HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDThe Government of India Act, 1858 transferred the responsibility for administration of India from the East India Company to the British Crown. The Governor then became an agent of the Crown, functioning under the general supervision of the Governor-General. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) ushared in responsible Government, albeit in a rudimentary form. However, the Governor continued to be the pivot of the Provincial administration. The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy. The Governor was now required to act on the advice of Ministers responsible to the legislature. Even so, it placed certain special responsibilities on the Governor, such as prevention of grave menace to the peace or tranquility of the Province, safeguarding the legitimate interests of minorities and so on. The Governor could also act in his discretion in specified matters. He functioned under the general superintendence and control of the Governor-General, whenever he acted in his individual judgement or discretion. In 1937, when the Government of India Act, 1935 came into force, the Congress Party commanded a majority in six provincial legislatures. They foresaw certain difficulties in functioning under the new system which expected Ministers to accept, without demur, the censure implied, if the Governor exercised his individual judgement for the discharge of his special responsibilities. The Congress Party agreed to assume office in these Provinces only after it received an assurance from the Viceroy that the Governors would not provoke a conflict with the elected Government. Independence inevitably brought about a change in the role of the Governor. Until the Constitution came into force, the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 as adapted by the India (Provisional Constitution) Order, 1947 were applicable. This Order omitted the expressions 'in his discretion', 'acting in his discretion' and 'exercising his individual judgement', wherever they occurred in the Act. Whereas, earlier, certain functions were to be exercised by the Governor either in his discretion or in his individual judgement, the Adaptation Order made it incumbent on the Governor to exercise these as well as all other functions only on the advice of his Council of Ministers. CONSTITUIONAL ASSEMBLY DEBATES The Constituent Assembly discussed at length the various provisions relating to the Governor. Two important issues were considered. The first issue was whether there should be an elected Governor. It was recognised that the co-existence of an elected Governor and a Chief Minister responsible to the Legislature might lead to friction and consequent weakness in administration. The concept of an elected Governor was therefore given up in favour of a nominated Governor. Explaining in the Constituent Assembly why a Governor should be nominated by the President and not elected, Jawaharlal Nehru observed that “an elected Governor would to some extent encourage that separatist provincial tendency more than otherwise. There will be far fewer common links with the Centre." The second issue related to the extent of discretionary powers to be allowed to the Governor. Following the decision to have a nominated Governor, references in the various articles of the Draft Constitution relating to the exercise of specified functions by the Governor 'in his discretion' were deleted. The only explicit provisions retained were those relating to Tribal Areas in Assam where the administration was made a Central responsibility. The Governor as agent of the Central Government during the transitional period could act independently of his Council of Ministers. Nonetheless, no change was made in Draft Article 143, which referred to the discretionary powers of the Governor. This provision in Draft Article 143 (now Article 163) generated considerable discussion. Replying to it, Dr. Ambedkar maintained that vesting the Governor with certain discretionary powers was not contrary to responsible Government:- “The clause(Draft Article 143) is a very limited clause; it says: it says: "except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution". Therefore, article 143 will have to be read in conjunction with such other articles which specifically reserve the power to the Governor. It is not a general clause giving the Governor power to disregard the advice of his ministers in any matter in which he finds he ought to disregard. There, I think, lies the fallacy of the argument of my honourable Friend, Pandit Kunzru.” He further added:- “Therefore, as I said, having stated that there is nothing incompatible with the retention of the discretionary power in the Governor in specified cases with the system of responsible Government, the only question that arises is, how should we provide for the mention of this discretionary power? It seems to me that there are three ways by which this could be done. One way is to omit the words from article 143 as my honourable Friend, Pandit Kunzru, and others desire and to add to such articles as 175, or 188 or such other provisions which the House may hereafter introduce, vesting the Governor with the discretionary power, saying notwithstanding article 143, the Governor shall have this or that power. The other way would be to say in article 143, "that except as provided in articles so and so specifically mentioned-article 175, 188, 200 or whatever they are". But the point I am trying to submit to the House is that the House cannot escape from mentioning in some manner that the Governor shall have discretion.” CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND THEIR SCOPE The Constitution as it finally emerged, envisages that normally there shall be a Governor for each State (Article 153). The Governor is appointed by the President and holds office during his pleasure [Articles 155 & 156(1)]. Article 154 vests the executive power of the State in the Governor who exercises it either directly or through officers4 subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. Under Article 163(1), he exercises almost all his executive and legislative functions with the aid and advice of his Council of Ministers. Thus, executive power vests theoretically in the Governor but is really exercised by his Council of Ministers, except in the limited sphere of his discretionary action. Article 167 of the Constitution imposes duties on the Chief Minister to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers and proposals for legislation and such other information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and “if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council'. The information which the Governor is entitled to receive under clause (b) of the Article, must not only be related to the affairs of the State administration, but also have a nexus with the discharge of his Constitutional responsibilities. The nature and scope of these duties of the Chief Minister and the corresponding rights and powers of the Governor are to be understood in the context of their respective roles and responsibilities under a Cabinet system of government as adopted in our Constitution. Under this system, the Governor as Constitutional head of the State has “a right to be consulted, to warn and encourage” and his role is overwhelmingly that of “a friend, philosopher and guide” to his Council of Ministers. Harmoniously with this role, the Governor also functions as a sentinel of the Constitution and a live link with the Union. The rationale of Article 167 is that by affording access to necessary information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and the legislative proposals, it enables the Governor to discharge effectively this multi-faceted role. In a very limited field, however, the Governor may exercise certain functions in his discretion, as provided in Article 163(1), which reads as follows: (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion. The first part of Article 163(1) requires the Governor to act on the advice of his Council of Ministers. There is, however, an exception in the latter part of the clause in regard to matters where he is by or under the Constitution required to function in his discretion. The expression “required” signifies that the Governor can exercise his discretionary powers only if there is a compelling necessity to do so. It has been held that the expression “by or under the Constitution” means that the necessity to exercise such powers may arise from any express provision of the Constitution or by necessary implication. We would like to add that such necessity may also arise from rules and orders made “under” the Constitution. Thus, the scope of discretionary powers as provided in the exception in clause (1) and in clause (2) of Article 163 has been limited by the clear language of the two clauses. It is an accepted principle that in a parliamentary democracy with a responsible form of government, the powers of the Governor as Constitutional or formal head of the State should not be enlarged at the cost of the real executive, viz. the Council of Ministers. The scope of discretionary powers has to be strictly construed, effectively dispelling the apprehension, if any, that the area for the exercise of discretion covers all or any of the functions to be exercised by the Governor under the Constitution. In other words, Article 163 does not give the Governor a general discretionary power to act against or without the advice of his Council of Ministers. The area for the exercise of his discretion is limited. Even this limited area, his choice of action should not be arbitrary or fanciful. It must be a choice dictated by reason, actuated by good faith and tempered by caution. ‘Discretionary Powers’ Discretionary powers of the Governor means the powers of the Governor which he exercises as per his own individual judgement or without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. In the discharge of his responsibilities as the Head of the State, the Governor exercises his powers similar to that of the President as the Head of the Union. Our Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advice the Governor in the exercise of his functions. But the occasions to exercise such discretionary powers are few and far. Madras High Court in the case of S. Dharmalingam vs Governor of Tamil Nadu held that certain powers are available to the Governor under Article 163 which he would exercise in his sole discretion. In the case of Ganamani vs Governor of Andhra the court observed that “All the powers exercisable by the Governor can be exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers except insofar as the Constitution expressly or perhaps by necessary implication says that he can exercise those powers in his individual discretion”. The Articles which give specific discretionary powers to the Governor are as under: Article 239: Article 239 provides that a Union Territory shall be administered by the President through an Administrator with such designation as he may specify or a Governor of a State, adjoining Union Territory, may be appointed as the Administrator of that Union Territory. Where the Governor of a State is appointed as the Administrator of an adjoining Union Territory, he shall exercise his functions as the Administrator without the aid and advice of his Council of Ministers. Or in other words Governor as an Administrator can act independently without his Council of Ministers Para Nine of Sixth Schedule: Para nine of 6 th schedule10 is related to the licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for or extraction of minerals. Part-1 of para nine of 6 th schedule provides that “such share of the royalties accruing each year from licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for or extraction of minerals guaranteed by the government of the State in respect of any area within an autonomous District as may be agreed upon between the government of the State and the District Council of such District shall be made over to that District Council. Part-2 of para nine of 6 th schedule provides that if any dispute arises as to the share of such royalties to be made over to a District Council, it shall be referred to the Governor for determination and the amount determined by the Governor in his discretion shall be deemed to the amount payable under part-1 of para 9 of 6 th schedule to the District Council and the decision of the Governor shall be final. Article 371: Article 371 of the Constitution provides that the President may confer special responsibilities upon the Governor with respect to the State of Maharashtra and Gujarat for the establishment of separate Development Boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, Saurashtra, Kutch and the rest of Gujarat with the provision that a report on the working of each of these Boards will be placed each year before the State Legislative Assembly. Article 371 A of the Constitution has conferred special responsibilities on the Governor of Nagaland for certain purposes. For discharging these responsibilities the Governor shall after consulting his Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken. These responsibilities are as follows: i) with respect to law and order so long as internal disturbances occur in some areas of that State. ii) to establish a Regional Council for Tuensang District. iii) to arrange for equitable allocation of money between Tuensang District and the rest of Nagaland. Article 371 C of the Constitution 12 confers special responsibilities upon the Governor of Manipur to secure the proper functioning of a Committee of the Members of the Legislative Assembly consisting of the members representing the Hill Area. Article 371 F (g) of the Constitution confers special responsibilities upon the Governor of Sikkim for peace and for an equitable arrangement for ensuring the social and economic advancement of different sections of the population of Sikkim. Article 371H (a) of the Constitution confers special responsibilities upon the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh with respect to law and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. Appointment of the Chief Minister: There is a Council of Ministers in a State with the Chief Minister at its head. Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Chief Minister holds office during the pleasure of the Governor. The total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in a State shall not exceed fifteen percent of the total number of Members of the Legislative Assembly of that State and the number of ministers including the Chief Minister shall not be less than twelve in case of smaller States. In the appointment of the Chief Minister, the Governor can use his discretion. The extent of use of discretion in the appointment of the Chief Minister depends upon the situation that arises. When a single party or group has the majority, the leader of the majority party is invited to form the government. At this time, Governor has not much say in the appointment of the Chief Minister. But he can use his discretion in this situation also and refuse to appoint the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister, if the majority party in the Legislature asks to appoint such a person as the Chief Minister, who is not qualified to be a member of the Legislature or who is disqualified to be such. Governor’s Assent to Bills: Governor is the part of the State Legislature. Article 168 (1) of the Constitution itself provides that for every State there shall be a Legislature, which shall consist of the Governor and the Houses one or two as the case may be. According to the Article 200, when a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of the State or in the case of a State having a Legislative Council too, has been passed by both Houses, it shall be presented to Governor for his assent. In the form of government set up under the Indian Constitution, it would be politically impossible for a Governor to refuse his assent to a Bill, after it has been passed by the Legislature because he acts in this matter, as in all other public matters, on the advice of his Cabinet and no Bill could pass through both the Houses and come before the Governor for his assent, if it was opposed by the Cabinet. However, the power vested in the Governor to reserve a Bill for the consideration of the President is discretionary. It is general provision of Article 200 of the Constitution that enables the Governor to reserve a Bill passed by the State Legislature for Presidential consideration and assent. It is his discretion whether the Bill should be reserved for the consideration of the President and in this respect the Governor becomes an important link between the Union and the States, thereby enabling the Union to exercise some kind of control over the legislative activities of the State. Dissolution of State Assembly: The Governor has the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly. But there is neither explicit provision in the Constitution, which regulates this power of the Governor nor has any convention developed in this regard. Article 174(2) (b) of the Constitution merely says that the Governor may from time to time dissolve the Legislative Assembly. The Constitution is silent as to when and in what circumstances the Governor may dissolve the House. During the debate in the Constituent Assembly, Mohammed Tahir (member of the Constituent Assembly) wanted to amend the draft Article 153 to incorporate the reasons for the dissolution of the Assembly, but his amendment was not incorporated in the final Article 174 of the Constitution. Generally, the Legislative Assembly is not dissolved till the expiry of normal period of 5 years, but in exceptional circumstances, it can be dissolved by the Governor before the expiry of the normal period. About the exceptional circumstances. Dismissal of Ministry: Governor has the discretion to dismiss the ministry. This power has been given to the Governor by the Constitution itself, when it says that ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. Generally, Governor cannot use his sweet will to dissolve the ministry; there must be some ground to dissolve it. Governor in Summoning the House: In general, it is expected that the Governor of the State shall summon the Legislature on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers and he will not convene the Assembly suo-motu. The reason for this convention is that it is the Chief Minister alone, who can provide the Assembly with business to transact.108 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar also pointed out during the debate in Constituent Assembly that neither the Speaker nor the Chairman of either House would be entitled to summon the meeting of the Legislature. The business had to be provided by the executive that is to say the Prime Minister who would advise the President to summon the Parliament.109 And in the parliamentary form of government, the pattern of formation of the government at the State is same as that at the Centre, so the Governor would convene the Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister. Recommendation of President’s Rule: If the Governor finds that it is impossible to carry on the administration of the State according to the provisions of the Constitution, he reports about the failure of the constitutional machinery in the State to the President. The Governor makes his report to the President in his discretion and he is under no constitutional obligation to act in this matter on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Because, such report may be against a ministry in power so, it cannot be made in accordance with the ministerial advice. Further when the ministry has resigned the possibility of getting their advice is too remote. Sarkaria Commission points out: “The Sarkaria Commission on central-state relations has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state”