pass push fold inform paste follow inject man pat question fool injure manage pause queue force instruct march peck form intend mark pedal race found interest marry peel radiate frame interfere match peep rain frighten interrupt mate perform raise fry introduce matter permit reach invent measure phone realise gather invite melt pick receive gaze irritate memorise pinch recognise glow itch mend pine record glue mess up place reduce google jail milk plan reflect grab jog miss plant refuse grate joke mix play regret greet juggle moan please reign guarantee jam move plug reject guard join mug point rejoice guess judge multiply poke relax guide jump murder polish release pop rely hammer kick nail possess remain hand kiss need post remember handle knit nod pour remind hang kill notice practise remove happen kneel name pray repair harass knock nest preach repeat harm note precede replace hate label number prefer reply haunt land prepare report head last obey present reproduce . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 165 request shelter squeeze test visit rescue shiver stain thank retire shock stamp tick wait return shop stare tickle walk rhyme shrug start tie wander risk sigh stay time want rob sign step tip warm rock signal stir tire warn roll sin stitch touch wash rub ski stop tour waste ruin skip store trace watch rule slap strap trade water rush slip strengthen train wave slow stretch transport weigh sack smash strip trap welcome sail smell stuff travel whisper satisfy smile subtract treat whistle save smoke succeed tremble wink saw snatch suck trick wish scare sneeze suffer trip wonder scatter sniff suggest trot work scold snore suit trouble worry scorch snow supply trust wrap scrape soak support try wreck scratch sound suppose turn wrestle scream spare surprise twist screw spark surround type x-ray scribble sparkle suspect scrub spell suspend undress yawn seal spill switch unite yell search spoil unpack separate spot talk use zip serve spray tap unfasten zoom settle sprout taste unlock shade squash tease untidy share squeak telephone shave squeal terrify vanish . 166 Gianfranco Catanzaro . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 167 Appendix 3: Phrasal verbs Bank . 168 Gianfranco Catanzaro . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 169 170 Gianfranco Catanzaro English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 171 Bibliography  Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Elementary. Essex: Longman  Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Pre Intermediate. Essex: Longman  Bolton D & Goodey D. (1997) Grammar Practice in Context London: Richmond  Mann M. & Taylore – Knowles S. (2004) Laser FCE Oxford: Macmillan  Mann M. & Taylore – Knowles S. (2003) Skills for First Certificate: Writing. Oxford: Macmillan  Murphy R (1993) Basic Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press  Murphy R (2004) English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press  Norris R. (2001) Ready for First Certificate. Oxford: Macmillan  Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: A Pre – First Certificate Course. Oxford: Macmillan  Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: An Intermediate Course. Oxford: Macmillan  Stanton A. & Stephens M. (2001) Fast Track to FCE. Essex: Longman  Taylore-Knowles S. (2004) Laser Pre – FCE. Oxford: Macmillan 172 Gianfranco Catanzaro . English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 173 Dr. . He holds The University of Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English and Teaching Knowledge Test and The University of Michigan Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English. Currently he is an internal Assessor and script marker for English B High Level at the International Baccalaureate Organization.D Bachelor Degree of Education in English Language Teaching. Peru. Currently working on a Master Degree in Educational Theories and Practice at the University of Piura. Business English and Cambridge ESOL Examinations preparation courses at different prestigious schools and Universities in Peru. Bachelor Degree of Humanities in Philosophy and Master Degree of Education in Teaching English as a Foreign Language from The University of Piura. Ph. Doctorate of Philosophy in Education from the Atlantic International University. Gianfranco Catanzaro. He is a regular contributor to the Language. Literature and Cultural Studies at the Military Technical Academy Publishing House in Bucharest. The Head of English Department for the three schools sponsored by Southern Peru Copper Corporation and The Centre Exams Manager for the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations for southern Peru. Diploma of Education in Distance Education Management from the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. USA. coordinating and designing language programmes in General English. Several years of experience in EFL teaching. He has been the Academic Consultant for Macmillan Publishers for northern Peru. Romania. teacher training. Bachelor Degree of Arts in History. 174 Gianfranco Catanzaro .
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