georgicsbooksiii00virguoft

N/ai^jI Ci> [ajUIiaa^^^ EX LIBRIS GEORGII WESLEY JOHNSTON QUI QUUM EX ANNO A.D. MDCCCCVI USQUE AD ANNUM MDCCCCXVII LaTINAE IN LINGUAE CoLLEGIO Universitatis Doctor AUT Professor Associatus fuisset MENSE MAIOA.D MDCCCCXVII MORTUUS EST 6r]Kr]s d^dX/^ar al Trarou^iemt /3i/3Xot. . ' M.^eNTAL LIBRARY Ojeforo AT THE CLARENDON PRESS M DCCC XCII [y4// rights reserved] . ^Helena' Late Scliolar of Trinity Colhge.LL V I RG III.' Enripides' ^Alcestis' Iphigcnia in Taiiris. JERRAM. Editor of VirgiVs ^ S.A.' Heracleidae^ &^c'. I L GEORGICS BOOKS IV EDITED PV/r/I INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY C. Oxford ' Bucolics.— INTRODUCTION AND TEXT DEPARTJ. PABT I. A.HENRY FROWDE. M. AND NEW YORK . PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORIJ LONDON. EDINBURGH. ludere. : moreover. hereafter to ^ be mentioned ^. i. and deals with a subject well suited to and is inclination. A 2 . and various editions. The artistic Georgics have justly been esteemed the most perfect and production of Virgirs genius. while their subjects are forthe most part confessedly light and trivial \ On the other hand the Aeneid.subject composition and early of Virgil. MSS. Patriotic spirit of his materials.INTRODUCTION and purpose. partly to due partly to causes lapse of time and to these The term vi. the ful Bucohcs or Eclogues. Critical estimate of the Georgics life : their. in spite of its unpromising material. In his earlier essays in verse. 565) indicates ^ See p. lo . forbade anything like exhaustive treatment the master's hand. Its principal defect in the eyes of modern is readers. the poet exhibits his wonderpower over rhythm and words. that of occasional obscurity. Form of the the First Book. so that. 1 . Remarks on the Invocation of Augustus in displayed in the Georgics. it position of its deservedly regarded as the most masterly comkind. owing to the vastness of its scope. It has a serious purpose in view. but we also detect in them traces of the immaturity of youth. in the it lacks the final touches of But and perfected his genius in the full Georgics we have a work written maturity of the poet's powers. poems (£. G. applied iv. 5 . metre of the Georgics. Virgirs art in execution and poetical treatment Episodes and descriptive passages. Date of poem and its prinInfluence of Lucretius upon the matter diction and cipal sources. by Virgil himself this. ii. Regarded from this point of view. he was employed upon the Eclogues. poems. a set of pastoral or bucohc Georgics. . to ^ the first century of our era. c. near Mantua. and more especially from the well-known passage in Georg. How long Virgil remained in Rome is uncertain but after some years he retumed to his native Andes. whose highest mag^strates in olden days Cincinnatus. he Maro. was Andes. the Georgics form one of a series of treatises de Re Rustica. began the study of philosophy under Siron. — — the third century B. It is See the evidence of Pliny and Columella referred to on p. We learn from one of his minor poems. Curius Dentatus. many of Virgirs rules and methods of agriculture are worthy ofattention. iv. 475. Virgirs professed purpose was to give practical instruction in everything connected with agriculture. a theme well worthy of a nation. allowance being and climate. Even made in this for dififerences of soil country and at the present day. and the principal contents of the poem are set forth in the opening lines of the First Book.4 altered conditions. The Greek title Georgica {yiinpyiKa) denotes a treatise on Husbandr)'. that natural science had peculiar attractions for his mind. But 563 as have retained the familiar Virgil in in G. ^ The speUing as Vergiliiis is attested by the best I weU by inscriptions. When about seventeen years of removed to Rome. where in the diligent pursuit of farm-work he gained that practical experience which was hereafter to bear fruit in the During the interval between 42 or 41 and 37 B. Publius Vergilius born at age. after a short course of rhetoric. de Rerwn Natura exercised a powerful influence in determining the direction of his studies we shall presently see. 15. MSS. the Epicurean. That the recently pubhshed poem of Lucretius. English. extending from about Fabricius. chiefly * in imitation of the Idylls of Theocritus. and the rest had been cultivators of the soil. written about this time. . The evidence them of later it Roman agricultural writers clearly shows that to presented no difficulty'. etc. and. INTRODUCTION. c. the son of a small landowner. INTR OD UCTION. 5 probable that Virgil did not long continue at Andes. The HberaHty of Octavian and his minister Maecenas had secured him leisure and comparative wealth, and \ve know from the con- cluding lines of the Fourth Georgic that a httle later he was residing at Naples. After completing the Eclogues, Virgil began B. C. ', the Georgics in yj or 36 at the suggestion of Maecenas, who had now become his intimate friend and patron. ; The work of composition occupied seven years this brings the date of completion down to 29 B. C, in which year the poem ^ was read aloud by Virgil and Maecenas alternately, to Augustus at Atella, in Campania, on his final return to Italy after the settlement of The period (36-29 B. c.) assigned to the composition of the Georgics applies to the poems as a whole, but some portions must have been written independently of their the Eastern provinces. present context, and afterwards inserted where we find them. Thus the conclusion of the First Book (498, etc), with its gloomy forebodings and desperate appeal to Caesar to save Rome from destruction, cannot be of the same date with the introductory invocation in which Octavian is hailed as a present deity and protecting power. may civil well be assigned to 33 B. c, The former passage (perhaps also ii. 495-9) when Rome was harassed by war, and her empire overrun by foreign enemies in the East The latter passage, together with the stately and West *. exordium of the Third Book almost certainly belongs to 30 or 29 B. c, a time of public rejoicing, when, after his recent victories, Augustus celebrated a triple triumph and had divine honours decreed to him. The form of the Georgics * is what is called ' didactic,' i.e., * See note on the Portus lulius, made by Agrippa in 37 B. c. (ii. 161). See the Life of Virgil attributed to Aehus Donatus, but almost certainly the work of Snetonius first (Nettleship, Ancieiit Lives of Virgil, PP. 29, 30). ' I. e. the edition of it. The long episode concluding Book IV was substituted note). * for the original passage in praise of Gallus (see p. 13, See notes on i, 509, 510. 6 a INTRODUCTIOh\ poem whose object is to teach (8i8d(TKeiv) or give information upon a ture, definite subject. Before the existence of a prose Htera- such information was necessarily imparted in verse, and the tendency was to subordinate poetical treatment to practical The earHest Greek example is Hesiod"s Works and utility. Days. This, in the form of a personal address to an improvident brother Perses, consists of a number of detached precepts on right conduct, household thrift, and husbandr)^, with a calendar of days ^ and seasons adapted for various operations in In ii, 176 Virgil expressly inthe homestead and on the farm. timates his intention of taking Hesiod for his model, but his direct imitations are almost entirely confined to a few passages in the First Book of the Georgics ^. During the middle period of Greek Hterature didactic poetry fell into disuse, but it was revived by the Alexandrian writers of the 3rd century, B. c, as a means of systematic instruction. The style of these poets is whoHy artificial ; the Hesiodic spirit, the quaint old-world flavour of the primitive didactic epos has evaporated, and what is left is a mere digest in verse of second- hand scientific information. The Phaejtoviena and Diosemeia of Aratus are stiU extant. From the latter Virgil borrowed the passage on weather signs in i. 351, etc, selecting and abridging his materials so as to keep the poetical rather than the didactic purpose steadily in view. Nicander of Colophon wrote a poem called Theriaca {erjpiaKa) on venomous beasts, whence Virgil drew his directions for getting rid of snakes and his description of the Calabrian serpent in * iii. 414-439. A lost work by the and a Hst of is the F/vf Hence the tiile/Epya Kal 'Hfiepai, i.e. farming 7aork lucky and unlucky days. sixteenth century. The nearest EngHsh paianel Hundred Points 0/ Good Htisbandry, by Thomas Tusser, written in the ^ E. g. the reign of Jove (i. 125, etc), construction of the plough (169-174), notice oflucky and unlucky days, much abridged (276-287), natural calendar derived from observation of the stars (204, etc.) or the migration of birds (ii. 320), with a few homely maxims on various occasions. INTRODUCTION. f same author uponBee-keeping (MeAicro-oiipyiKa) doubtless assisted him in the composition of the Fourth Book, while the passage, i. 233-239, on the divisions of the celestial sphere is partly trans- from an astronomical poem by Eratosthenes of Alexandria. who flourished about 250 B. C. Of the Greek prose writers, Xenophon in his Oeconomica gives minute directions upon the choice of soils, fallowing, preparing the ground, and sowing the seed also upon vine and olive planting, depth of trenches, and the care of vineyards. In the First and Second Books of the Georgics Virgirs treatment of these subjects closejy resembles that of Xenophon. Aristotle de Ammalibiis is Virgil's authority for some curious statements iated ; about animals and Theophrastus on 388 Second Book. Among the early Latin writers on agriculture were Cato the elder (234-149 B. c), author of a still extant treatise, the two Sasemae, and Tremellius Scrofa (about 100 B. c). But Virgil was chiefly indebted to his immediate predecessor, Terentius Varro^ whose work, de Re Rusiica, was published in 37 B. c, when the Georgics were already begun. From Varro he derived much valuable information upon the breeding and training of horses, the management of cattle, sheep and goats, and dairy in iii. 255, 280, ; Botany for certain portions of the farming, besides the greater part of his materials for the Fourth Book. The influence of Lucretius is upon Virgil in the composition of is the Georgics of still greater importance. This subject fully discussed by Professor Sellar in the sixth chapter of his Virgil we select only a few of the principal points for consideration. The poem de Reriiin Natura is an exposition in six Books the philosophical system of Epicurus. It of deals with the origin universe, the and composition of matter, the formation of the beginnings and growth of animal ' life, sense perception and con- Apud Romanos de agricultura Cp. Isidorus, Origines, xvii. i primus Cato instituit, quem deinde Terentius [Varro] expolivit, mox : ' — Vergilius laude carminum extulit.' Virgil's mind had been saturated with the ideas and language of Lucretius. the poets and feeHngs in common. describing the struggle of vis humana vvith the opposing vis naturae. but in detached phrases like quod superest. which persistently baffle his efforts to improve the existing state of had many tastes . and even with inanimate nature had a deep-seated impression of the hard destiny of man. 412 vvilh the lines in Lucr. ii. 237. the primitive condition of man and his gradual Such themes.' Virgirs frequent imitation of Lucretius was the truest compliment he could have paid to his predecessor. the nature of and their connexion with the body.' contemnonne vides ? miseris mortahbus. i. Nevertheless. According to Lucretius. phenomena being the visible dependent causes. Munro observes. treated progress towards a state of civilisation. Moreover. instances of personification in the Georgics. 12. expressed his enthusiasm for the study of natural philosophy and was now of an age most tvvo susceptible to external impressions. 198. 47. regards these ' Hence the numerous p. condemned to a constant struggle against adverse povvers. 155. Virgil. as Mr.8 INTRODUCTION.' etc. Both were lovers of nature in all her varying moods. though he never mentions his name. mind and soul sciousness.' that. must have had powerful attractions for a rising poet. and of the simphcity and innocence of country life as contrasted with the luxury and vices of the town both expressed a keen sympathy with the joys and both sorrows of animals. by a master hand. links of a continuous chain of inter- on the other hand. 206. Nature is an absolute supreme controlling power. who had already. . etc. as we have seen. the points of contrast between the tvvo poets are not less striking. operating through universal laws . the *glori- fication of labour.' finds its counterpart in the tius. ' . all showing plator. See ^ Compare such passages as G. things ^ Hence the pervading idea of the Georgics.' If 'imitation is the ' ' ' ' ' — ' sincerest form of flattery. v. poem of Lucre- whose influence appears not only in longer descriptive passages. a mixture of natural Again. and independent facts hence he accepts certain results of natural science for his immediate purpose. and to supplement his labours by watching the infallible signs' (i. man's conflict conditions. and bids the ' husbandman honour them by prayers and sacrifice (i. 150). dwelling in serene indifiference to human (i. either as observation. i. its terrOrs being due to ignorance of natural causes which operate without any divine intervention ^.INTRODUCTION. is where expressed. 219-227 he adopts. imposed by a supreme Father for the benefit of mankind (i. He therefore rejects or explains away the fables of ancient mythology. or at least does not reject. 393). invokes them as ' present powers ' to aid 10). 'eclectic^' Thus to in i. like Lucretius. etc. 351) which Providence has specially appointed for his According to Lucretius religion is a debasing from vvhich the study of nature can alone deliver men. without taking account of their differences. Lucretius manifests but faint traces of that national or ^ From ' 4K\^yeiv. 285. the opposite doctrine of the Anijiia Mundi. whereas 415 the emotions of birds and animals in iv. Lastly. re- gardless of their inconsistency with theories and opinions elseHis philosophy. are assigned physical causes. tion of bees by a supposed natural process (1. denoting a selectio7i and combination of various and often opposite theories. phenomena as isolated 9 . so far as he has any.) contra- dicts the earlier statement ' 200) : Ipsae e foliis natos et suavibus herbis ore legunt.' In these and is similar instances there is operations with supernatural agencies. with nature against Virgil labour regarded by Lucretius as a hopeless struggle superior powers is and unalterable With a providential discipline. afifairs. He . superstition. view the gods from an unapproachable dis- tance. his account of the spontaneous genera(iv. poetical creations or the figments of a credulous tific and unscien- age. 121-123). ^ Nullam rem e nilo gigni divinitus umquam' (Lucr. . 337 ii. Hence he does not. Also. until in Lucretius Virgil found a starting- point whence he was enabled to reach a height of excellence that admitted of lines in the in the no further advance. (ii. 71. and the latter only in Greek words like hyacinthos.' Virgil. A spondee in the fifth foot is far oftener following Homer and Hesiod. abound in the poem of Lucretius. and always used for the sake of effect ^ introduced by Virgil. Hence. iv. materiai. AlHteration. "• 47°. etc. Virgil proper in the never admits the former ending. or his conception of the world doing homage to the majesty of Rome. 327. 357-359. 260-262. de Rertim Natura. or repetition of similar consonants.' etc. or of four. 2i% For words of five sylas animai. Lucretius often ends a verse with lables. for whom contemporary events are but and incidental. 343). although many Georgics recall the rhythm of corresponding passages is dissimilar. iv. ">• 45> 338. Such sentiments as Virgil has expressed in his Praise of Italy in the Second Georgic.1 INTR OD UC TION. instance. Aut extrinsecus aut. 'scilicet omnibus i. as compared with the infinity of Nature and the immutabihty of her laws. C. than by Lucretius. but are less frequent in the Georgics. is His ideal of self-contained philosophic contemplation inconsistent with one of active work. 511. as ' Lines without a caesura ' etc. ^ 344)- For examples see 318. As regards metre and versification. est labor. as a rule imitate ' E. 61). are rare in Rehgionibus atque. are ahen to Lucretius' idea of history. which is patriotic feeling so conspicuous in the Georgics. except in the case of the name Deiopea second (G. 378. .) the Latin hexameter had passed through succestransient sive stages of progress. (iii. or recurrence of the same vowel-sounds. cuparissis. 'armentarius Afer.g. Virgil may fairly be said to have brought to perfection the instrument which Lucretius had already more than half fashioned. 370. who does not Greek rhythms.' etc. foot. 72. undertaken for the good of others or of one's country. the general effect prijicipiorum.' etc. though several instances occur''. Since the time of Ennius (239-169 B. and assonance. When giving directions for breaking up the clods. the tree 'shoot its skyward with joyous boughs and fruit view with wonder 81. while Ceres from above looks down graciously upon his secret of Virgirs ' The labours' (i. The interest of the Georgics for modem readers is less con- cerned with the practical value of the authors directions or the accuracy of his information. cum se nux plurima (i. he char^' of prosaic details. by sheltering caves and jutting shadowsof the cliff'^ (iii. harrowing.INTR OD UCTlOy. is one of ruggedness and monotony. 231) power hes in the insight and long-practised meditation through which he abstracts the single element of beauty from common sights and the ordinary operations of husbandry. ' bandman and Irrigation introduces a picture of the hus95. In springnot its own' In late shatters the leafy honours of the groves ' (ii. and cross-ploughing. silvis induet in florem. 107). ' Mackairs translation. inviting the rill to descend from the channelled slope ' parched soil with its bubbling streams prognostic of harvest from theflowering walnut-tree allay the in the beautiful lines ' : (i. compared with the exquisitely tempered variety of Virgirs harmonious verse. save in isolated passages of a more exalted tone. ' Professor Sellar justly observes fp. 96). . A is expressed Contemplator item. is His object being to delight as well as to instruct. The and grafting process to makes (ii.' Instances occur on every page of the Georgics. 143-145). even where perspicuity might seem to require them. than with his treatment of the subject as a work of art appealing to the imagination. 1 Altogether. and he evidently regarded occasional obscurity as in any case pre- ferable to tediousness. et ramos curvabit olentes' 187. ' strange foliage autumn 'Aquilo Mares in 404). the general effect of the Liicretian metre. 82). foal are to be put to graze by brimming rivers. he represents the farmer as helping the field. 188). where moss grows and the grass is greenest on the banks. ' the Cretan quiver.' etc.' Cecropian bees. 1 20. as too well-known to need particular mention. That fellow-feeling for animals . reluctatit to admit seed . The frequent instances of personification * occurring in the Georgics are due to the poet's strong sympathy with Nature. fields are to ascribe human is impulses and emotions to in- Thus. These are generally introduced by way of passing allusions. Gargarus niarvcls at her harvests plants take heart young trees are taught their lessons glades are refreshed by dew and the sky is saddcned by the chill rain. (i. such as manuring the land mien and even 80) and the treatment of scab poetic touches. the Centaurs and Lapithae. their several details being famihar to every educated Roman. the poplar wreath of Hercules the stories of Scyllaand Nisus. are reHeved by picturesque Much of VirgiVs charm is owing to his marvelpower of word-pahiitng'^. 232-235). unpleasing subjects.' Chaonian acorns.' the horses of Mars and of Pollux. from sculptures and paintings. the the earth . lo and the gadfly. Pleiad shows her comely face and spurns with stream. the corn- glad . * ' All the charms of all the Muses Often flowering in a lonely word' (Tennyson). from books. The homeliest.' 'Iturean bows. 490 Virgil omits an essential point in the story of Orphens and Eurydice. . i.1 2 ' INTROD UCTION. especially epithets and short phrases recalling Greek Hterary associations ^ Acheloan cups. Ceyx and Alcyone. and the rearing of infant Jove in the Dictaean cavern. Very numerous too are references and illustrations borrowed from the old Greek mytho- — ' ' ' ' logy — the .feels cold and heat . or from memories of foreign travel ^. lous in sheep (iii. . 440). * See list of passages in the Index. ' wains of the Eleusinian mother.' ' the mystic fan of lacchus. * ^ See note on In iv. .' time the rising her foot the Ocean into the wintry waters while in autumn she ' retreats before the rainy star of the Fish ' and sinks with suUen (iv. Often a single epithet or descriptive adverb produces the desired effect. \2in6. which leads him animate objects. the charming description of spring (ii. 103). 316). But after GaUus had fallen into disgrace with the emperor and committed suicide. But nowhere areVirgiTs powers of description more strikingly shown than in the episodes and digressions which from time to time break the continuity of his didactic exposition. 136. It 1 3 in common with Lucretius has been already naturally pervades the Third Book. of the combat of bulls (iii. the episode of Aristaeus was substituted by the command of Augustus. while the Fourth in is one continued description and habits of bees. which Virgil had noticed. besides the 349). of the chariot-race (iii. These he regards as tokens of divine wrath for a national crime. We learn from Servius that Virgil had introduced an eulogy of his friend Comelius Gallus. the murrain among cattle in Noricum (iii. great mother of men — in noble lines which — ' overflow with affection for his native land. 464 to the end of the Book) enumerates the direful portents following upon the assassination of Julius Caesar. .) celebrates the praises of Italy 'great mother of fruits. and concludes with a longing backward glance at the 'life of yore the antique Sabines hved. 219). In thethird episode 475 to the end) Virgil enthusiastically depicts his ideal of rural joys and innocence. of the garden plot of the old Corycian swain (iv. The second (ii. who alone could restore the fallen fortunes of Rome. (ii. 478). which treats of horses and of the state politics cattle. * This was not included in the first edition of the Georgics. etc. Three of the longer episodes are deeply imbued with that which distinguishes Virgil as the 7iatio7ial poet of his time. The first (i. longer digressions : —a 125) . as contrasted with the vices and rest- less ambition of the court and the camp. which occupies nearly half of the Fourth Book. language drawn from human and society.' and the glories of the Golden Age. and he ends with a prayer for the safety of patriotic feeling Octavian. 67). who was governor of Egypt in 28 B. Such are the grand storm-piece (i. C. 323).INTR OD UCTION. Scythian winter scene (iii. of the battle of the bees in swarming-time (iv. and the story of Aristaeus'. in his aspiration to would naturally induce Italy. and are full of Greek literary associations. at a crisis to which no one could relations should feel indifterent. 41. of patriotism ' is indeed conspicuous throughout Sellar) . we may easily believe. 178. The veterans who had been settled upon the lands of ejected rc/wzz knew little or nothing offarming^. Hence the complaint of Meliboeus in Ecl. ? i. .' G. was natural some work of art more suited to his maturer faculty scale. to make husbandry the become the national poet of theme of his song. It was natural' (says Professor . . pp. ' that he when his ovvn fortunes were restored. but the existing state of affairs Virgil. It that his new move him to undertake .14 This should. . their ^ ^ Sellars Virgil. That Maeon a greater and of . iii. 177. . for which Italy under the republic had been so long renowned. Hence. he eagerly devoted himself to a task for which he was qualified alike by his genius and his practical experience. and had come under the protection and patronage of the imperial court. to write a poem more enduring substance. although the Georgics are professedly derived from Greek originals. . 71. But with the re-establishment of peace men felt that a new era was dawning. Maecenas. and it was a marked feature of the policy of Augustus and his minister Maecenas to promote the revival of that form of jndustry. feel a stronger and more disinterested sympathy with the public condition. haud mollia iussa. . AU Virgirs early associations and sympathies would lead him to identify himself with the interests and happiness of such representations of the old rural life of Italy as might still be found^' The insecurity produced by a long period of civil war had caused a general neglect of agriculture in Italy. which at the same time might serve to advance that policy of national and social reorganisation which Caesar and his ministers were anxious to promote. the Georgics. When therefore Virgil repaired to Rome. ' imi^ius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit ^ ' Tua. cenas may have suggested the undertaking^. spirit INTRODUCTION. notably by Pliny and Columella^. the girl The reaper who gleans amongst the classic plicity trailing vines. etc. catlle breeding and pasturage and goats the economy of bees. leading characteristics are distinctly Italian. As a living ' In the country of Virgil. The varieties also of scenery and apply to Italian modes of farming. follows Virgil in soils. though differing from him in a few minor points. on the choice of . remind his readers of the far reaching activity of Roman commerce. Of Virgil himself he says. drainage. was suggested by the Unes in G. 56.' Nowhere indeed is the national religious character of ancient Italy more vividly Great Apollo might set forth than in those passages of the Georgics which inculcate the duty of worshipping the rural deities and the reverent ob- servance of ^ rites and festivals. the situation of hives. there is the poetry of agriculture with his hook.INTRODUCTION. who wrote about : a century afterwards. the all men They that sing to get a blessing on the grape. written in verse. many particulars e. 116-124. Georgics. the earth with the sim- of old. have a certain grace and dignity of the old till ways left with them. si verissimo vati. as an indispensable condition Columella. g. and guide his milk-white beasts over their furrows. etc). the ploughman with his oxen. 120. fallowing. or to to VirgiFs unfailing : writer observes — accuracy in description. cultivation of vines for sheep . iv. which made Rome the emporium of all the products of the world (i. This is amply attested by succeeding writers on agriculture. rotation of crops. who on the whole confirm VirgiPs statements. and there would be nothing in the toil to shame or burden him.' . looking straight to the still gods for recompense. crediderimus. come down amidst them. climate described in the picturesque portions of the poem are such as belong peculiarly to Italy. but much of the habits and conditions of rural life and labour bear witness at the present day etc). Haec autem con' sequemur. 15 All the details and represent the best methods then in vogue. And not only these unchanging features of earth and sky. in the land of the still. His tenth book on gardening. velut oraculo. countries is The mention of foreign introduced either by way of contrast (as in ii. p. In connexion with this partof our subject. was a sincere expression of their own and of It was quite in the spirit of the ancient the popular feeling. VirgiTs conception of domestic happiness. Moreover. ' such passages as dulces pendent circum oscula nati life (ii. Virgil has robbed his Aeneid ^ yet it is so exquisitely beautiful that. 338-350. p. Greek and Roman religions to attribute a divine quality to the commanding genius of superior men. however much we may feel it to be misplaced and to mar the artistic unity of the poem.' observes Professor Nettleship the words must be rethat the words deus and divimis did not convey to an Italian ear so much as god and godlike do to our own . ' own. 388-396. membered. For the substitution of this episode for the original passage Sellar. i. 15. . ' it is never- theless in keeping with the spirit of the times. However exaggerated his language may appear to *. .1 6 ' INTR OD UCTION. and in no wise due to Greek influence. although it involved a certain amovint of flattery. 250. and not at is with Italy.. of the simple pleasures of the country. is 338) ora et labora of — the keynote of the poem. This all it. It is probable that » ^ Cp. is purely Roman. and of a untiringly (to which we have already referred).' Virgil. 'To enrich this episode with a beauty not . In primis venerare deos' (i. ii. 10-23. is a Greek fable. and that such lan- guage vvhen used by the poets. of success. 523). * ' in praise of Galhis see above. p. briefly VirgiFs attitude it remains to notice in the towards Augustus Caesar as shown Invocation concluding the exordium of the First Book us. 24-42). the sum and substance ' its' teaching^ in Lastly. note. The single exception to this pervading ItaHan sentiment in the Georgics is the episode of Aristaeus. It ' (II. we could ill afford to lose it.with which the poem now devoted to labour concludes length ". Virgil. its out of proportion to the importance of the subject that introduces a strange and impossible mode of reproducing its a stock of bees. 13.. 2-8. very slightly connected with all the immediate context. ^ Classical Writers. the Scorpion making room for him as a new sign in the Zodiac. ral tone of this invocation may thus be accounted for and in sion of eulogy as the famous tuqite adeo passage. 1 7 cerity of conviction. inconsistent alike with the good and dignity of a great poet. the lines from G. we feel when he indulges that Virgil has exceeded reasonin such imaginations as Tethys buying Augustus as a son-in-Iaw with the dowry of all her waves. and the possible desire on his part of super- seding Pluto as lord of the realms of Tartarus. third (M) is the only MS. in the Laurentian the Library at Florence (4) Roman The (R). In P. \. while F. Vatican Library at Rome. or the admission after death of the souls of heroes to the company of the gods. contains only ii. These are (3) . Add to thisthe prevalent belief in apotheosis. from 323 to ii.' to when they echoed the popular voice. as a sort of incar- nation of that divine providence on which the destinies of the empire depended. truth- For the uncial fifth text of Virgil vve are MSS. D. 37-180. older authority than any AU these are probably derived from one original copy. To us such extravagant expressions of language must always appear unreal fulness and overstrained. did so from sinAt the present crisis men naturally turned Octavian as a visible object of reverence. but of inferior value. 2-215 and iv. also in the Vatican Librarj^. and we have the materials out of which a poet's highly-wrought enthusiasm might shape such an expreswhere Augustus is invoked as the ruler of earth and sea and sky and the worthy But although the generecipient of human vows and prayers. estimated the best authorities the Medicean (M). representing a much we now possess. (written in capitals). .IA'TR OD UC TION. that contains the whole of the Georgics. some portions of the Third and Fourth Books. in the . — (i) and (2) the Vatican (F) and the Palatine (P). 139. the poets. sense. dating mainly indebted to the four great from the fourth and : centuries A. in R. able limits some measure excused. and the conclusion of the Fourth Book. are wanting . Burmann (a varioruin edition. containing the Ribbeck's important Bucolics and Georgics.. Copiousquotationsfrom from the Augustan age to the fourth century or later. After the fifth century collections of the classics began to be made in monastic libraries. Much of their materials is preserved by later commentators. and after the invention of printing in 1450 their number rapidly increased. specially consulted in the standard English edition by the late Professor Conington (18581871). Aemilius Asper. there works of Horace and was a steady demand tator for copies (more or less carefully transcribed) as well as for commentaries on the text. A smaller one by P. Among others we may mention Julius Hyginus. D. dating mostly from the ninth and twelfth centuries.. such as Donatus and Servius. . in the first century A. and closely related to the uncials P and R. with additional notes and essays by Professor Nettleship. ^rd ed. whose fourth edition was revised and augmented by Wagner in 1830. and Heyne. Of these the Codex Gudianus at Berne and another of the Berne Codices are the most important.. 1852). appeared in 1881. and Valerius Proall bus. MSS. editions followed early in the next century. The earliest known commen- on Virgil was Q. Nonius Marcellus. Owing to the rapid popularity of the Virgil as reading-books in Roman schools. and Macrobius are best known. Three also out of the forty-five Virgil at Oxford are held in MSS.10 ' INTRODUCTION. and from the ninth century onwards cursive MSS. Aulus Gellius. were largely multiplied. The Renaissance period of the fifteenth century was fruitful in collections and copies of MSS. 1746). The editio princeps of Virgil was successive Venetian (Aldine) published at Rome in 1469 fourth fifth down tothe and centuries. Wagner(i 845-1 849) served as a basis for the text of Forbiger (3 vols. Caecilius Epirota. Cursive ' to the eleventh are numerous. Annaeus Cornutus (the tutor of Persius). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries commentaries appeared by Heinsius. in the Bodleian Library good repute. of whom Verrius Flaccus. Gallus. Virgil occur in the works of writers ' ' . a friend of C. A reissue of Conington's first volume. Kennedy. with its Prolegomena (1866). Sidgwick. Dr. I have also been greatly indebted to the chapters on the Georgics in Professor Sellar's Roman Poets of the Augttstan Age. uies are B 3 . giving the rea laborious collation of all the principal MSS. From the prose version by Conington and the translations in verse by Messrs. September. C. chiefly on agricultural and botanical matters. and the well-known school by Dr. and K. JERRAM.. Blackmore.INTROD UCTION. and Mr. D. Rhoades. 1892 ' S. T my own notes^ besides the works above menhave consulted Ladewig's fourth edition. Bryce. and J. and Kennedy are indicated by not given in full. CHARLES Oxford. and to Professor Nettleship's Ancient Lives of Virgil. in which the notes. A. Mackail I have borrowed occasional renderings of the text. with German by Schaper in 1883. Kcightley.'ton. In preparing tioned. is the standard authority for textual criticism at the present time. J. The older commentary by Martyn (1749). revised editions question of the respective dates of portions of the first three Books is fully discussed. edition sult of 1 9 (i 859-1 862).. ^i^d Keightley's Notes on the Bucolics and Georgics (1846). W. have suppUed valuable information. where ihe n. References in the notesto the commentaries of Coninf. Kt. R. . III. No ancient poet or mythologer ever mentions snakes as forming part of the punishment of Ixion. The construction of orbes with immanemque rotam would form a have been altered to angiies by someone hendiadys. 12. 188. such as is very common in Virgil. . tortos orbes in A. but 92. 481. THIRD BOOK. 11. Otherwise it would be difficult to account for the change. There is no authority of any value for thevariant reading efiFadit. Ladewig unneces- sarily substitutes gaudeat. 484) If orbes were the original reading here. which is found in the Roman Codex (R). all The old reading was audiat.SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT VARIOUS READINGS AND EMENDATIONS. as in the text. 38. It Many editors adOpt premens has the the reading best authority. ' ' who had in mind the snake whips of Tisiphone and the other Furies(^. * But see note. = 'the whirling circle of the vast (or cruel) wheel.' 85. perhaps from aiidire in 1. 42 (cp. fremens of the Medicean MS. 4. it might a different connexion. But the best authorities have audeat. 184. . though in Met. to. only the perpetually revolving-wheel. Either makes good sense. There is much to be said in favour of the reading orbes for angues. 572) or similar passages in which snakes are mentioned in connexion with the tortures in the lower world. 10. 33 and Ovid. which is constantly referred The phrase 'Ixionis orbes' occurs in Propert. was no doubt introduced to suit the tense of implevit following. also G. (M). 4. 6. and puts a semicolon after sub lucem. All the MSS. 182 * ita digerit omina Calchas. temptarat {tentarat) is the reading of two of the principal (altered to Codices (Pal. which certainly the right one. (See note. obstinate (as in Most MSS. temptarat by^ later hand). to avoid parenthesis adit oppida pastor. has hic corrected to hinc of training. 11. found in some MSS. The Palatine. that it 257. This completes the sense. but Scaliger. the atque equivalent Xo et . eg. which is the reading of the Palatine and the Beme MSS. as in text . no instance is quoted for the combination " meliora omnia. Roman. p. in several instances the 2. ." and in any case omina is less colloquial reading. VARIOUS READINGS ' The MSS. understanding/r^/«?/«/. and editions read iam for etiam.. 305. et. See 456. and some has been generally adopted.' by a ' later hand. with one unimportant exception read omnia. . atque being . The reading in the text. much precision in details. as Conington observes. AU if MSS. But the latter reading rests upon valid authority. . with fncat. M. 398.and Rom. read exportant. . . and leaves a parenthesis from exportans io pastor. other codices read umerosque. . is so rauch 1. but makes the sentence abrupt.' The and . better suited to the context. is The . tuendae. made by transcribers who were ignorant of the fact explauitd in Roman MSS.). 230. found in the Medicean and other MSS. . 93) ' ' ' . But. .) is haec . The Medicean (M) has temptaret which Ribbeck adopts. and more poetical. finds its parallel in phrases like ' This fausta ovinia. Most MSS. Kennedy after all adopts this. which has been explained to mean or persevering. retained.. authority of little value. It is VirgiFs habit to con- dense his descriptions and to avoid over Introduction. are divided between hic and hiric = after such a course The former. 402.' where of course there can be no doubt as to the right reading.22 202. proposed exportans. &c. . read pernix. This. difference is so slight as to make MS. in A. . thus connecting atque hijtc. the reading of the Vatican and variant readings hae tuenda are obvious corrections of a supposed tuendae and haec error. is preferable. makes better rhythm and equally good the sense. words omina and omnia have been confused 563.' But its only recognised meaning is swift and the reading pernox. prospera omnia pi'ecari. . . the note.. is probably to be preferred. Either spelling. the whole perhaps On context with thcsauris. 202. 23 is found in the Vatican. 5. Some editors have supposed that Virgil originally wrote is 11. but. 291. Med. here again. a somewhat easier reading (see note). as Pleiadas (IlKTjtaSas) in i.) read refigunt. ' The MS. not intending both of them to stand there anything to but this merely a conjecture.Some MSS. The Palatine Codex reads th. IV. 3.) is correct. and is adopted in several editions. 291-293. etc). The reading altis . 4. Arcis. has . the difference small. 228. and most of the other MSS. Pleas (Pal. the sense does not enable us to decide which order is the right one. and is supported by Servius hence it is better retained. ' Both expressions occur. Avernis. FOURTH BOOK. but the parallel of perhaps be allowed to decide 493. the Medicean. 153. and I have therefore adopted it.ensaviri {thesaurt). The Koman (R) reads stagni est for stagnis. .) or Plias (Med. authority is in favour of the is former. though the word is extremely rare. It isdoubtful whether theright reading isaugustam orangustam. are about equally divided between lassis and lapsis.ed language which Virgil everywhere employs respecting the commonwealth of bees (see 11.. 456. 449. as in augustam. read Averni. . but this verb has uniformly the sense of unfasten. The 233. The majority of MSS. 125.AND EMENDATIONS. in more in keeping with the dignif. occurs in the Palatine Codex. nor show that any one of the lines deserves to be excluded.' There is sufficient authority for the text reading refingunt. as in text. is form Pleias is a trisyllable. The order of these three lines varies in different MSS. (with M. The MSS. in fessis rebus ' (see note) may favour of lassis. 291 as is alternative lines. 138. . . Pastor ab Amphryso. of Maecenas. silvae memorande canemus amnesque Lycaei. Invocatioti The poefs aspirations. LIBER TERTIUS. vita supersit. Subject of the Third Book. Hippodameque umeroque Pelops acer equis tollere ? Tentanda via est. .:^ In medio mihi Caesar ilh templumque tenebit victor ego et Tyrio conspectus in ostro centum quadriiugos agitabo ad flumina currus. . vos. qua me quoque possim humo victorque virum voh'tare per ora. tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincius et tenera praetexit erit i. modo vertice tibi. 1-48. et te Te quoque. palmas. 10 Aonio rediens deducam Musas primus Idumaeas referam et viridi in Mantua. omnia iam vulgata : quis aut Eurysthea ? aut illaudati nescit Busiridis aras Cui non dictus Hylas puer et Latonia Delos insignis eburno. campo templum de marmore ponam harundine ripas.GEORGICA. propter aquam. Primus ego in patriam mecum. magna Pales. durum 5 Cetera quae vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes. vel scaena ut versis discedat frontibus utque purpurea intexti tollant aulaea Britanni. Interea Dryadum silvas saltusque sequamur intactos. et vox assensu nemorum ingeminata remugit. amnemque severum Cocyti metuet. vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron Taygetique canes domitrixque Epidaurus equorum. 35 Assaraci proles demissaeque ab love gentis nomina Trosque parens Invidia infehx Furias et Troiae Cynthius auctor. lam nunc sollemnes ducere pompas ad delubra iuvat caesosque videre iuvencos. urbes Asiae domitas pulsumque Niphaten fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis 30 duo rapta manu diverso ex hoste tropaea et Parii lapides. 20 Ipse caput tonsae foliis ornatus olivae dona feram.26 GEORGICA. haud molHa iussa. Te sine nil altum mens incohat : en age segnes rumpe moras. 40 Maecenas. . Cuncta mihi Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi cursibus et crudo decernet Graecia caestu. tortosque Ixionis angues immanemque rotam et non exsuperabile saxum. 25 In foribus pugnam ex auro soHdoque elephanto victorisque Gangaridum faciam arma Quirini. tua. Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. atque hic undantem bello magnumque fluentem Addam et Nilum ac navaU surgentes aere columnas. bisque triumphatas utroque ab htore gentes. 45 Mox tamen ardentes accingar dicere pugnas Caesaris et nomen fama tot ferre per annos. Stabunt spirantia signa. post quattuor incipit annos . insignis et albo. et labor et durae rapit inclementia mortis. tum longo pes etiam modus . Proper age for breeding. 50 corpora praecipue matrum legat. Interea. Semper erunt. The points of a good cotv. cui plurima et crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent. omnia magna. Optima quaeque prima : mortahbus aevi subeunt morbi tristisque senectus. 55 et camuris hirtae sub cornibus aures. forma bovis. cui turpe caput. cetera nec feturae habilis nec fortis aratris. Nec mihi dispHceat macuHs et aut iuga detractans interdumque aspera cornu faciem tauro propior. Aetas Lucinam iustosque pati hymenaeos desinit ante 60 decem. 65 atque aham ex aha generando dies miseris fugit prolem. mitte in Venerem pecuaria suffice primus. Iir. . Seu quis Olympiacae miratus praemia palmae pascit equos seu quis fortes ad aratra iuvencos. solve mares .LIBER 49-72. superat gregibus dum laeta iuventas. 27 Rearing of cattle. quarum mutari corpora mahs refice ac. 19-71. 70 ante veni et subolem armento sortire quotannis. Optima torvae cervix. quaeque ardua tota et gradiens ima verrit vestigia cauda. nullus lateri . : semper enim ne post amissa requiras. Horse-breedifig. et dextro iactata recumbit in armo duplex agitur per lumbos spina. Cyllarus quorum Grai meminere poetae. micat auribus et tremit artus. 72-122. sub naribus ignem. . . Illi ardua cervix terga.stare Tum. Tu modo. quoque. Nec non et pecori est idem delectus equino. Hunc deficit. volvit 85 . cavatque tellurem et solido graviter sonat ungula cornu. et mollia crura reponit et ire primus viam et fluvios tentare minaces audet et ignoto sese committere ponti. Choice and treatment of stallions. coUectumque premens Densa at iuba. loco nescit. nec vanos horret strepitus. ubi aut morbo gravis aut iam scgnior 95 annis abde domo. The pomts of a good horse. color deterrimus albis et gilvo. et altum Pehon hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto. si qua sonum procul arma dedere. Honesti spadices glaucique. argutumque caput. brevis alvus obesaque luxuriatque toris 80 animosum pectus. 'lalis Amyclaei domitus Pollucis habenis et. nec turpi ignosce senectae.28 GEORGICA. praecipuum iam inde a teneris impende laborem. iubam cervice effundit equina 90 Martis equi biiuges et magni currus Achilli. Talis et ipse coniugis adventu pernix Saturnus. Continuo pecoris generosi pullus altius in arvis 75 ingreditur. quos in spem statues summittere gentis. atque assurgere in auras at fulvae nec mora nec requies tolhtur. 72-122. Ergo animos aevumque notabis quae gloria pahnae. Nonne cum praecipiti certamine campum 105 corripuere. 110 umescunt spumis flatuque sequentum tantus amor laudum. volat vi fervidus axis elati iamque humiles. victo. 115 Aequus uterque exquirunt labor. et Primus Erichthonius currus quattuor ausus iungere equos rapidusque rotis insistere victor. . aeque iuvenemque magistri et cahdumque animis cursibus acrem egerit hostes. Neptunique .LIBER Frigidus in III. tantae est victoria curae. quondam in stipulis magnus sine viribus ignis. 100 incassum praecipue et quis furit. atque equitem docuere sub armis insultare solo et gressus glomerare superbos. quando ad proelia ventum est. ruuntque effusi carcere currus. Frena Pelethronii Lapithae gyrosque dedere impositi dorso. 120 quamvis saepe fuga versos et ille patriam Epirum referat fortesque Mycenas. hinc alias artes prolemque parentum. iamque aera per subhme videntur nimbus harenae : vacuum ferri . laborem 29 Venerem et si senior. cuique dolor vides. cum spes arrectae iuvenum. frustraque ingratum ut trahit. exsultantiaque haurit ? corda pavor pulsans et proni Ilh instant verbere torto dant lora. ipsa deducat origine gentem. ne blando nequeat superesse labori invalidique patrum referant ieiunia nati.30 GEORGICA. nimio ne luxu obtusior usus genitaH arvo et sulcos obhmet inertes. cui nomen asilo Romanum est. Ipsa autem macie tenuant armenta volentes. Exactis gravidae cum mensibus sit non illas gravibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris. atque ubi concubitus primos iarn nota voluptas sollicitat. et cum 135 surgentem ad Zephyrum paleae iactantur inanes. Treaiment of horses mares and cows in hreeding time. acerba sonans. 140 non sahu superare viam passus et acri carpere prata fuga fluviosque innare rapaces. 123-156. et omnes impendunt curas denso distendere pingui quem legere ducem et pecori dixere maritum . muscus ubi et viridissima et speluncaeque tegant Est lucos saxea procubet umbra. Saltibus in vacuis pascunt et plena secundum gramine ripa. 145 Silari circa ihcibusque virentem plurimus Alburnum volitans. asper. 125 florentesque secant herbas fluviosque ministrant farraque. et sole fatigant Saepe etiam cursu quatiunt cum graviter tunsis gemit area frugibus. 130 frondesque negant et fontibus arcent. quo tota exterrita silvis . succedere matrum errant. et Rursus cura patrum cadere incipit. sed rapiat sitiens Venerem interiusque recondat. flumina. His animadversis instant sub tempus. oestrum Grai vertere vocantes. Hoc sit faciunt. Tending of calves after birth. 123-176. et iunctos temo trahat aereus orbes. cervici subnecte dehinc. sed frumenta 175 manu carpes sata . armentaque pasces sole recens orto aut 155 noctem ducentibus astris. et coge gradum conferre iuvencos atque iUis . Hoc quondam monstro Hunc quoque. Interea pubi indomitae non gramina tantum nec vescas saHcum frondes ulvamque palustrem. iam vitulos hortare faciles viamque domandi. 157-178. furit mugitibus aether concussus silvaeque et sicci ripa Tanagri. Ac primum laxos tenui de vimine circlos . to and training them work. iam saepe rotae ducantur inanes 170 per terram. 31 150 diffugiunt armenta. arcebis gravido pecori. quos aut pecori malint summittere habendo 160 aut aris servare sacros aut scindere terram et campum horrentem fractis invertere glaebis. horribiles exercuit iras Inachiae luno pestem meditata iuvencae. . nec tibi fetae . ipsis e torquibus aptos iunge pares. ubi Hbera colla servitio assuerint.LIBER III. dum mobilis aetas. et summo vestigia pulvere signent post vahdo nitens sub pondere faginus axis instrepat. : Cetera pascuntur virides armenta per herbas tu quos ad studium atque usum formabis insiste agrestem. nam mediis fervoribus acrior instat. Post partum cura in vitulos traducitur omnis continuoque notas et et nomina gentis inurunt. 165 dum animi iuvenum. etiam inscius aevi. vel Hic ad Elei metas et maxima campi sudal)it spatia et spumas aget ore cruentas. ac per aperta volans ceu liber habenis aequora vix summa vestigia ponat 195 qualis Hyperboreis Aquilo cum densus ab incubuit. Atque haec iam primo depulsus ab ubere matris audeat. At tribus exactis ubi quarta accesserit aestas. Training and breaking in of foals for ivar or racing. tum cursibus auras harena oris tum vocet. longique urgent ad Htora fluctus 200 volat simul arva fuga simul aequora verrens. inque vicem det molHbus ora capistris invahdus etiamque tremens. 179-208. dant ille silvae. sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. animos atque arma videre bellantum lituosque pati tractuque gementem ferre rotam et stabulo frenos audire sonantes . Scythiaeque hiemes atque arida differt nubila : tum segetes altae flabris. campique natantes lenibus horrescunt summaeque sonorem . sitque laboranti similis . aut Alphea rotis praelabi flumina Pisae et lovis in luco currus agitare volantes : iSo primus equi labor est. more patrum nivea implebunt mulctraria vaccae. .32 GEORGICA. sed tota in dulces consument ubera natos. 190 carpere mox gyrum incipiat gradibusque sonare compositis. Sin ad bella magis studium turmasque feroces. tum magis atque magis blandis gaudere magistri 185 laudibus et plausae sonitum cervicis amare. reboant silvaeque et longus Olympus. c 230 * . Management of ulla bulls. sed alter 225 victus abit. tum quos amisit inultus amores. et stabula aspectans regnis excessit avitis. et inter dura iacet pernox instrato saxa cubili frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acuta. quam Venerem sive boum sive pascua post et caeci stimulos avertere amoris. A combat described. Ergo omni cura vires exercet. corpora sanguis.LIBER III. 1 77-231. 209-241. est cui gratior 210 usus equorum. aut intus clausos satura ad praesepia servant. saepe superbos cornibus inter se subigit decernere amantes. Carpit enim vires paulatim uritque videndo femina. Pascitur in illi magna Sila formosa iuvenca : alternantes multa vi proelia miscent lavit ater 220 vulneribus crebris. nec 215 nemorum quidem patitur meminisse nec herbae et dulcibus illa illecebris. multa gemens ignominiam plagasque superbi victoris. bellantes Nec mos una stabulare. Sed non magis vires industria firmat. Tum demum crescere crassa magnum sinito : farragine corpus 205 iam domitis namque ante domandum ingentes tollent animos. versaque in obnixos urgentur cornua vasto cum gemitu. longeque ignotis exsulat oris. in sola relegant et trans Atque ideo tauros procul atque montem oppositum flumina lata. prensique negabunt verbera lenta pati et duris parere lupatis. '^2» Belgica vel molli melius feret esseda coUo. The utiiversal dommion of Love. medio coepit cum albescere ponto.34 et tentat sese. si ut tota tremor pertentet attulit equorum 250 tantum notas odor auras? Ac neque eos iam frena virum neque verbera saeva. ursi stragemque dedere tum saevus aper. 245 genus aequoreum. fricat arliore costas. nec funera vulgo tam multa informes per silvas . longius ex altoque sinum trahit. verticibus ima exaestuat unda harenam. magnum cui versat in ossihus ignem durus amor? Nemjje abruptis turbata proceHis . et 255 pede prosubigit terram. 235 : Post ubi collectum robur viresque refectae. in furias ignemque ruunt alio : Amor omnibus Tempore non catulorum oblita leaena saevior erravit campis. tum pessima tigris heu male tum Libyae soHs erratur in agris. non scopuH rupesque cavae atque obiecta retardant flumina correptosque unda torquentia montes. praecepsque oblitum fertur in hostem fluctus uti. atque irasci in cornua discit arboris obnixus trunco. atque hinc atque ilHnc umeros ad vuHiera durat. GEORGICA. Omne et adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque. vides. utque volutus ad terras immane sonat per saxa neque ipso at monte minor procumbit. idem. ventosque lacessit ictibus. Quid iuvenis. pecudes pictaeque volucres. Nonne corpora. Ipse ruit dentesque SabelHcus exacuit sus. 240 nigramque alte subiectat 242-283. et sparsa ad pugnam proludit harena. signa movet. in non. quia vere calor redit ossibus. tuos. 35 260 nocte natat caeca serus freta porta tonat caeli. c 2 . fugit irreparabile tempus. Borean Caurumque. saxa per et scopulos et depressas convalles diffugiunt. et non innoxia verba. hippomanes vero quod nomine dicunt pastores. quod saepe malae legere novercae miscueruntque herbas 284-338. 280 lentum destillat ab inguine virus. 270 Continuoque avidis ubi subdita flamma medullis. 232-286. 285 dum capti circumvectamur amore. aut unde nigerriraus Auster nascitur et pluvio contristat frigore caelum. saepe sine ulHs 275 coniugiis vento gravidae. : Hoc satis armentis superat pars altera curae. illae vere magis. ore omnes versae in Zephyrum et stant rupibus altis exceptantque leves auras. Quid lynces Bacchi atque canum Scilicet ante et ? variae et genus acre luporum ? quid quae imbelles dant proelia cervi . Hic demum. in winter Tending of sheep and goats and summer. . omnes furor est insignis equarum mentem Venus ipsa dedit. quo tempore Glauci Potniades malis membra absumpsere quadrigae. hippomanes. Eure. 266 Ascanium superant montes et flumina tranant.LIBER III. Sed singula fugit interea. nec miseri possunt revocare parentes nec moritura super crudeli funere virgo. Illas ducit amor trans Gargara transque sonantem . et scopulis quem super ingens illisa reclamant aequora. mirabile dictu. neque Solis ad ortus. et stabula a ventis hiberno opponere soH frigidus ad medium conversa diem. Lycaei Pascuntur vero silvas et summa horrentesque rubos et amantes ardua dumos suosque 315 atque ipsae memores redeunt in tecta. Incipiens stabuHs edico in moHibus herbam 295 carpere oves. hinc largi copia lactis quam magis laeta exhausto spumaverit ubere mulctra. Hic labor. scabiemque ferat turpesque podagras. verbis ea vincere magnum quam sit et angustis hunc addere rebus honorem . frondosa reducitur aestas. erit. quamvis Milesia magno : veHera mutentur Tyrios incocta rubores densior hinc suboles. qua nulla priorum CastaHam molH devertitur orbit cHvo. interea barbas incanaque Nec minus menta Cinyphii tondent hirci saetasque comantes usum in castrorum et miseris velamina nautis. cum oHm 305 iam cadit extremoque irrorat Aquarius anno. lanigeros agitare greges hirtasque capellas. et dum mox humum. Nec sum animi dubius. 300 Post hinc digressus iubeo frondentia capris sufificere et fluvios praebere recentes. Haec quoque non nec minor usus cura nobis leviore tuendae.36 GEORGICA. hinc laudem fortes sperate coloni. veneranda Pales. 310 magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis. Nunc. multa duram stipula fiHcumque manipHs glacies ne frigida laedat sternere subter moHe arbuta pecus. . 290 sed me Parnasi deserta per ardua dulcis . raptat amor iuvat ire iugis. magno nunc ore sonandum. Inde ubi quarta sitim et hora cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae. At vero Zephyris cum in saltus laeta vocantibus aestas in utrumque gregem atque primo pascua mittet. nec tota claudes faenilia bruma. alta greges ad puteos aut currentem ad stagna iubebo ilignis potare canaHbus undam 330 aestibus at mediis sicubi umbrosam exquirere vallem. Omnia secum . 325 et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. quid pascua versu prosequar et raris habitata mapalia tectis ? 340 Saepe diem noctemque et totum ex ordine mensem pascitur itque pecus longa in deserta sine ulhs hospitiis : tantum campi iacet. et saltus reficit iam roscida luna. 37 ducunt. tum tenues dare solis rursus aquas. Ergo omni studio glaciem ventosque nivales. Luciferi carpamus. quo minor avertes. et gravido superant vix ubere limen. aut sicubi nigrum ilicibus crebris sacra nemus accubet umbra frigidus aera vesper .LIBER III. dum gramina caeli collegerit canent. feres et virgea laetus victumque 323 pabula. Habits of African and Scythian herdsmen contrasted. A northern winter scene. acalanthida dumi. magna lovis antiquo robore quercus ingentes tendat ramos. 339-383. 287-343. cum sidere frigida rura dum mane novum. et pascere rursus 335 ad occasum. Htoraque alcyonem resonant. Quid tibi pastores Libyae. cum temperat. est illis curae mortalis egestas. 3^ armentarius Afer agit. 365 stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis. aut herbae campo apparent septemque aut arbore frondes sed iacet aggeribus niveis informis et alto terra gelu late. tectumque laremque . sed frustra oppositum trudentes pectore montem . confertoque agmine cervi torpent mole nova et summis vix cornibus exstant. semper spirantes frigora Cauri. vestesque rigescunt indutae. stant circumfusa pruinis magna boum. neque ullae . nec cum 360 praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum. stat in armis et hosti castris. prius. undaque iam tergo puppibus illa ferratos sustinet orbes. patuhs nunc hospita plaustris aeraque dissihunt vulgo. assurgit in uhias. discutit Tum sol pallentes haud umquam umbras. 350 quaque redit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axem IlHc clausa tenent stabuHs armenta. caeduntque securibus et totae umida vina. Hos non immissis canibus. Concrescunt subitae currenti in flumine crustae. sohdam non in glaciem vertere lacunae. 355 Semper hiemps. non cassibus ulhs corpora 370 puniceaeve agitant pavidos formidine pennae. GEORGICA. nec cum invectus equis altum petit aethera. Interea toto setius aere ninguit intereunt pecudes. armaque Amyclaeumque canem Cressamque pharetram non secus ac patriis acer iniusto sub fasce Romanus viam cum carpit. turbidus et torquens flaventes Hister harenas. 346 ante exspectatum positis in agmine At non qua Scythiae gentes Maeotiaque unda. pullis ne maculis infuscet vellera nascentum. si credere dignum te. plenoque alium circumspice campo. et pocula laeti fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis.LIBER III. 390 Munere in sic niveo lanae. 39 comminus obtruncant ferro. Hic noctem ludo ducunt. fluvios magis. et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. . multi etiam excretos prohibent a matribus haedos. aries candidus ipse. nec tu aspernata vocantem. . quamvis nigra subest reiice. Ipsi in defossis otia 375 specubus secura sub alta agunt terra. Pan deus Arcadiae captam nemora alta Luna. primum . primaque ferratis praefigunt ora capistris. et pecudum fulvis velatur corpora saetis. Si tibi lanitium curae. 384-403. cui lactis amor. udo tantum cui lingua palato. sit IUum autem. Breeding of sheep and goats for wool or for milk. cytisum lotosque frequentes ipse manu et salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas. continuoque greges villis lege mollibus albos. est. At. nocte premunt quod iam tenebris et sole cadente. aspera silva 385 lappaeque tribolique absint fuge pabula laeta. congestaque robora totasque advolvere focis ulmos ignique dedere. Talis 380 Hyperboreo septem subiecta trioni gens effrena virum Rliipaeo tunditur Euro. et magno laeti clamore reportant. fefellit vocans . 400 Quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis. 344-401. et 395 Hinc amant magis ubera tendunt. graviterque rudentes caedunt. Protedion qf cattle from snakes. 420 tollentemque minas deiice. pecorique aspergere virus. cape et robora. Est etiam ille malus Calabris in saltibus anguis. lamque fuga timidum caput cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae solvuntur. Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema. tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbes. Saepe etiam cursu timidos agitabis onagros. Numquam custodibus nocturnum stabulis furem incursusque luporum aut impacatos a tergo horrebis Hiberos. sed una veloces Spartae catulos acremque Molossum ilHs 405 pasce sero pingui. 404-439. et canibus leporem. sub lucem exportant calathis — adit oppida pastor aut parco sale contingunt hiemique reponunt. odoratam stabulis accendere cedrum. canibus venabere dammas altos 410 saepe volutabris pulsos silvestribus apros latratu turbabis agens. humum. 415 galbaneoque agitare graves nidore chelydros. qui. Rearhig of dogs.40 GEORGICA. montesque per retia ingentem clamore premes ad Disce et cervum. Cape saxa manu. pastor. 425 squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga atque notis longam maculosus grandibus alvum. pestis acerba fovit boum. sibila colla tumentem abdidit alte. dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus et dum . aut tecto assuetus coluber succedere et umbrae. Saepe sub immotis praesepibus aut mala tactu vipera delituit caelumque exterrita fugit. missusque secundo defluit amni aut tonsum et tristi contingunt corpus amurca. 41 madent udo colit. et hirsuti secuerunt corpora vepres Dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri 445 perfundunt. stagna ripisque habitans hic piscibus atram 430 improbus ingluviem ranisque loquacibus explet postquam exusta exsilit palus. vel et horrida cano bruma cum tonsis iUotus adhaesit sudor. ahtur vitium vivitque tegendo. sulfura spumas miscent argenti vivaque et Idaeasque pices pingues unguine ceras 450 sciUamque eUeborosque graves nigrumque bitumen. terraeque ardore dehiscunt. ubi frigidus imber ad vivum persedit gelu. Non tamen uUa magis praesens fortuna laborum quam si quis ferro potuit rescindere summum ulceris os : est. udisque aries in gurgite viUis mersatur. positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa volvitur aut catulos tectis aut ova rehnquens arduus ad solem. 440 Turpis oves tentat scabies. 455 dum medicas adhibere manus ad vulnera pastor abnegat. . Diseases of sheep te and their remedies.LIBRR vere III. et in siccum. terrae ac pluvialibus austris. flammantia lumina torquens siti saevit agris asperque atque exterritus aestu. 440-477. aut mehora deos sedet omina poscens. Morborum quoque altius causas et signa docebo. 435 Ne cum mihi tum molles sub divo carpere somnos neu dorso nemoris hbeat iacuisse per herbas. 402-456. et Hnguis micat ore trisulcis. Nec via mortis erat simplex. profuit incensos aestus avertere et inter inia ferire pedis salientem sanguine venam. Description of a terrible pestilence. aut et serae ignavius herbas extremamque pascentem medio procumbere campo nocti. omne ferarum. infecit pabula tabo. 470 Non tam creber agens hiemem ruit aequore turbo. Nec singula morbi corpora corripiunt. caeli 478-566. Hic quondam morbo miseranda coorta est tempestas totoque autumni incanduit aestu. aut summas carpentem sequi. 480 corrupitque lacus.42 GEORGICA. spemque gregemque simul cunctamque ab origine gentem. fluidus liquor abundabat omniaque in se . priusquam dira per incautum serpant contagia vulgus. aerias Alpes et Norica si quis 475 castella in tumulis et lapydis arva Timavi nunc quoque post tanto videat desertaque regna pastorum et longe saltus lateque vacantes. solam decedere continuo culpam ferro compesce. cum et fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta Getarum. 460 Bisaltae quo more solent acerque Gelonus. ima dolor balantum lapsus ad ossa cum furit atque artus depascitur arida febris. (^uin etiam. et genus omne neci pecudum dedit. sed tota aestiva repente. lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. sed ubi ignea venis sitis omnibus acta rursus miseros adduxerat artus. quam multae pecudum pestes. procul aut molli succedere saepius Quam umbrae 465 videris. Tum sciat. aret pelhs et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit. 457-514- 43 485 morbo collapsa trahebat. incertus ibidem sudor et ille quidem morituris frigidus. Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante sacerdos. Labitur infehx studiorum atque victor immemor herbae et equus fontesque avertitur ferit . et obsessas fauces premit aspera hngua. . attractus ab alto 505 interdum gemitu it gravis. furiisque refecti ardebant.LIBER ossa minutatim III. dum inter cunctantes cecidit moribunda ministros. inde neque impositis ardent altaria 490 nec responsa potest consultus reddere vates. imaque longo iha singultu tendunt. vituH vulgo nioriuntur in herbis. fibris. naribus ater sanguis. pede terram 500 crebra demissae aures. ipsique suos iam morte sub aegra mehora piis erroremque hostibus illum !) discissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus. Saepe lanea in honore deum medio stans hostia ad aram. tum vero ardentes ocuU atque spiritus. Profuit inserto latices infundere cornu Lenaeos : ea visa salus morientibus una . Haec ante exitium primis dant signa diebus sin in processu coepit crudescere morbus. ac vix suppositi tinguuntur sanguine cultri summaque Hinc et laetis ieiuna sanie infuscatur harena. 510 mox (di erat hoc ipsum exitio. 495 dulces animas plena ad praesepia reddunt hinc canibus blandis rabies venit. et quatit aegros tussis anhela sues ac faucibus angit obesis. nivea circumdatur infula vitta. . Ergo aegre rastris terram rimantur. acrior illum timidi dammae et cervique fugaces 540 nunc interque canes circum tecta vagantur.44 GEORGICA. iUis 530 Tempore non aUo dicunt regionibus quaesitas ad sacra boves lunonis et uris imparibus ductos alta ad donaria currus. Interit et curvis frustra defensa latebris . insoHtae fugiunt in flumina phocae. et ipsis unguibus infodiunt montesque per altos 535 contenta cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra. at ima solvuntur latera. fruges. 515 Ecce autem duro fumans sub vomere taurus concidit et mixtum spumis vomit ore cruorem ciet gemitus. non mollia possunt 520 movere animum. Quid labor aut benefacta iuvant quid vomere terras 525 invertisse graves ? Atqui non Massica Bacchi epulae nocuere repostae munera. lam maris immensi litore in proleni et genus omne natantum fluctus extremo ceu naufraga corpora proluit . Non umbrae prata altorum nemorum. It tristis arator extremosque maerentem abiungens fraterna morte iuvencum. non qui per saxa volutus purior electro campum fluit petit amnis . atque opere in medio defixa reliquit aratra. Non lupus insidias explorat oviha circum : nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat cura domat . pocula sunt fontes Hquidi atque exercita cursu flumina. atque oculos stupor urget inertes. non illis frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae. nec somnos abrumpit cura salubres. ad terramque devexo pondere ? cervix. Saevit et in lucem Stygiis emissa tenebris paUida Tisiphone Morbos agit ante Metumque. cessere magistri 550 Amythaoniusque Melampus. S^^^S^^. 45 545 vipera et attoniti squamis astantibus hydri. inque dies avidum surgens caput altius effert. tempore contactos artus sacer . ardentes papulae atque immundus olentia sudor 565 membra sequebatur. 555 lamque catervatim dat stragem atque aggerat ipsis in stabuhs turpi dilapsa cadavera tabo. vellera nec telas possunt attingere putres verum etiam invisos si quis tentarat amictus.LIBER III. donec humo tegere ac foveis abscondere discunt. refert. nec longo deinde moranti ignis edebat. Nam Ne neque erat coriis usus. nec viscera quisquam . Praeterea iam nec mutari pabula quaesitaeque nocent artes Phillyrides Chiron . Balatu pecorum et crebris mugitibus amnes arentesque sonant ripae collesque supini. Ipsis est aer avibus non aequus. et illae praecipites alta vitam sub nube relinquunt. aut undis abolere potest aut vincere flamma 560 tondere quidem morbo illuvieque peresa . Principio sedes apibus statioque petenda. quo neque ferre sit ventis aditus. At hquidi fontes et stagna virentia musco zo adsint et tenuis fugiens per gramina rivus. palmaque vestibulum aut ingens ut.46 GEORGICA. meropesque ahaeque volucres et manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis late _^vastant ipsasque volantes 15 omnia nam ore ferunt dulcem nidis immitibus escam. lilBER QUARTUS. oleaster inumbret. Site of the apiary and construction of hives. 8-50. Absint et picU squalentia terga lacerti pinguibus a stabulis. gentis 5 populos et proelia dicam. Maecenas. Protinus exsequar : mellis caelestia dona partera. cum prima novi ducent examina reges vere suo. Subject proposed aerii : the commonwealth of hees. et surgentes atterat herbas. hanc etiam. aspice levium spectacula rerum Admiranda tibi magnanimosque duces totiusque ordine mores et studia et . neque oves haedique petulci floribus insultent. gloria. 1-7. ludetque favis emissa iuvcntus. nam pabula venti lo domum prohibent. aut errans bucula campo decutiat rorem. si In tenui labor at tenuis non quem numina laeva sinunt auditque vocatus ApoUo. . transversas salices et grandia coniice saxa. 1-50. 25 pontibus ut crebris possint consistere et alas pandere ad aestivum solem. latebris sub terra fovere larem. altae neu crede paludi.^0 Haec circum serpuUa floreat. 47 vicina invitet decedere ripa calori. In medium. et casiae virides et olentia late graviter spirantis copia thymbrae irriguumque bibant violaria fontem.LIBER IV. coUectumque haec ipsa ad munera gluten 40 et visco et Phrygiae servant pice lentius Idae. Tu tamen Neu et levi rimosa cubiha hmo 45 ungue fovens circum. neve rubentes ure foco cancros. obviaque hospitiis teneat frondentibus arbos. : nam frigore mella 35 eademque calor hquefacta remittit. et raras superiniice frondes. angustos habeant aditus cogit hiemps. seu corticibus suta cavatis seu lento fuerint alvaria vimine texta. penitusque repertae pumicibusque cavis exesaeque arboris antjo. si Saepe etiam vera est fama. fucoque et floribus oras explent. propius tectis taxum sine. . sparserit aut praeceps si forte morantes Neptuno immerserit Eurus. . Utraque vis apibus pariter metuenda neque iUae nequiquam in tectis certatim tenuia cera spiramenta hnunt. tibi Ipsa autem. aut ubi odor caeni gravis aut ubi concava pulsu saxa sonant vocisque offensa resultat imago. eflbssis. seu stabit iners seu profluet umor. so . vox auditur fractos sonitiis imitata tubarum tum trepidae inter se coeunt pennisque coruscant spiculaque exacuunt rostris aptantque lacertoS.48 GEORGICA. trita : caveis ad sidera caeli nare per aestatem liquidam suspexeris trahi agmen 60 vento mirabere nubem. 5 1-66. tinnitusque cie et Matris quate cymbala circum ipsae consident medicatis sedibus. ubi pulsam hiemem Sol aureus egit sub terras caelumque aestiva luce illae reclusit. Swarming-time. hinc arte recentes excudunt ceras Hinc ubi iam^emissum obscuramque contemplator tecta petunt. Marks of quality Sin autem ad regibus incessit pugnam exierint nam saepe duobus magno discordia motu et trepidantia bello : — continuoque animos vulgi corda licet ille longe praesciscere aeris rauci 'namque morantes et • 70 Martius canor increpat. Directions for hiving. Quod__superest. 67-102. et aquas dulces frondea semper Huc tu iussos asperge sapores. in bees. Hinc nescio qua dulcedine et mella tenacia fingunt. progeniem nidosque fovent. continuo saltus silvasque peragrant flores et purpureosque metunt^ flumina libant laetae 55 summa leves. et circa regem atque ipsa ad praetoria densae 75 . Conibat of rival chieftains. meH^phylla et cerinthae ignobile gramen. ipsae 65 intima more suo sese in cunabula condent. mehor insignis et ore et rutihs clarus squamis ille horridus alter desidia latamque trahens inglorius alvum. melior vacua sine regnet in aula. ilice 80 nec de concussa tantum pluit ipsi glandis per medias acies insignibus ahs ingentes. tanta Verum ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambo. usque adeo obnixi non cedere. ne prodigus obsit. aethere in alto sonitus. 90 Alter erit maculis auro squalentibus ardens nam duo sunt genera : hic . deterior qui visus. Hi motus animorum atque haec certamina pulveris exigui iactu compressa quiescunt. Ut binae regum facies. magnum mixtae glomerantur in orbem. ita corpora plebis. praecipitesque cadunt non densior aere grando. eum. concurritur.LIBER IV. ceu pulvere ab cum venit et sicco terram spuit ore viator aridus . 51-102. hinc caeU tempore certo 100 dulcia mella premes. 49 miscentur magnisque vocant clamoribus hostem ergo ubi ver nactae sudum camposque patentes erumpunt fit portis.animos angusto in pectore versant. . dede neci. nec tantum dulcia quantum hquida et durum Bacchi domitura saporem. . elucent aliae et fulgore coruscant ardentes auro et paribus Hta corpora guttis. alto 95 Namque ahae turpes horrent. Haec et potior subqles. dum grayis aut ho6 85 aut hos versa fuga victor dare terga subegit. Descriptive episode on gardening. nec sera comantem narci. At cum incerta volant caeloque examina ludunt. nec fertihs iuvencis nec pecori opportuna seges nec commoda Baccho. pingues hortos quae cura colendi ornaret. Invitent cropeis halantes floribus horti. Ipse thymum pinosque ferens de montibus altis tecta serat late circum. 125 flaventia culta Galaesus. et custos furum atque avium cum falce saHgna uo Hellespontiaci servet tutefa Priapi. . canerem. 105 Nec magnus prohibere labor tu regibus alas eripe.50 GEORGICA. quoque modo potis gauderent intui)a rivis 120 et virides apio ripae. tortusque per herbam cresceret in ventrem cucumis . conteninuntque favos instabiles et frigida tecta relinquunt. Corycium vidisse senem. ni Atque equidem. biferique rosaria Paesti. Ho7i< to deal with rovers.ssum aut flexi tacuissem vimen acanthi pallentesque hederas et amantes htora myrtos. cui taha curae ipse labore figat manum duro terat. extremo iam sub fine laborum vela traham et terris festinem advertere proram. cui pauca rehcti illa iugera ruris erant. non iHis quisquam cunctantibus altum ire iter aut castris audebit vellere signa. animos ludo prohibebis : inani. forsitan et. ipse feraces 115 humo plantas et amicos irriget imbres. Namque sub Oebahae memini me qua niger umectat turribus altis. 103-148. consojtia tecta urbis habent. 51 130 in dumis holus albaque circum verbenasque prernens vescumque papaver regum aequabat opes animis. seraque revertens nocte domum tristis dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis. expediam. naturas apibus quas luppiter ipse addidit. 155 ^- venturaeque hiemis memores D 2 .LIBER Hic rarum tamen lilia IV. Verum haec ipse equidem spatiis exclusus iniquis praetereo atque ahis post me memoranda and rehnquo. Ergo apibus fetis primus abundare mella favis : spumantia cogere pressis atque uberrima pinus. -comam moUis iam tondebat hyacinthi idem atque examine multo et aestatem increpitans serani zephyrosque morantes. et cum hiemps etiamnum frigore saxa 135 rumperet ille et glacie cursus frenaret aquarum. Primus vere rosam atque autumno carpere poma. et magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum. se fertihs arbos 140 iUi tiliae quotque in flore novo pomis induerat. 103-156. et certos patriam solae novere penates aestate laborem . communes natos. Nature and habits of bees qualities. their distinctive 149-227. Nunc Curetum Solae age. totidem Ille autumno matura et spinos tenebat. etiam seras in versum distuht ulmos eduramque pirum iam pruna ferentes 145 iamque ministrantem platanum potantibus umbras. pro qua mercede canoros 150 sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae Dictaeo caeh regem pavere sub antro. 185 vesper ubi e pastu tandem decedere campis . pascuntur et arbuta passim et glaucas salices et casiamque crocumque rubentem pinguem tiliam et ferrugineos hyacinthos. J^amque aliae victu invigilant et foedere pacto . Ac veluti lentis cum properant. Sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia inque vicem speculantur aquas sorti. . munire favos et daedala fingere At fessae multa referunt se nocte minores. deinde tenaces . Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi munere quamque et suo. labor omnibus unus mane ruunt portis nusquam mora rursus easdem . Omnibus una quies operum. exercentur agris pars intra saepta et domorum i6o narcissijacrimam lentum de cortice gluten prima favis ponunt fundamina.52 experiuntur et GEORGICA. stridentia tingunt gemit impositis incudibus Aetna inter sese magna vi bracchia toUunt tenaci forcipe ferrum : in numerum. Fervet opus. redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. si 175 non parva Hcet componere magnis. aut onera accipiunt venientum. 165 et nubila caeli. . aera lacu illi Cyclopes fulmina massis alii 170 taurinis foUibus auras alii accipiunt redduntque. versantque ahter. suspendunt ceras educunt fetus . aliae spem gentis adultos aliae purissima mella stipant et liquido distendunt nectare cellas. aut agmine facto ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. in medium quaesita reponunt. 180 crura thymo plenae . Grandaevis oppida curae tecta. nec corpora segnes in Venerem solvunt aut fetus nixibus edunt . iHum admirantur et omrtes circumstant fremitu denso stipantque frequentes. genus immortale manet. ipsae regem parvosque Quirites sufficiunt. constructaque meHa 215 diripuere ipsae et crates solvere favorum. 157-216. 210 stat Praeterea regem non sic Aegyptus et ingens Lydia nec popuH Parthorum aut Medus Hydaspes observant. siletur in noctem. tum tecta petunt. Ergo quamvis angusti terminus aevi excipiat (neque at enim plus septima ducitur aestas).LIBER IV. in Saepe etiam duris errando attrivere.!oo verum ipsae e foHis natos et suavibus herbis ore legunt. 195 tollunt. . tum corpora curant fit sonitus mussantque oras et limina circum. IHe operum custos. cotibus alas fasce dedere 205 ultroque animam sub et tantus amor florum ipsas generandi gloria melHs. ut et saepe lapillos. Rege incolumi mens omnibus una est amisso rupere fidem. et avi numerantur avorum. ^'^ admonuit. (luod neque concubitu indulgent. his sese per inania nubila librant. cumbae instabiles fluctu iactante saburram. multosque per annos fortuna domus. vero a stabulis pluvia impendente recedunt 190 Nec longius. Post ubi iam thalamis se composuere. fessosque sopor suus occupat artus. aulasque et cerea regna refingunt. aut credunt caelo adventantibus Euris sed circum tutae sub moenibus urbis aquantur excursusque breves tentant. Illum adeo placuisse apibus mirabere morem. nec morti esse locum. affixae venis. .viK . genus omne feraruni. Bis gravidos cogunt fetus. et spicula caeca rehnquunt animasque in vulnere ponunt. 228-250. Pests ofthe hive. et corpora bello obiectant pulchramque petunt per vulnera mortem.. saepe attollunt umeris. Si Directio7is for taking the honey. laesaeque venenum morsibus inspirant. sed viva volare sideris in numerum atque alto succedere caelo. 220 terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum . His quidam signis atque haec exempla secuti . : ['•^'\". quemque sibi tenues^ nascentem arcessere vitas ci^. fumosque manu praetende sequaces. ^q ~ > scihcet huc reddi deinde ac resoluta referri ^*^2^i omnia. prius haustu sparsus aquarum 230 : ora fove. deum namque ire per eW^c omnes .'. esse apibus partem divinae mentis et haijgtus aetherios dixere .54 et GEORGICA._.jfr'- ' hinc pecudes armenta viros.. quando sedem augustam servataque mella thesauris relmes. recidere inanes quis dubitet? Nam saepe favos ignotus adedit stelio et lucifugis congesta^ cubiha blattis. Sin duram metues hiemem parcesque thymo cerasque futuro 240 contusosque animos at suffire et res miserabere fractas. sidus fugiens ubi Piscis aquosi eadem tristior hibernas caelo descendit in undas. duo tempora messis honestum "^' Taygete simul os terris ostendit PHas aut et Oceani spretos pede reppuHt amnes. 235 lUis ira modum supra est. Si vero. aut intus clausis cunctantur in aedibus. Diseases of bees and their remedies. ultro 265 hortantem et fessas ad pabula nota vocantem.LIBER IV. frigidus ut quondam silvis immurmurat Auster. vel psithia passos et de vite racemos 270 Cecropiumque thymum grave olentia centaurea. tractimque susurrant. xS^^^^ . aut invisa Minervae laxos in foribus suspendit aranea casses. . 217-270.^ omnes 260 ignavaeque fame et contracto frigore pigrae tum sonus auditur gravior. complebuntque foros et floribus horrea texent. hoc acrius omnes incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas. aUus color horrida vultum luce carentum 255 deformat macies tum corpora tristia exportant tectis et aut illae funera ducunt pedibus conexae ad Hmina pendent. aut igni pinguia multo defrtita. aestuat ut clausis rapidus fornacibus ignis A hic iam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores mellaque harundineis inferre canalibus. ut mare solhcitum stridit refluentibus undis. : vita tuHt. Quo magis exhaustae fuerint. 250 251-280. immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucus aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis. Itl 245 Uf-vil^ /. . aut dirum tiniae genus. continuo est aegris . <^> Proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem arentesque rosas. tristi quod iam non dubiis . . quoniam casus apibus quoque nostros languebunt corpora morbo poteris cognoscere signis . Huius odorato radices incoque Baccho. 295 Exiguus primum atque ipsos contractus in usus ehgitur locus . violae sublucet^ purpura nigrae 275 saepe deum nexis ornatae torquibus arae .^6 Est etiam flos GBORGICA. nec. Artificial reproductiori of a stock of bees. quae plurima circum . funduntur. facilis quaerentibus herba namque uno ingentem aureus ipse. ruens septem discurrit in ora viridem Aegyptum nigra fecundat harena usque coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis. memoranda caesis inventa magistri pandere. quoque modo iam saepe iuvencis Altius insincerus apes tulerit cruor. tecti parietibusque premunt et quattuor addunt . fecere agricolae. in pratis. omnis in hac certam regio iacit arte salutem. pabulaque in foribus plenis appone canistris. cui nomen amello . asper in ore sapor tori^is in vallibus illum pastores et xurva legunt prope flumina Mellae. 290 quaque pharetratae et diversa et vicinia Persidis urget. stirpis revocetur. Sed tempus si quem proles subito defecerit omnis. hunc angustique imbrice artis. 280 281-314. Nam et qua Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi accoht effuso stagnantem flumine Nilum circum pictis vehitur sua rura phasehs. sed in tollit de caespite silvam foliis. genus et unde novae Arcadii habebit. omnem 285 expediam prima repetens ab origine famam. LIBER IV. 271-323. 57 quattuor a ventis obliqua_luce fenestras. Tum vitulus binia curvans ; iam cornua fronte 300 quaeritur huic geminae nares et spiritus oris multa reluctanti obstruitur, plagisque perempto tunsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem. Sic positum in clauso linquunt, et ramea costis subiiciunt fragmenta, thymum c^asiasque recentes. 305 Hoc geritur zephyris ante novis garrula primum impellentibus undas, rubeant quam prata coloribus, ante tignis quam Interea teneris tepefactus in ossibus aestuat, et visenda nidum suspendat hirundo. umor miris, modis animalia trunca pedum primo, mox et stridentia pennis, 310 miscentur, tenuemque magis magis aera carpunt, aestivis effusus donec ut nubibus imber erupere aut ut nervo pulsante sagittae, prima leves ineunt si quando proelia Parthi. 315-558. Episode of Aristaeus [inchiding of Orpheus a?id Eurydice). tJie story Quis deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit artem? 315 Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit ? Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia amissis, ut fama, apibus tristis Tempe astitit morboque fameque amnis : ad extremi sacrum caput multa querens, atque hac affatus voce parentem ' 3J0 Mater, Cyrene mater,.quae gurgitis huius ima tenes, quid (si me praeclara stirpe deorum, est modo, quem perhibes, pater Thymbraeus Apollo) 58 invisum . GEORGICA. fatis genuisti? aut quo tibi nostri 325 pulsus amor ? quid me caelum sperare iubebas ? En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem, quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers omnia tentanti extuderat, te matre relinquo. et ipsa Quin age fer manu felices erue silvas, stabuUs inimicum ignem atque interfice messes, 330 ure sata, et tanta duram si in vites mojire bipennem, ^ meae te ceperunt taedia laudis.' alti At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis sensit. Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 335 carpebant hyaU saturo fucata colore, Drymoque Xanthoque Ligeaque phyUodoceque, caesariem effusae nitidam per candida coUa, [Nesaee Spioque ThaUaque Cymodoceque] Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, 340 aUera tum primos Lucinae experta labores, CUoque et Beroe soror, ambae auro, pictis incinctae peUibus ambae, atque Ephyre atque Opis et et Oceamtides ambae, Asia Deiopea sagittis. tandem positis velox Arethusa Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem 345 VolcaHi, Martisque dolos et dulcia furta, aque Chao densos divum numerabat amores. Carmine quo captae dum fusis moUia pensa devolvunt, iterum maternas impuUt aures luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sediUbus omnes 350 obstupuere prospiciens et procul : ; sed ante aUas Arethusa sorores summa ' flavum caput extuUt unda, O gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto LIBER Cyrene tristis IV. tua 324-383. 59 soror, ipse tibi, Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad et stat lacrimans, te maxima cura, undam crudelem nomine dicit.' fas 355 Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater ' Duc, age, duc ad nos ' ; illi limina divum tangere ait. Simul alta iubet discedere late flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. At illum 360 curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda umida regna accepitque sihu vasto misitque sub amnem. lamque domum mirans ibat, genetricis et speluncisque lacus clausos lucosque sonantes et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum terra locis, 365 omnia sub magna labentia flumina spectabat diversa et caput, Phasimque Lycumque se erumpit Enipeus, unde altus primum et unde pater Tiberinus, unde Aniena fluenta 370 saxosusque sonans Hypanis Mysusque Caicus, et gemina auratus taurino cornua vultu Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta in mare purpureum violeritior effluit amnis. Postquam perventum est in thalami et nati fletus pendentia pumice tecta cognovit inanes 375 Cyrene, manibus Hquidos dant ordine fontes germanae, tonsisque ferunt manteha vilUs pars epuHs onerant ; mensas et plena reponunt pocula ; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae ' et mater, Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi ait. : 3S0 Oceano hbemus,' centum quae Simul ipsa precatu^ sorores, Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque silvas, centum quae flumina servant. ) 400 Ipsa ego medios cum herbae sol accenderit aestus. prius vinchs capiendus. neque illum . eventusque secundet. et magnum qui piscibus aequor iuncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. facile ut somno aggrediare iacentem.b-^(>p''^ Nam tende sine vi flectes non uUa dabit praecepta. nate. erit (^^^ donec tahs mutato corpore. demum frangentur inanes. . ^. grandaevus Nereus (juae sint.. quippe ita Neptuno visum est. ^. qualem . revisit Hic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque Pallenen . nate. 405 Verum tum Fiet ubi correptum manibus vinchsque tenebis. enim subito sus horridus atraque tigris squamosusque draco et fulva cervice leaena.. in secreta senis ducam. ut omnem expediat morbi causam. ille magis formas se vertet in omnes. quo fessus ab undis se recipit. 390 Nymphae veneramur et ipse novit namque omnia vates.wf/li. cum • sitiunt et pecori iam gratior umbra est. iw». quae mox ventura trahantur hunc et : " . ita aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit atque vinchs 410 excidet. variae eludent species atque ora ferarum. (- ^ju^^i 385^ f- ) flamma ad summum tecti subi^cta reluxit sic ^'^fojo Omine quo ' firmans animum incipit ipsa 4. immania cuius 395 armenta et turpes pascit sub gurgite phocas. sed quanto tanto.C<-3 : Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates caeruleus Proteus.60 'Vex liquido ter GEORGICA. vim duram et vincula capto u ( ' : doU circum haec te. Hic tibi. aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit. quae fuerint. orando . ardentem perfundit nectare Vestam. magis contende tenacia vincla. cava flumina siccis ( cUm^. procuP nebuHs obscura lam rapidus torrens sitientes Sirius Indos et ardebat caelo. IV. Nympha <^it^n. 435 recenset. . Est specus ingens <*' qup plurima vento cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra eum vasti circum gens^umida ponti 430 exsultans rorem late dispergit amarum. Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae i^ccn ipse velut stabuH custos in montibus oHm. considit scopulo medius. victus . auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni.LIBER videris. ipsa in latebris aversum a lumine resistit.^' ^^^«^''«'^'^•^^^«^v^ » . ignemque horribilemque feram fluviumque Hquentem. at illi ^ j^i^^ ^ quo totum nati dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura. 384-443.> ^^•''•SrifT*^ occupat.i^^^ <*. Verum ubi nuUa fugam reperit faUacia. somno. ' S<r^-. vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit.f- atque habjlis membris venit vigor. Hic iuvenem collocat. manicisque iacentem (- 6' -'-. medium sol igneus et orbem ^^j ^ arebant herbae. exesi latere in montis. suae contra non immemor artis 440 omnia transformat sese in miracula_ rerum.nMr*«-Wu^ xB^o^^"-^ ^ faucjbus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant : l^ju^ttiC cum ibat ^*"" . hauserat /Kav. "^430 deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis intus se vasti Proteus tegit obiice saxi. . senem passus componere membra ruit cum clamore Ille magno. corpus perduxit.' . .iu.1? 61 ^> incepto tegeret ait cum lumina «^'"^ <n(>i>*^l(j' ^jl Haec et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem. numerumque Cuius Aristaeo quoniam vix defessa est oblata facultas. et rapta graviter 455 pro coniuge saevit. Ad denique multa 450 ardentes oculos intorsit lumine glauco. iuvenum confidentissime. Nam Scis. cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum. lassis neque est te lallere quicquam sed tu desine Deum praecepta secuti rebus. et caligantem nigra formidine lucum ingressus Manesque adiit regemque tremendum. Ipse cava solans aegrum testudine . K\.te. alta ostia Ditis. 460 flerunt Rhodopeia'^' arces altaque Pangaea et Rhesi Mavortia tellus atque Getae atque Hebrus et Actias Orithyia.62 in ' GEORGICA. et graviter ' frendens sic fatis ora^resolvit Non te nulHffs exercent numinis irae magna suscitat. nostras ? 445 iussit adire ' domos quidve hinc petis ipse . dulcis coniunx. ' inquit. te decedente canebat.' venimus. haudquaquam ob meritum poenas. Taenarias etiam fauces. amorem 46-. sese redit. At ille : Proteu. puella quidem. 470 nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. . te veniente die. in foliis umbrae quam multa avium se miha condunt. At chorus aequaUs Dryadum clamore supremos implerunt montes . te solo in Htore secum. scis velle. quis te. dum te fugeret immanem ante pedes alta hydrum moritura non vidit servantem ripas in herba. Illa luis commissa : tibi has miserabihs Orpheus ni fata resistant. hinc quaesitumoracula haec vates vi Tantum effatus. per flumina praeceps. atque hominis tandem ore ? locutus. 490 immemor heu omnis effusus labor atque immitis rupta tyranni foedera terque fragor stagnis auditus Averni. ignoscere Manes Ibi : Eurydicenque suam iam luce sub ipsa victusque animi respexit. multa volentem nec portitor Orci transire amphus obiectam passus paludem. heu non tua." in auras ocuhs subito ceu fumus fugit diversa.oi'^ Quin ipsae stupuere domiis atque intima Leti Tartara caeruleosque implexae crinibus angues Eumenides. Illa " Quis et me " inquit " miseram et te perdidit. ignoscenda quidem. redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras pone sequens (namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem).LIBER IV. matres atque viri defunctaque corpora vita 475 magnanimum heroum. tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora. cum subita incautum dementia cepit si amantem. atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. pueri innuptaeque puellae. et ex tibi tendens. 444-503. Orpheu. (= ^t'''-^ ' 485 j'' lamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnes. furor ? En iterum crudelia retro conditque natantia lumina somnus. palmas. : lamque vale feror ingenti circumdata nocte invalidasque Dixit. 63 vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber. . et noviens Styx interfusa coercet. impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum quos circum limus niger et deformis harundo Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda alligat. . 495 quis tantus fata vocant. scirent restitit. 480 Lw^v. commixtus tenues neque illum et 500 prensantem nequiquam umbras dicere praeterea vidit . raptam Eurydicen atque Ditis -U. \J''' dona querens. ^"'' ''' rupe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis flevisse. 515 NuUa Venus. : Hngua**^' 525 " Ah ' ! miseram Eurydicen anima^fugiente vocabat. ulH animum flexere hymenaei. . dedit. At non Cyrene ' namque ultro afifata timentem : 530 Nate. gelidis haec evolvisse sub tigres et '" mulcentem agentem carmine quercus . quos durus arator i^^<£<j^?J . quo se rapta bis coniuge ferret? fletu Manes. ^. Solus hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem viduata pruinis irrita numquam ^ ''-'''''' i PW' \ _. j^ertice torsit. et se iactu_dedit aequor in altum. hinc miserabile Haec omnis morbi Nymphae. observans nido implumes detraxit flet at illa noctem. quaque spumantem undam sub . 510 quahs populea maerens philomela sub umbra amissos queritur fetus. integrat. et undam antris.' '^ -fjri-^^V. Hcet tristes animo deponere curas. Eurydicen vox ipsa " et frigjda volveret.^ Eurydicen toto referebant flumine Haec Proteus. Tum gurgite quoque^marmorea caput a cervice revulsum ^ cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus t-c/if/Cf. cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis. spretae Ciconum quo munere matres^53o inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi ^^^ 1 discerptum latos iuvenem sparsere per agros. ripae. non arvaque Rhipaeis lustrabat.64 Quid quo faceret? GEORGICA. Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses . qua numina voce moveret? frigida 505 IUa quidem Stygia nabat iam cumba. causa. ramoque sedens miserabile carmen et maestis late loca questjbus implet. .' Haud mora ad delubra : continuo matris praecepta facessit monstratas excitat aras.. prius ordine dicam. 504-560. qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei.»^v<^/c-i'^^5 nigram mactabis ovem. ' ^ 540 delige.LIBER exitium misere apibus. liquefacta A r boum per viscera toto A *^'^^55 s«^^. iamque arbore summa demittere ramis. super arboribus. ^Le^ corporaque ipsa boum frondoso desere luco. IV. inferias et Orphei Lethaea papavera mittes. quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros ducit et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas. stridere apes utero et ruptis efferve"re costis. . Concluding epilogue. confluere et lentis uvam 559-566. et faciles venerare Napaeas 535 namque dabunt veniam votis. Sed modus orandi qui sit. Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros. Post ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus. et alta ad delubra dearuni i sacrum iugulis demjtte cruorem. Quattuor his aras constitue.. . lucumque revisit. inferias Orphei mittit. [ immensasque trahi nubes. et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas. Tu munera supplex tende petens pacem. lucumque revises placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa. Caesar dum magnus E 560 . irasque remittent. cultu Haec super arvorum et pecorumque canebam ad altum ^'^^ i\ '^i^n. brx^j^_^ .. venit. r:^^^ 65 ^4^^> . 550 Post ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus. Hic vero subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum aspiciunt. ^6\-^66. victorque volentes per populos dat_jura. . a Parthenope *^\ ' studiis florentem lusi ^r^^f^"'^ u) carmina_2ui pastorum.66 GEORGICA. fulminat Euphraten bello. audaxque iuventa. viamque affectat Olympo. LIBER IV. te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. ^^"^565 Tityre. Illo tA^<^' r^ • " Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat ignobilis oti. S. ^ ' M. Iphigenia in Taitris. Editor of Virgirs ' JERRAM. EDITED I L GEORGICS BOOKS IV WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY C.A.' eic. Helena.' PART II.' Heracleidae. Oxford ' Late Scholar of Trinity Bitcolics. Euripides' Alcestis.V I RG III.' ' Cplle^e.— NOTES AT THE CLAREXDON PRESS MDCCCXCII \_All righis reservcd^ . but suggests another verb of similar .EXPLANATION OF SOME TECHNICAL TERMS OCCURRING IN THE NOTES. ' cut off before a vowel at the beginning of the next et ' as ' ferarum(que) 3. as perhaps fuco et floribus' 39 (see note).' from fxdaiv). ' 189. ' Ephyre atque Rhodopeiae arces 4. ' ' amabilis ' 4. caused by non-elision of the final vowel as 'pecori armentaque' 3. ' to set down. apparently put as an epithet with the object of the said verb . 76. ' (from hiare. in' ' ' ' . ' to raise ' the voice). Hendiadys adjective {tv Sia Svotv). a collapse or contraction of two vowels into one. as maculis et albo 3. be long Hence the accented syllables are said For examples see 3. the syllable in a foot on which the stress or accent is laid. ' Synizesis {avvi^avuv. ' 242. 137. 355. ' ' ' . Zeugma strictly suits {C^tv^vvvaij. ' frigida tecta relin- quunt' 4. nientes. smooth ') or Meiosis ('lessening.' or ' let fall ' the voice) it denotes the weaker unaccented part of the foot. {et one notion conveyed by two nouns It coupled by a conjunction or que). which line . 136. where the latter noun explains the former. Prosodial. 449. Arsis {aipeiv. 332. ' 57. an imderstatement of the fact by the use of a milder form of expression as illaudati 3. to sink or settle together '). 4. 5. or in two words where the strong caesura occurs. an anticipation of the effect of the verb by an adjective. 343. as Pen8 4. 104. Prolepsis {Trpo\aiJ. meaning to be supplied with the remaining ' vim duram et vincula tende 4. ' may be equivalent (i) to an ' and substantive. ' ' . literally a void space ' ' Hypermeter a vowel. 461. Litotes (' smoothing down. tht joining of two nouns with a verb which noun as ' only one of them. 399. as ' sulcos oblimet inertes ' 3. 479. or (31 to two nouns in apposition. as Fa\tt's et te' &c. whether or short in actual quantity.453Hiatus.' from Xnus. {virip jxiTpov). The oppo| site term Thesis {Otivai. to be in arsi. 4. Grammatical and Rhetorical. to gape '). the unaccented in thesi.0aveiv'). as carmine. as armenta et phocas 4. 155. ending in sulfur(a) Idaeas' 3. akin to \ii6s. 395. is a superfluous final syllable. or (2) to a noun 4. %vith another in the genitive case. is described by Ovid. (For all these legendary names see fuller account in the Classical Dice.8. the sounds of thc chase invite tts. 5. 1. A 2 3 . by frequent repetition. Arcadia was one of the favourite haunts of ' now hackneyed by usage (Mackail). 50 . E. own I will hring back the Miises to my my nativc river : Caesar shall be enshrincd therein. processions and sacrificcs and plays. his deathless fame. for whom Hercules performed his twelve labours. let us hie to the woods and glades . an Jtalian wood-goddess cp. 1. 4.' Livy i. a savage king of Egypt. Apollo. So inutilis ' = ' injurious. Of rural deitics. ab ovilibus agnus. Cp. shall qttail at her coming doom.) illaudati. 479. Apollo had the title Nomius (No//£os) or herdsman. in Thessaly. Mount Lycaeus Pan. the tales of old mythology. inamabilis' = ' hateful. might (otherwise have charmed our leisure. Alean-while. 283. On the doors shall be portrayed the conquests and triumphs ofCaesar. The legcndary themes of olden story are hackneyed all I vtusf essay a netv path tofamc. celebrated on the 2ist of April.' 4. ' vulgata. Pales.' a litotes ' for ' detested ' ' or ' in- famous. Fasti 4. my sotig. &c.' Her festival. ' unblest. 2. Eurystheus. i. 3. 721. ' staled ' ' 1 tionary. 1. ' ' Tumus ab also. Maecenas. Envy.' Cp. 88. Eusiris. cetera. ' to the story of Admetus. 5. for a similar use of ab. Pales. is noiv .NOTES 1-48. in nostris Aricia. king of Pherae flows. and Lycacan Pan.Taphxyso = Amphrysiits. and celehrate land. king of Mycenae. and rear a tcmple by I tvill have games and chariot-races. tenuissent. thrust down to hell. Hereafter I tvill sing of the wars of Caesar. 35 ' ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo. through which the river Amphrysus ab A. who sacrificed strangers and was at last slain by Hercules.' i.' E.' in reference . and h is keaven-descended line. 4. the Palilia. either dat. as suggests the bringing of palms from Idumaea to Mantua. The scuiptures and statues. where the poet i. 43. of agent. who which Latona 7. the use of the epithet is misleading. 10-48. 8. the sacred (Leto) bore ApoUo and Artemis. tollere The idea is from the vulgar throng and soar aloft. cui. are the poem. i. The ' ivory shoulder ' (substituted for the one eaten by Demeter the banquet of Tantalus) forms part of the well-known legend of Pelops.' Delos. triumphant ' over all rivals or . 12. The Aonian mount (Milton. 55. ' detractors. The river site is suggested by the . king of risa. as Idumaea (Edom) was for its palm-trees. Hippodame or Hippodamia.. the Muses' seat. P. Pindar refers to it in liis first Olympic ode. primus. Helicon in Boeotia. the favourite of Hercules. Iph. 2. So Lucretius. 176). vvhen Cp. 117.' a ' Cp. the Hesiod of Italy (2. Chaoniam glandem. 6.' i. i. ' ' — ' fronde coronam. poet. 120. . e. Temples were dedicated after a victory in fulfdment of a vow made during the campaign. Virgil proposes to celebrate Augustus in verse. The story of Hylas. Under the in representing the victories of Augustus and his royal subjects of the line. ' Strymoniae grues. . &c. or (perhaps) the dat. humo. E. Idumaeas epithet.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. in Tauris TifXoif/ 6 TavTaXeios fh Tliaav ixoKujv ' — at Ooaiaiv 'imrois Oivoixaov ya/xei K^p-qv. Od. victor. The phrase virum ora is borrovved from Ennius' epitaph on himself.' I. Hence aeer equis = keen charioteer. 9.' i.' E. the daughter of Oenomaus. Hcre i. Games and stage-plays were the usual ac- cessories of a triumph. which of course is not intended. after he had defeated her father in a chariot-race. L. 8. fully developed by Horace. ' by what common Greek construction. rise imagines himself transformed into a bird. e.' is what is termed an ornamental or 'literary' an object is designated by the name of some place specially noted for it. says of Ennius qui primus amoeno detulit ex Helicone jJerenni 10. In the following allegory the temple is the poem. 'float upon the lips of men. ethicus isle in = has not heard tell of. 20. 6. 1.' The story is alluded to in the opening lines of Eur. 15) formed aportion of Mt. is told in the i^th Idyll of Theocritus. also it ' Hyblaeis apibus. ending with the words volito viv2is per ora virttm. be continually in their mouths. figure of a conqueror leading home the Muses triumph. the poet officiating as high priest. ravished by waternymphs on account of his beauty. was won by Pelops for his bride. as the first rural poet. ' 345. Caesar its tutelar deity. 13-15. venit 3. ' at whose 12.' after videre. where Heracles was entertained by the shepherd Molorchus after slaying the The Nemean games were celebrated there every other year. the curtain rise with Here the huge barbarian it and seem to litt it up. ' * . cvii. 27. cru-sla. Versis favours the latter.' in reference to the triangular scaena versatilis. crudo.' like the praetor in i. Virgil means that his poetry will surpass the best efforts of the bards of Greece. either parts asunder with changing or changes front. versis discedat frontibus. famous temple of Zeus on the Alpheus near Olympia in Elis (1. where the image of the tenebit. festival is to be complete in all its parts. 25.) bossed figures were commonly wrought in gold and ivory. or composed of separate leaves stript from the bough. the Nemean grove. god was placed. ' with shifting faces. 16. Stage-plays were often added on these occasions. &c. of raw hide. e. by instituting the agitabo. The olive-wreath was worn by the priest presiding at the sacrifices. in Argolis. though this may mean merely that one scene departs and another appears in ' ' its place. in the shrine or sanctuary.' 22.' Tyrio in ostro. shall occupy. ' at Cp. 25. See description of the boxing gloves of Entellus in A. e. 18.].' dividing so as to disclose a new scene beyond . an Indian tribe on the Ganges. 12. ' in his honour. 405. i. found also in cru-or. which turning on a pivot presented a different front to the spectators. : 43. As the doors of ordinary temples were adomed with representing the legendary exploits of the god. or perhaps hard [the literal sense oi cru-dus ' ' from the root cru-. Kpv-araXkos. so here the military achievements of Augustus are to be represented. 20. ethicus behest. hence the epithet ingens. 19^ The Mincius is very broad about Mantua. ut.' i. The Gangaridae. tonsae is either clipt into a trim shape. in medio. Ainorcs Sed iam pompa tempus adest plausus aurea pompa venit. dat. ' 17. his purple toga. will cause 19. presiding at the festival. lion.' as its tutelar deity. illi. 5. The pageant (pompa) ' or solemn procession to the temple is described by Ovid. 21. how. my command. By saying that the Greeks themselves will throng to his new festival and desert their own. are supposed . &c. milii. discedat the former rendering. In Roman theatres the curtain rose at the end of a piece instead of falling. 6-27. ' ' ' shorn. figures embroidered on sculptures 26.' The 24. lucos MolorcM.BOOK III. 2. Line 15 is nearly repeated from E. ia the lines beginning linguis animisque favete . Statues and em(C. to be driven. 7. games (C). and afterwards set up in the Capitol.' according to the well-known Parthian custom. stands for the country and its inhabitants. a the battle of Actium. in whicli case these lines must have been added after the poem was completed in 29 b. the cohimnae roFour such columns stratac. 29.' backward. 370. Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum Bactra veliit. A glance at the ' : ' ' ' map will make it plain that utroque ab litore is a correct designa- tion of the Morini in the north of Belgic Gaul. Thuc. 28. 4. The sameevent isreferred to by Horace. 30. mountain in Armenia.' in expectation of victory. Martyn quotes Milton. 2. the year following Niphates. 8. c. in 30 B. 69 n. Nettleship"s suggestion that Virgil is alluding to the Morini and the Dalmatians.' 32. representing Egypt. to represent the Eastern contingent of Antony's armv. the latter by Vatinius in 45 B. Rcg. navali aere columnas.' A. This difficulty is however avoided if we adopt Prof. 33. The aUusion is to the settlement of Armenia and the other Asiatic provinccs by Augustus. in apposition with bello = warlike spirit cp. 561. See notes on 2.c. c. victor ut Anrorae populis et litore rubro.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS.' 4. 31. Nilum. and by Augustus in 34 B. and overcame by flight. The precise reference in this passage has been much disputcd. 2.C. The former had been subdued by Julius Caesar and again by C. Cp. 2. These lines refer to the defeat of Cleopatra's fleet at Actium. 19 'nova cantemus versis. extremique hominum For the force of ab in local descriptions see pastor ab Amphryso. 9. it has been thought that the western victory is that gained over the Cantabri in Spain. Carrinas. and of the Dalmatians ' on the east coast of the Hadriatic Morini. shot Augusti tropaea Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten. adorned with bcaks of caf)tured ships. 323 How quick they wheeled. 6 . Cp. Od. 685-688— ' Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis. 8. is described as heaving with war and flowing with fuU tide. c. 727. Par. magnum. Cp.' 1. 3. 171. the national the second founder of the title Roman of Romulus. like saxosus sonans. B. and flying behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy shower against the face Of their pursuers. 5 o ^ap 'AffojTroy T^orajxos ippvT] ptyas.' Quirinus. note on ' sea. The Nile. A. 25. On the supposition that the words diverso ex hoste and utroque ab litore refer to victories in the East and West. wcre made byorder of Augustus after the battle of Actium. designates Augustus as empire. 4. at the pursuing foe. 2 . exsuperabile. a district famous haunt of wild beasts. not continuing 252 'nocturnas incohat aras. He was regarded as the tutelar god of Augustus. son of Tros.' i. 41. i. ctAtj ovv OvTTjp yfveaOai OvyaTpui . 121). Cocyti (4. 'essays. ApoUo. Or. 149. is said to have rebuilt the walls of Troy for Laomedon (i. 2. p.' 1. incohat (better than mchoat). II05. imagines Ixion bound to his wheel with snakes instead of cords. 11 n. e. 32 puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. oak' (i. called Cynthius from his birthplace Mount Cynthus in Delos. severum. hence Homer's epithet imroPoTov.' as in 4. perhaps unconquerable. dpwydv. 28-44. .). non ' ' ' ' ' See note on primus.' 4. See on 1. Aesch. A. the river of 'wailing' (Kcu/cuTot). who derived his origin from Jove through Dardanus.' to the ' stone ' of Sisyphus.' With spirantia^life-like compare heroes in animated marble.' ' It is a Xvirrjv common Greek construction. Up break the sluggish bonds. immanem.' properly said of the task itself. E. 37. was a Taygetus. 479). 34. Dryadum.BOOK 7. but an exhortation of the poet to himself.' the subject being a new us track. 42. Aeneas— ' — Aeneas puted to be his son (Kt.. who was even re- the son of 286.] sequamur. 14). also Gray's animated l)ust '. Maecenas had suggested the one. but applied to the stone vvhich constitutes the task. stern. like penetrabile in i.' The derivation is uncertain. that cannot surmount the summit of the hill.). MfveXfcii . Invidia personifies those who were disaffected to the government of Augustus. Cp. 44. 502 n. But see list of Various Readings.). ' 6. 36. ' 1 (Rhoades.' relentless. ' ' ' ' 39.' the address to Maecenas. The Gens lulia claimed descent from lulus or Ascanius. was the great-grandson of Assaracus.) 43.' Cf. ' III. 35. saxum of course either 'vast' or (probably) refers ' ' cruel. Cithaeron. &c. from 5/)Cs. ' ' ' lulius a magno demissum nomen lulo. you shall have a statue. 405. [It may however be used actively. -mKpav. She is supposed to quail at the tortures she is herself about to suffer.' ^. Introduction.' 38. i. 224. stabunt. Eur. g. 2. a great horse-breeding district (1. celebrated for its breed of hoiynds. Epidaurus represents Argolis. 'YXkv-r^v KTavwnfv. ' there shall be statuesof Parian marble. intactos. 93.' in Pope's Tcmple of Fame.' like nunc age. composition of the Georgics (i. hitherto untrodden. was in Laconia. a mountain on the confines of Boeotia. Agam. iussa is in apposition to ihe preceding clause = 'as thou biddest. Virgil. e. but it is properly a ceremonial word = inaugurate. let 40. 45S. 39.' no\ep. apparently on his own authority. 10.aiv ' en age. S' e. persuading. not for meat hence strength and size are the all-important qualities in the cow.' 46. curving inwards. 48. 192. observes) in a. 4. coarse. freely after gird myself infinitive instcad of the nsual = essay. 59. 493 magicas accingier artes. plurima.' prone to goring.. For the chariot-races ' miratus = aratris. vox assensu. : 49-71. maculis et albo. ' ' 55.' thick and long. 7). at any time disease or death fnay C07ne. For breeding horscs or oxen he careful in your choice of dams.manner and method different from anything that is here suggested. the feet inchided. intractable to the The best agefor yoke. ' &c. ivith crumpled horns and shaggy ears . therefore renezv your stock continuallyfrom year to 49.' and therefore takes the gerund with ad. 35.' 56. who ' pedibus non latis. 1. A good cow should have everything. e. a sign of spiritedness. ' dappled with white spots. though (as C. 'massive. 'unsightly' i. the same point as denoted by i. etiam. since the calves take after their mothers.'] The poet now states explicitly what he had previously expressed his promise was afterwards fulfilled in the in allegorical language Aeneid. But Virgil is speaking of Trojan ancestors generally. accingar. 58. 54. Breed early . after Greek usage. of good hcight. even or ' as well. exhorting. infin.' Cp. 'grim. Tithonus was descended from Ilus. tum. ' the cry by echoing groves redoubled rings back.' what we call ' crumpled homs.' turpe. of accingi with the accusative in ^.' at Olympia see note on Take ad aratra with fortes. ' torvae. The poets use the ' ' verbs of attempting. ing. torvae.' 8 . 50.' in contradiction to Varro. 57. dangerous. tauro propior.52. coveting. on a large scale. THE GEORGICS.' or shy of the yoke. It should be observed that in ancient Italy cattle were bred principally for draught purposes. p. probably a hejidiadys. is from four to tenycars.' marking a fresh point in the description.' 1. &c.e.' 2. 4. next. 296. her tail sivceping the gromtd. the brother of Assaracus. refusing. 'fortis 62.' ' 51. and cp. 19. as in ' 2.' camuris.' See note on pateris et auro' = golden bowls. aspera. hreeding year. 395.' detractans.A'OTES TO 45. entreat' [Note also the construction. says ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' mischievous. ' turpes phocas. For the following directions Virgil is indebted to his predecessor Varro (Introd. See on 1. and was therefore not in the direct line from Dardanus. Virgil endeavours to mitigate by labour.' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' apace. subeimt. as as in 2. See notes on 2. be the first.e.). 'modus inserere' {insercndi). &c. 408. cetera. e. mutari. select a supply of young 70. i. Cp. &c. 102. ' 60. 252). superat. The imperative refice is simply a ' is not (as in ' ' poetical variation for rcjicicnda sunt. aeias. represents Homer's SnKoiai fipoToTciv.. viz. 65. sc. 64. stiU less is it equivalent to therefore (Greek dpa\ as some render it. ' ' (1. "paXi^ patiendi. laetus ager. Cp. applied even to inanimate objects. 509) a mere emphatic particle. p. in imitation of the Homeric rhythm in such instances as TlTj\iaS(ai 'Axi^TJo^. lose no time about it. areitTis = arando The long vowel elsewhere.' i. This tone of despondency regarding the natural course of things commonly termed pessimism ') is reflected from Lucretius. recruit your stock by successive propagation (C). primus. in the breeding interval uns. 63.' ' 69. regular.' suffice prolem. III. subolem armento sortire.' at the proper time.' 61). ' in ' ' ones for your herd.' I. an extended * use of the intinitive after Greek usage.' i. 66-68. the birth-goddess. like mortalibus aegris. Other instances are the passage about the tendency of seeds to degenerate (i.' properly the place where they are kept.' since the tail ' would sweep behind them.) miseris raortalibus. get exchanged for more vigorous breeders. It gives the reason for this periodical change of breeding cows. enim 2. fore and hind.' A. and the diseases incident to bees (4. 73. creep on laetas segetes. keep advance (K. along her whole length. (Introduction.' i/'. farmers call a " level backed" cow. VirgiKs favourite ' laeta. 12 Aonie Aganippe.' labor.' one of 235. It is what 51.). 314.BOOK I. 10. 71. i. Cp. so as always to have some good breeders to fall back upon. interea. ' tempus tegere 213. . hecanse the stock needs constantly to be renewed. {tegefido). foot-prints. 45-71. after the tenth year. I. of pati remains unelided in arsi. 50 n. Note also that what Lucretius submits to as a dire necessity. 24 Actaeo Aracyntho.pen\. Persius.' i. ' suffering. 'primus humum fodito.' The Romans identified her with Diana or Juno. 155 and This licence is common in the ^th foot. 199). pecuaria = herds. to breed from. e. iustoa. 237. 11. tota. 10. £. SaL 3. 9 Arcadiae pecuaria rudere credas. 2. as in 1. would make the sense That you may not afterwards have to regret losses. but is far less promincnt in Virgil.' 2. epithets. (1. which quite clear. blithe. Cp.' 62.' not ' * feet. vestigia. ' ' remains = s!tperest. 70. ' i. Lucinam. iustum pugnae tempus. 9. such 81. sc. 106. lengthened in arsi before et.' or ' chestnut. 4. Our bay ' (Italian haio') represents ' hadius. 159.' from root cLrg-. 74. So obruimur oriturque. 82. ' boni. as in the case of the . ' commands cp. steps high.' applied to the colour of the vvillow leaf.AVTES TO THE GEORGICS. [Torus is any protuberance. cushion or bolster.' same word ^iyelloiv. argutum. viz.' impende. 83. ' bay. 2. 64 leads there the way no ' over the ford and 79.' yi. 'rear. Disp. muscle of arm and leg. such too tvas Saturn 'vell-hred colt is high actioned A himself transforined.] alvus is what we term the barrel of a horse. E. For the prononn tu in urgent 62. from boyhood. Cp.' Cp. for breeding purposes. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'alloquitur ac. 13. ripe.' as in 1. straight on. 2. spadiees. GcTman What Virgil here says about white horses applies only to stallions. you do ' it. also 2. all mark his hreeding. arguta fistula. 4. ' grey. his colour also. to keep up the breed. iis or in eos. 9. 169. bole on a tree.' ' clear. from the first.' lit. sharp. (1. as a knot. 73. 72 94. hoofs. Spadix ((T7ra5i^) is Doric for the ' date-palm.' also called phoeniccus from ^oivi^.' or shrill.' and refers here to the colour of the fruit when nearly /Saiy. moUia crura reponit. small and clean cut. brings do\vn (plants) his legs delicately or daintily. the sound of arms cxcites hivt.' [Argutus. as antecedent to quos. 222. 242. modo ' gives additional emphasis = 'be 163. and courageous . 'brawny muscles. means clearly defined.' lit. aitd spine. gilvo. The German nur has the same force summittere. Note ingreditiir. from earliest years. continuo. His shapcly head and niuscular frame. 7.] Cicero has lacertorum tori ' in his version of a honesti = passage from Soph. 294. primus bridge (C). sure (C). ' ' idle.' after lifling them from the ground. or mark with an iniperative. ' me ' apueris.' A. 60.' ' 80. 24. 2. 45. toris.' It is often used of sounds. 356. properly the of arguere. higher than the average. palm. Equal care »iusf he taken in the choicc of stallions. dun. 76.' in a direct line.' participle ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bank of earth. a teneris. his fnane.' E. stately. Such were thc steeds of Mars and Pollux and Achilles. vanos. altius ingreditur.) ' 77. Otherwise the colour vvas highly esteemed. 411. in spem gentis. glauci. ' bright or ' clear. n. Trachiniae in Tusc. i.' whcn is real danger. 1. 45.' 75. ardua. from another word for a gelh.' as ' arguto pectine. I.' 1. ' snorting. 596 agitur.] ignem. ' 154 (of the horscs of PhaethoiO ' hinnitibus auras flammiferis implent. ' With this of the war-horse in Job ' . the horse of Castor. satis implicata in dexteriorem partem cervicis. reminds us that Virgil wrote within sight of Mount Vesuvius. ' spirantes naribus ignem.' 4. currus = ^^. 148.'!. as in i. iactata.' like the pent-up fire in a volcano. to Pelion. quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula also A. perduxit. horses of Turnus. [For the other reading.BOOK TIT. eflfundit.' non angusta For the ^V^^fi- general description cp. This would be an important point when With sonat cp. 85. . others that Xanthus was given The latter.\\\i = Ac/iillei from nom. The Romans worshipped both as the Great Twin Brethren. auribus is abl. 439 84. 29 2.//. 84.ch. changed himself into a horse and Philyra into a mare.' With solido cornu cp. iuba .). 6. diffundit ' ' ' . of polished metal. is driven. gleam 1. &c. 8. 119.' see li^t ofVarious Read- artus acc. Hom. 'gradibus sonare. Cyllarus to Pollux.' 86. So in Hom. horses went unshod (C). 22). 10. 415. . being enamoured of the nymph Philyra. on lit. of instrument denoting the part affecled.' E. Cp. 'runs along. premens. pricks up his 39. //. those The horses of Mars (^Aprjs) are of Achilles. The story is that Saturn. 19-26. 5. compressing. ears Micare indicates quick motion. //. present. 6« Kapr] ex*'' 5e ymrai wixoti aiaaovTai. lightning. in Greek TloXvSevKrjs. ' campum. //. after tossing.' ' fj. 90. 164. duplex properly applies to the ridge of flesh on each side of the spine of a horse in good condition. 16. 72-94.' ' Cp. 15. K. . is generally described as a boxer (Theocritus. Met. as of the serpent's tongue in hence applied to the flashing of sunbeams./)-^wf«5. Achilleus (2nd decl.wvvx(s i-mroi in Homer. where the deceive his wife Rhea. 8. Castor and Pollux were born at Amyclae in Laconia. followed by the preterite implevit. of respect. 191. mounted on white 91. called Xanthus ' mentioned in and Balius. of Rhesus are described as A«D«oT«pot x"^''"^' 437 the steecis passage compare the magr. 1.' borrovved from Lucr. 87. a mountain in Thessaly. Id. The common account makes Cyllarus to Castor. the graphic or picturesque historlcal scene was laid. but some say that he belonged to both brothers.' 89. A. 514.ificent description micat auribus. and the like. Hom. The genitive A. socios Ulixi.' Varro too observes 509 v^ov . 12. 70. Cp. steeds. 88. Ov. . 92-94. ' ings. For at see iio. hot ' breath. in //. and viark what eager success or defeat. Phaeitomena. The 12 .' cp. 138. e. — ' ' ' 736 Venerem noctumaque proelia. and tcar along.' i. abl. artes. 'impotent. sire and dam (Kt. Veneris. 418.' afterwards. quondam. a Lucretian phrase. ComiDare the following extract with 11. enters love's lists. or in the homestead. nonne vides. 56 n. ' ' * it to mean the other same parents.' either dative = domtim. the pedigree of his qualities. take ' offspring' of the 103. ' . 104. Cp. . 5. e. 4. prolem. So ' corripuere viam. i.' as a secondary consideration.Taaai 6« 6vfj. at times. nec turpi senectae. the Lapithae %vere the For all purposes see that your brecding first vioimted horsefiien. \i. as well as inferior ones. quis cuique. excitement thrills horse and driver alike in the strnggle for victory ! Erichthonius invented the four-horscd chariot. [Others. Be not over tender with the faults of age (Mackail).' i. 96. Old horses are tiselcss for breeding. The foUowing description. Cp. na. horses are antccedents young and spirited and what they may.. 23. i. ad proelia &c. Avte also tJie pedi- gree ofyoiir stallions. e.' ' ' is quite ' militat comomnis 99. 101. even this perfect horse (C). Amores i. when he is no longer fit for breeding the fact that his old age is ttirpis (dcgraded i. hune.] 102.' A. The sense is do not indulge him in his old age by letting him disgrace himself.). A. 98.is imitated from Hom. 2. as in qui-dam. sine viribus. 362-372. and their tenipcr iindcr Only zvatch a chai-iot-race.us iKctaTOV VlKrjS lifMtVUV. 261. 108-112 xnrb b\ aTfpvoKTt kovit] . stock. do not overlook and useless). 106.' lay hold of it.' The metaphor mon. campum corripuere. perhaps borrovved from ovx opaa^i in Aratus. 9. every time you are choosing a stallion. * vigorous. . 21. &c. m . it were. 52.. aKKoTf 5' di^aaKt fKTriopa' toi 5' fKaTrjpfs taTaaav kv dicppotai.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. sc. partly repeated in A. beginning amans et habet sua castra Cupido.. not so well. 'keep at home. ' grip the plain.' = cum {quom') with suffix -dam. &c. 105.' Cp. . Cp. laTar apfiaTa dfipofievr) 5' ws re fiiv viipo's rjt 6vi\Ka dWoTe x^ovl mKvaTO novKvfioTflpri. be their pedigree and 95. hinc. especially Ovid. notice what spirit he has shown in victory or defeat. e. abde domo. as 103. such a one as this.' away from the mares. their several qtialities. regarded as a test of quality. 1. 95-122. . Soph. &c. (K. i. closed with gates. &c. quoted above (1. but the regular Greek name for ring in this sense 455 n. lit.' 108. 42. 112.). gressus glomerare superbos. 116. umescunt. elati. The rider is said to do what he makes the horse eqiics do (C). pulsans. at. famous for their battle with the Centaurs to be the one here referred to. . stand above the wheels as he sped triumphant along. dwelt in the Pelethronian forest on Mount Pelion in invented the ring. 1. 14). ' i.' See on 1. ' ' ' was KvicKos. 20S. which were thrown open to allow the chariots to start. proni. elailiaWov 1.).' verbere torto. Hist. speaks of glomeratio. 95-118. ' (2. 192. Erichthonius. leaning forward. as well as to victory in war or racing. spins furiously. no stay' (C). exsultantia thrills thcir bounding hearts. e.' For insistere see on 1. . 109. equitem. ' gather up his proud paces See note on volumina crurum. //. 110. 191. 'no stint. nec mora.' For the glowing wheel cp. 220). The Lapithae. expressing high action. 12.' mollis alterno crurum explicatu 118. Od. See Hom. express the effect produced by the bounding and springing of the cars. . Gyrics^^yvpos. humiles. carccrcs vvere barriers in the circus. 368.' haurit. 20. fear of defeat. 87 = moreover/ marking a fresh point in the description.' to slacken the reins. N^at. Hor. Thessaly. &c. victor refers to surmounting the difficulties of his new enterprise. 111. Epod. the whirling lash. pavor. &c. //. 16. 115. volat vi. Cp.. meaning that the foregoing de- intended to illustrate the spirit and temper of a well- bred racer.' Cp. 107. 107. 8. 4 'metaque fervidis evitata rotis. as in 1. Elcctra 718 (chariot racing of koX Tpox<^v tiaaus^^Hfppi^ov. 113. 'throbbing excitement 105. 114.ix<pl Orestes) vwra Cp. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' trast.BOOK * ' III. iTnriKai irvoal. anxiety or excitement. u^ov ydp a. Some however think the Trojan Erichthonius. probably the same as Erechtheus. 23. not a con. rapidus. i.' 1. 'urbem sonante verberabit 117. racing. 103). 1. ' Pliny. a mythical king of Athens and the father of Pandion. uterque labor. 512. This refers back to scription is 102. of breeding horses either for war or stallion In either case (aeque) you must look out for a 13. which were pa?sed round the body of the driver standing iip in the car (1. son of Dardanus (Hom.' by exhausting the breath. ungula. gyros dedere. Hor. drains. ' e.' See on 1. 106. For labor aeque cp. Neptune is said to have produced the first horse by strilving Cp. quatiunt. 136. i. armenta. vir gregis firm plumpand elsewhere. stress is on invalidi.' 4. like 126. be of the best racing ' Epirus. 369. but is now past the age for breeding. e. ' ' be superior to. ipsa marks the distinction.' ' i. (the 125. stallions. 291. 129. ' fiU out. .' denso pingui.' the trunk as their sire. 123-156. 9 equis Argos ditesque Mycenas. ' amor et.Mackail. ' pavor et. his. 2.' And so The the offspring be weakly and reflect the leanness of ' ' ' opposed to the branches. As the brceding operation took place in spring. for subst. and that • continues so in the oblique cases {amoris. and swift of pace. and avoid the noon-day heat.' A. as in 2. ' ness' (K. as shown by the Greeiv nom. e. i. ' task. 7' e. . 124. 69. 134. 135. &c. &c. 44). 92. 59 'Eliadum palmas Epirus equarum'. cui prima frementem the earth with his trident. the age and qualities of your sub tempus. Od. ' near the (breeding) time. here represented by the Myeenae. pecori maritum. 10. i. It has however been suggested that the com cut in the summer of one year might be threshed in the following spring.Juno's scourge. that the fruitfulness of the genera' ' H . also Hor. Cp. he-goat). was famous for its breed of horses. able toil. ' that other ' horse. The -or is naturally long. distendere. e. when the gadfly.).' like sub noc- tem. 11. 131.' aptum 122. mai-es on the contrary should be exercised and kept thin.' surmount the 128. i. ' thcse points.. &c. ib. as in ' 147. 133. 121. 120. 12 tuque o. 2. E. spirited. nimio luxu. work them hard' by galloping and sweating.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. superesse to i. ille. ' = such as clover. adj. the veteran mentioned in 1. neighbouring . this mention of threshing and winnowing seems out of place. where ipsa arbos is the tree distinguished from its fruit. have strength for.' i.' E. as well as Argos (1. Before breeding time horses miist he fattened itito good . Afterconception your dams must not tiwk hard or exert themselves. the mares. &c. 132. ' Fudit equum. or flesh ' . 297 media ipsa. Lest he fail of mastery in the delicious i. in -aip. 127. florentes. is young. i. (ondition ivith generous diet 123. who may have done good service in his time and stock.).' lit. as contrasted with the stallions. 7. 7. melior insignis. most fiercely rages.* &c. but be put to grazc in the shade near rmming streams.''. 97. e. used substantively. vertere. appears that asiliis had become obsolete in VirgiTs time. 500. asilo. 'balantum. ' 145. Jion emphasises illas. 'Asper. Cp. oestnts being used instead of it. inertes is proleptic. 151) is a tributary. nor clog the shiggish fiirrows. its The pro- denotcs a jutting rock.' where see note. superare viam.' ' 541.' 354.' 1.' like corripuere. soon runs dry. A.' not that the Greeks actually it ' name asilits. Cp. through the woods. &c.' sc. Hence it is incorrect to say that . 4. lated ' rendered it. it seems lo have been a peculiarly virulent species of gadfly. pascunt. est.' 104. so that they raay drink with ease and safety. Cp.. 1. mares or cows. is ' put for ne . dams. again. furit. cease. denoting the effect of oblimet. the construction is . 142. matrum. Cp. sc. quoted by Martyn from an Italian naturalist of the eighteenth century. of which the Tanager (1. ' ' caderent austri. which throws ' shadow forward. ' scour. volitans.' applicable either to now passing from horses to o.xen the ' non I. the dative of the so-called cornplement. viridissima. by leaping ' off it to carpere. 1. Virgil is mentipn of the gadfly (1. local abl. The Silarus is a river in the north-west of Lucania. a poetical inversion for iugis ditcere ' cp. Cp. silvis. same as that in non illa quisquarn iuga ducere plaustris 157 plaiistra . rursus. magistri. From a description. tegant. 457. 146: completes the transition (C). 150. 138. 399. brimming 143. me is nocte moneat. I20-]50. c. 9. Theb. ' ' in tum. 2 the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. 15 . 'clear the road get on to the grass by the side. ' ' ' ' C. quotes Aesch.BOOK tivc soil be not dulled III. e. 155 SopiTtpaKTos aldfjp (TrifiaivfTai. 4. e. procubet. 149.' or possibly. Mount Alburnus lies to the south ' of it. but called by a different name. Isaiah 32. The proces» of generation and conception is described under the melaphor of a fertile field. ' 148. = voliic)-es. 794. sicci. 140. olarpos. being a small stream. Sept.' 146. 'natantum. with exterrita. the 271.' &c. plena flumina. 122.' i. exactly the . 146. acerba tuens (from Lucr. .' marking transition to a new part of the drop. adverbial neuter acc.' aether being poetically personified. 'volantes 1. 144. 141. The Tanager [\. acerba. 1. 239. 'driven frantic from the woods into the open glaces. is maddened. ' may shelter them.' by attraction transIt to cui. 147. i.' So 6. by surfeiting. final subjunctives.' cadere.' ' as we say i. 33) occurs in A. rivers. subject. ' a fly. not when they are in this state (gravidae) let anyone allow. 5. mobilis. viam. continuo. * pest. 162.' conveys the same idea. ' iam vitulos Columella fixes the age at three to four years. 156 shows. to saej-ifice. 73 n.. mediis. Met. These ' must be put to grass in order to fatten them the cattle required for farm work must be got under training at once. ' iras.' lit.' not * midsummer. habendo. 52. &c. 73. 'conati imponere. horrentem.' See on 1. e. 6. i. For the emphatic tu (here marking the contrast) see on 1. The story of lo. as facilis fiscina. 'pliant' or 'tractable. together. before the clods are broken up. 163.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. 86.. &c. training of youth. 567.' i. noonday. does not elsewhere occur.' trees. pecori apibus. ' for stock breeding. to distinguish the stock. as vinclum. e. 16 . 185. saeclum. 161. recens. hendiadys = \wz. sepomint or similar word. monstro. flexible. notas et nomina. ' ' ' &c. daughter of Inachus. cetera.xki. easily bent.' 2.' 157-178. 155. A. Observe that quos stands as the object of servare. tumed into an heifer and persecuted by the gadfly sent by Juno. milk. studium. 4. implying separation for the pecori purposes designated. 588. 154.' 1. 152. noctem ducen156. faciles. neut.' i. for These last should be trained early. qualifying orto. and draw weights. 266. After hirthyou must bestow all your attention upon the Brand and set apart those you niean to usefor breeding.' 160. perichim. 8cc. and the subject of scindere. For sumraittere see 1. &c. step together.' i. is told by Ovid. The con' ' traction is common enough in ncuter nouns. Aleamvhile you must give them plenty offodder and let them have all the mother''^ calves. ' ment of young 164. 563 'insistcre limen. adverbial. rugged. Her wanderings are described in Aesch. P)07ii. 'at once. 159. hear the collar.' 153. For the hiatus in pecori armenta cp.' 165. 166. or for farm work. radii et. as he had before done in speaking of the manage. tibus. i. Inachiae.' i. &c. the pursuit and profit of husbandry' (MacVirgil here uses metaphors derivcd from the schooling and kail). ' ushering in the night. et. cp.' as 1. enter on the palh (method) of For insistere with acc. sc. 28.' exercuit See note on 'monstra. for circulos. wreaked her ire. circlos. Take training. those intended for breeding or sacrifice. a 158. 75. 2. ' 'poor.BOOK ' III. must have affected the use of vescus as applied to edible In plants or to animals. sisting (K. as orbus. coUars separately.' See Ovid. the exact definition of which is disputed.' and this derivation. ' corresponding participles. 326 'vesco sale'means either fine spray. where see [The accepted meaning of vesctts was ' small . 176. sata. ' so that iuvenci may very well be the subject. 178.' the ^rim\'C\xz plaustrum conof two wheels joined by an axle. e. and vestigia their 172. 'meagre. This practice Virgil condemns" (Martyn). It may be taken either as free-bom. aereus.' B 1] . 16. 7. while yet 'unbroken.' The 838 /le^a 5' 6/3paxe (prjyivos a^ojv.' ' ' 170. bronze-plated this would increase the weight. ear. 175.' rotae inanes. frumenta 2. which leaves the neck comparatively ' free. Fasti 1. cp. illis But. are the 'tracks' or 'ruts' of the wheels. cruentus.' i. according to C. c. Fast. indomitae. 81. upon milk. 131. 2. denoting either excess or defect. as Kennedy ducantur = illi ducant. appears to be used in a depreciatory sense. //. next they are to be yoked 'in pairs' by a cord fastened to the coUars. of agent. 171. " People in the earliest ages lived much 177. aptos. 167.' Pliny. keeping rotae as subject of signent. ' gradum con- to step together. after calving. the self-same collars. Lucr.' or in reference to the looseness of the coUar. as ' corpore vesco. empty wains. whether or not.). when used of ' crops or grain (which ought to be large) would be understood to mean small ' or ' poor. the cirAt first the calves are to wear the twig culi above mentioned. habitae Grais oracula quercus. labouring rhythm expresses weight and difficulty. Hence vegrandis.' It was supposed to be from ve and ' ' ^5f a = tme ' ' ill-nourished ' or ill-nourishing. and therefore defrauded their calves of a great part of their natural nourishment. 3. 169.' This refers back to an From Hom. iunctos orbes. ' decorus. libera makes a verbal antithesis to servitio. Cp. footprints. Ov. H. growing corn. 5. wheels fastened' to the pole (temo). 435..' Keightley has collected a number of similar instances. more patrum.' either in the blade or the ' fetae.' or spray that slowly eats away the rocks. dulces is emphatic = their own loved ' offspring. 446 vescaque parva vocant. dat. N. for the ferre. 174. The prefix ve-. 152-178. &c. ' ' ' . observes. vescas. on which boards were placed So Varro recommends ut inania primum ducant plaustra. 'harnessed. ipsis torqiiibus.' as probably in 4. for a/i^a/o^. vestigia.' 168. I. note. before the training begins. 173.] For willow leaves ' as food for cattle cp.' illis. earlier stage. animos atque arma. invalidus. them their paces and practise thetn in the ring . you sweeps over sea attd plain. to teach the colt to do what you want without hurting objects or scaring him. Then Endeavour gently lead him in a circle without overfatiguing him. that he shall not find out his own strength or power of resistance. surrounded the temple at Olympia.). adv. to whip and bridle. E. 19. the streams of Alpheus that water Pisa. ' rumbling or rattling as dragged along.' called Altis. so to handle him. after- till they fly like the ivind that As soon as they are well broken in. pliant.' not only of the metal work on the bridle.' a town in Elis. 82. accustoni tlietn from yext the frst to the sights tcach and sounds they inust one day eticounter. ' get courage to do this. turma being a troop of ' horse (Kt. and note its " The chief points of agreement with that advocated by Virgil. Note the foUowing change of contrain them for war. by a soit of hendiadys = displayed in arms. A. 182. 181. Cp. 332. spirit games see on 1. Cp. 15 'depulsos a lacte. ' alternately with his other lessons." 185.e. but of bells which were usually attached 183.' ' soothing. The ' grove.186. primo. gementem. 1. If you rear foals for 7i<ar or racing. 'jingling. 185-193. object is to remove fear by letting the colt examine all formidable by sight or touch or smell. gen. blandis. Pisae. 179-208. To do this. ' ' 189. haec 7. with is ' ' ' the car thereto. educate the colt by coaxing and patting his neck. . 187. 180.' praelabi and agitare.' ' plausae.' being made of osier. It is interesting to ' ' compare with this passage an ac- count of the modern Rarey system of horse-breaking. 4. All is to be done by patience and frequent short lessons. also . For Alpheus and the Olympic ^zx\\k. 453. 188. ' patted. defining the locality. cavis.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. they will refuse to yield 7vards gallop them at full specd. audeat.' 'caressing. 'aim' or 'object. mollibus. pectora plausa E.' also 'depulsis' alone. tractu.t.' 12. cavalry exercises in war. 179. studium. 'when first weaned.' bella turstruction to the infinitives ' to ' ' ' masque.' invicem. till you get the halter on. 184. 86 (of the horses of Turnus) manibus .' For depulsus cp. may fced them high . if you do this earlier. lengthened in arsi. . sonantes.' to be taken with ad bella. 3. i. 460.' Either of the two latter renderings are to be preferred to the first the last agrees with one of the points in Rarey's system noticed above. Cp. (2) life. 5. 442 ' sohim Aeneas vocat. but often omitted. 517). laboranti implies restraint. like venturique inscius aevi. corre199. 'still. If born in the third year. vo/ai or similar verb from the preceding passage. ii. ' fagus ornusque. Cp. carpere gyrum.' A. xocet =provocet. ' ' liquentes. with the air or ' appearance of. 192. arch the altemate bendings. sc. A. This incomplete construction is common in similes beginning with (^ualis cic!?i or tibi. 262. were trained by being ridden round the gyrus. beyond the North wind.ra. '/6.' trotting horse does. absolute. he would be entering on his ' fourth summer. 4. not led roimd by a man standing in the middle.' lit. probably = fierce and strong.' Cp. B 2 iq . ' ' ' .' 196. ' were supposed to inhabit the extreme northern regions. rifpi 'l7riri«j}s 2. smooth and steady. bend into an arch alternately. 627. 2. 'pace ' ' ' ' answers to Virgi^s description. 190. gravidus antumno.' e. floating plains. of respect).' Cp. claro Aquilone. incubuere mari. AleL i. . as contrasted with natural voluntary movement. 84.' inscius aevi ' is variously rendered as (i) ' ignorant in ' youth of (3) (gen. 115 n. ' spring. uses the descriptive term Siar/joxaC*"'! to make two wheels or hoops with his legs. the storm wind {Aqtcilo) in his fury.' rather than gentle sponding to the smooth easy pace of the horse not yet at fuU speed. For incubuit.' ' ' ' 191. 724. The Hyperborei ' (1. anhelanti similis. similis. A.' densus. 5.' 2. pullo (dative). 197. qualis. inexperienced. "tirfp^opfoi. 6. The rising storm is marked. i. et vocet oro. Xenophon.' So campos phrase for the sea. 'unconscious of his youthful strength. like i. swoops down. ' ' 4.' Colts Cp. scatters the rainless clouds. challenge.' . as with us. 194. 198. arida differt nubila. 179-199. 381. abl. regular. ignorant 8. lenibus. 2. 1.' i. represents Jove as imprisoning this and the other dry winds before letting loose the Deluge. tribus exactis. &C. ' = adhuc. 193.' in measured time. 7. 254. campi natantes. first by steady gales bending the corn and ruffling the surface of the water next comes the rustling of tree tops and the long breakers driving shorewards . this and — ' ' &c.' y/.). as a the ring.' integer aevi/ ' 71- %\As. when he has completed his With accesserit sc.' with concentrated solid force (Kt.' A. 117.' Aquilo is always a clearing wind hence Ovid.' a Lucretian ' ' ' ' ' ' . the correlative ialis being sometimes supplied. lastly.A. 1.BOOK * III. compositis. sinuetque. 638 .' cp. i. whence 201. from It is . docile. ille is emphatic.' aget ore. which is 41. lupatis. The beaten Ofteii tzvo bulls fight despcrately for the same hcifer. i. A.' referring back to 1.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. Od. 353. i. expressed in Hor. verbera lenta. moUi.' 204. &c. Note the dactylic rhythm expressing the speed of the rushing wind. also 2. ' 209. 86. the race-course at Olympia. &c. 203. it originally meant a twig or branch. Both bulls and horses must be kept at a distance from the female. [As the Romans had adopted the essedttm in the form of a light chaise ' ' ' ' ' ' ' for the use of the wealthier classes. 136. Taken with metas. Kvnaro. raise high.' as va. such a horse as this. 281 4. i. 206. 180. 209 ' Balearis verbera fundae. see on 11. fxaKpd this passage is partly imitated. farragine. 'mash. . toivards the goals. 1. over the spacious course. either for racing or %var. industria. also i. 209-241. longi fluctus. in contrast to ' mollibus capistris. e. 144. cp. 1. 4. 95. it has been thought that Virgil here refers to high bred horses employed to draw these carriages. 513 n. Cp. and were probably used also by the Belgae in Gaul. e. 200. ' 211. 'wax big.' composed of spelt (^farrci) with Take crassa with crescere. 11. care. ^^«?j. use of the adj. 20 .' 1. 247. 19. 1S8. Lenttis is a shortened participial used in a variety of senses cp. 622 mollia colla reflectunt' The esseda (a Celtic word) are mentioned by Caesar as British war-chariots. to rush like a surging billow against his unwary foe. usus. either in solitary pasiures or by confiJiement in the stalls. training himself to hardness and practising to renew ihe conflict. form. bred. bits jagged with iron like a wolfs teeth. 'hunc. sc. 12. 208.' 1.' in the is treatment of bulls or horses olivi. 43. Cp. //. spatia. 'the supple lash. hic. 170. one retiring for a while nurses his wrath in far offsolitudes.).' For this proleptic barley and vetches. But the previous twofold division of the objects for which a horse is is decidedly in favour of the former view.' also ingentes with tollent (207). 2. it represents the whole course with its divisions and goals (or rather tuming po^ts). 461 . . so usus 466. 202. 558.' le^iire. = Aquilo in full force. 2. 'service'. 195. will toss from his mouth. nothing that you can do so effectual. For Elei metas. in Hom. Thetice with gathered strength he reiurns.' 2.] 205. E. 'rounds' or laps of the course (i. ' ' 1.' This is the proper meaning of verber. 219. 2. . some old Roman going into exile. Cp. The metaphor political. &c. 727. 225-228. the regular form 223. videndo. 2). can only mean spread on them (the rocks). in cornua.' 5. irasci 232-234. galled at the success of liis rival.(voi. 225. amores. The he is gone perf. is intransitive. ' at once. /ia/fpos Okvfxiroi in the Iliad. Od.' 2.' as in E.' 217. pernox. Bacchae 743 eiy Kkpas dvfj.' [For the other reading peniix instrato. 212-214. A. 'the broad sky. 663. iactatus. 501. See on 1. like 3. emphatic. = satuiata.' bellantes being the ' subject.' is a translation of 1. for stahulari. 359. ' petiere. 224. prevent his seeing her.' so as to banishment. is 3. wastes and consumes.' 2. 2. 'his love. in Virgil.' illa is i. lavit. 3. 200-234. in connexion with the preceding sentence. 212. ' 228.). excessit denotes sudden or instantaneous action. though Homer means the actual Mount Olympus. 'well stored' with s2ut\xtB.' regarded as ' . to stall together. 12. intervening. carice. 210. here as in ^.' 2. Stabulare.BOOK III. i. 197. But this would be a most awkward construction. 10.' A. 5 ' urit me Glycerae nitor. ' exiit. gather his wrath into his horns. 231. from lavere (cp. on whose summit the gods were supposed to dwell. Here the emphasis is strengthened by quidem. suggests) wishing to translate the Greek ' see ' ' ' ' ' ' : dOTpWTOS. 330. una stabulare. passage 221. As Keightley observes. which either the ' bulrush or a general term for all kinds (Kt. 77iagistri. 'multum ille . of the 3rd sing. 12. 81. 19. Sila (restored for the old reading silva from the similar in A.' 1. if taken in its usual sense list of Various Readings. &c. fugere. 286.) was a large pine forest in the territory of the Bruttii in the extreme south of Italy.oviJ. 227. carpit uritque.] as the past part. These lines are repeated in A. 715. aut ille sinistra. as in 1. 457. we are reminded of political disgrace. is 6. by the sight of her ' (C).' commonly used in the plural of the object of one's affection. relegant. saturi Tarenti. ' ' ' ' so sweet are her allurements. Cp. is ' sedge ' ' or hard rush. all night long. 230. an expressive phrase translated from Eur. ' ' illae ' in 2. So ' ' delicias. as distinct from iu7icus. bare perhaps (as C.' Cp. longus Olympus. Cp. Hor. sc. and looking back upon ignominia was the regular term for the Capitol as he departs. 12. 104-106. of instenio. . which Virgil does not use. 215.' i. 435. andthere is unstrewn or little doubt that Virgil intended it for an adjective. ' fodder. Hor. as in 'relegant. dulcibus. It was the legal term for oppositum. Od. A.' Cp. all feel infiucnce horses in- and dcfy cotitrol. A. //. i. even ' from the deep. recklcss of daiiger.' ad pugnam proludit. renders of which saxtim is a part.' [C. 69. and as. 4. wave and the force with which it dashes upon The rest is merely omamental. 107 'furit aestus For the sub = from be' neath 229) 'cp. ' i.' ' ' 23 . deep-scorched. 12. ' ' ' tuque adeo. advances his standard. The lover. The construction is uti trahit The first que is e.' likely. the tiger. The potver of Love ftiriatcd hy thc passion go wild is in fact universal. &c. que being elided before et in the following line.). nay or ' in fact every race. as soon as it has rolled to shore.] Cp. 9. ' from the further deep (K. also 'sulfur(a). Often in spring-time they will stand facing the west ivind.' 242-283. as in 1. it ' ipso.' obnixus. &c. sinum is the curve of the lengthening wave. . thmst with wrathful horn. 791-805. 1. and 'umor(em). is imitated in Thomson's Sj»-tng. 237-241.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS.' or ' breaks camp (Rhoades). 4. expresses size and bulk = 'a huge 105 'praeruptus aquae mons.' i. avrap tirfiTa Xepao) further back. the raging passion feels. 235. which fell encliantcrs usc. cum coepit. . This simile is partly imitated from Hom. 424 •novjoj fifv T( irpwTa Kopvaaerai. ut is generally taken as repeating uti. 242. cp. e.' 2. exaestuat.' &c.' 1. but this is less 240. 241. ' ' ' ' ' pT]yvvfi€Vov fjifydXa Ppe/xd. and pregnant with the brceze will fly to7uard the north or south. ' butting against a tree trunk..' 1. discharging the poison that makes horses go mad. 422The points of comparison with the buU are the gathering 426. mountain.' ' i. i. 4. 443.' i. signa movet.' E.xplanatory. ' thou above all. 377. hinc adco. coupling ex alto with longius. 239. its The .' alte subiectat.' E. the bear. the wild-hoar. 2. sjvims the tcvipestuous strait and braves thc storm.' up. 24. love carries them over mountain and strea7n.' 236.' 255. ' tosses aloft. 237. ' ' strength of the distant the shore. 238. 244. like an enemy preparing for battle. 295. 'boils harenis. //. 385 n. Cp. The ' greater part of this description (from 1. the instruments of attack. 59. from . but Kennedy may be right in taking it utque volutus {est). Note the hypei-melcr. lio7iess. horrid(a). beginning Through all his lusty veins The bull. 449. e. rehearses for the coming fray.' For the language So est is omitted after ubi collectum. their parent cliff. Fiercest of all is thefury of inares . adeo emphasises omne.' also ' usque adeo. 1. (1. 222). Cp. now that they are in this state of excitement. Anim. Our poet Thomson has again borrowed from 805. ' 251. -noiovvTis t6 Stpfia ws naxvTarov. 245. ' thrills. So Aratus as in A. But odor. [This is better than making atque atque=^^. in 1. iam. Spring.' with his forefeet. pertentet.' . stragem dedere . ipse has the same force as in 1. passive impersonal. . 35. huge masses of rock. For others see i. montes. Fast. informes. Take unda with correptos. 363.' their bulk being regarded as a deformity. has turpes ursi. erravit. . 2. nonne vides. 17. fricat arbore. one of the many expressions which Virgil has bonowed from Lucretius. Cp. 257.' The same idea is conveyed by the heavy lumbering rhythm Sabellicus = Samnite of the verse with its monosyllabic ending. &c. were a favourite haunt of wild beasts. which are wafted on the gale. everywhere.' a common use of the several in succession.' 1. ' whiffs. 23 . 239 = 'the huge Sabellian boar. 51. 49.BOOK III. (i. npbs rd SivSpa ' ' ' . e^. Ovid.' proceed. 225 male creditur hosti. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' more 2. ruperunt. prosubigit. Hist. In such phrases dare is make or ' cause. . Ov.' though that is of course the meaning. male erratur. odor attulit auras is not a mere inversion for the gales have brought the scent. in his Phaenomena has ovx ' opaas. 125. i. Nor heeds the rein nor hears the sounding thong ' And by Blows are not felt but tossing high his head. 50) is the regular term for breaking up land with the plough or spade. pubem Sabellam. 5. ' E. fugere and ' ' ' vulgo. cp.' 2.' monstrous. and reading . 3. 346 4. i. 246.— The trembling steed. 56. e. dat stragem. The first atciue connects durat with the preceding sentence.' 250. i. not to ^ovvai. 52.' also 94 non bene ripae creditur. 255. 556. Cf. dedere. the well-known joy to distant plains Attracted strong.' as 375-382. Trist.' is regarded as the source whence the aurae.. 187 2.' 502. perfects (aorists) of custom. 247. With this hot impulse seized in every nerve. ' unwieldy. 6. e. Subigcre 256.' like turpe caput/ 1. it is ill-wandering. ' ' SiaTpi0ovTfs. non alio. all wild he bursts away 0'er rocks and woods and cragg}' mountains flies.' Virgil here. than at the pairing season. 249. 168. 252-254. where we should use the present. . tears up in front. i. says of wild boars. pertentant gaudia pectus. 3.' i. The mountain forests of Samnium cp. .' answering to Bilvai. the smell. So Aristotle. ' . 236-257. ' A. who open or shut them. as is shown by the tense of the verbs. i.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. facit or similar verb. you must know'). Cp. quotes Byron's Bride waters roared against his rash enterprise. 11. ' rebellow. all ' (See Varions Readings. The rhythm of the line is prep.' A.. answers nearly to our expression show fight (C. upon his corpse. by the burst of the storm. 323. abruptis procellis. as if the very C. miseri parentes. scilicet ^ but in fact. Cp. 263. 266. 245. in their natural state. 429. which ' opens the ' Homer. spotted' {noiKiKai). as built of clouds and guarded reclamant. by wallowing in the hinc atque illinc. regarding this as an in order to make them more spirited. ' 259. //. 261. from Gargarus 24 (i. 258. 5. but it is introduced. illustration of the power of love. 61. not simply by the Hours. 749. umerosque. 270. 534. Nec moritura tenet crudeli funere is nearly repeated in A.' 'after all' (lit. the summit of Mysian . i.). 2. ad. regard for his parents' distress or for the fate to which the loss of her lover will doom the super is better taken as an adverb = after him.' 264. by way of a general against .' but conveying the same idea as revocare. with funere.' A. 'inspired them' with the passion. ' on mud. untimely (from crudus). for protection with regard to. 265. of Potniae in Boeotia. The car of Bacchus in his progress through Asia was drawn by lynxes or 'ounces. gates of heaven.' improved thereby. dant proelia imbelles. 103). rupto turbine.' variae. restrained his mares from breeding Venus..' ' i.)] e. It indicates the case of mares as a more signal instance of furious For various uses of scilicet see passion than any he has yet given. i. insult to her majesty. see on ' 1. The sky is regarded as Jove's palace.e. sc. 265: ' ' ' ' 1.' 262. &c. 493. and the epithet crudeli. funere acerbo. ovpavov. of Abydos.' lit. 416.268. 2. Glaucus. The line than in that of 'corpse. is more applicable to funere in the sense of death. 308 ' Though rising gale And shrieking sea-birds ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Dido. made thcm so furious that they tore their 267. quid iuvenis. 6. mentem dedit. warned him home. 269. Cp. represents its gates to let out the thunder. porta caeli. &c. and breaking foam. 282. ' sides.' than as a maiden. e. master in pieces. The allusion is of course to the story of Leander and Hero.' Cp.' with moritura. 258. 'maculosae tegmine lyncis. quid. ^. 264.' the passive participle being used in a middle (deponent) sense. to supply the want of an active past participle.' -nvKw. Gargara. . 5. at this stage of their passion. when once as in 1. whence 1.' and was also used in magic rites. describes of Athene. The spondaic ending. makes them run northward or southward. It appears to have been 275. 6. 18. In either case he omits the west. demum 280. baleful. Ismara.' 2. which the mother was said to devour. 277. 5. cp. A. continuing the negation). Caurus ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' like ' illaudati. 418. viz. e. from a singiilar in -us.' which is perhaps the better rendering. the flame has lcindled. //. non innoxia. est presenting the inmost parts. 283 is repeated. as tum deinum {ivTaiida Stj). 258-283.' a litotes.' 235. 696. but to the north and south.' vero nomine probably means 'rightly so named. 2. Aristotle.continuo ubi. ' canius was a on 1. mentions a plant called Imroixavh. Similar plurals. then and not before. 2. wind. nigerrimus. 25 .' This strange theory is asserted by under the term e^avefiovaOai. 4. to in A. often emphasises adverbs of time.' from its maddening effects on horses. vento gravidae. in making away with children by a former marriage to secure the inheritance for their own. also dcderunt. 273). and Auster the S. Cp. For the 'marrow. an excrescence on the forehead This is alluded of a foal. 61. 4. speaking of Crete. 75. The Asriver of Bithynia.. 514 as 'matri praereptus amor. which stretches lengthwise from east to vvest. or else 'not to the east hit to the north or south. III. was proverbial.' also in ^. Tartara. Anim. 17. 4. Aristotle says ' they run neither to the east 7iorto the ivest.' saevae. steterunt. Hence the epithets malae. &c. 283. also by Varro and Columella of mares in Spain. &c. expresses sudden the swift descent Brj 5i Kar OvXvfivoio Kap-qvmv dt^aaa. So Homer. According to Pliny Eurus is the S.' i. The wickedness of step-mothers. For miscuerunt cp. i. E.. dactyls. 'tulerunt. 27. whereas Aristotle. 68 est 389 'medullas Intravit calor et labefacta per ossa cucurrit. 4. Boreas the N. downward motion.BOOK Ida. Hist. 128. 271.' Virgil says either not to the east nor to the north or south (if que be disjunctive. W. that being the nearest ' ' direction to the sea coast. foUowing the dactyls. the seat mollis flamma medullas. bringing clouds and rain. 276. wind.' E.' 8. 278. Or truly named in distinction to another hippoinanes. 282.' I. 261. The last is termed the N. 36.' i. also luppiter umidus Austris. forming convenient i. which had the same properties. E. supposing the mares to be standing on a western cliff (1. are Mae^iala.' of passion. Besides these Theocritus. See re' With subdita sc. 74. generally accepted. hic = then. 48. ^. but it is uscful in various %vays.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. For Pales see on and a loftier strain ' 1. nuUius ante iuvat integros accedere fontes atque haurire. 'a gentle slope. 63 n.furcns. ' percussus amore.' with reference to the poet (289) as well as the farmer (288). whence these lines are imitated. The charms of the subject would tempt the poet to dwell upon each separate detail but time flies.' i. i. 9. [Keightley however takes devertitur to mean 'turns aside out of the beaten track.' Cp. E. but the glory of it is worth winning. iuvatque novos decerpere flores. unde prius nuUi velarint tempora Musae. e. ' Lucretian passage ends thus trita solo : 'avia Pieridum peragro loca. The sentiment is the same as in divini . whence he descends to the Castalian spring lower down.' 294. animi dubius. i. e. deserta. hair is of less value thati wool. They zvill fitui pasiure oti the 26 . Their should befed and watered in stalls havitig a southertt aspcct.' hunc. 476. in contradistinction to greges or pecudes. from me as a poet. Bul time isjlying: I must pass on to tell of sheep and . So animifidcns.. amens. 287.' 285. ' cp. 'lonely. i.' Lucr. and they yield abundattce of milk. with Goats plcnty of straw and fern to protect their fcet from frost. honorem. larger cattle. agitare. my strain ! 2. 295-338. Virgil imagines himself roaming on the heights of ' ' ' Pamassus. insignemque meo capiti petere inde coronam. molli clivo. as nec me animi fallit. of respect but it is probably a locative. &c. superat = stipercst see 1. . elevate : otiward.' verbis vincere. but this loses the contrast with ardua and iugis]. treat it successfully. ' ' gloria ruris. treat. master in language the difficulties of the theme ' ' . demands superior ' dignity (290). &c. 289. like humi. The in such phrases has generally been considered the gen. grace ' or ' dignity. Itt winter see that your sheep are 7vell houscd. 168. 8 'mollique iugum demittere clivo. i. goats 284-294. which do not admit the genitive. a hard theme for the poet to adorn. As the subject it. since it occurs with verbs.' 286. Virgil invokes Pales to bestow Awake a louder (C). which is due 291-293. armentis. capti amore .' because hitherto untrodden by a Roman poet. ' 290. 922. hut the love of it bears tnc Great Pales. The animi . Both have a hard task before them. domi. BOOK III. 284-307. momitains and rclurn home untended ; therefore give them in In stimmer timc put both sheep and goats to graze at daybrcak ; as the heat increases, water Then water thcm again and them, and at noonday seek the shade. let them feed till sunsct and thc cool of eventide, when song-birds fill the brakes with their melody. the cold season all the care they 7ieed. 295. edico, lordain/speakingauthoritatively. The infin. clause carpere oves is virtually an accus. and the direct object of edico But (in Greek ro veij.ea9ai). Cp. errare boves permisit,' E. i. 9. in 1. 297 the subject of the infin. is changed from sheep to shepherd ' ' (as in 11. for the subjunctive 330, 331), affording an instance of the free use of that moUibus, made with or without ut. mood ' com- Columella (see Indroby the bedding of straw and fern. duction, p. 150.) gives the same directions more at length. 296. dvun, with indic. until,' is a survival of an older conSo *dum redeo,' E. 9. 23. struction, found in Terence and Plautus. aestas, as in 1. 322, the warmer weather of spring.' scabiem, the 'scab' or'mange'; see 299. moUe, delicate.' 11. 441-460. podagras (from ttoSo a-^pfiv), foot-rot,' also termed turpes comclavi, a sore or tumour in the parting of the hoof. bines the two notions of loathsome and unsightly,' as disfiguring fortable ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the foot. 300. digressus, treat of a his ' new subject, passing on,' applies both to the poet about to and to the farmer moving to another part of farm (Kt.). See on 1. 287. 301. arbuta, the wild strawberry tree {unedo, Kanapos), called 'horrida' in 2. 69 and mentioned as a favourite food of kids. 3. 82. ' E. 302. 303. a ventis, sheltered from the blast,' i.e. of the north olim, oftenwind, since the cotes are to be built facing south.' times,' lit. at that time,' whenever it may be, from ollus, old form of ille hence olim is applied either to the past or the future (2. 94. ' ' ' ; 190). 304. Aquarius the end of the old set in Roman ' February, the coldest season in Italy, and irrorat year, which began in March. ' gives the picture of the Water-bearer ing pot or year.' um. C. translates ' in the zodiac with his watersprinkling the skirts of the departing 305. haec (sc. caprae), an older form of the fem. plural of hic. [For the readings hacc tuenda and hae tucndae see Various Readings.] 306. 307. The Milesian wool was of superior quality, and wheii 27 AVTES TO THE GEORGICS. dyed would Hence Virgil means that goats are though the best wool is very valuable. The rubores, acc. after the passive Tyrian purple dye is well known. verb in middle sense, imitated from the Greek. See on 4. 337, 482, and cp. E. i. 106 inscripti nomina regum,' A. 4. 137 chlamydem ' fetch a high price.' as profitable as sheep, ' ' circumdata,' among a number of instances. times Goats commonly bear twins, somei. e. ex capris. and supply miik enough for rearing their young and for home consumption as well. {ta^ii) magis, instead of the usual 309, 310. quam magis eo. The literal sense is the more milk you take at the qito i. e. however first milking, the greater will be the yield at the next much you have already taken, there will be plenty more to come. 308. hinc, triplets, . . . . . . ' ' ; For the poetical epithet laeta, here = copious,' rich,' see note on I. I. liirci is the gen. 312. tondent, sc.pastores. Cp. 11. 124, 128. sing. [Some make it the nom. pl., understanding tondent as ' ' poetically equivalent to tonderi sinunt 2. ; cp. ' dant arbuta silvae,' 520. The chief objection is that caprae, not hirci, are the subject district its The of pascuntur and the foUowing verbs, down to 1. 317] about the Cinyps, a river of northern Libya, was famous for breed of goats. 313. Cloths made of goats' hair were used for tent-coverings and Note the sympathetic touch in the epithet for coarse sailors' jackets. miseris, '/^or sailors' [TtoXviTovois). 314. pascuntur, being transitive in sense, takes an accusative as in Lycaei is put for any mountain range, but specifies 1. 458, 4. 181. the Arcadian haunt of Pan (1. 2 n.). 316. ipsae ' ipsae = sponte, as in 2. 10, 459 and elsewhere. lacte domum referent distenta capellae ubera.' Cp. E. 4. 21 suos, ' their young.' 317. The pause after the spondee ducunt expresses the slow pace The same metrical device is used elseof the milk-laden goats. ' where to denote weight, closeness, &c. Thus in 1. 375 ' caedunt indicates the thrust of the knife, 'stipant' (4. 164), the bees packing in cells, 'toUunt' (4. 196), the effort of rising with a load. 318. 319. ergo, &c., i. e. since for the rest of the year they need but little care, do not grudge them the little they do require in the mortalis = humanae, as distinguished from the lower cold season. animals. By some writers, e.g. Sallust, 'mortales is regularly used honey ' for homines. \a.&\,^x& 320. virgearefers to the twigs of the arhutus mcntioned = libens, ungrudgingly,' i.e. with liberal hand. ' in 1. 301. 28 BOOK The following tions given lines IIL 308-339. (322-331) are a poetical version of the direc- by Varro, de Re Riistica^ 2. 2. 323-325. utrumque gregera, i.e. your sheep and goats. Luciferi sidere, the day-star,' or Venus at her morning rising. Cp. E. 8. 17 nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, almum.' carpa' ' mus, ' let us range.' h.OTa, 327. caeli sky. = dtei. So in 4. 100 ' caeli tempore ' = time of year, the seasons being regulated by the sun's course through the getting hot. was about ten .\.M., when it would be sitim collegerit, has gathered drought,' making thc cattle thirsty. Cp. A. 4. 42 deserta siti regio.' 328. Note the change of tense from collegerit, 'has (already) gathered,' to ruiapent, shall (now) be bursting,' i. e. are still burstreing. querulae, chirping.' Cp £. 2. 12, 13 'raucis sonant arbusta cicadis,' in the noontide heat. The cicala, or tree grasshopper, is a winged insect common in Italy. Our grasshopper The ' fourth liour' ' ' ' ' . . . is loctista (Martyn). 330. ilignis = zYzj^^zV. canalibus, either 'troughs,' or 'conduits,' by which water was conveyed into them from the wells or pools. Cp. harundineis canalibus,' 4. 265. 332. sicubi, 'v/htre^tx^ = si ciibi {ubi). So ali-cubi,' «/(5/ being the old dative or locative form from quis, as ibi from is, utrobi, &c. For lovis lengthened iii arsi cp. 1. 189 4. 453 also 2. 5. 71, 211. 334. saera umbra, 'reposes nigh in hallowed shadow' (C). accubet, like procubet,' 1. 145, properly applies to the shadow itself, but is transferred to the trees that throw the shadow. 335. tenues, either a general epithet, liquid,' as in 4. 410 (lit. penetrating,' as 'tenues pluviae,' i. 92), or perhaps water in a slender stream, as it runs from the pipes (1. 330). arentia temperat arva,' i. iio. 337. temperat, 'allays'; cp. Temperarc implies giving due limits or proportion, and so correcting excess, whether of heat (as above) or of cold, as in Hor. Od. 3. 19. 6 also used of mixing wine with water. quis aquam temperet ignibus roscida luna. The moon was poetically regarded as the source of dew. ' ' ; ; . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ; 338. alcyonem,cognateacc. = 'thehalcyon'ssong.' ^V^iJC^alcyon, kingfisher,' as appears from PIiny's description, was regarded by the Greeks as a sea rather than a river bird hence dilectae Thetidi or ' ; ' alcyones,' i. 399. its The acalanthis feeding on ' {aKovBis) was also called carduelis from the seeds of the thistle (carduus). thistlefinch ' ' Hence it is usually rendered considers tell it or ' goldfinch,' but Mr. Warde Fowler to be the reed-warbler.' 339-383. I might hoiu in Libya thejlocks arc driven dayand 29 ivine and potids become Cattle are btiried deep in snoiv deer are not hunted. . night ovcr thc vast expansc ofplain.) 345. a district consist- The mapalia ('magalia' in A. tectis. but slaughtered where they stand. (3) by the long strctching word armentarius. ' . In Libyae the allusion is to the wandering or nomad Numidae and Gaetuli in northem Africa.' (ySou/coAos) 344. 405). expressing rapid sweeping motion over the vast expanse of plain.iniusto. tribes [yoyAhii) of the . (See footnote on p.). freezes drifts .' 'a whole month together. passing the tcdiotis time in dritiking and sport. Far otherwisc is it iti Scytkia and thc extreme regions of the north. (2I by the fuU pause after iacet in the fourth foot.l. lit. resting-place ' 501. the Lares on his hearth were the visible symbol. 3. ex ordine. sam. 89 n. In those climes there The snozv is no pasturage.e. like the hulls 341-343. the herdsman carrying everything with hiin. 13 tectis denoting the mode or conditions of habitation. enormous or cruel. ' as distinguished from the bubulcus. 12). Frozen rivers bear waggons on thcir surfacc solid ice. 10 of Introduction. also the archery of Crete. 43 Observe the rhythm of this and the preceding line. Such is the life of the savage iribes of the nortk. ' 164. of K/)^?. The epithets here are purely 'literary' (see on 1. 'terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis. from Kp^croa. Tke natives live in cavems huddled together in the frozen mass. undcrground by huge fires.' i. (i) by skilful alternation of dactyls with spondees. i. The armentarius kept the oxen while grazing.' 4. like a Roman soldicr on the march. . of ships. ' after day. terminating the second foot without any caesura. The Roman soldier may well have been termed impeditus when he had to carry several days' provi- 30 . 18. raris ings/ a camp or settlement composed of scattered huts the abl. day pitiis. 347. hos- or ' settled abode. The Laconian breed of Creshounds was celebrated i.' of successive months.' from the notion of excess. 339. and the cattle are kept in thcir stalls. harnessed to a plough or cart. and are described by Sallust. Amyclaeum = Spartan (1. Cp.' ' i. Cp. .' of which.AVTES TO THE GEORGICS. made of light wood or reeds. lies decp : all the ycar round frost and icy ivinds prcvail and impenetrable gloom. 'totos ex ordine menses. used as an adjective.y?/^. ' ' ' like ' iniquo pondere. Roman. and not strictly appropriate to a Numidian herdsman. fem. as ' oblong huts with bulging sides. A. ' huts inhabited in scattered dwell340. 421) were ing of wide plains. The effect is produced. fovere larem.' it is said of the bees ' who looked after them when Larem = his home. to a So in 4. . •yaiav drr' ovpavoOfv rrpoTpdrrrjTai. Cauri. stream.vav. pallentes violas. 217 n. Rhodope. 11. ' ' the very pole. ' ' ' ' ' pare Ovid's description of his dreary place of exile. sc. at non. being hidden under ' Hence the earth said to rise to ' the height of the mass which is seven ells deep upon it. the agent wilh ' ' ' positis castris^^*^ castra ponit. a mountain range in Thrace. 2. C. 357. ovO' orroT' av aTftxriai vpos ovpavbv daTfpvevra. as in is 2. ' ' &c. Prorn. 362. 355.' hosti. the time indicated by positis castris being subsequent to ' that implied in stat.W. tires.pallidus. medium = ipsitfn. also saxosusque sonans Hypanis. ' whirling in turbid 350. weight. Com. 398. . with III. iio. ferratos. orbes. 349.p. Cp. speaks of the Skv9t]s ontXos. 3. the snow. 1.' i.' The description of course vague and greatly exaggerated. foe.' In that case we have an instance of vcjTepov TrpuTtpov. denote. ot -fcis iaxo-TOV TOTTOV dp.' Pallcre. perhaps in marchexhausti = exhanstioms. ovbk ttot avToiis •qt^ios (paiOwv imStpKfTai dKTLVfaaiv.' Cp. takes ing order. 356. wind see on 1. V. a repetition of unda. water. 351. ready to march at a moment's notice. 2. ' at non Maeotia unda. But note the pictorial additions invectus equis and praecipitem For the form lavit (from iavcre) cp. the Palus Maeotis. that once welcomed ships. 359. ' ' pole. 31-3431 . ' saxum palluit auro. as in 1. exspectatum stands for a substantive. Met. and palisatles. 348. altogether about 6olb. 339-362. which first stretches axem = the north eastward and then 'trends (redit) to the north. but this is not the case. The neuter part. 278. These lines are borrowed from Homer's description of . like in agmine. 221. Od. the N. 130 n. his various tools his artnour. e.' E.BOOK sions. ov6' OT av a\p Irrl . tum. Trist. 173. informis. 360.' Cp. ?ea of Azov.' illa.ivoi. wheels.' 'moreover. ' the Cimmerii. not a white but a yellowish colour here the dingy yellow of a foggy atmosphere. marks a fresh point in the description — next.' Ov. 1.' 4. ita fit. 28 n.(pl yiaiwriv 'ixo^vcn \ifj. 11.). turbidus = adverb with torquens. now the Cyrene. 271.' 4. either dat. wan shades. of or (perhaps better) of relation with stat.' &c. 15 r]ipi Koi ve(pf\r] KiKa\vp. 416. featureless is ' 354. 358. ' stands before the exspeetatum = antcqttain ab hoste exspectatur. Aeschyhis. with iron 361. 54.' as in 1. 47. besides cooking utensils. . 10. currum.' pallentes umbras. frozen (^Rhoades). 'halts at the end of his march and proceeds to encamp. emphatic Here it may be rendered by (1. ' rudentes. 344. Nor with the dread of sounding bows he drives The fearful flying race with ponderous clubs. 69.' 363. As weak against the mountain heaps they push . " The snow is as bad ' ' ' as the frost " (C).e. V. ing. For the effect of caedunt. puniceae formidine pennae. Ovid. montem. Aiiah. iiivis.' i. .' 367. strange or unwonted mass of snow. 491. Winter. 242. also ruperunt. . 23 servantia testae Vina. aorists of custom. 750. ducunt. vertere.' was a rope with coloured feathers. 365.' as in 494. careless (vaioi/ ' .' 2. moti glacie pendente capilli. And with loud shouts rejoicing bears them home. 5. 295 378. sc. fluid. non setius. 357. ' everywhere. set at the entrances of the wood to scare the game and drive them back into ' the nets. Cp. 820-826: ' ' ' ' ' 'The ruthless hunter wants nor dogs nor toils. nec hausta meri. deposuit. The following lines are rather closely imitated by Thomson. 366. 452. ^' Protn.' present tense. naturally Udaque consistunt formam cp.' 2. et undas frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi. Ovid.' 377. 24. or scare. 4. 364. Et nitet inducto candida barba gelu. where see note . &c. repeated A. 21 Saepe sonant 'fluxit. 1. For the force of perfects see above. also 2. 317. i. l. Perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. stiriaque. induruit. Their beating breast in vain and piteous bray. in huddled throng.' lays 372.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. with equal severity. 378. The formido. ' ' bronze vessels.' Cp. conferto agmine. says of the primitive races of mankind. He them quivering on the ensanguined snow. in 1. 11. Compare Xenophon's description of the underground dwellings of the Armenian tribes.' Again sed data frasta bibunt. umida. noctem refers to the whole period of darkness and gloom. 12. 379. 49. expressing the thrust of the knife. 1.' 370.' ' vulgo. 166 described in 1. 366. mole nova. in its literal sense. in Aesch. ease. L c. ' ' 32 . 376. So Prometheus. ' Quaque rates ierant pedibus nunc itur. braying or bellow373-375. aera. where we use the Cp. . 365. A. i. pass. totas(que). 9. ' ' ' see on 1.' while away. 869. «arojpux*^ dvTpwv iv ixvxoissecura. 166. as cp. I. hypermeter. e.c. A. . accus. beer. laeta. silva.'] For imitantur. J/ ivool-growing he yoiir object.' ' noctem custodia dwcit Insomnein ludo. corpora. trioni formed from sepiem triones ( = teriones ploughing oxen from terere and was given to the seven stars qf the Great Bear.' £. cp. 'keep their bodies covered. under\vood of bushes and briars (as in 1. 'hixuriant.' unrestrained by laws and customs of social life. i. on Ancient Husbandry). The que is lengthened. before a mute and liquid cp. arietem. For the ' Hyperboreans ' see on 1. 387. Different kinds of pasture were required accordingly short grass.' 380. Tacitus in his Gcrmania speaks of umor ex hordeo aut frumento. avoid prickly shrubs and 7-ank pastures. fermento. ' ' C 33 . pocula = draughts. after the verb velatur in middle sense. 'terrasque tractusque. 240 4.' See note on i.' made of fermented grains. illum.' 'at the outset (I. continuo. 76. . 386. 385). while the largest supply of milk was obtained by feeding upon leguminous plants (Daubeny. burrs and caltrops' (i. 4.11. 9. from the first.' Cp. as on our own . comas adopertus amictu.). 75 n. 383.South Downs. The name septetntrio ' oxen. like re in Homer. Reject eveti a white ram.' 384-403.BOOK ' rii. afterwards identitied with the Ural chain. Milk pressed into curds or cheese.' sorbis. . a tree. ^. 518). tameless. Kids are sometimes muzzled to is from the mother. 152). 385. &c. By the present of a white . 51. lit. give them clover keep them and salted herhs. light %vine or cider made of the berries of the ' ' ser\'ice ' 381. The Rhipaean mountains were the imaginary limits of the Hyperborei in the extreme north (i. not for mutton. 382. 'store of wool (see summaryV In ancient were kept principally for their wool and milk. 153'. which the Romans imagined as \t7nesis) =\}n& norlh. expressed as the subject of the dependent ' Italy sheep . aiui choose shcep with ivhite Jieeces. tribulaque traheaeque. fnimento may be the right reading here. used to denote a substitute or makeshift. ' ' Jieece Pan enticed the Moon-goddess.' i. 164. effrena. if his tongue he hlack. lappae. and use. is septem . sc. some kind of possible that ' like 'pocula Acheloia.' I. [It is just ' 894 ' stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis. If you breed goats for milk. The triboli (TpiPoXoi) were so named from the iron three-spiked instrument used to hamper an enemy's cavalry. 405 purpureo velare (imperative. 3. is either sold in the market or salted and stored up for winter 384. lanitium. ' ' ' . 363-387. producing the finest wool (V.. 196. and others attest the fact of the colour of the ram's tongue affecting that of the lamb's wool.] praefigunt ora ' . 400-403. is taken to market next morning. 1.' expressing the effect. extremity of their mouths. cytisum. e. the aquatic lotus. The Cp. for brevity. the other hard. one soft. similarly treated. ' lured and beguiled. the whole ram as distinguished from the part note on 1. (his tongue). may mean E. 34 « . distinct from the loius. The meaning (with the present text. Aristotle.' II 2-1 14. &c. ib. that a portion only sold. by this means. also ' premeretur it 35. from excerno. This. abundance. but see Various Readings) is that the moming milk is made into curds or cheese the evening milk. The last line (403) or salted and stored up for home consumption. caseus urbi. is 395.' pressi copia lactis. the Melilotus. salsas.' at least in cases where the herbage ' ' not naturally ' salt. 129. For premunt. probably adverbial = from the first. 9. 4. eaptam fefellit. at their very birth ' ' . the thrice repeated ipse. 84. 430. etiam excretos. e. The aut. by a not uncommon inalso suffuderit ore ruborem. mentioned E. 31 as a milk-producing food for cows sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae. p. or jujube tree. 398. ipse = * generally. only of drawn is in the evening. i.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. contingunt (from tatigo) = 'give a dash of Daubeny observes there were two kinds of cheese. borrowed from Nicander (Introduction. which would last a long time.' lotos. a kind of shrubby lucerne. 1.' salt. says that the Tarentine wool But Pliny was admired ' for its darker tinge. 6). * = pracfigimt oribtis capistra. Cp. 140 n. which would not keep more than a few days. mean 399.' 394. Milk after coagulating was put into basketa.' i. since is a matter of importance (C). mentioned in 2. prima. 396. salted.' 81. ' the teeming plain gives the idea of prosperity and 391-393. pleno campo. and the cp. not excresco. sc. According to one version of the story. For the distinctive force of ipse see 388-390.' [But it may the front. — ' was a it third kind. probably that refers to all the milk. Pan enticed the Moon-goddess to foUovv him by the present of a white-fleeced ram out of his flock. spiked muzzles ' prick the mother and make her drive the kid away (C). hinc. clause. ' capistris version. is an herbaceous plant. rest ' kept in store. ipse implies that he is not to leave the task to others. Pliny.' i. or water-lily. There . a matre. though said. ' ' ' ' . fattening. as is customary witli Virgil (1.' Cp. that in springtime infests the pools. The Molossian was a kind of mastiff.' which were natives. 404.fumior for hu?tti7ig wild beasts and game. p. Cp.' 413. 347. 412. It was a kind of fennel obtained from a Syrian plant. 388-415." in a general sense. Works and Days 604.' 414. the weather a Calabrian snake. water-snakes. graves.' 406. 191 'miscet agens telis. smite him down with sticks and stones and put him to flight. stored up. dative after horrebis.' 408. not the Lebanon cedar. 6). For the famous Laconian breed of hounds see 11. 44. ous character of the reptile or to its offensive smell.' of the hounds in full cry. 6. 404-439. for your stalls.' or muddy places in which wild agens. a tergo. thirsty When . volutabris. to allow the III.' referring either to the danger(ferula. But a passage in Pliny seems to imply that they had been introduced into Italy about this ' ' ' ' ' ' ' time. vScop). The whey was usually mixed with barley meal (Kt. 11) and also of Africa. 214. fimo pingui. wild asses.). C2 35 . Hesiod. 411. 264. speaks of Molossus aut fulvus Lacon. So Horace. ad ' See on formidine. andfrogs. Tvhether hounds or reared : they tuill serve should be carefully as a protection from tuolves and 7-obbers. scaly feeding on fisk dry and hot. 415. whey to run then pressed and salted and mastiffs. 409. 4. onagros. Dogs. 405. 'to the toils. Cp. 371. but one of the juniper tribe. advises the farmer to keep a sharp-toothed dog as a protection from thieves. IVken the gate the stalls beneath which they often lurk concealed. A. To get rid of snakes. coming upon you nnawares. ofF. vapOr]^. the Molossi in Epirus. Cp. 'rich. he roams the fields is andfurious a dangerous foe to unwary sleepers.' i.' 2.' 1. 1. but of Syria (Psalm 104. 407. not of Italy. Spanish brigands being notorious. Keightley quotes retia. e. reptile rears his threatening crest. boars wallotu (from volv-ere).' with hard scales like the shell of a tortoise hence the name {x^Kvs. ' ingenti clamore. i. pingui. e. cedrum. stabulis. 5. The local epithet Hiberos is used. There is and speckled. Much of this precept is borrowed from the Theriaca of Nicander (Introduction. Epod. chasing ' (C). chelydroa. 2. and to feed him well. The galbanum (xa^/3av7j in Nicander) was a resinons gum Cp.' from the ballad of Chevy Chase.BOOK {calathi). bred in the district of 345. noisome. amica vis pastoribus. 343 n. i. 43. to drive the deer with hound and hom. 'lairs. NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. 416. immotis, ' ' undisturbed,' 'neglected,' to handle' (lit. ' i. e. not cleaned out. mala tactu, dangerous 417. in the handling'). caelum, ' light of day.' 11. For the perfect delituit, &c. (aorists of custom), cp. 365, 378 n. 418. coluber, a larger kind of snake, not precisely identified. col-, [The root about.] akin to jroA.-os, nf\-Q}, indicates turning or winding 420. fovit 421. minas, variations in tem.' humum, ' ' hugs the ground.' crest.' Cp. 4. 43 * sub terra fovere larem' (speaking of bees), A. 9. 57 'castra fovere.' its 2. threatening The et line is repeated with A. 381 ' attoUentem vias caerula coUa tumen- 423, 424. Originally (1. 421) the snake lay coiled up, with head and hissing now its head is thrust into a hole, its middle and hinder parts are unwinding, only the of his tail still last fold drags out its lingering coils.' agmina, properly a line in motion, is again used of a serpent's train' in .(4. 2. 212 agmine certo,' zd. 5. 90 'agmine longo.' 425. ille = 'that well-known snake.' Cp. 4. 71 n., also A. 10. actus aper.' This snake was called Chersy704 ac velut ille drus (xept^os, v5wp), being amphibious. 428. rumpuntur = .f^ riunpunt, burst forth.' erect ; ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . ' 430,431. ' hic, i.e. in or near the pools. ; improbus = ' ' insatiate,' from the notion of excess, probus implying moderation. Cp. 'improbus anser,' i. 119. ingluviem, maw,' properly a voracious ' bird's crop. 434. Several editors quote Sallust, Jugurtha, c. 89 ' natura serexpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti magis quam alia re accenditur.' disterritus, a forcible word, lit. ' dismayed,' i. e. frantic ' or ' ' tracted.' 435,436. ne nemoris, dorso,' ' libeat, 'may I never take a fancy' (C). hill.' dorso the wooded 2. 6, ridge of a Cp. ' praerupti nemoris Hor. Sat. 91. ' cast his slough.' 2. 473, 475. having positis exuviis, This process, according to Aristotle, I/tst. Anim. 8. 17, took place twice a year, in spring and autumn. 438. catulos aut ova, perhaps refers to different kinds of 437-439. Repeated A. serpents, some being fact, viviparous, others oviparous. The Chersyis drus belongs to the latter class. error in But in any case there since serpents take no care of their young abl. of instrument, ore, a local ablative, ' an afler hatching. 439. linguis, tongue, in the mouth.' For micat see on 1. 84. trisulcis, with its Cp. Ovid, 36 BooK ' in. 416-451. Met. 3. 34 tresque vibrant lingiiae.' The snake's tongue is really two-forked ; perhaps its rapid motion deceived the eye, so as to make it appear threefold. 440-477. Sheep are stibject to various maladies. Scah is produced hy frost, dirt or scraichcs of briars. Tke remedy is to bathe your sheep in fresh water and anoint them after shearing. Tke most effectual method is lancing tke sore and, if fever prevails, openingavein inthefoot. see This is the Tkracian practice. If you a skeepfond of skade, languidly grazi^ig and loitering apart, kill it at once to prevent contagion. Diseases are numerous and sprcad rapidly, sweeping off 7ukole ffocks and herds at once. Witness the visible effects of tke plague tkat once devastated the Alpine district of N^oricum. 440. signa, 'symptoms,' as in 4. 253. 441-443. For seabies see on 1. 299. tentat, tries,' i. e. attacks.' So of unwholesome pastures, E. i. 49 non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas.' altius, &c., ' has penetrated deep to the quick.' tonsis, after shearing,' dative with adliacsit. 445. dulcibus, fresh,' as in 2. 243, A. i. 167 aquae dulces.' magistri are properly the superintendents over several shepherds. In I. 272 sheep-washing is mentioned as a work of necessity, allowed to be done on holy days. 447. missus, &c., floated down the stream.' Cp. 'missa Pado,' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2- 452- 448. amuroa ' (i. 194) olive along with the oil, bitter.' Cp. ' tristes oil lees,' a watery fluid contained in the and separated by pressing (Kt.). tristi, lupini,' i. 75. For contingunt see on ' 1. 403. ' yvpos). 449. spumas argenti, scum of silver,' called litkarge (KtBapAccording to Pliny it was an oxide produced in the process [What we call ' litharge is a of separating silver from lead ore. protoxide of lead, of which there are two kinds one a pale yellow, ' ; ' called litharge of silver, the other red, known as litharge of gold.] vivaque sulfur(a), native sulphur,' as it comes from the mine. The kypcrmeter is remarkable, like 'arbutus horrid(a),' in 2. 69, where, as here, the reading has been altered to make the metre more regular. [Hence several MSS. read 'et sulfura viva.'] 450. Idaeas, from Mt. Ida forests. in Cp. 4. 41. pices, ' tar,' Phrygia, famous for its pine or liquid pitch, a well-known remedy. pingues unguine, rich with oil,' which softens the wax and forms an ointment. 451. scillam, squills,' a kind of sea-onion. elleboros, probably the white hellebore,' which was a rougher kind than the ' ' ' NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. black, and was used as a liniment. may 1. be ' strong,' but it is generally rendered Hence, as Martyn thinks, graves strong smelling.' Cp. ' 415. Conington translates 'a favourable i. e. there is no more Kennedy renders it their toils have no more effectual remedy. prompt success,' and this gives a more natural sense both to laborum (in reference to the troublesome methods enjoined), and For praeto fortuna, i. e. the successful result of those methods. sens = 'ready to aid,' 'effectual,' cp. praesentia numina,' i. 10, crisis in 452. magis praesens, &c. the disease is never so nigh at hand,' ' ' also ' present help,' Psalm 46. i. ' ' ' (Kt.), or has the has the skill 453, 454. potuit, either courage to perform a serious operation. rescindere, &c.. to lance the head of the festering sore.' tegendo, by concealment,' = a verbal substantive. Cp. Lucr. 4. 1068 ulcus enim virescit et in' ' ' ' veterascit alendo.' 456. meliora omina, is ' better signs,' * illustrated in the proverb selves,' and in the old fable The moral i. e. symptoms. Heaven helps those who help themof Hercules and the Waggoner. C. ou Trpo? larpov acxpov Oprjvtiv iirivdas aptly quotes Soph. Aias 581 npos TOfxaivTi vTjiiaTi, ' a wise leech mutters not charms over a sore that needs the knife.' see Various Readings.] [For the reading omnia='all prosperity,' ' 457. balantum the term is Here, as in see on volitans,' 1. 147. emphatic, since the sheep bleat when in pain. ; i. 272, 459,460. profuit, Cp. I. 'it has been found ' or 84 ' steriles incendere profuit agros.' has proved useful.' inter ima pedis, in ' ' the cleft of the hoof,' the part most easily reached by the knife. salientem, the vein. ' throbbing,' properly said of the blood ' bounding ' in 461, 462. The Bisaltae dwelt upon the river Strymon in Thrace. (2. 115) were a Scythian tribe, near the Borysthenes (Dnieper). The Getae also dwelt in Scythia further west (4. 463). Hence Khodopen (1. 351 n.) refers to the Bisaltae and deserta Getarum to the Geloni, though fugit, strictly speaking, has Gelonus alone for its subject. cum fugit is merely descriptive The Geloni = the Bisaltae, &c., 'who rove' the plains. 463. For this custom, attributed to various savage tribes and related also of the modem Tartars, cp. Hor. Od. 3. 4. 24 ' laetum equino sanguine Concanum.' The antecedent does not 464. quara, sc. ovem, = si quam. appear, the construction being changed (by anacoluthon) in 1. 468 to 'culpam compesce,' instead of hanc occide. procul, 'apart,' not 38 .) to remove the comma after herbas. post aliquanto in Caesar and Cicero. 16. comfortable' or 'pleasant. 469. e. Horses fell sick.' ' 8. creber procellis Africus. creber agens. gostXdiXi. bleeditig at the tiose. and switie -cuere choked tuith quiitsy. and poisoning the herbage. or follow listlessly cropping the topmost blades and ' behind the rest. flowing the Adriatic sea between Aquileia and Tergeste (Trieste). repeated from E.' Cp. 75. far off. Calves perished iti pasture and stall.to Cp. The date of this pestilence is uncertain. 68.' and be assured of the fact. coM sweat atid parched skiti. hard drawn breath. Sottictimes a 39 . atid swollcti throat.' ' molli. when he sees the terrible effects of the plague Noricum included the modern districts of about to be described. sequi. at once. ' The lapydes were a neighbouring Liburnian 476. This region luas once dcvastated by a fearful pcstilence. — tantopost.' as in 1. dogs ivetit ttiad. E. Styria and Carinthia. 471. animals uiild and tame. check the mischief. 475.' A. i. a military metaphor applied to the upland pastures where the cattle were put to graze in summer. Cp. hill-forts of ' ' ' ' ' the Alpine tribes. &c. indicating total extirpation. spemque gregemque = «^«oj. joining extremam wilh carpentem. storms at sea are plagues among the The frequency and rapidity of compared with the number of swiftly spreading 1. into The Timavus was a river of Venetia. 6. spem 473.. tum sciat. gave no sure signs for augury. 468. The progress of disease brought itiflatned eyes.' by killing the offender. i. cattle. ' retire culpam compesce. incautum. Various and opposite symptoms tnarked the approach of dcath. To avoid the change from infinitive succedere to carpentem and back to infin. Victims fell dcad at thc altars : or tuhcti slain. longo post tempore' j5. eastella. aestiva. east of the Tyrol. procul tantiim delapsa/ E. See note on 1.ciim matrilnis. anyone may know. e. participle 465. cmaciated aiid bloodlcss.' 470. refusing food and water. but it must have been a well-known event at Ihe time. i.' 467. 15. cp. 185. before the approach of night. 88.) ' driving thick and fast'. gregis' (of a newborn kid).BOOK necessarily ' ' IIL 452-478. heedless of their danger and ' ' requiring the shepherd's aid. tribe. serae decedere nocti. i. 28 n. ' (1. 466. especially as having occurred in a country not very far north of Virgil's native district. ab origine = root and branch' (C). the infected sheep. it is better (with K. continuo. wiih droopitig ears. 472. destroyittg all 478-514. 474. 158. So post paullo. as appears from the following description.). tied at intervals with a narrower band of white ribbon.' haud exspectato ceciderunt vulnere 490. tauri. e. properly denoting conupted blood. miserandaque venit . sacrifice of Iphigenia) ' ' infula virgineos circumdata comptus also A.' being the most unhealthy time of year in those parts.' is common in Virgil.' lit. 482. 3.' is being twined round' the victim's brow. 'scason. 'tainted air. Cp. 6. in honore deorum. Lucr. ' mentions silis arida. 538 infula cui sacra redimibat tempora vitta. it. Ov. 406 486. 6. ' . honore ='sacrifice. here used for fibris. 7. Met. simplex uniform.' ' ' ' ' ' . of the plague in Aegina. 49 aris imponit honorem. 593 ' Admoti quotiens concipit et fundit dum vota sacerdos purum ' inter cornua vinum.' Cp. infecit tabo = poisoned. before they had time to kill templis. is modelled on that of the great plague end of the 6th Book of Lucretius >^Thuc..' vitta. entrails ' generally. at TIIE GEORGICS. Virgil's general description Athens at the . annus. i. 248. hence ' : thin gore.' il>. 493. lues et letifer tempestas.' i. descriptive abl The infula was a broad band of wool. properly ' filaments ' in the liver (i.. cireumdatur. 10.). 88 (of the ' . minutatira collapsa 484. siif- draught of wine gave prescnt rclief . 138. because the victim's throat was cut froni supponunt cultros. 109" Corrupto cacli tractu. morbidus aer' Lucr. 523. 137 (of the pestilence in Crete) tabida membris. ' 481. rursus. and even of an opposite character.491. ieiuna sanie. the symptoms were various. &c. A. is here applied to the juices of plants (Kt. which of itself was a bad omen here also the parts themselves were so imperfect tliat no omen of any kind could be obtained from them.' the autumn (August to October'. 50 Compare also the account in Ovid. sitis expresses the effect of parching fever. trahebat. : beneath ' 492. 40 .' The word /«/'«w. The liquefied state of these organs would prevent their kindling in the flame. 7. ' dissolved and absorbed piecemeal. and fastened round the head of the 483. the wooUen fillet with its snow-white band.' prevailing symptoms. 3. in turn.' A. 4S4 n. also A. suppositi. 478. ' victim. 488.'as in 1. and Lucan.' the superabundant fluid liquifying the solid parts by putrefaction. morbo caeli.' instead of a fuU flow of healthy blood. Mct. 2. 487. Cp. Pharsalia 6. i. &c. Cp. drawn up.485. ' ' So Lucretius and Thucydides ^bprj anavaTos among the adduxerat. cunctantes. soon the remcdy drove thc and they gnawed thcir own flcsh in the agonics ofdeath. 'had shrunk.. 479. e. 49..' i.NOTES TO fcrers niad. 80.. heightens the misery of the scene.' {a. 'their dear Cp.' «/a/'?.' Cp. 49 \v-f^ Kevrj airaanov ' ' evSiSovaa laxvpov.' 2. ardentes oculi. 'rigidly repels the handlers touch' (Rhoades). furiis 41 . equi also with tendunt. 'everyvvhere. 2. 478-511.' or ' labouring with moans.' .' 182. adverbial. Lucr. . ' and that i. ' ' tela exit. sc. 5.' the animals dying in the midst of plenty. in 11. studiorum. This pleasing anxious being e'er resigned ' ' ? 496. off'). 1146 rubentes.' in i.' determined since his former of victories are of no avail 499. 494. 504. vulgo. in his ears.' i.' a boundary. 511. laden. 485. 529. quatit. 1. . Cp.s. the very remedy proved ' fatal. ' 2. &c. from Lenaeus. ' 505. 'resists the handler to the dura being adverbial. dulces animas i^A. grow worse. latices Ijenaeos. 1. ' As Conington observes. dant. 6. angit. 1159 'gemitu commixta singultu. Singultusque frequens. 217 n. like 'felices is 277. also egredi.' 438 = ' wards 1. profuit. tractanti. a title of Bacchus ' ' as lord of the wine-press {\-r]v6s). one whicli became cold as death drew touch. fx(\i(ppova Ovfidv. 507. So the Greek iK&aivnv = 'pass' 149. 140). lit.HOOK ' rii. Lncr.' too.themention of luxuriant herbage.' From Lucr. operum. i.' like indicio est. Forcrebra. obsessas.' as 246. 495. exitio.-noarpk<^(raC). The sense by victor. hoc ipsum. 508. ' of respect. after resistit. querela. ' 500. 507. blandis. infelix animi. 6." 1. 'avoids' now Similar instances ' intransitive 4. see on fitful. participles instead of finite verbs in descriptive passages see note For the on labentia'= labimiur.' ibidem. Gray's Elegy.' e. 20.. * hapless in the result of his efforts. 'chokes': hence aw^^/wa (iaYX'?)) ^ ^ort genitive ' 498..' Thuc. 4. 510. wine.' &c. compounds with A.. 49 6(p6a\iJiaiv kpvdTjnaTa icai ' oculos suffusa luce <p\6fojai. thrust into the 459. 2. 501. e ( or ex used actively are casus evaserat. escape. e. Homer's . 509. cere. inserto. choked. 'irregular. lives.gemitu gravis. 363..' near. to him. 6. ille incertus. manabat II 48-1 150 ' ' lingua crxirore . 3.'and well-stocked stalls. Thuc. aspera tactu.' of quinsy in swine. Cp. dative of 'oblique complement. fessi rerum. 'convulses. 506. 2. e.). 133. 'to leave. ' quidem (1.' from the idea of hardness.' sobbing. lit.' &c. crudes503. I. ulceribus vocis via saepta coibat . avertitur. For who ' .' here stands in contrast with rabies. as mouth. See note on : ' ' crudo.' 502. fawning. e.' metaphor from a blockade. 497. ' The heavy spondaic rhythm of this ' ' ' ' fraterna morte. These lines are doubtless suggested by Lucretius' line gives expression to the sense. &c. ' recniited (only) to madness. Even the fieeces coul not be shorn or tuoven . e. steaming equum under the exertion. et celuila ne travaillera plus. dcer %vere no hnger timid . Cp. Sellar quotes a touching story by G. his eye is dulled. Noiu the healcrs art is all in vain. so called from its pale yellow colour. Dead carcases lay heaped in the stalls. See Introduction. his simple iiving and wholcsome fare. Sand of an ox refusing food and dying of sorrow for his lost mate. bared. electro. and birds droppeddown lifeless. grinning in the agonies of death. 515. their hides atid fiesh alike being useless.' 2. ' description of a ' cow seeking illa her lost calf (2. This gives a finishingtouch to Virgil ' ' ' the horrors of the scene. Nought recks he now of shade or pasture or limpid strcams .' sinks with drooping weight. leavinghis mate to mourn. 523. Then kine tvcre lackingfor the holy rites .' [In some rural districts of France oxen working in pairs are termed freres.. This deprecation is suggested by the horrors which is describing.' ' ' 42 . waitingfor burial. of the horses.' viz. 542.q\eKTpov). pp. the sense Note how the alliteration of s expresses when the line is recited. deadfishes were cast on the shore . fluminaque queunt summis labentia ripis oblectare animum. e.' errorem = madness. 513. bnt it was the strength of madness' (C). 514. 518. if any attemptcd to wear them. et bicntot il sera mort de faim. 8. and Prof. 402) it is a composite metal of gold and silver. But note how Virgil improves upon ' ' ' addition fluit.' &c. Elsewhere (as in A. II ne veut pas manger.y\ 520-522.with maerentem.12. 515-556. 361) Nec tenerae salices atque herbae rore vigentes. fumans. with solvuntur. 'Sonfrire est mort. his flanks relax bcneath him.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. here amber (. Thc oxfalls deadat theploiigh. May heaven send the good better fortune and such bewilderment as this upon our foes. ' strength retumed. 11. mourning his brother's death. 524. a spreading plagtie prcsently dcvoured his limbs. ima.' his original by the picturesque per saxa volutus purior electro. his ncck droops heavily dow7i. not of the men themselves. for all his past sei-vices. unyoking. refecti. disease and terror everywhere prevail. nudis.' i.' {La Mare au Diable. Wolves ceased to proiul.' i. fumantia coUa. snakes perished. abiungens. men performed the tvork of oxen on thefarm. straining with the effort. whose car was drawn by white oxen to her temple. C]p. 531. never until now. or as we say. the story of Cleobis and Biton in Hdt. repostae ='sumptuous. 526. indicated by the contrast between simple fare and luxurious living. 384. Cp. 45. beginning O fortunatos nimium. sua ' si 1. So the snake in the grasp of an eagle {A.' lit. were to seek. .BOOK 525.' chinks . B. terram rimantxir. 374 n. 532. if explorat be taken in its ordinary sense. 1.' vitam. where the dove pierced by an arrow vitamque relinquit in astris. 547. Cp.' in reference to the succession of several courses at a rich man's table. 513-549graves 2.' quaesitas. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' .356.' artes. Cp.' sea being their natural abode. 754) arrectis horret squamis. 'curvas latebras. denoting for its vineyards Cp. unkindly.' acrior. but could not keep out the plague. washes up. 'shrines' or ' fanes. astantibus. erected' in terror. 383 2. i.e.' a name given ' by Caesar. 'sought in vain. ill matched ' ' donaria. 5. 538. Q^. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 43 . 11. insolitae. 2. prowls.' 546. 'scratch' or 'grub the ' Cp.O\.' being itself infected. . 517. 31.' lit. insidia. The feeling. tempore non alio. services.G. non aequus. 533. ' 534-536. natantum =//. &c. ' balantum. uris. . rimantur prata (of waterfowl searching for food I.'as in I. keener than even hunger. vacuis Clanius non aequus Acerris. is the same as that in the famous passage. 2. quaesitae artes. But it may mean tries his stratagems (C). * III.' 457. 458. 'moreover. referring to 649.Mct. 65. prolviit. 541. forest. It is bona norint. perhaps . imparibus. 728. benefacta. exercita cursu ='swift but the idea is that the rivers become purified and freshened by running. probably ' ' a poetical transfer^nce to these regions of the Argive festival of Hera. soil. These winding dens' made them safer from pursuit. 216. The Mons ' Massiciis in Campania was famous hence Bacchi Massicus umor. 28. the difficulty of the task.' 2. the 543. 165 ' Maeandros incertas exercet aquas. i. Cp. ' make ^rimae).?«'«/«. the place of offerings. 537.' A. ' volitans. Cp.' is emphatic. 545. volantum.' 1. ' fast driven * may serve. 2. 379. unused to rivers. 527. 6. contenta. obambulat. devised remedies. 143.s = /ocum iftstdus. 544. like an athlete 'trained' by healthy exercise. iam. 237. 6. buffaloes.' 2. 147.' 529.A. to the Urochs or wild ox of the Hercynian either in size or colour. For pocula see note on ' . . racing difficult to find an exact English equivalent 8.' lunonis. 225 decidit exanimis.57. 306. nec telas. Tisiphone. 660. and increasing in stature daily.' Seqni is used of running moranti. i..' as in supinum. ' Tibur 556. sequebatur. Cp. loathly. 12. Thuc. 93 n. represents divine vengeance driving Disease and Terror before her. the garments could not be worn. Cp. ' water.' 550. As mythical representatives of medical art Virgil instances Chiron. Tisiphone. 563. the i. metri gratia. it was too rotten to handle for weaving. 1167 he compares ulceribus the ulcers produced by the plague to this eruption quasi inustis omne rubere Corpus. ^. 2. cessere. sacer ignis. 552. 4. colles supini.' ' ' ' Lucretius. For the double / in Phillyrides. 2. 23. retired.\ who taught Aesculapius. a famous augur and physician. the opposite of adokscere.] subdue the natural hardness of raw meat by boiling or roasting.' Conington remarks the contrast between Virgirs " literary spirit " shown in the professional skill of physicians.' 559. 106. foul discharge from the sores.' ardentes papulae. the flesh (4. It was a given to an eruption. upland downs. dat stragem. lit. as one of the Furies. 276. It could neither be cleansed nor cooked. viscera. Cp. [Ab-olere contains the same root as al-ere. invisos.' or fiery curse (Rhoades). 555. 11 79. ut est per membra sacer cum cumque arripuit — ' diditur ignis. Art. ' ' ' ' choice of these mythical ' examples and the simple grandeur of mussabat tacito medicina timore.. 553. &c. 6. Ov..' Hor. destroy the growth of any thing.' 44 . magistri. 302). 565. name 566. cp. if they ever did succeed in shearing the wool. See on 4. abolere ='cleanse. Anthony's fire. 379. wearer of the garment. 564. 11 Phillyrides puerum cithara perfecit Achillem. deals destruction.7. son of Saturnus by the nymph Philyra (1. properly all that underlies the skin.. 427 non arte magistra Proveniunt. 560. oiire aWrj dvOpwirua rixvri ovStiiia. 561. who had not long to wait before he was ' ' seized with the plague (C). thus describes it : — ' ' urit corpore serpens Quam- partem repitque per artus. 1. e. e. ' 2.' Lucr. trickled over. or supposing they got even as far as this. Am. 5. and of spreading fire.' lit. inflamed ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' pustules ' or carbuncles. illuvie.AVTES TO THE GEORGICS. vincere. Od. and Melampus.. masters' of the healing art. destroy the taint in the diseased flesh. fatal fire. i.' baflfled by the malady. akin to erysipelas or St. 562.' In 6. sc. 47 ovTi yap iarpol rjpKovv . protected from the ivinds as ivell as froiit cattlc. 2 n. the life of a nation portrayed in miniature.) or 'pursuits. 7. if the gods prove See Introduction. mores nation. 45 . i. exsequar. ' viz. neitker marsh nor strong smells. 40 Introduction. I. will siitg of hotiey and the iiny (oininomvealth of bces. &c. cp:orgics 1-7. Ln the middle of the stream place boughs or stoncs. 4. First choose a shotild be site for your hives. tibi with dicam rather than with admiranda. a shelter from the noonday heat. p. 8-50. 188 ' Creatures that by a rule in nature teach The act of order to a peopled kingdom. tenues curas. rempublicani habent. ' ' . adverse. 1. Hen. in allusion to the ancient belief that from the sky like dew. nor eckoing rocks. thcir character and tkeir pursuits. Hist. opera conficiunt. Cp.' i. birds and other intruders. observes of bees Laborem tolerant. and plant sweet hcrhs and fioiuers round tke spot.' aiid iield of ' therefore requiring propitiation^ as sinunt implies. unkind. ApoUo is invoked either as the patron deity of poets. 2. employed upon a trivial subject slight is the labour ^Mackail). 'character and tastes' (C.' the fact that quosdam deos ut prodessent celebrabant. 8. grant nie I thy favour ! Lowly Apollo hear my call. ' ' ' Cp. 'regard' with favour. 5. a wondrous presentment of a tiny state. Let your hives have narrow cntrances to keep otit cold and heat.' populos or ' are the several Pliny. 12 ' ne obessent placabant.). A^at. The latter is in contrast with levium. recognises the latter laeva or sinistra. yet great may be thc renoivn. Virgil here. quosdam ut The former were termed nttiiiina dcxtra. 131 n. as fell ' Livy and Tacitus. if honey Sue ' aerii mellis. 4.' Shakesp. 2. as elsewhere.' 6. 8.' E. aspice.. 177. 3. Alaecenas. iVow IV. The hees theiiiselves will cement evcry chink . Cp. (3. The word is used in this sense by historians. mores habent. purin detail. also ' agrestem tenui meditabor harundine musam. Ladewig quotes Gellius 5. as hridgcs for the hees to cross over. still protect the crevices witk iiiud and a layer of leaves. 8. in tenui. laeva.BOOK IIL 550-/F. V. as my patron. 2. 2.' . Once more. is the theme. or in his special character as ApoUo Nomius human attempts are liable to failure. et studia. 10. p. consilia privata ac ' duccs gregatim. et quod maxime mirum est.' tril^es or clans that make up the gcns ' ' ' ' : 5. Near it there water and the shade of trees. Cp. Let no yew-trces be near tke hives. i. 6. terga. ='the speckled lizard with scaly back. signataque sanguine ' pluma est. 24. 634. of various colours. bee-eaters ' in 1. The Greeks made Procne the nightingale.' 11. ' petulci. sc. scaly. shallow. 29. 15.' A. Cp. 190. shelter.' 348. derived nocti. after quo frisking.' 3.' nidis = ' nestlings.' 22. medium.' i. for which see Dict. cp. . trampling. yellow and blue. ' come ' ventis. sing. as 14.' The ancients erroneously regarded the monarch of the hive as a ' king instead of a queen. 16.' like a ravaging host.' vestibulum is the open space in 19. a bird shaped something like a meropes. 3. green. compares horrentia centum terga suum. i. the ' swallow. e. seu profluet in reference to the pools' and 'stream.' like decedere hospitiis.' 13.' 9-11.' 2. ' ' front of the hives. ' ' view.= ' sues horrcntihiis tergis. 'butting' or insultent.* 1. ' ' . ducent. 2.. 191. ' squalentes conchas. 8 (C). above. apes. . The red marks on the swallow's breast were supposed to be the blood of the murdered Itys. volantes.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. Mct. to 26-29. See note on illum. 8. vere suo = the spring they love. 387.' implying motion. 20. with lacerti as gen. passage. denoting purpose. tenuis. red. It is a bird of version of Procne. retire from the heat. of respect after picti. 2. sit. cp. 'rough'. 23. 78. 'caprae sequaces. reges. 10 ' quo pinus ingens albaque populus Umbram hospitalem consociare amant.' So 'nidisque loquacibus escas. revive after the cold season. when their powers Cp.' For the metaphor. vastant. squalentia. decedere calori. . .' stabulis.' 3. from entertaining a guest. 1. either accus. So Shakespeare in the passage quoted in the note on 1. ipsas.' ' ' ' ' ' ' 25. Hor.' ' make havoc. 475. Cp. cp. = hives. 19. ' chieftains' or sovereigns. subjunctive lit. sedes statioque.' like lit. of Mythology. kingtisher. 21. 669 neque adhuc de pectore caedis Excessere notae. sc. 467 n. 5 says of the bees 'They have a king. 17. 11. * sopor suus. ' abode and situation. E. 6. on the wing.' A. from the idea of leading out a colony to found a new settlement. stabit 18. 12. pinguibus.' C. to the verb. ti?norem.' according to the Roman the legend of Tereus and Itys. 192. 6. grandia saxa and Neptuno express the bces' point of whom the stones would appear as huge rocks and the ' ' 46 . Ov. Od. common in Italy and Crete (Martyn). 374. &c. well stored. or nom.' = ' well situated abode. and Philomela the swallow. horse-chestnut and other trees. meadows.). 482. But possibly thefucus is the same as the gluten. ' strong scented but not. 'sprinkled' [Keightley takes it to mean with the spray or a shower of rain.' i. crevices.). ' the spurge-flax. For 247) la. 8-46. Cp. probably wild thyme. 453. and thus making them too tired to cross the water without the help of bridges. 213 n. (of ' irriguum (transitive). casiae (2.' Cp. 2. rigai amnes. a slicky substance collected from resinous buds of the poplar. ' I. 397.' a fragrant plant. portant reason for this injunction. 2. ' ' : 32. angustos aditus. htre = alvi. Ida. 39-41.viz. aorist of custom (3. Cp. 31.' usually 2. make a snug home. ' melts again. 419. &c. to no ' ' ' ' purpose.' (Kt. 250. 44 bark ' of the cork-tree (suber). 420. e.'] 80. thymbrae. = dontum see on 3. and known aspropolis or bee-glue. sparserit. 246. their labour ' is not ' futile. was to keep out beetles and other insects (1. ' 37. apibus. ' scattered' when at a distance from home. i. Cork in hives were reckoned the best. nequiquam.' as in i. graviter spirantis. being wann in winter Cp. 466. fovit humum 3. 46.nd.BOOK IV. Another. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' but ' cover ' or ' line ' these edges. alvaria. fluviorum i. 415. according to the usual sense of gravis (3.' tum bibit irriguas fertilis hortus aquas.' dative in either metuendus luppiter uvis. Here. 451) denoting an unpleasant smell. probably by the bees themselves at least humble-bees are known to do so.). ' ' watering. dye or colouring matter of the flowers). notwithstanding the bees' work J. 36. and explent not stop up.' 33. hole. the phrase fuco et floribus is a h.' 3. which is an Eastem aromatic shrub serpulla [ipirvWov from (pirav). 344.' ' ' ' ' tenuia. see on Idaeas pices. tamen. 432. oras. 38. 243. &c. probably the edges or rims of the entrances. ' by or for the bees. 42. The straw hive seems to have been as yet unknown.' as in 1.Qn(\\3. thaws after freezing.). and perhaps the most im35. and cool summer.' liquefacta remittit. either case. spiramenta. Phrygiae distinguishes it from the Cretan mountain of the same name.Tem. 2. Cp. a species of 'savory' {satureid). 450. ficus is not elsewhere used in anything like this sense. corticibus. effossis. cogit.diys =fuco Jlortim.' 2.' In that case floribus by itself will be the pollen. so as to leave the smallest possible ' For the pine woods of Mt. 34. properly a place for hives.). ' * well-watered 4S5. 2. 43.' If fuco be the 'pollen' (lit. Tibull. scanned as tenvia. not the same as the casia of 2. shallow stream like a vast sea (Ladewig). congeals. as elsewhere. Virgil is not very precise. The epithet : ' ' ' ' ' 47 . 45. 38. fovere. &c. genua labant A. e. some strange or mysterious flowers.' The word is used of any bright colour. 3. 14 says decerpunt flores. joy'. 187. 43 n. lightly poised. repeated from i.' Cp. 51. as in i. 'crannied chambers. continuo. 48 .' E. purpureos. 412. fovent combines the two ideas of cherishing their young and keeping the nest warm. the bees will settle on the spot.' Cp. perhaps simply hereupon.' after this ley renders it on this account. 373. 38. to kecp them warm (1. high aloft.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. qui pavidas [apes] alterno pulset ictn. clear summer sky (C). aestatem liquidam.. &c. Ode to Spring. Originally. 62. the presence of yew-trees was thought to honey hence the Corsican honey was proverbially bitter {E. ' quod superest =/. ' mistrust. See above on 1. . 5. It is well knuwn that bees dislike strong smells and will Crab ashes sting anyone who comes near them powerfuUy scented. aeriam volucrum plator.' i.' not too close or tight. at once. . 77. leves. 3. In springtinie the bees issne fo7-th and gather the prodtue When you see thetn soaring of the Jloivers to niake ivax and honey. There sprinkle juices of honeywort and balm . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . Cp. whence the echo {imago') rebounds. where it probably means white. denoting the whole of the warm season.). but Keight58. i. ' ' ' ' ' ' . 35). like a Lucretian phrase (2. Hence Gray. taxum. 75.w. pulsu and ofFensa properly apply to the sound itself which strikes the rock. nubem. like iropcpvpeos. Hist. 296) realms.' 51-66. 'gather harvest' (i. . e.' 1. the produce of the nescio qua dulcedine. represents the Sun driving vanquished winter dovvn into the infemal aestiva = spring. 53. . 1. 1.' offensa. 56. nubem. says inimica est echo ' resultanti sono. because spoil the flavour of the . 1. 48. on the spot towards which they are flying. e. See on metunt. So Columella 9. i. 103 n. e.'a£/e. 21. .e.' 55. ver sudum. rimosa cubilia. 'thinly strewn. ' 49. 9. 61).' liinc. 61. because of the smell (see next line). 158 and note on 3. cancros. it denoted a deep dark hue. bright. (1 567) applied to the swarming bees. hinc. pulsum egit. 60. 52. Nat. 54. you must lend theni your aid. 50. they ivill makefor zvater and irees. Pliny. e. were used to cure scalds and burns and also as manure for certain 47.' Cp. 7.' from the wider sense of aestas (3. 51. contemplator. Cp.' 61. huc. 63. 59. i. 11. neu crede.' fovens. avoid as injurious.' in reference to their love of water and shade (1. the pollen) from the flowers. 'impinging' (K. 346). contem705 to a flight of birds. as in A. 30). watch them . raras. trees. has borrowed his float amid the liquid noon. purpureo narcisso. 438 'cum se condet in undas. of themselves = j/(?«/e.' as in 3. When the battle is ovcr. 49). Cybele. the bees lit.' named its wax-like 64.). pearance 67. A bason or such like instrument of brass.' fj. By sprinkling a little dust you may make them quiet. either dat. with humviing noise and confnsion. . ' name from spots. ille = ' to bee-keepers. ' By a high flight of whet their stings with their beaks. ' ' visits. ' ' air the conflict rages. ' first (1. 47-74. Cp. 28. A stress is to battle. adds ' When the swarm is up. catis.' used of emotions and passions. for . High in ' ' ' ' z'/^. 459. L. 1. the former rough and dingy. ' 21. similar custom to make bees settle after swarming still prevails. the common its yellow colour.66.' is exierint only the going forth be after sin turned into a parenthesis. condent. here a verb of motion (pregnant their final resting-place. which expands into a long ' be laid on ad pugnam = if their The regular completing clause (apodosis) description of the fray. i. 53 n. 425 n. introduced by nam. Tken the commotis prepare for battle. apiastritm. it is a common custom to play them a fitt of mirth with a pan. attacks. kill the inferior ' king' atid let the other rule the The latter is bright ivith spots of gold. 72. or the ' Great Mother. ' it ' by the foUowing signs. Butler in his Femiitine Monarchie (1609-1634).' continuo. Cp. cuuabula. both to soldiers and fractos indicates the short ' fitful blasts of a ' ' trumpet. sapores = ' scents to (next line\ melisphylla. 69. the better sort tnake honey of the choicest flavour.BOOK iussos. the hive. ' for battle/ or abl. is also neKicracxpvWov.' because of cerinthae. medianointed with the balm.eXi-fpvWov. whetting their stings and gathering rotmd their tnonarch. The sense of the apodosis begins at 69. you may know e.). C. ' ' which (11. e. KTjpos.).' 68.' as soldiers sharpen their imagination Virgil supposes the bees to swords D 49 . ipsae. after observations on the love of bees for musical sounds. bello. 151 n. till the rout of either host decides the day. ' IV. 10. incessit. lit.' 65. from the with martial ardour. P. Often the rivalry of two kings engenders strife.' whose rites were celebrated with the beating of drums and clashing of cymbals (\. 'balm' (Milton. I ordain 48.' 67-102. 2. The common bees likewise have a distinct colour and aphive.' 442 'conditus in nubem. que connects it formally with the preceding sentence. or from The Latin honeywort. if there is going to be a fight. 774) honey-plant. i. I. will make for the hive and hide within it. Matris. 74. construction). &c. For regibus see note on 1. 'wax. so to stay them. ' attract i. 71. well-known (3. . 75. 5. In the same their arms.' 'throng in swarms. a hendiadys. &c. the clear unclouded sky. 86. . ' ' frame.the ' kings' (1.' lit. but it is not necessary vialor. the predicate. e. withgolden scales (1. 77. which would require subcgerit. 85. ' All these mighty passions and fierce conflicts a handful of dust allays. 'to that point. 271. which is their battle-field. i. 1.68). deterior.' 82. 235. =' let him lord it all alone. * ' mass. tunicam squalentem auro. e. because of his unwieldly 91. ness. viz.' Cp. 100. sunt. squalentibus. till. auro et guttis = aureis guttis.. i.' glandis. ' ' ingentes animos. binae. Cp. The inferior sort are compared to a traveller begrimed with dust." prodigus obsit.] ' 98. cp. like ' pateris et where see note. the result of the ' . from the produce of these bees. ipsi. even.' being ill adapted for fighting. For vocant see on 3. ' note on 13I. 194. as described in 11. V. sc. . 312. symmetrical. the partitive gen. 93.' i. . &c. quoting the entire sentence. Shakesp. 3. observes that there 94.' E. 90.' A. . which is distinguished by its more brilliant colour.' battle. orbem. sc. 55. i. hinc. 93).' 2. 2.' adds ' deterior sordido sputo similis description. in his Hzisbandry oftJie Ancietits. turpes horrent. 311. viator. gravis victor. subegit denotes the fact. renowned. 'the victor's ponderous (R. e.e. usque adeo. densae miscentur. 50 i. praetoria. . resolute to the last not to yield. &c. campos patentes. Note the humorous contrast between these lines and the preceding high-flown description of the fray. Hen. sunt. and yet consuming the store of honey. ' ' ' rough. to suppose that this auro. Cp. 'paribus nodis. are rough and unsightly' (1. e. 96. paribus. arm 274. 5. is ''no foundation for this distinction. 79-81. un92-94. a crushing defeat. nactae. giant spirit in a i. and see Cp. Cp. tempore 1 . . ' do harm by wastefulvacua. 83. after tantum. 87. 196 ' the tent royal of their emperor. the 'king's' cell. 90 (C).' ' (Blackmore).). 1. e. not purpose. so thick a shower of acorns. [Columella.' A. ' a pigmy breast 84. 91Daubeny. before battle.' aptare way aptant lacertos means get ready anna being a regular phrase for putting on ' armour (C).' 89. see 3. 95. ' pulvere . 192. is what Virgil himself intended. inglorius. in arsi. For melior. 'cleared of his rival. i.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. 76. 97. 10. 118 n. inferior in appearance. ' . the words et sicco ore being added merely to complete the ' . 1. gravis ictu The indic.' being useless.' Cp. and ancient writers may have confounded the drone with the queen bee. There he reared his fruits and flowers and vegetahles. amicos imbres. his fruit-trees 7vere all prvductive . I once kneiu an old man of Taren- tum. Ifyoiir bees take to roving. plantas. 3. rvtll stockcd zvith fiowers Had I timc and spaxc. 102. 231. 101.' and tlicy will stay at home. see on 3.' 1. You shotdd plant a garden near the in diie season. tu emphasises the conimand. not so sweet as but. the bee-master. 397-402).\ cp. 184. the duo tempora messis. All his prodiice was first in its season.' springandautnmn. Cp. His statue. the hives.' nec tantum. was called niulsiim. Cp. in allusion to the striking of the standards before marching out of camp. Priapus was worshipped at Lampsacus on the Hellespont. 1.' &c. . 6. clip the iuings of the hing. Cp. 79. 236. 106-108.62. oiirrigare (usually with acc. denoting urgency. ' IV..' contemnunt. 111. For caeli tempore see on 3. 65. abstract for concrete. the emphatic point being its clearclear.' i. 327. 104. &c. his charge. 112-114. ' hive.' of various colours. ' ' ' ' . as in 11. croceis = gay. 45. I wouldfain treat of gardens and tlie culandflowers. ' aimlessly.' i. 70-76). 691 per membra quietem irrigat.. ' 109. and carefully zvatered. . ' to growcold' in their absence . elms and larger trees he wotdd transplant luhcn ftdl grown. 67) among the trces propagated by this mcthod. ture of various trecs and sweet herlis. 23. 143. i. the Homeric /Sjij 'H/)aK\T]eir]. I. &c. ' halantes. Everywhere in the Georgics hard work and personal attentioa to details is enforced (i.' ' a. . e. . For ipse. who had platited a garden in a ncglcctcd plot of ground. &c. was placed in gardens. D 2 51 . ' ' ' .' The process is described in 2. armed with a willow cudgel. occurs only here and in 417 sertisque recentibus halant. Here it may be rendered allyouhave to do is. cui talia curae. e. 145.' 110. his honey earliest and jnost abundant . 395. strain. 103-148. 75-115. if he is in earnest about /?. furmn and avium are objective genitives. This mixture ness and mellowing propcrties when mixed with wine. of the soil watered. shed kindly showers upon them from the watering-pot. fovere larem.' = not only . For this construction 115. L.' &c. and the mountain pine {abies) is mentioned (2. against thieves. P.. 43. 2.s pj'ata. &c. 61. ' ' scorn. 163 n. the might of Gabriel. 'suckers. premes. tutela Frieipi = custos Priapus. 345. intransitive.' * 1. as happy as a king. another bold military metaphor ^seell. neglect to incerta.' &c. make honey. 73> castris. tecta. i. 103. 45. like ferri rigor. £ut 1 7nust leave this theme to other hands than 7nine.' Milton.BOOK eerto. ' ' A. the opposite of frigida [prolcpsis). hic is on such a soil as 47. Propert. Cp.' Hor. 33. iuvencis. seges. who is said to have covered herself with myrtle boughs. biferi. laetissima.' tortus. 127. late flowering. 63. 3. Cp.. sera eomantem. e. ' make a vervain border. ' . 62). premens. myrtos. of Corycus. com-land facilem pecori/ 2. trailing. Oebaliae = Ta?-enii. for its Paestum. now the Galeso. 120. e. S. stuff. explained by in dumis garden following. cp. it may be an adverb. . 5. 5. see its ' ' ' ' on ' acerlja sonans. small seeds of the poppy. 'were shortening sail. vescum.' It is to the supposed derivation of its name from '^a\a. so. 3. the streams bitter fibres. 70. niger.' a garden plant {E. tepidique rosaria Paesti. usually takcn as the pronoun. cane2. vela metaphor. . ' or Posidonia. from Oebalus. 346. ' neglected. adds vividness to the picture. probably the dative. Alet.' in allusion to the story of ( ' ' Martial (12. [For the other reading arcis. verbenas. 3.' perhaps in reference milk. Cp. &c.8 ' was famous roses. planting ' ' properly a general term for conseso ' virgulta premes. 125. 45).' ' 120-122. the hedcra alba {E. after rising from the sea foam {E. not the wild succory with potis rivis. ' 123. 61 odorati . acc. to be distinguished from the prickly acanthus {Acacia Alimosa) mentioned pallentes. Corycium. ' roimd which flowers were Set lo 131.' ' . nia &c. relicti. either on account of its depth or because it was shaded by trees.' though commonly 175. twice a year. 128.' mentioned in i. as in ' .' long-shaped and swelling like a gourd. as much as to say You see me furling my sails and speeding shoreward if it were not 117. they drink. 'litora myrtetis Venus Anadyomene). with the imperf.' Propert.' as in i.' waste land.'a//aw.' a naval The present subj. traham = ro«/. Od. 41-44rem in apodosis. at intervals.' For the adverbial neut.' i.' Keightley thinks the serpentine cucumber.] 126. referred to th. see Various Readings. probably lean ' or ' meagre.' rarum. 66). a legendary king of Cp. See note on 3. as distinct from pasture-land (pecori). acanthi. I would sing. crated herbs {E. 3. Ov. rosaria Paesti. with white-edged in 2. 119. Oebaliae in attribution. bearsfoot. 39). 67 umbrosi subter pineta leaves and a yellow blossom. 56. ' = ' ' 130. 53 .' soil.' 3. 3. whence Tarentum was colonised. intuba. 129. is here intended. holus.' near a mountain range of the same Galaesi. = arando. Lacedaemonium Laconia. i. 119.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. 124. 7. wilh Tarentum. in Luca15. 149. 3) calls it albus. ' 323..' ' ' ' name in Cilicia. but this. 5.' thinly plantcd. the garden endive. repeated from 1. vrhich begins thus Hortorum quoque te cultus. 122. as C. ' 149. institutions loyal to its sovereign .' none being unproductive poma tenebat. 134. 140% is better taken as the historical infin.' i. begins. N^ext I will tell of the nature and hahits of bees. 142. written in verse. either sloes. equidem. apibus fetis. and the descriptive phrases that follow.' ' force from the squeezed combs. e.' the natural digesta' in ' frnit of the thorn. the promise of 1.' indicates the flowering time. 140. old and young. tenera in herba.' E. . comam. The same idea is conveyed by eduram intensive form. matched by his spirit the wealth of he felt as proud as a king of his small domain (C).' not ' strained/ like cogere pressis. like egelidus). " distulit.' unkind. Each has his allotted labour.andlive fro/n leaves andflowers. takes retained.to proceed. was originally long. Cp. when transplantation would be difiicult.' lengthened in arsi. 137. Like the Cyclopes at their forges. . thegift They hold everything in cominon. interjectional. 148.' 1. to be fulfiUed in its season. but gather them They are prodigal of their lives. in planted them . 116. aliis. matura more it. naturally goes with ' than with arbos. ' 117-149. ' ' ' ' ' ' imperf. 112. pruna. i. often carrying ballast. offspring and of Jove himself. tondebat tender or delicate. in flore novo. Silvine. 'these themes. atque ea quae quondam spatiis exclusus iniquis : ' Vergilius nobis post se memoranda reliquit. docebo.' 267. comantem. 39.' animis. ' narrow limits' of the prescribed subject. In stormy 'cveather they do not fly far afield. yet the race remains unbroken. Bees do not propagate their young. where the digression spatiis iniquis. trans- seras implies that they were fuU-grown. ' planted out in rows. flower. kings. carpere (also abundare in 1. i. ' ' fruit in the blossoms. &c. mollis. than as depending on primus (K. But the -at of the . but remain ncar the hive. some gathering food abroad. . P"ollowing VirgiFs suggestion Columella took the subject of gardening for his tenth Book. regum e. others busy within the hive in their several fimctions. haec. 139. 144.BOOK 132. like aberat ipsae. i.' i. nunc age. pomis. versum cp.' 149-218. and latvs.' another Lucretian 53 . butfora short space . all. 12. 2. IV.). 'brooding bees. lit. &c. him they guard at the hazard of their lives. loi. No nation is so habitation. e. e.' engrafted on it. premes in ' ' which would hardly apply to the combs. 143. or ' plums. i. in early bloom. 145. ' 147.' Cp. are hard at work from early morn till eventide. Forderivation seenoteon 2. in him their social polity is centred . 'united' are recognised by Virgil himself. victu.' 165. . These lines.' see on 1. 198 'curru.). Cp. 40. the majesty city. referred to in the note on 1. 154. phrase (II. 3.' as in i.. ' tecla ' tear of narcissus is a clear gum that oozes from the For gluten. For the initial spondee. in Dictaeo. &c. = whose lot is to keep watch {aistodiam exercere) at the gates.' ^. i. 168. 192. the fact of the bees acted with the object of being thus rewarded ' ' .' A. V. attracted by the sound. are nearly repeated.' 155. The alleged provident habits of the ant consortia.61 .' Hor. 9. ' i.602. dwellings ii. 1S6. ' from ' sunt quibus. 156 venatu invigilant. in Livy. lit. ply their tasks afield (Rhoades). 54 . Hen. ' a lazy herd. Most of this description is repeated in_^. 167.' but it may be the old ablative form.' \. course being that Jove granted them this boon as a recompense for their kindly offices. &c.. 7. 151. 422. . 150.NOTES ON THE GEORGICS. of Mount Dicte in Crete. so avBkoiv rd SaKpva. 424. ' bee-glue.375- 165. ' ' ' I. A. 191. Cp. since ants and other insects have a society of their own. Ifisi. saepta domo' ' ' rum = 'fenced domorum. An. in medium. sorti is probably the regular dative. 170-175. aquas .' Cp. i.' A. for the common stock. an epithet of dignity. For the bees' dislike and avoidance of 1 rain see 11. The flower ' . 158. ' strata viarum. ' natural powers' of various bees. &c. 5. 9. ' magnis. 196. ' which occurs also 166. ' ignavum pecus. 1. See the passage from Pliny quoted on 1. 8. ad portas with custodia.. 127. 153. 5.' as if possessed. . also 3. 152. 3i7. 103. 40. 1.. said to have The Curetes were priests of Cybele (1. to obtain which reward. . addidit. 160. Arist. aut aut = alii . certos penates. 162-164. lare certo. . coeli. 164. who are made a clashing noise with cymbals. naturas. cp. so as to form a of law Epist. ' . where Jupiter was hidden a cave by his mother. the usual contracted formof the dative in Virgil. fed him with their honey. 167-169.' A. 250). bestowed. in order to drown the cries of the infant Jupiter. cp. 58' 157.' as something they had not before pro qua mercede. with 11. (C). 430. as their allotted task. solae is not strictly true. . here expressing the idea of close packing. lest his father Cronos should find and devour him. the lazy yawning drone in the passage of Shakspeare. 64 n. The bees. 51. in the simile beginning Qualis apes aestate nova. settled abode. alii. . exercentur agris.' &c. 882. 159. ' without the male (C). 1.] 201. 179. 27). Athens. pale green. multa nocte. trust the (_dubious) when rain is circum. 270. The iiidustry of the Cyclopes is the sole point of comparison with the work of the bees. 'round about. See threatening. habendi.' 177. 2. i.uirites. 180. &c. 1. 39. This statement is taken from Aristotle. also the term consul suffectus. lacu. 6. similarly used. airos is Aristotle and Plin/ attest the notion that young e.188. Cecropias — Attic. 164 n.' credunt caelo. A. For casiam.). inania. 10. (1. massis.BOOK IV.' the objective genitive (1. Pliny also says.' E. Q.' for hives. ' ' ' 55 . 202. as in ' 191-193. 'si cooriatur pro//. daedala curiously wrought. 40. 65.' come sleep. Cp. from Cecrops. i. 'hum. 150-202.' 197. adeo. 1. a regular phrase. ipsae. ' sufflciunt. dative. ' alone. ferrugineos. 187. as if the bees were ' citizens Rome. 158 n. suffice prolem. The spondee tolcella.' or repair. purple or deep red. a mythical king of The honey of Mount Hymettus was celebrated. trough or 'tank. apprehensi pondusculo lapilli se librant. 13 n. wealth. far into the night. and antrum properant. in noctem.' emphasising the pronoun. 11. 7. i. 14. forge with speed. lapillos. 'of getting honey. Cp.' Lucr. iio n. where the Cyclopes are represented as forging armonr for Aeneas. 198. see on 1.' [See Various Readings. 9.' as in 1.' ' praesepibus.' But.xpresses the effort of rising with the load of ballast. bees are found on certain flowers. 467). The Gk. 183. cp. form anew. Cp. ' 'tuqueadeo. = refresh themmussant.' lunt e. such as that of ' ' of a commonsupply ' to fill vacant places. ventosis being substifor Aetna.' ' ' unsubstantial. operum. 184. 194-196. daedala tellus.' which they have earned by labour and may therefore ' ' ' claim as 168. 166. 182. 30. ' ' oras the entrances.' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Properly it denotes the colour of iron rust (i.' like a walled to^vn. See on segnes (proleptic) gives the effect of solvunt. suave rubens hyacinthus. 'airy. sky. 1. stabulis.' lumps of ore (C). For concubitu.' Gk. 63. here Cp. bees do not venture out after dark. probably tuted for taurinis. Cp. 1. See 1. corpora curant. Nat. 22) wel190. unnerve to languor. glaucas.' reflngunt. in measured time. munire.' 24.' near home. especially.' the colour of the willow leaf. late at night. the rest being merely pictorial. 3.' in numerum (as in E. ' their own. 'to build.' 200. The concluding lines are the same as here. sopor suus. from toil. Hist. selves' after their day's work. fiv^fiv.' 3.' Cp. as Keightley observes. as applied to the supposed foresight of birds. 172. 415. he had already rejected in i. So rupere 1.' as shown by constructa. 207. i. and then alleging as a reason (namque) the fact that all creation is pervaded with it. dientia. as he destiny of Ronie. . derived from Pythagoras. as usual. and the haustus aetherios draughts of (fiery) aether. 215-218. For tense of rupere see on 1. This doctrine.' 219-227. attrivere. is destined for them. e. Pyth. willingly or ' freely. fidem.' 1. This line is repeated from E. ' crates favorum. totum examen circa eum globatur. 9. 222. bond of mella here = ' cells. ' not so mnch. or rather confiises. 6. 11. thongh the individual bees (ipsas) are subject to accidents and short-lived. . is the divina mens here. 210. 6. 724-74^passage. 51. ' . the spirit that inly nurtures all things. E. ultro. i. similis exhortanti Fessum protegit This last fact is also attested by Aristotle. knovvn as Aninta Mimdi. 206. 1.' It should be observed that Virgil combines.' 209.' i. e. 265. 213. 105 tres non amplius ulnas. Cp. 246) = have known to. i. ergo.' from the idea of going beyond {tiltra) what is expected.' A. For the common omission of quani after comparatives cp. 213. Ipse opera intus circuit.' The mention of Egypt excipiat. ' ' ' ' 56 .' are referred to in the Aeneid. 385. whence all living creatures draw their origin and whither all at last retnrn. 17 Mira plebi circa regem oboeCum procedit. . 205. wattled combs. had spoken of Quirites. two separate theories. is expounded I" that famous at length by Anchises to Aeneas in A. 211. quotes Pindar. Hettce some have deemed theni to be inspired hy the Divine Mind that fervades the tiniverse. 3. 204. 530. . so that the geography is. first saying that bees especially have this divine spirit. ' 2. 220-222.' &c. 290. e. N. 465fealty' (Rhoades). . 683 'noctem non amplius unam. 54 fieXiaaav Tprjrbv irovov. ' C.NOTES ON THE GEORGICS.. ' been ' ' ' ' ' awaits. cingit.' The Hydaspes was a tributary of the Indus. yet the race is permanent.' from their basket-like form. umeris sublevant.If. ' ' ' was doubtless suggested by the recent defeat of Antony with Cleopatra. 201. dedere. vague. as aetherium sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem. . 11. 4. Cp. Plmy. For the que before caelum profundum is imitated by Gray in his tr see on 3. p. under whom Lydia was really a 'great empire. Cp. . 214. ingens Lydia refers to the earlier dominion of Croesus. present perfects (3. not a Median river. 204. . The former doctrine. The term Fortuna urbis was usedto designatethenatioiial Virgil here uses it in reference to the bees. &c. non sic. See Introduction. caput honestum. from this source animals derive their subtle lives. sideris in ing this e.' The epithet is keeping with the assumed dignity of the subject. sc.' like parenlis numero = loco in Cicero. ora fovent. February.' just as altus both 'deep ' and high.' siib e. Hor. signifies ' ' ' ' ' 225.' a/ure deep of air .' springing upwards into Cp. unseal. take their place aloft. For ' its various senses see 245.' 223.).' fetus is used in a general sense. &c. in middle sense. 228-250. the ' empty combs. .' sequaces. relines. to form one of the stars comprising it. ' ' .' tenues.xpressing npward motion as in 1. Od. Ifyou spare some of the honeyfor their winter store. i. hinc. ' ' ' ' ' ' Oceani amnes are the Homeric 'n/ceavofo 234. quod ego Cp.493. and cut away the The more honcy you in take. Bees are angry creatures and their sting is dangerous. lation. Od.). 61. re-.224. and messis is transferred from corn The Pleiades rose in May and set in Xovember crops to honey. [For the other reading angustam.' i. 385. 228. Taygete. water. sprinkle and rinse your mouth with a draught of The object was to sweeten the breath.' ihe sky. . scilicet. Sabinum ipse testa conditum levi^ Taken with sedem and mella it forms a zeugma='open the dwelling and remove the honey.. 227. succedere. because consisting of the fiery aether. represents the constelhonestum. cogunt. 221 n. 2. This »tay be done twice ayear. has spumed in scorn.BOOK ' IV.xpression numerum.' Cp. 2. to it (Jbserve the threefold cumulative repetition of the prefix 282. spretos reppulit. huc. the sign of the Fish until n. 225. 24 'spernit humum fugiente penna.' sparsus. Hor. long after the sctting of the Pleiades J.] 229. 232.. rinse your mouth with water and SDioke the hive.' {sciix licet). 230. ' to wit.' 2. 231. the bee-keepers. ' furthermore. ' Kennedy is perhaps right i. lit. in rendere. 392. in springtime and autumn. still fumigate into the cluster of a constellation.' properly used of opening wine jars closed with pitch. sedem augustam. 204-235. their imperial abode. The sun does not really enter poai. Before taking the honey. 231 But 57 . see Various Readings. comely. gather the teeming produce. ' ' the bees. 'searching' every corner of the hive to drive out 135.' 2. Otherwise it is explained to mean into the rank or 'position of a star. 20. 3. 235.' ' ' ' ' ' the hive. which harbour vermin. harder your bces will work toreplace it. 266. 3. Cp. like Maia in i. ' but profundvim here means lofty. 3. In either case the allusion is to the theory that each planet is animated by a separate soul (C). (I. 233. again. e.NOTES ON THE GEORGICS. pity ' Pity their bruised spirits for The is what would have been ' had the honey not been spared. 244. ' 243.' The phrase congesta cubilia blattis may= beetles in their crowded lairs. honey fiavoured with galls or roseleaves.e. . is ' ' ' ' as in the legal phrase sarta tecta. rows of cells. Cp. 247. animas ponunt. 249. newt.' lying closely packed together. tristior. su>2(. sarcire repair. These lines refer back to 1. if you are considerate enough to lcave ' .' adedit. 242. 482.' 3. in apposition. is told by Ovid.' indicating reluctance. 213. a perfect of custom (present perfect) as in 11. fortunes. 236-238. also ariete. sarciendo fiunt ' ' ' agiliores. in ' 251-280. sluggishaud torpor.' and therefore takes an infinitive. in sullen mood.' ' ' 1. ' . Piscis represcnts the winter season generally. &c. The symptoms of disease are chatige of colour. 14 [Apes]. giving the reason why the precautions there prescribed are necessary. 204. the pollen obtained from flowers. ' unbounded. them a with ' store of honey for the winter. ' deal gently their future' ' (C). 39. where see note. like KaBwv. but to the inferior forces of the defending ' bees. 246. The story of the same as in Arachne. which the Pleiades escape by setting. floribus horrea texent.' 1. referring not to the superior strength of the homet. the construction with adedit being resumed in the next line.' i. tiniae. 6.' 240. rather than a mistake arising from ignorance. and prolonged hiimming. cum fuci Cp. by synizesis. 230. 245. ness 58 . 168. Columella. 297. foros. i.' morsibus is a poetical licence for aaileis. See on accingar dicere. The epithet immunis was properly applied to citizens who avoided the performance of public duties [7imnera).' i. ignotus. For remedies apply btirnt galbanum. . Met. defeated in a spinning match with Minerva and changed by that goddess into a spider. blattis. i. 239. as non-workers. sc.' a disyllable. weave their garners with flowers. 243. unobserved. The order of words ignavum fucos pecus. metues. &c. pl. apihns. and is significantly applied to the drones.' or galleries a ship and rows of seats in a theatre. nom. said however to be erroneous. incumbent ^ strive. This is a popular belief. dative. parietibus. aliquam partem cibariorum absumunt. Or congesta may be taken as a verb. sc. imparibus armis. stelio. the use of which is described in 1. must of wine. abiete. probably cockroaches. parces futui'o. ' fluviorum. 46.' also used of gangways 250. modum supra.' used of buildings. 9. and shattered their condition. ' the following signs . 'fervere. si is emphasises the fact that bees are like as well as in their other qualities.' 257. clausis merely means that they remain in the hive. . like croceos odores. also i.' 255.' i. iam.' Cp. So Aristotle says (KKoni^ovaiv t^Qj 'Tas diToOfrjaKovaas). 259.' from rapere.' 456. tractim.' ' 2. 9. 236-268.' cause put for effect. centatiry. Cp. cassum lumine. pedibus conexae. 1. contracto frigore. the adj. 9. now. 'sometimes. i. water and fire. 69.' A. Aristotle. 85. roots and the (' of the ' ainelliis ^ Jlower IwiJed in wine. tunsum gallae saporem. 280) is reproduced almost verhatim by Columella. however. thyvie. rapidus. 260. 66. . Cp. This passage (as far as 1. the regular term for carrying out the dead (also efferre. as it is observed in the case of ordinary swarming. This clustering is not necessarily a symptom of disease.'even inviting.). 256. dosis. and Pliny 'defunctos proferunt ' ' ' ' ' funerantiumque more comitantur exsequias. 267. and the Greek expressions <pw^ opav. going so far as to invite. by reeden pipes. 252.'yi?. 258. human vita is beings in their diseases the law of existence. 264. sti-idere. 253.. probably abl.' glowing. 14. 376. 394. As in 1. Grk. stridit.' in the earlier stages of For continuo see on IL 53. 2.' 556. 415. i.BOOK raisins. 99 n. rapido aestu E. 56. luce carentum. For the older ablative igni see ou 1. 415. all expressing sound.) has no regular apoconveyed in 1. 251. exportant.' cp. changed.ff. 266. being transferred from one noun to theother (called hypallage]. 'different' from disease. 7. 254. — ' ' like ' frigora concreta. thickened by boiling.v(iv. pinguia.xis. from older form ' So ' ' effervere. e. //. 13. &c.' nostros sin exierint' &c.' see 1. hic. The sense of one i.' i.' fessas = sick. Note the accumulation of similes derived from wind.ong drawn 'droning) hum. Partly borrowed from Homer. for tiinsae. iKKo\x[^nv). . 3. which makes them thus liable. alius. ultro (1. 95. 204 n. iam.' galbaneos odores. 10. 264. by this time' = soon. tion of symptoms. 2.). e. ^KfiTfiv. heat being produced by quick niotion. New wine (jiiustum) boiled down to a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 59 . 67 e. 268. Forquondam. 1. at this crisis. a Lucretian phrase for the dead. A.. at once. mentions it as an unfavourable sign. pinching cold.' used to introduce honey into the hive. canalibua. Yox galbanutn see on 3. 425. &c. Greek KdiJ.' 261-263. pedibus per mutua ne. 265. &c. = claiisae. 165. denoting life. what it was in health. after the long descripif your bees fall sick (as you may know by I will tell you the proper remedies. IV. with l. 40. lit. syrup was called defrutum. 328.' i. ' Virgil mixes the two expressions. attraction see ' ' ' also I. 273. ipse. the sense being either . * Ipse tamen lectas Pagasaeis coUibus herbas temperat.A'OTES ON THE GEORGICS. caespite = root. Cp. bees will breed therein 281. starwort. Arcadii magistri. 271. odorato. Mella was a small town in VirgiFs native district C. revocato a san- guine Teucri. pandere. 276. Fasti 5.' a species of aster. as thefesh pulrefics. 147 n. andfinally burst forth in swarms. ' stock has it. 279. The Psilhian is an unknown Greek wine mentioned in 93 in connexion with passiim. i.' (already) failed. Cecropium. 152. 397. 327. Beat a btillock to death in a closed chamber. the central disk or corolla of the flower. as in 2. mitch practised in Egypt. For this distinctive use of ipse see 3. collegerit novae with revoeetur makes a pleonasm.' ' ' 2. ' ' ' ' ' iuvenci. Cp. For revocare. I luill tell you a method of repairing it. ' 60 . Hymettus. tondent dumeta 277. whose story is the subject of the long episode beginniug at 1. 295 aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit umorem [-frutum is akin to our vvord broth\ ' ' 269. if your nec . restore. 283. 129 n. the Greek expression 6ivo'i dvdoofiias. • restore ' the old stock. rumpent.' 3. grazed by cattle.' A. 235. silvam. e. amello. habebit. from Mt. or ' provide ' ' a new one. 281-314. of the usual gerund. sublueet indicates the tinge of purple showing beneath nexis torquibus. and you have not (now) the ' .' cp.' properly the turf or clod surrounding the root. compares of Mantua.' from panden. et varia vulnera mulcet ope. centaury. Aristaeus. as distinguished from its petals.' the herb applied by Chiron the Centaur to the wound caused by the poisoned arrow. means of renewing . and leave the carcase there covered with sweet herbs. 15. raisin wine. 'garlands' or fillets the darker violet hue. See note on 1. For the change of tense cp. the inlinitive instead See note on tempus tcgcre. grapes spread out to dry. 213. 1. .' 3. si defecerit. tonsis. 177. 76. 282. ' ' ' Ovid. 17 of leaves. 315. having a fragrant scent or bouqiiet. Here racemos stands for the wine made from the clusters. 275. 278. Do this in early springtime . wreathed' of this flower. then. centaurea. ' 274. growth of flowers.' i.' 270. ' For the dative by on 'asilo. Ifyoiir stock of bees shotild fail. . The process is described in i. cognita res usu. &c. Alei. 190"). C. after the inundations. Hence the popular epithet ^ov^ivth to bees. reposes confidence of welfare.' putrid '. phaselus (1. 'presses. 4. to be further ' reduced ' or 'confined' by building walls is round so as to form a kind of vaulted cliambor (K. spreading into a lake 15. 291-293. phaselis. For the varying order of these lines in the MSS.' fortunata. insincerus. Greek oyi-ov. and is here used even of the rich alluvial mould left by the overflowing river. eflfuso . small in ' ' ' ' ' ' ' itself. properly a fiat tiles placed over the interstices between the {tegulae). according to Varro. 12. It seems to have been generally believed in ancient times.' arte.y«^''i?j' 14. urget. 295. by a stretch of geography (1. 15. coloratis. apparently. 127. Ovid.' (cp. ' in reference to the conquest of Egypt by Alexander of Macedon. siin-plex. &c. corrupted. for this very purpose.' i. who also quotes from an epigram by Archelaus the phrase )3oos (pOifitvrjs Tn-norrjfikva rtKva. of earthenware. almost a solitary instance of the word. A. harena= soil generally. afia. ipsos in usus. . . Cp.227). [j/w^r?« = clean. Wharton. 294.' 285. I. to let the rain run off. from root seni. imbrice tecti = hollow convex tile. there is certainly a redundancy of description.).' Cp. 1004 ytiTojv oixoroixos epfiSei. or according to Juvenal. 211 n. 288. the story of Samson. far back. hence its For the scansion 61 .). Agani. Ov. If all the three be retained. meant to include Syria and Aiabia and the countries on the eastern frontier of Egypt. Hence Juvenal calls him Pellaeus iuvenis. tiled roof. This strange theory of the generation of bees may have originated from the fact of swarms being sometimes found in carcases of animals. Pellaei = Egyptian. 287. 289. and shaped like a bean pod. put vaguely for Ethiopians in the interior of Africa. the * method about to be described. Persidis. Indis. 284. see compares Aesch. caesis iuvencis. ' 296-298. 290. 269-298. So Procopius in his Sixth Book describes the Nile as «£ ''Ii'6coj' fm AiyvvTOv (pepofxfvos.BOOK (fpplied IV. boats made of papyrus. ' ' Various Readings. e. just as we use the term coloured in speaking of negroes. Canopus was a town situated upon the Delta of the Nile. of which Pella was the capital.' Imbrex name.' Some natural recess. states it as a well-known fact. borders close upon.' a metaphor from tracing ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' a river up to its sources..in sein-cl. Met. flumine.' healthy pars sincera. because of the fertility of its soil.] altius. iacit =ponit. is it. 302. 647 ' non has quaesitum munus in usus. 157. garrula. the perf. substituted praise of for ihe original passage in C is Gallus. . i. you must mind and do all this before the spring has fairly set in. 182. told. twittering. zephyris rubeant. e.e. Lucr. 302. 300. and because bees are fond of these herbs. . ' 301. 319. when the ice thaws in the rivers 305. 5. So a latere. . 62 . 16. 310. 315-386. 228. &c. the direction being defined from the obliqua. &c. integram. 313. miris. 348. . vere rubenti. Fasti. sweet. a Greek constmction for the usual ablative. leves. sittittg to descend with her ttytnphs betteath the rivcr. 13. old.' Cp. so as to avoid a glare of light. 1. spectator's point of view. Cp..' 2. orba pedum. like the Greek fxdWov fxdWov. 'wondrous to behold. i. 314. 31 n. his and with mouth is plugged.' a Lucretian expression (i. &c. cedere fontes (K. East. i. bima spiritus oris. For rubeant cp. 304.). of parietibus see on 'stelio' above. miscentur. 243. undas. She heard his bade hitti cry. = see Or'prothey burst forth. 307. ' falling slantwise. after feastittg. denotes purpose. 141.).' as in 1. teneris. 363. 3. 306. 840.' 2. Cyretie begatt her couiisel. a ventis. 311. and footnote on p. softened by the pounding. in spite of his many stmggles perempto does not strictly denote past time with regard to the principal verb solvuntur. a tergo. 5. very briefly and with some variations. e. homs • fronte. 3. 11. ' ' ' ' ' ' pelling ' the arrow.' so as to stop the breathing. . viscera. 7vhere he vie~tved with wotider the inighty rivers of the world at thcir sources.' tignis. Cp. accotnpanied by prayers attd libatiotis. ' fiesh but the e is usually short. already grown 'C). &c. magis magis. pedum. since the animal is killed hy (not See note on satis dentibus.' as light skirmishers. havitig lost his stock of bees. this retnedy ? For the Parthian bowmen cp. The story I. 'swarm. 309. atid her chatnber. 4. Yox the foUowing episode. ' ' ' ' . i. ' nimble. rebounding Kl' . i. Ovid. The subjunctive and the warm wind breaks it up.. by Ovid.NOTES ON THE GEORGICS. . stood at the source of the Petteus atid coitiplaiiiitigly besought his ttiother Cyretie to aid hitn. ' 559 n. . erupere. 296 integros acalso 3. after) the pounding' process. multa reluetanti. 181. The thyme and cassia' are put there to keep the carcase Cp. fully two years 299. ' ' ' . see Introduction. 477 n. 76.' Lucr. as in E. 15S hirundo luteum celsa sub trabe ponit opus.' visenda modia 308. Thett. For casias see on 1. p. denoting instantaneous action. The source whence it was derived is unknown. Whofirst taught tnatikind The shepherd Aristaetis. ' facing the four winds or quarteis. 30. pulsante. For the Milesian wool see on 3. 385. For the construction with in vites. &c. Ovid. 329). 81. Od. ' ' felices. molire. &c. Apollo is called Thymbraeus from his temple at Troas (^A.* Note the position of sub after its case and cp. hue of glassy green (uaA. ramis felicibus. honorem. . but it may be a condensed expression = ifi her chamber nnder the river-bed. divine honours after death. 306.' Liber (Bacchus).' a goddess. ' this crown of my mortality referring to agriculture generally as the next line shows. e. Tempe from ' 323-325. i. This passage is imitated from Homer. e. IV. Cp. 319. 22 ad aquae lene caput sacrae. Cp. ' fruitbearing. invented . e. i. most of which are different from those here given. 315. Hor. 18.). Cp. &c. denotes a rich deep colour.' i. or according to another account the son of The river Peneus flows through the vale of Mt. 35.oi'). anvil. &c. a common epithet of the sources of streams.BOOK 315. as the abode of their presiding deities. Felix ' ' where Thetis hears the cry of her son Achilles. ' Eurique Zephyrique. //. 133 this n. from the same root zs fe-tus fe-mifia. The art of bee-keeping is of course included. lit. mother. perhaps beneath the roof of her chamber (C). For extuderat 329-331. specula de montis..oy = glass '). Cp.' E. extudit. wield. 334. also 1. 2. . 'hammered out ' as on an i.' 371. hunc gloria ruris. &c. (i. who might have . 316. like brjiov -itvp in Homer. similarly before 3. 35 ferrum molitur in illas' {arhores). 335. TjfjLfvri Iv ^evOeacrtv iraTpt yepovTi. Fasli 3.' i. (C).' expressing strong effort (i. 54 n. 'divini ' 168. Thymbra quonam * lated. since he was the in . ' Cp. 59. i. caput and extremi both indicate the source of the river. 222. 'cultor nemorum * (i. te matre.* Cp.' 2. Then follow the names of her attendant nymphs. A. 3. saturo. sacrum. 1. 595 nostri tibi cura recessit?' aut is better left untranscaelum. &c. 333. Note the que lengthened before d\os irapd ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the double consonant I. with thee for my saved me from this misfortune. cp. Pindus to the Aegean Sea. 8. i. 14) was the son of Apollo by the nymph Cyrene. 2. Whence did who was it that ? taught new adventure of mani<ind take its rise ? men to enter on this new path of ad- venture 317. is see above. 'wrought. Drymo (5/)Cs). Aristaeus. Phyllodoce (^vA. g.A. 85). 326-328. e. Some of these names seem to have been invented by Virgil. son of a god. thalamo sub. nor do all of them represent water-nymphs. x . quo tibi. hyali colore. 63 . inimicum ignem. 336. 299-336. strictly applicable to vellera rather than to colore. ' 42 ' et procul : O thy non frustra.' A. 40 QaXna. astra vocat crudelia. For et procul. 20 (where the nymphs relate refers to the vigilance of ' 345. being borrowed from Hom. Theog.' E. another instance of the use of the pasmiddle sense ("}. 3. . which Mai s rendered fruitless ' similar stories) ' et canere antiqui dulcia furta lovis. 390. 5. 155 n.). genitoris. 353. re. represents Cyrcne as the daughter of Hypseus. 2. according to Hesiod. 60. tandem. son of Peneus. held in the right hand lower down. fusis devolvunt. 349. 8. 266. 'numerous. held up in the spinner's left hand. (See Dict. not for naught. caesariem effusae. deckcd with gold. s..' 1.' 347.' the general idea of omament being supplied from incinctae. crudelem. &c. expressing interest . after a long day's ' hunting. 72. 383 n. Aristaeus that stands. 64. dat. ' the distaff ' ' ' 1. 39. wind off. the portion of wool weighed out. For Ephyre atque cp. the goddess of child-birth. Vulcan in respect of by eluding it. V.") The process is described by Catullus.' i. auro.] 340.' Gk.' or ablative with (by means of) their spindles. Fusus. miseri quae tanta insania.' &c. cp. tibi.' Cp. and Thybri genitor. contracted gen. 8. is told by the bard Demodocus in Hom. the regular title of rivers. A.A'OTES ON' THE GEORGTCS. 23. the wife of Hephaestus.' The de expresses downward motion. Inserted here from A. love's 'stolen sweets. For Lucina. ' ' 5o/fJ7 T€. 2. 3. arjaaiT] STTficu re. in a . 369. Propert.e. lit.' ' 2. properly restricted to the district about the river Cayster in Lydia (i. Od. 273 (of the body of Hector dragged round the walls of Troy) perque pedes traiectus lora tumentes. since the wool was wound off the distaff {fohis). lo I 'tis Penei. 826. the primaeval Chaos. cives. curam his wife. 311-317. see on 3. having thongs passed through his swoUen feet. {syttizesis) as if from a nominative Pencus. . on to the spindle {ftisus). densos. without verb. ' ' .' an almost endless variety of forms the instance most nearly parallel to the one before us is that in A. as pater Tiberinus. predicative. VVKVOVS. The story of Ares' intrigue with Aphrodite. where it occurs in a list of sea deities. either dative. //.' from upon their spindles. Cp. . Ant. Pindar. 346. ' ' 337. of the 2nd declension. Asia. For pensa. 18. e. 307 n. . Ku/xosive part. 342-344.' or ' without cause. ' ' 64 . Chao. ethicus. dulcia furta. 23.' see on .' [338. 116 T\Toi /xev npwTiara Xdoj "^ivfTo. i. in his gth Pythian Ode. 60. 'for thy cruelty (C).) having or 'withtheir bright The construction occurs in hair streaming over their white necks.' 354-356. 348. . The epithet auratus probably custom of gilding the horns of oxen in sacrifices and triumphal processions. diversa locis. e. 243:— Tiop<pvpiov S' apa Kvyua.' . manibus. 11. 325). lit.' 375. aiiratus ' ' ' ' . 866 assiduo longe sale saxa sonabant. Note how the repeated s sounds representthe noise of rushing 559. rivers. abl.' Cp.' The pumice stone. I. Cp. huic with ait \\. The Hypanis (Bug). different as regards their places.' since she had already been 'exterrita' illi. each in his several place. Od. motu aquarrmi. for (washing) the hands. in representalions of ancient to the symbolical of strength the horns represent their branching refers streams. The waters entered . nova. the ancient poetic name of the Padus (Po). Fasti. of respect.362. condensed for taitrino viiltu et 371. ' purpureum. which laciimae volvuntur inanes. aiiratis cornibus. sonantes. Imitated from Hom. Here it is used as a mark of honorary distinction. lacus. dat. 370. ' head. 358. But purpureus is used of bright as well as of dark colours. inanes. Lycus of the neighbouring Pontus. 368. idle or 'vain.' vultu.' whence the let ' ' take their rise.. 'echoing' with the noise of rushing streams. e. 359). KVpTOjOiV. which generally applied to the sea in a storm. emphatic. The Anio flows into the Tiber. 373. See note on 1. 3. was a river of Sarmatia. 372. vipiaTaBr^ ovpf-i Xaov . was used for building arched roofs and grottoes. = hanging roof of stone.' The Phasis was a river of Colchis. from its lightness. . course of duty (C). pendentia pumice tecta. 353 361. See note on i. (1. ' strange. 337-377.' A. 4S2. 35i. 364. For Eridanus. waters. 8. unaccustomed. 54. 357. = tlie ' ' ' E 6. ' accepit. as in A. 2. also 'inexpletus lacrimans.T . For pater see on 1.' i. . 313 antra subit totis laqueata et pumice vivo. into the Pontus Euxinus or Black with rocky roar. Ov.' 1. Enipeus. a tributary of the Peneus. 217. 350 n. Cp.' transferred from the Homeric is epithet nopcpvpeos. leaving a pathway for his his feet. in reference to his divine origin 1. 369.' ordine. 5. 'welcomed rivers him and then as he ' him pass beneath. germanae. part asunder. ' ' ' ' ' 4- 449- ' in 376.BOOK ' IV. both flowing into the Euxine Sea.' 367. pools.' a regular epithet of tears.' i. is The 'buU face. cannot remedy misfortune. Or fresh. cp. whirl of waters. saxosus sonans. like sorores.. 365. fomi an arch over misit. 355.' A. 374. dark bhie. 377. flowing Sea. thatyou may surprise him as he sltimbers. with shorn nap. 378. =wine. llelcna. 382. like Vo/canus = fire. ^ Lydian. Vestam. 291.' i. Cp. off the coast of Egypt. 8. places Proteus in Pharos. 560). 246 ^CiKiavov. i. 19 n. 3. describes him as ^apov fxkv oIkuv vrjaov. as verbenas adole. 'Neptune's Carpathian flood. Maeonii. near Crete. See illustrabeakers a large round vessel with two handles. ' villis. speaks of the Carpathian wizard. portion of the Mediterranean. e. shooting up. ' ' blaze.' Bacchus = wine. force of sub. observes. 1 39 n.). As Homer. 71.' For the as a good omen {E. 384-386. A. 379. s.' in succession.' &c. Ovid. where he rests at noonday. 5. is the ' prophetic sire. epulae repostae. Carpathio So the sea bordering on the island of Carpathos. that water was the origin of all things. 14. TJiere is things he will tell . the in kter legends (Hdt. nectare. subiecta.' A. for which Arabia was famous. Tmohis in Lydia were famous (2.' from the same root as al-ere (see Hence to magnify or honour the gods note on abolere. 65. as in £. 6.. e. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' an aticieiit sea-god.for he will endeavour hy nianifold changes of form to elude your grasp. ' ' ' ' ' by burnt offerings. says of Vesta that she is nothing The blazing up of the wine was regarded else than living flame. Proteus. 387. xdponaKToa. 106). from the ancient name Maeonia. piscibus servant ' is 66 .' from the transitive adolere = h-arn' in sacrifice.' cp. as C.' 2. adolescunt. 388. %uho knoivs all you what you desire to learn.' 3. This passage is partly repeated in the description of Dido's banquet. 7. 547.' E. 527. 'lunoni adolemus honores. a king of Egypt. The carchesia. whence the 387-414. .' 3. se subiicit. I will take you to his secret haunts. for the fire on the hearth. 701-706. Ant. ' present passage is borrowed. Panchaeis = Arabian. from below. //. mantelia. combining the two accounts. 2. Milton. 98). vineyards of Mt. 384. ' ' . Proteus. herself has to offer from that suggested by the omen. in Homer /. i. ipsa. Carpathio is probably used as a vague designation of the S.NOTES TO THE GEORGTCS. tion in Did. See on set on afresh. Fasti. e. from the fabulous The allusion island of Panchaea near the Arabian coast (2.E. Od.] 380. 4. Toi. tonsis fine and soft. 112) he {vno5p. &c. is to the spices. c.' animum. Comus. Gk. Euripides. [^Adolere properly means increase.iljs) of Poseidon . 872. v. Hom. gurgite. 389. sisterhood of the nymphs.' in the address of Eidothea to Menelaus. But Jirst you viust seize and bind him. AlyviTTOv 5' dVa£. reponunt.' Ceres =. 8.' i.corn. . ocynep jeyeais navTeacn TervKThere may also be an alhision to the doctrine of the philosopher Thales. . distinguishcs the comfort she of Aristaeus. ' his lord even. e.' ' et.BOOK et . remenso 390. unsightly. sea-monsters with the fore-parts of a horse and tails of fishes. 400. herds of seals. but probably for metrical reasons. 3. observes). secreta. vim et vineula tende. sheds abroad.' 394. whatever is. Od. grant a prosperous issue. In Homer ambrosia E 2 is applied to the nostrils of 67 . 70 (of Calchas) 6y is. a kind of zeiigma. the calves.416. Emathiae. .' A.' A.). : 408. . toTos iwv oTov Kf KaTtvvTjOtvTa iSrjaOf. sises the pronoun = these break and prove unavailing.). . Virgil. From ' Hom. cp. secundarent visus. Neptuno. 143. 393. hypallage (1. 395. has altered the ' lion ' to a ' lioness.' 403. 493. mari. proleptic. ' metitur.' Tyroi vpujTidTa Xicuv ytvtT' rjvyevfios.eludent. Homer's aKa fjitTpTicravTes. are indefinite. 267 n. 335. less correctly (as Kt.' i. Cp. ¥or turpes. Eidothea bids Menelaus and his comrades dffTfn<ptQJs «x^M*'' tt-aWov re Tni^tiv until Proteus himself asks the object of his coming. 3 78-4 [6. ical avTOLp iiTfiTa Spdicojv irupSaXis r}5« fxtyas avs.' capto.). ' apply 399. ' deadly. Cp. For tenues. 412. At length.. will mock' thy attempt to seize him. ' 415. 407. 129. e. as in i. eventus secundet. IV. all The that subjunctives sint. 94. 415-452. 456 dXA. or ' // i. t' (vvTa ' to.' TfSrj to. 36. explana- see on 3. 92. and. 'steeped' or For change of tense see on 3. Having aiiointed her son %uith amhrosia. draw nigh in the coming future. having learnt the cause ofAristaetis' coming.' Proteus is represented as taking his usual sicsta at noon (Kt. ventura trahantur. ' anointed. dative. 406. in spite of his transformations. force ' ' ' ' ' atra. 8cc. c. as tory. used for the whole proPallene was the westem peninsula of Chalcivince. Hom.. a part of Macedonia. The conncxion of Proteus with dice.' as in i. . ior liqiiidae.' perduxit. bound him fast with chains. Cyrene led him to the cave of Protens. liQ[uidum ambrosiae odorem. &c. equorum expresses orie idea {hcndiadys). i. 4. diffundit. demum emphaeffectual barriers. ' and master (1. t (Taufifva irpu T kovTa. In Homer /.' &c. Pallene is not mentioned by Homer. ' traverses.' Cp. and strain tight the bonds. 3. inanes. 52.' ambrosial oil. retreat.' 410. reaching into the Aegaean Sea. 388 n. 3. 413. seer began his tale. Aristaeiis riishcd upon him. ' 397. a regular epithet of water. and placed hiin in ambtish hai-d hy. Thither in the fierce heat ofnoon came Proteus with his hcrd of sea- and having coiinted thein lay down tosleep. . E.] 424. Eur. 16. amarum may represent iriKpuu d\ds odpirjv in Hom. ' into his 419. retired ') recesses . i. 44% 'hollowed' by the waves. exesi into the cave. down to the mud at the bottom (C). 2. ' = 433). e. Od. ' ' half his course.' procul tantum delapsa. to counteract the stench of the seal-skins in which they lay vvrapped. transitive. 2.' A. probably dative.' ' ' the fierce heat of tropical climes. Hipp. Cp. ' caught in a storm.' diversae. . 5. ovS' o .' procul. rapidus.' its 437. 454. where. i. ad limum. 190 n. 2. repeated in A.' not necessarily far off. as soon as. solio medius consedit.' A. 417. 68 ' yipwv SoXi-qs em\-q9eT0 Ttxvqs. ' 432. A. 127. 455 : la-)(0VTiS kitiaavpiO'. is {whilom) or ' at times i. 418. ' (1. i. of seizing him. 421.ev occupat. water.' 425. 6. quo. also TToraixia Spoaai. compositis. 4. multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu. It was the season of the dog-star (Sirius). 7. 3S5. 94. dfi(pi 5« x^^P"-^ l3dX\op. 433-436.' i. Homer has vo/xds d)s ncufac pLrjXwv. inque reductos. for sleep. ordered. as here. 412 Venus makes Aeneas and his comrades invisible by shrouding them in mist. prensus Aegaeo. 52. 431. at any time.). npuac».' e. ' ' Cp.' For the rest cp. olim. somno. ' ' ' ' ' 439. from cum {quo>?i) iam. witli drought. scorching. e. procul resistit. thinks. 421. 169.' ' supple ' or ' lilhe. 426.' before he can escape. had absorbed ( = accomreached the meridian (K. cuius. ' of the bay. limbs.e. 160. 403 (of Venus) ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem spiravere. 440. 406.). 263. i. either of old' the adverb of ollns [ille) ' ' ' at that time. deprensis. ' ' habilis. rorem amarum. but also suggests the actual ' channel of the stream. 420.' See on 1. scattered here and there.' membris. medius Cp. The expression siceis faucibus is a metaphor from animals parched 426-428.' Hor. briny spray. Od. 16 nebulis obscura. ' ' stands aloof. means ' Cp. The description is intensified by the mention of Indos. lupos acuunt. 'in the midst' of them. So in A. Od. medium orbem i. . and the hottest time of the day. dat. as C. For olim see on 1.' wliether past or future. surprises. original and literal sense. \Olim mari deprensus. Menelaus and his men. (1.' For ros = ' ' ' 'rores.A'OTES TO THE GEORGICS.. like ' Troppw. plished) hauserat. quoniam. suggestiug at some distance. From Hom. whetthe wolves' appetite' (Kt.' cp. fjpius 5' ai^ip' 4. i. siuus reductos must mean the deep (lit. : ' . in allusion 69 .' by pretending ignorance (C). 388. intorsit. quicquam. lassis rebus. we may translate either (i) Thou knowest it of thyself ' ' ' .' to elude me or (2) Nor can aught escape thy notice cease thou.' adverbial accus. myjaded fortunes. . 450-452. 365. miracula ' IV.' repeated from the question of Proteus. 3. &c. as the nightingale laments her lost younglings . a7td his hcad fioating down the Ilcbrtis still repeatcd the name Eurydice. t/s 7a/>. non nullius.' or with mighty effort.' A. She vanishcd with complaining cry. for his despitc of thcm. 446.' 445. . By his mtisic he charmed the shades . 417-454. none pthcr than a deity.' cp. but on his earth-tuard jotirney forgetftil of the conditions. the dread realms of Tartartis felt its magic power.' expressing reluctance on the part of Proteus overcome by superior force. went down to Pluto's realms in qtiest of her. rolled on him. = 'to declare the heaven-sent cause of Aristaeus' distress. Od. till at last the Thracian dames. caeruleus. who then ? expressing surprise. Cp. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' forth the gray light of his gleaming eyes' (Rhoades). e. by strong constraint. ' the fates. fessis rebus. 462. In the former case quicquam = in any wise. the colour Shot regularly ascribed to sea deities. 4. 465 otaOa. Od. he turncd upon her.for seven months he roamed the 7vild regions of the north lamentitig.' 453-527. nam quis (usually qtiisnani).' 1.BOOK 441. one . cp. ' by i. but the English . though in the corresponding pashinc.' &c. but this is less probable than ' ' ' ' ' either.. where Achilles replies to Thetis' enquiry. [For the other reading lapsis see Various Readings. = from me. Thus Orpheus regained his bride . i. what ailed him. . Taking te as the object 447. tore him limb from limb . olaOa' rir] roi ravra i^vir) navr dyopevw 449. ' .] hinc. escape ( = escape notice and elude ') will fairly serve for both. thougli the plirase is confessedly ambiguous.' e.] lines of Virgil seems in to 4. Orpheus hintself. lost ivife. Orpheus wroth for his but is more probably dative. to deceive thee at all is impossible cease thou from thy attempt. fatis may be abl. 1. ' thou can'st not deceive me. [Others take te as the subject of fallere. whom in hcr fiight from thce a serpent slew unawares.' sage. 446. yepov ri fxf ravra naparpoTriajv fpetiveis the other in Jl. ' (without my telling). like ri in the latter fallere has to be taken in a slightly different sense in the two clauses. wondrous shapes. have had in his mind two separate Homer. /t is the vcngeance of Orphetis that piirsucs thce.' 453. Proteus begins with tis vi roi.p. neque est of fallere. The nymphs bewailed her loss . 454. nor might he . I. remm. vw-s •YO. from thee. 448. vi multa. Alone. 145..' glauco. to look rettirn again to seek her. all disconsolate. fate's decree. if not Cp. 351. from Acte {'Akttj) All these places the ancicnt name of Attica. dum te fugeret praeceps. Actias. 1S9. implies purpose. said to have been carried off by Boreas to Thrace.' i.' which involves a highly forced.' ' lit. Poi^e.' The whole tenor of Proteus' address is to arouse pity for Orpheus. 40 n. ' Macedonia. either . further north. 458. Cp. it may perhaps be imderstood literally of rushing through the streani itself. rendering of the preposition ob. in her headlong haste to escape from thee. 6. usually taken to ' per flumina is though in default of ' truders. as in dum conderet urbem.' as in i. ' .' or (2) as meaning 'not according to your deserts. i.' ni fata resistant. whose sufferings were originally due to Aristaeus. 456. exercent.novvthe Maritza. 463). 739. less than you deserve. harasses. doomed to die. The stress is on magna. 461-463. as Sidgwick observes. 5. 332. [It can hardly refer to Aristaeus. 3. also the long syllable of Getae retained in arsi (1. meaning coast-Iand.' 455. the subject of the sentence ' wretched by no desert (fault) of his own. ' will continue to exact rapta. guarding. expression for dum fugeret praeceps is a condensed dum se ' praecipitabat ut fttgeret. 460. et suscitabunt. Khesus was a king of Thrace. she saw not her servantem. if 'tis no crime to love.' A. 1. arces = mountain tops. 2.' was in ' ' ' . ' great is the crime which thou art expiating. 459.' The subj.' plagues' thee. 3.' ' Here. 535. For the mountain-range of Rhodope see on 3. moritura. Orithyia ('CipiLOvLa) was the daughter of Erechtheus (3. Hebruswas the principal riverof Thrace. penalties.' as it were against incoming doom. which would contradict 'magna commissa. The Mons Pangaeus I. 13. ' in his struggle to build a city. e. Note the shortened final -ae unelided in thesi. 462) dwelt called terra Mavortia in A. unless the Fates forbid. e. mean along the river bank any parallel instance of per in this sense. 504). luis such a penalty. e. For the -us lengthened in arsi see 3. sc.' ' ' No A. ' ' 437. references given in thenoteon ' ' miserabilis. beyond the Haemus chain (Balkans) and the Danube. chorus aequalis. Odc on impossible.AVT£S TO THE GEORGICS. 'until he should build. 113). by death (1. Cecilia's ' Day. This legend is related in the opening chapter of PIato's Phaciirus.' i. comrade band. Nymphs ' 535). like Panopeae et. which is again The Getae (3.' For Dryadum cp. referring to Orpheus. haudquaquam ob meritum is best taken with to the (1.' 457. exercentur poenis. 96 : crime was thine.] (i) as undeserving ' St. in her excitement and terror. curvae lyrae parentem. . Od. like Avernus in Italy (1. gaping with astonishment on Orpheus. So the Black Sea was called Ev^eivos hospitable. ceasingto blow. This contracted form of the gen. 12).' a/iMesfor hatefuL' So Tennyson. &c. 38. '^aivapov nigra jSe/Sj^/i:' ey"A(Sou. 467. . making the waves rise or fall. ' ' formidine. . 482. the danoi/Sw 6ew. . pl. 38. 476. but virwn. cp. of the intervening land. 439. speaks of the long unlovely street. . 464. 15S). deformis. of Heracles' descent into Hades. 479.' For the river Cocytus see on inamabilis. Cp. Od. 6.' ' imprisons. Tartara. rota orbis is a variation for ordis rotae. gracious. remote connexion wilh Thrace.' domus .' 472. 5.' Hence the tuneful shell ' in English poelry. and suggested by Hom. 1. from Taenarus. 2. 255. 9. inhians. 424 tq) KaTojOev {11. 38. 5. 3. ' . 11. deiii/i. is rare in adjectives. 23. 3. 11. 484. &c. e. Cp. 6. testudine. 438. which had a cavern supposed.' These lines (palus For palus see coercet) are repeated in A. Taenarias. ' out. 10 it is applied to a thundercloud. . 475-477. vii. see note on Gargara. as it were. implexae angues. Od. a promontory of Laconia. 269. AIso A. Eumenides {Ev/j. are common. alligat.' interfusa. 6. In Memoriaiii.' an euphemism for the F^uries. 673 ' . lit. magnanimum. 478. livid. implying premature death. 483. the god whom no libations can appease. ForIxion's wheel see 3. invented i. to avoid using a word of evil omen. horror of darkness (^Vw^i^w 15. Note the pathetic touch in ante ora parentum. 39. the • lyre of tortoise-shell.' where the wind is a controlling power. flowing in and . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . 26 cum placidum ventis staret mare. 480. These lines are repeated in A.' instead of ''A^tvos. 493).' Hor. to be 5id cTTo/xa the entrance to the lower world.' vento constitit. Cp. circle of the wheel = circling wheel. from Homer's d/xfiXixo^ 'AlStj^ 470. 503.iviSts). pl. Furetis. 455-484. For the neut. 577 as the lowest depth ofHell. 306-308. more or less scene of Eurydice's disaster. unsightly. i. on 1. 6.' Cp. confines. ' ' ' ' ' ' . Alc. unlovely. 468. . even the inmost halls Tartarus is described in A. the Note the spondaic ending Ori Ithyia. 10.' a bhie-black colour In A. by the wind. by Hermes. Cp. E.' 3. mansuescere. Eur. nescia implacable. of Death. 481.BOOK therefore are in IV. Herc.. ' the homes. 307 n. For luce carentum (Lucretian phrase) see on I. in the course of its ninefold windings. Eur. 3. 337. . caeruleos. 3 ' ' testudo resonare septem Callida nervis. i. 236. which turned the wheel. Cp. though the plural umbrae is sometimes used of the shade of one person. 440 bs 5' Kunra nrjtaXiw re ffpcov veKpowonTTui paludem. fragor. 5. 496. i. diversa away. supposed to be the entrance to Hades (1.' approaching death. 493 below.' See on 1. foedera.).8cc. ' placidi straverunt aequora venti. thenceforth. ' crash of thunder.' i. the infernal powers. whose (irl A. e. iterum retro like our back again ') is strictly speaking a pleonasm. 489) and numina both refer to to the ' . Maues (1. 493. 503. beginning Che farb . condition. 449.' 1. aut irrita dona futura. 10. =the infemal powers. Charon. 488. ' expresses the utter helpless- ness of Orpheus' position. The meaning is 'vanquished in his resolve.). &c. ' ' clutching the darkness ' or * vain shadows (Rhoades) not the shade of Eurydice in particular. legem. 505. whither shall I go. i. donec Avernas exierit valles.' ' 499. stagnis properly refers to the actual lake Avernus in Campania. 489-4:91. Ovid in his more detailed account [A/eL 10. conditions ' defined as in a bond or treaty between Orpheus and Pluto. as of Anchises in A. 298.' in an opposite direction. . 'i^ei. ' in reference dead sluggish water of the Styx.' simul et ' Hanc ipsa. 5. 49 ' ' 'quis numen lunonis adoret office is described in praeterea?' 6. ' . Hor. 500. 502. reft of my loved Eur)'dice? '). = /egem in 1. ' ' ' ' ' 501. dove andrd. A/r. 166. portitor Orci. ne flectat retro sua lumina.' as in ^. furor is explained by dementia ' in 1.' Orpheus is said to have charmed the winds by his music. 467 n.' of the eyes dimmed by Cp. 487. 50) mentions this expressly ' : legem Rhodopeius accipit heros. what was he to do ? Cp. 495. in auras commixtus expresses the idea of dissolving and gradually mingling with it. i^/e/. 289. 494. 506. To this was added the further condition that Orpheus should not look back. This line is by no means it useless or irrelevant. Cp. 71» iam moriens oculis sub ' ' atra. probably the signal of Eurydice's return to the shades. mean' ' ( ' ing simply ' recalls. 60. (' what shall I do. praeterea. 505. luce sub ' on the verge of light (Kt.' 3. as in 1.' ' i. * 0(/. Eur. faceret. as It some com- mentators have pronounced to be. since even now ' she was passing the .e. For victus animi see on animi ' dubius. nocte natantibus into the air ' natantia swimming. 81. 487. until he had passed the boundaries of Hell. ' any more. 12. Cp. quo diversus abis ? ^. as of the Cocytus in 1. the famous air in GIuck's opera Orfeo. 'leges et foedera. unable to control his feelings. Manes. 504. 5. Ov.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. prensantem umbras. the deliberative conjunctive. The story 521. &c. que. unfolded (recounted his tale of woe. and on the bougli ' : (= implumes^ The ' Sole 516. or ' Emathia ' for Macedonia. ' 1. 27. active. 513. 1-55. Conington quotes Catullus 64.' ' fields 520. 524. 381. haec evolvisse.' ' 507-510. amid the frenzy of their Bacchanalian at length by Ovid. Lycidas.' There were no tigers ia Thrace. being put like whole country. * IV. the latter birds of prey screaming for the loss of their unfledged young rai f^fiAouTo irdpos neTfeivd ffviaOai oiai re rfKva 'Aypo- pres. &c. Imitated by Thomson. 341 n. never divorced from Rhipaean frosts. 'bonds' or 'rites of wedlock. sitting. Spring.' 525-527. For the descrip. slighted The Thracian in is dames.BOOK rivcr again. the voice' ' . E. 511-515. munere. near the borders of Tiirace. navit Atlion. sailing per medium . 390. for the ' Ciconum = ' Thractwi. still at every dying fall strain. For a similar use of marmoreus cp. see Tanais is the modern Don. explanatory (like 'atque' in 481). This simile is borrowed from two distinct Homeric ' ' ' passages. For the Hyperboreans and the Rhipaean mountains. from Oeager (Oi'a7pos king of Thrace and father of Orpheus.). Cp.' 718 She sings Her sorrows througli the night. 196. 523.' considering themselves pieces told by Orphens. Ov. in succession (3. The former represents the nightingale lamenting her lost son Itylus. Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore.' 517. observans supplies the want of a past part. i.' Takes up again her lamentable Venus. Met. but Virgil introduces them here. 11. Note the highly elaborated expression. These names 3. 45 ' For nabat of classi . 382. defining sacra deum more ' explicitly as orgia Bacehi. ex ordine. a metaphor from unrolling the scroll of a book. Milton. A. are therefore a loose general designation of the district Ipng to the on north of Thrace. as he had represented lions mouming the fate of Daphnis in Sicily. tore him orgies. OJ. 487-527. 3. 262 longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo. ipsa scems to have its distinctive force here. Alet. =observatos (C). 1. ' tribute service ' of affection for his lost wife. 5. hymenaei. 481 marmoreis percussit pectora palmis. 518. 61 ' : When by the rout that made the hideous roar His gory visage down the stream was sent. a single tribe. 518 and 16. tion cp. . The Strymon was a river of Macedonia. 'passion' of love. 19. the Cicones. 216. at illa.' Oeagrius. 'forthwith. Cecilids Bay. ' gracious. Appease the Nymphs. ' ' ' speech.' Cp.' 3. 540.) d<j>Uaav Kai^wv PpoTfiwv eiiOvs ovpiov (puvov. &c. sc. niakh. 6. from the general sense of the preceding lines. dat. ' ' ' ' ' faciles. chorus aequalis Dryadum. 2. the use of d<puvai in Eur. 542. \^Jl/acsacrifice. pacem. 382. 57. 265. forgiveness. Od. 3S2. 541.A'OTES TO and the ' ' THE GEORGICS. leave their carcases in the grove and ajter nine days return and offer funeral rites to Orpheus and Eurydice. the Greek dative {'Opiptt) as in E. but is from ' ' ' ' another root inac-. 242. vertice. 489). Black animals were sacrificed to the powers of the lower world.' With these lines cp. nigram ovem. as '- = \y\\i<^ see on ^. Orphei.' 528-558. tibi. demitte. Such oxen alone were considered fit for sacrifice. ultro. intacta. This donc. See on 11. 'for (sacrificing^ these. Lethaea cp.in wa^-nus.' alta is a regular epithet of temples. Cp. 535.' 539. 1. 'let flovv. 38. ' kill. 529. at non. 113 ' : — Yet even Eurydice in death still Eurydice he sung . magistri. but is perhaps hardly appropriate to the humble fanes {saceila') of the wood-nymphs. 349.' without further questioning. his.' in 1. Hom. Protciis lcapt iiito the sea. ' Nymphs. ^oiv dS/ji. 204. Heracleidae.^ Aristaeus obeyed. aiid Cyrene spake once more. Cp. discessit or a similar verb. and in the Old Latin 74 . companions of Eurydice. mactabis. tare is probably not akin to mactus. the eddy caused by his plunge. 10. i. ' Arcadii iugo. 524). cither along the whole course or over the whole breadth of the stream. For thou hast grazing. 3. which made the w ater foam as he shot beneath it. hence the epithet expresses ihe drowsy narcotic effect of the poppy. 6. Pope. 78 'Lethaeo perfusa papavera somno.' from the idea of reconciliation. 4.. 249) and Circe bids Odyssens offer a black sheep to the soul of Teiresias {Od. and cp. trembled on his tongue. 3. honoured (as in macte virtute ') which comes from a root mag.Tirr]v. 533. and revisiting the grove he beheld a swarin of bees issuing froin the bodies of the slain oxen and settling on a trec. 82 1 (quoted by C. Thus Aeneas before his descent into Hades sacrifices four black buUocks and a black lamb {A. 530.' seen in Sansc. sc.' The water of Lethe in Hades caused forgetfulness. Odc on Si. by sacrifice of biills and heifers.' aceremonial term (3. 546. the Arcadian haunt of Pan. 466. that have never felt the yoke.' a frequent epithet of the vaTtr). Napaeas (NaTra/as) from nymphs of the glade. Cp. tongue being poetically regarded as separate organs of toto flumine. ethicus Lyeaeus. For 545. 'it clamor caelo. See Introduc- Olympo. The allusion is to the settlement of the Eastem nations by Octavianus in 30 B. 1098. ' ' 1. 562. 60 n. viam . in narrative form. portent.' from its resemblance to a bunch of grapes ^orpvSuv in Hom. effervere.' 1. already aspires to immor- Here. as there was no actual opposition in arms. //.BOOK male mactae. usage.' 2. his emperor's career on earth. where it occurs with the epithets subitum and (dictu) mirabile. cp.' 547stored. Liicr. 554-556. 2. 2. 30. super Hectore multa. 523. 540-546) is borrowed 5.g.. 'hack. epic style. of the words of from Homeric Cyrene's injunction (11. verb mac-ere.. a thank-offering to Eurydice (C. in -ere. . tion. imperfect like the scribebam.c.p. B. Virgil anticipates the result of the viz. G.. 1. ' iussos sapores.'] IV. &c. 561. vvhere Achilles repeats to Thetis the words of the preceding narrative. see note on 'stridit. e.' . uvam. tality. 680. &c. 262. Cp. as in ^.' as in A. usual in letters. 62. i. &c. 89. Stic/i rural themes I sing. are narrated in the act of accom- The object of such repetitions. Vergilius.' i. victories in the East . 17. canebam is an dabam.' p. Olympo.' 750 multa super Priamo rogitans. e. The repetition. 302 n.' ' ' ' ' viscera. 8i. in //. as here. in later poets. 5.' 550-553. once the poet of shepherds. dat iura implies orderly and equitable government after conquest. ' rears.' For the older form of infin. ' monstrata piacula.4. 528-562. = rt(/ Olyinpwii. ' cluster. Cp. Lost. i. swarm forth. where we use the present tense. story of Chryses in the exact in 371. bello is an exaggeration. while Cacsar is wiumng his . 451. iti I. Cp. fulminat.. was to reproduce something of the unadorned simplicity of the earlier plishment. he will find his bees reand thus learn that Eurydice has been appeased by the He will then sacrifice a heifer as sacrifice offered to Orpheus. as in 24. 4. &c. monstratas. 5. 5.\ 549. 16. 8. ' 557. Adam's resolutions of penitence. 40 'turres excitantur. 541). super = «'(?.. excitat. 1h .' as in Caes. 559-566. future deification. like 'caelo. monstrviin. 636. ' now dwelling at A'aplcs studious retirement. 10. &c. ' essays the path to heaven. the common dative pp. i. 305. fnacius. trahi nubes. 31. ex- pressed to Eve a few lines before.' A. implying that the victories of Caesar were in progress at the time the poem was being completed. . 559. prescribed (1. So Par. after verbs of motion. 1339 ' boves ferro When Aristaeus revisits the grove. See note on 3. Hence it is followed by dum with the pres. 'flesh' as in 1. 558. i).' 2. Here it expresses a modest self-depreciation on the part of the poet. who was Cp. 76 . 'presuming. 563. first Latin poet who had attempted is such themes. is opposed to the active pursuits of war or the affairs of State. like inglorius. tenet niinc cecini pascua rura duces. 4 (footnote". i. in allusion to the Bucolica.' B. 10. see 564. ' in the best MSS. audax. 566. as the Ludere is the regular {^E. foiind Introduction. expression for these light and 'sportive' efforts in verse 6.. said to have becn buried there. gennit. p.NOTES TO THE GEORGICS. the ignobilis. 565. the inscription on Virgirs tomb : Mantua me Parthenope ' . carmina pastorum. first line of which is here nearly reproduced. The probable date of the earliest of the Eclogues 43 or 42 c. in contrast with the military exploits of Augustus. Calabri rapuere. Parthenope. from a Siren of that name.' 4S6. For the spelling Vergiliuin. Naples. when Virgil was only 27 or 28 years of age. 84. Accusative after passive participle. Anio. Allegorical passage. neuter adverbial. 4. 4. 3. 399. 4. . 4. 3. emphasising force of. 271. acer equis. ofrespect. battle of. 3. Mount. amores.491. the. 3. 307 .' Anima Mundi. 122. in apposition to sentence. 502 . of. 8. 369. acanthus. 52. * Apodosis. regular. 399). the river. 338. 448 (i. alcyon. 9. 268. 3. 3. 500 agmen. 33. 242 . 350. doctrine of. 367. special sense of. 2. 190. 562. 3. the river. 3. 287. Aonian mount. 4. 13. horses of. the. &c. _ &c. 3. 123. 4. 147. 415. 149. 4. 4. 514 4. 149. 124. 4. 3. 165. animi dubius. adeo. 4. ^ ' Anacoluthon. acalanthis. 4. of. 24). _ 3. 3. 3. 2 20. Abstract for concrete noun. neuter adverbial. 4. Actium. 379. with infinitive. . 340. 4. 338. 3. 3. i94\ Amyclaeus = Spartan. aestivus. 3. 149. Amphrysus. 197. 3.28. p. p. 439. 10. descriptive. (i. 267. 500 . 424. 348. 3. 345. 4^ 457> 541- 77 . amurca. 146. 10. ante cxspcctatum. . 3. in apposition. genitive form. 3. agitare. l. 464. 4. 3-91. Adjective : adverbial. 291. adolescere. 3. 3. meaning and etymology modal.447. in abolere. 4. 338 Alexandrian school of poetry. 4. of the Avtes and to the The references are Introduction. aestas. to the liiies pages of tJie ab. 89. in local descriptions. 487. transferred by ' hypallage.143)- 1 1 1 42 . 3. extended sense of. (i. 3. the ftower. 84. age. 149. Alburnus. 3. Achilles. 4. 3. cognate. 3. (I. a plant. 439. for substantive. 370 p. . predicative. affcctarc irain. 3. meaning and derivation 560. 251.337» 482. 2. 356. 3. local. 3.' want of 67. old form of. 41. amcllus. 289. (I. 296. 122. 3. 28. 4. 4. Alliteration.' 3. Ablative absolute. in exhortations.' instrumental. 348. accingi. Achilli. 3. 3.I NDEX. -i. 3. 370. 10. 46. 227. and similar phrases. uses of. meaning of. 3. 6. special sense of. 415). 91. following Bees. Change of tense (fut. 3. &c. aptus for apiatus and similar instances. 104. 24\ invocation of. Bull face in representation of rivergods. to fut. asilus. 4. 6. theconstellation. the river. 3. 284. (2. 3. 17. Bulls. the shepherd. 3. 4. 246. 3. 479. 87. 4. 562. the insect. 4. 236). carchesia. P.' in imperf. 283. Castor and PoUux. 33. epithet (2. arbtitus. 3. Aqiiilo. Cause for effect. 197. 403. 4. 4. 78 . 376). 163. capistrum. meanings and derivation 80. 3.4. &c. 3. 4. the insect. swarming of. aspiccre. 250. averti. (i. 74. of Athens. the herb. a shrub. Fcminine Monarchie. . 3S8. of. caeli tcmpus. Cecropius. 4. 36. 4. 345argtitus. Carceres. Bisaltae. of. mount. 270. Cynthius. 3. 4. 3. caeli /lora. 5. Cinyps. notice 550. 482 . triumphs 298. Augustus. 3. . theories concerning 4*200. habits of. chclydrus. 275. cerintha. . 3. 549.214). artes. 4.INDEX. 399. (I. camurus. Aristotle. 3. used transitively. polity of. 177. atidere. 499. generation ApoUo. 89. 69). defined. simple). of. the lake. iio. 4. 5. p. subjunclive. 4. 3. 4. 148. 4. carex and iuncus. of. 117. 3. Butler's 64. Cocytus. in sacrifices. living of. 2. &c. 251. a plant. 281. the flower. training of. combat of. 231. centaureum. 4. Ca^talian spring. perf.270. with accusative. . 74. 3. 301 {2. material of. Cicones. 3. of. 4. 4. 4. 3. &c. 55. cogere. 3. Aristaeus. Bees. 437. casia. 100. 3. pres. 3. &c. &c. Chiron. 36. atcr. 3.7armeuta!-2us. of. the. Cheese-making. 273. caespcs. &c. a ventis and similar phrases. Chariot race. 220. meaning of. Avernus. 188. 194. &c. 8. Black animals 168. 304. special sense of. Cithaeron. a river in Hades. ' Apodosis. special senses of. 3. mythical ancestry of. meaning and derivation (2. 47. 4. story of. 461. the river. meanings of. cacruleus. 182 . 8. 4. 3. at. 371Bullocks. 3. 317references to. 4. Phaenomena 103. &c. 30. 3-4. 160. meaning of. 43. 4. aptare ajviia. 4. 60. 3. 4. 4. 3. legend Aratus. special sense of. meaning of. 323. 3. 407. 16. 210. 327 4. 3. 4. North wind. diseases of. 520. (2. 4. town of. 3. 4. cachim profundum. 380. 255. 4. of. 38 . 213). Aquarius. 3. 4. 4. 143). special sense of. 293. Arachne. 30. force of. the 3. 4. 288. Ascanius. Thymbraeus. 2 4. Ares and Aphrodite. meaning of. 312. meaningof. 101. 329.52). 3. 36. of. pp. 63. 277. -i. 494. Beehives. Busiris. 3- 327 . 140. a Thracian tribe. deification (I. 344. in the Circus. 259 a teneris. situation of. 270. 3. of. 270.. 3. Canopus. 3. 3.15. Nomius. 256. 4. 546. 222. 153. 4. cicada. description 103-111. 7. for breeding. p. Epitaph on Ennius. 562 3. 4. 349. 4. Lucretian plirase. Dative of the complement. the. references to.. 403. 69. of composition of the 5. 400. 3. 368. Eurystheus. force of. 19 . Contraction of nouns in -ctilus. 64. essedum. duni. . various kinds of. of the oblique complement. meaning of. 164. 153. 504. ' -11. 4. 104. deprenstts. 238 ctiam. Deliberative subjunctive. meaning and etymology of. ' 166. 367. 12. (1. 4.468. 152.'. 504. 4-. 379. 421. 3. 3. i/ar^ 3. 3. 4. 77. (I. 249. 187. Eridanus. 4. 170. 347. corripere {canipiim. contemplator. 61. legend of. 4. cytisus. Georgics. 3. 187. 467 4. 3. 6. 247. the river. Dogs. diversa locis. 264. 79 . 542. condcre. 263. meaning and derivation of. 151. 147 295 . 3. 235. 4. 179. special sense of. 69. with indicative. 44S. meaningand derivation of. 4. 3. 4. 4. 158. 3. 254. district of. 559edttrus. 3. temporal use of. of diseases.c. Columella. 3. 3. conquest of. 4. II). 40S. 97> 147.53. Ennius. 3. with subjunctive. 3. meaning of. 386. 394. 3. 3. 167. 3. 4. t2i. 196.29. demittcre. on Virgil. enim. 4. the river. 405donaria. 4. 151. meaningsof. 3. 32. &c. &c. epitaph of. 268 (i. 20. Colts. Epidaurus. 3. 3. 179. 483. daedahts. 145.). I=i8. 345. 295). 3. omitted after participles. . 66 3. 44. intensive form. 457. = ' Date Dative make. attraction. 4. 4. 3. 3. est. 296. 4.Tb of motion. adjective. 75. 3. 51. <"<?/«/'(?. 4. Cyclopes. . 4. 4. 4. elcctrutn. Dalmatia. 3. . 3. Ellipse of verb. 244. corpus curare. Cressa. worship of. conttmto. C7'udelis. depulsus = weaned.INDEX. &c. 4. force of. 564. 4. 566. 204. crudus and its cognates. Curetes. 4. Cretan archery. 522. Enipeus. 271. special sense of. 182). 504.' 3. 9. 345. 4. 533. Cybele. congcsta cuhiha blattis.&(. special sense of. meaning of. 354.15)coluiiiuae rostratae. 4. meaning of.. 3. &c. Dicte. by 4. derivation of. 390.41S. 3. incomplete (witli cjualis). 3. 9. 40 4. contracted form of in 19S.' 3. 23. 1S9. 438). Epithets. a plant. . contingere. p. 243. 265. 539. after verbs of (2. &c. Dryades. 113. defrutum. 3. . 372. cthic. training of. 3. 4. consors.ye. 3. cliange of. Eumenides. 3. demum. 6. Drones in the hive. of the agent. 4. Epirus. cmphasising 280 . 3. fem. 1S7. forges of the. 258. 353Emathia = Macedonia. literary. 6. Cows. 130. 3.' 3. specialsense of. 345. mount. 264 511 (2. 4. ducere noctem. present following imperfect. 3. 170. 271. 306). 345. (P. motion. 3. the. crudescere. 3. 4. Didactic poetry. Erichthonius. decedcrc nocti. Construction.54. 336. the river. 3. 3. 507. 4- 3. fori = 'cells. 524. . of running water. 266) 4. gyrus. 4. 462 . 451. 4.' 3. 385 147. hahilis. 380. &c. 3. or Hippodameia. 4. exportarc. 280. formido. 27. 428. sometimes 351. 40. 306. 3- 39- p. episodes in. extended sense of. 4. 4. 4. 3. 1 3. 4. 14. Galaesus. 191. in horse training. 3. 180. 3. Goats. of excerno. 39. 3. 3. pp. 372. 427. influence of Lucretius in. use of by historians. liacc. 3. 3. 3. of a river. 461. 4. Final subjunctive. Gcrund = verbal noun. Genitive for ablative feminine plural form. gravis. 418. Hesiod. 41 . 4. Hellebore. 83. tending of. 7. 310. 57. 420 4- meaning meaning of. 17-19. 145. 4. 98. 4.6. 501. 343. 4. fovcre. 4. 105 . aim and object of. felix. an aromatic gum. meanings . fluere. 43> ?6. 4. 7. 305. 115. 10. 290. patriotic spirit pp. 341 4. 13. 3. 264. of. transitive sense of. 6. excitare Gcorgica. Goats' hair cloths.' 4. 2. 3. 463Hippodame. meanings 4. ^^/ra. 81. ' 404 . gliitcfi. 11. 4. Greek and Latin sources of. 269. 256. meanings (Greek usage). 60 . 267. pp. of. story of. 451. of. partitive. p. 3. pp. a kind of drink. 490. &c. 6. 545. of. the. 4. 343> 461writers imitated in Georgics. the river. 461. ' Hendiadys. the. 3. 415. ' build. 3. 189. 155 . 484). 4. 3. 454. 3. 4. 476. 463. meaning of title. 3. 222. objective. 4. hippomanes. 3. fauccs. 3. : p. 60. 3. 60. of locality. 453. 535.' instances of. 80 . 200. 15.165. (i. passing mention 148. 305. of. 4. hawire. special sense of. various uses of. 250. pp. exsupc7-abilis . meaningof. 291. cx ordine. 3. references to. 310. special sense of. special sense of. Glaucus. Gadfly. 211. 158. 6. p. 524. 4. gilvus. = Georgics excretus.' 4. exscqui. evolvere. the mountain. 3. displayed in. 4. Gangaridae. Gardening. Geography of vague. 398. Hehrus. 3. harena. Italian associations in. 4. 3. of. 11-13. 3. 4. 4. Geloni. 463. didactive form of. (contracted). 3. (i. part. Virgil. iii.INDEX. 3. . doubtful sense of. 284. Getae. description of the. and editions faciiis. 4. special sense of. 3. 529. 39. .« 347Hiatus. Helicon. of. 184. pp. fermentum. 192). special sense forms of declension. plural in -«. 3. 3. 549. 4. 126. exercerc. Greek constructions. (2. mount. pp. 230. 329 (i. Gargarus. MSS. rhythms. 7-10. galbanum. 415. 313. 54). 4. special sense of. 3. n. 389. poetical beauties of. etymology of. of respect. 4. 7. 3. 3. Generation of bees. fucus. 153). 377. . 4. &c. 4. 3. 267. 103. 387. 115. used intransitively. 320 (I. 386. &c. . Italian scenery in Georgics. 4.' 3. 237. emphatic. 4. of. 344 . 345. 404. (i. &c. Horace. 41. 119). 69). 3. 6. 4. 262. . as an adjective. 348 . . Infinitive meaning of. 421. described. 201. 3. 15. 12. 4S4. 137.463. 430 (i. 65. 242. Hylas. 439> 447. (i. 4. 541. Infinitive for gerund. 112. 144. 189. a plant. 517. 32. special sense of. meaning of. title of Bacchus. 525. 213). 450.' 3. Inversion. 3. Hyperhorei. 4.559- laeva mtmma. iam = 'moreover. 4. older forms. irriguus. Ida. ' Hypermeter. 3. 399. 3. 196. 7. imitari. 4. 484. 3. epistolary for present. poetical.. Laconian hounds. 556. 172. 131)hojior. 380. 1 (i. 9. instratus. fabled origin of. meaning of. 68. 316 ' Hysteron Proteron. 164. 283. 3. 129. 247. 233. ille. 3.. distinctive force of. 4. 274. 359 Lenaeus. lulian family. 63. 189. 487. 486. insistere. 121. uses of. ipse. 3. imnnDiis. 3. to. 381 . 4. dignity p. 385. pine forests of. 4. Idumean palms.' 3. 3. Hypallage of adjective. luppiter. 3. 3. 222. 115. 464. Lengthening of short syllables. 4)- incohare. 4. meaning and etymo- logy of. = = solus. descent of. Homer. 3. 3. 3. 9. Horses. 230. 30. 4. 415Hypanis. in versum. 3. breeding of. 4. insincenis. as direct object of verb. 361. 207. Lapithae. 449 (I. Ixion. expressing idea of size. 4. 387 . 3. 4. 107._ 285. 4. 7„ hyalus. 295 2. 358. 24. 3. 295. 4. 333. 335. 3. meaning of. lavere. 501 4. 47o> 5". ancient writers on. imitations of. 475. 151. 134. 211. 4. Hounds. 296. 319.. 200. 4. 3. Laconian breed of. 362. 46. 403. 249. ' ' . infula. lapydes. political sense of. 60 . 4. &c. 4. lo. 4. 76. 2554. 347. Impersonal passive. 3. 153. 78-94.118. 3. 4. 116. infancy of. 232. special sense of. 35. lappaea. construction of. 385 (i. 43. 310. irasci in cornua. . 3. p. 140. wheel of. laetns. 3. 81 . sponte. 120. 3. 3. uses of. 4. special senses of. Imperfect. 3. 42. 239 .436. 217.. inscius aevi. 4. battle of. 4. story of. 3. 3. references historical. 46 4. horrcre.' ' 3.332. 425. 395 4. 3. 92. 3. 3. 370.' 301. 3. the. 125. 337. 408. 229. 96. 38 . 3. irrigare. I). Honey. &c. 3. the river. 60.INDEX. 4. 382. iniushis. the river. in Georgics. free use of. transitive. Larem = home. 221. . 358imbrex. Labour.-nAtriboli. 161 . emphatic. 4. 405. p. 3. 155. Hydaspes. Husbandry. improbiis. 3. 463. 215. intibum. (2. 244. 283 . 3- 510. iustus = ' regular. 393. 453. 213).71. 3. legend of. meaning of. 290. special sense of. . incedere. 84. 307. 152 tnores. 3. 445. p. Omcns.4. 487.421. meaning and etymology of. hipattim. 5. 405. 63. &c. Libyan nomads. Mount. p. 491. 91. 3. 165. nam 4. Maecenas. 3. 10. 474. 384. 188. 339. 17. ^. lotKS. 3. (2. 482. 111. 3. 439. 348. 3. senses and etymology of. 472 . various uses of. 3. 17 2. 179. 73. 4. 60 4. 3. 4. 103. . 19. (i. Neuter participle for snbstantive 3. 351. meaning of. 380. 3. 63. 340. 303. 3- 82 . 54. 329). 12. 275Mars.479. pp. 4. 283. 4. 398)plurals from masc. 520. 122. 281 4.INDEX. old name of Lydia. 283. 41 4. 207. 19. meaning and derivation of. 9. (i. the river. 4. Molossian mastiffs. . messis. pp. 334. 'Litotes. jnortalis Morini. Noricum. sacrificial. Lycaeus. 506. 32.' 4. 565. 78). 8. 3. conquest of the.14. 3. 566. 8. 490. sing. 175. 231. by the wind. 3. 4. 98. a plant. ludere.331 (i. pp. . 5. 12 539Lycus. Melampus. modo. nare. 3. Lucretian phrases. 314 . 31 4. 289 4. 289. «^«'^«^'nestling. the mountain. 3. 367. fury of. system of. 3.' 3. 3. 4. 4. Mares. 149. 309.. 295. 185). the shepherd. 29. 4. Oebalia. 3. ohtn. the goddess. Military metaphors. . Lucina. impregnation of. 340. 3. bees.9. Middle force of passive voice. notice of. 546. meaning of. pp. 464. meaning and derivation of. 4. 3. of a swarm of odor attuht auras. 180. 554. 76. his influence on Virgil. of honey gathering. 27). 108. 3. 3. . . 332. 3. 170. 526. = ' human. 3. 3. 3. 414. 4. &c. meaning 0^. creator of the horse. micare. 299. a bird. Milesian wool. Mincius. Mons Massicus. 3. Molorchus. 60. 3 269 4. . 4. Milton.387. 14. 550.433Olympic games. 408. 3. Lucrelius. . . .. 3. 3. meditis = ipse. 3. molUs. metere. 88). 4. meaning of. 4. meanings of. 4. 7-10. 345. 266. philosophical 137. 15. quis. 293. 2. 8-10. Niphates. 4. 251. . 478. 567- district of. special sense of. 255. 204. horses of. 207.482 (i. 4-337. 85. 3. river of. VirgiFs love of. melisphylhnn. Locative case.-^g. Neptune. 3 niadare.«o/?W. : 51. &c. 3.523. 3. used of sailing. interrogative. 3. miscuh-tmt. of gathering honey. 5. forms in -bi. 12). 4. 483. mihes. merops. (2. 19. 4.. name of Tarentum. 71. 550. 66. lentus. 545 . 505. Maeonia. mapalia. 472. 394. 2 pp. 3. 546. various senses of. 4. 391 . Nicander of Colophon.' 3. Nemean games. Lethe. the river. Milk._(i. references to. emphatic. 3. monstrztm. wherein differing from Virgil. Literary epithets. 250 4. 3. 6. 558. Nature. 3. 149. references to 3. 41. 306 4. 3. religious ideas of.550. 400-403. 506. 319. 4. 49. 287. meaning of. 96.314- Participle. 476. 133). 333. 15. 3. 3. 269. Parthenope = Naples. 4. 4. 529 . 4. 373. 15. 337. . pasci. 175. 54. legend procul. special sense of. 4. 12. 3. 478.i8iPassive. 502. 357. 'Prolepsis. or wild ass. 222. 131Preposition after its case. 4. 4. 453. 45S. 289. Psithian wine. followed by accusative. legend of. 524. loi.136. 175.415). 204. pallere. 33i> 374. Pleiades. Pales. the river. 3. 4. 277. omitted after comparatives. 119. senses of. 314. 3. praeterea. phaselus. genitor. 3. Pamassus. 3. 64. Proteus. Phasis. 4. 231. 200).230. a title of rivers. 374. 180. Pollux. i. 529^ 55°. 4.' 3. of. 3133. premere. 139)Pangaeus. 10). 3. 309. 4. 228. Perfect (aorist) of custom. 'Pregnant' 499. special senses of. 147. 9. 336. story of. 117. i. 198. 4. (i. 119. onager. 4. 3. 4. 291. 4. Panchaea. &c. 255/i3r«/«w .207. 564. 3. F 2 83 . 247. 197. 3. 369Patriotic spirit in Georgics. p. Peneus. 4. impersonal.9). in apodosis. 215. 4. 246. (2. 66.49. 338. 3. 4. 3. 294. 282. Plague. 220. horse 250. 207. 380. 378. 313. descriptive. 452 . to. Priapus. 4. 3. description of in Liicretius. worship of. 457. Pellaeus. fabulous island of. 252 . 92 . 3. of instantaneous action. (2. Pelops. 349. 243. 104. joined with preterite. Orithyia. 270. 3. 66.. 249. references to. 4. 247. 4. 299. lengthened before double consonant. position of. 118 ' . 3. 259. 390. 307. 417. for quo (magis). rising _ and setting of. 89. 22. 541subjunctive with imperf. 4.' 4.' 3. 247. Pliny. 363» 365. 4S2. mount. 361. quam 3. meaning and derivation ' ' of. Procne. mountain. 4. 4. pompa. 14. rose gardens of. 4. (1.INDEX. &c. 194. Ovid. town of. 487. 4. 4. legend of. 39. praesens. 4. 505 . substantive. 3. 4. 4. 462. 31 .439>48S. Present. Palm trees of Edom. 'Pessimism' in Virgil. 367. 205. 5. 3. meaning of. references 153. 388.' of. at festivals. 4. p. 3. Pleonasm. 496- Paestura. participle in middle sense. 4. 3.415. 400. 4. 237 . 117. . 3. 3. 385. 92. post tanto. pecuaria=pccora. 4. Pisa. 337. legends of.draught. 4. 4. 22. 93). qtee. Parthian mode of irghting. constraction. 213. 4. the goddess. participle as a 3. 521. 3. the river. 365. 4. meaning of. pendentia ptimice tecta. Palus Maeotis. 388. 355. Pallene. lengthened in arsi. podagra. explanatory. 4. pater. of. for indicative. 384. &c. 495. 8. -or. 409. PoUen of flowers. iio. in reference to Egypt. Orpheus and Eurydice. purpureus. 379 (2. 3. 284. Pythagorean doctrine. (1. 424. special sense (I. 3. 3. 4- 4- 43. 4. 3. 138. stabulare. 76. 372. 25. spadix. in compounds. . 4. 498 4. 3. 225 . drink made from. Snakes. 4. 3. choice of. stone of. 319sacer ignis. special sense of. 3. 2i. serpullum. rursus. 226. slow and heavy. of statues. &c. 276. 249. title of Augustus. 172. 566. 381. 4. 3. 375. silva = Rhipaean mountains. 415. 263. 376. 3. Rarey ' system of horse-breaking.. 4. loi. the river. in sheep. 3. epithet of river sources. 4. 72. 445 (i. 130. a plant. 327. Spondaic ending ofverse. 3. 3. &c. 4.(i. 564. 275. Queen Saturnus and Philyra. 4. special sense of. literal sense of. 425. 219. 212. sacer. etymology of. uses . 3. meaning and derivation 2. 4. force of.185. 3.' 4. 3. 3. sicubi. 424. 3. 255. 91. relittcre. . (i. stabuia = hives. 3. &c. 24. 3. 39. 3. 27. 3. 229. . 106 2. 306). 3. 282 of. 4. 385. r^Jz^ocizre ' restore.INDEX. 4. 4. of> 3- 534 . various kinds of. reponere. character of. stare. 24. Service-berries. Strymon. 295. 431.' 4. 497Quirinus. . 76).in a race-course. 4.162. 199. meanings of. Step-mothers. quoitdam. 4- 3. 14. forest of. 170. 196. securus. the river. 518. 463. 566. 4- 4613. studium. squalere. ' 263. for breeding. 4. (i. 191. 3. legend of. different senses of. . &c. 344. 3. 84 . bee. &c. of. scabies. generated. 196. 46. with verb omitted. error of ancients concerning. 282. = ' underAvood. 164. 123. meaning and derivation of. of. 224. 5. 264. 99 .. (i. 4. 159. rarus. 3. resistere. meaning of. 508.384)- Spondee. 4. Shepherd life in Libya. 222. sitim colligere.92. 3. 241 . 518 rimari.' 4. 3- 380. 3. how Rhythm of verse. sequi. 3. 266 . meaning of Repetition lines. Scenes in ancient theatres. 3. meaning and derivation . 3. equipment of. 3. Sheep. 13.. 4. 116. 3. saepta domorum. tending of. rapid. of. 3. 3. 347theatres. 25scilicet.378. 203 513)- Rhodope. sarcire. 4. '' 317.425. Stallions. 3. meaning of. 82. 3. quoniam. 382 . Silarus. Quinsy in swine. 3. technical sense of. 3. rapidus. stib. 3. Rising storm described. 4. 3. 438. with accusative.164. mountain range 351 . spatia. 3. 276. literal sense of. 420. 437» 439. 282 . 371- Roman soldier. ' (2. &c. 3. 317. 332. 3. ros — water. 376. 4. 484. 527 . 299. 339. of. 3. 3. 15. intransitive. Sheep-washing. 258. 3. 375. 4. Sila.' 3. 437- 61). quid. 201. 34. symbolical representation of. 441. 146. 4. 384 (i. 232. Rivers. initial with pause. 128). 163. relegare. 565 . septemtrio. 475. 31. 3. Sisyphus. 418. meaning 261. special sense of. 272). a legal term. 256. the river. 506. 15. epitaph on. (i. in descriptions. Training of bullocks. 410. 3. 190. 131.' 4. 564. 284. 467. 4. 224. scansion of. his love of nature. 8. descent of. 478. 85 . 82. 4. . Swarming ' of bees. 513- quotations 240. 3. 54. a plant. 397). ApoUo. 163. one of the Pleiades. 4. 3. = 145 . 7. 209). 302. 117. suhigere. legend 464. 3. 3. 3. &c. of. meaning of. meaning of. 63. Taenariae fatices. 322. = superesse. of purpose. &c. 4. meaning and derivation of. 86. 370. 3. Taygetus. 232. 517. of diseases. tondere. 286. his devotion to Augustus. 131. 532 (2. 337 iio). ' of. 3. 3S4. 374). 6. il. 3. deliberative. Varro. Thucydides. early life of. usque adeo. 4.7. Tros. 277. his versification. 2. transferred sense of. 16. 31. 4. ultro. 483. 552. 51. stiperare 4. 363. Vesta = 4. 4. 3. 381. 202. p. 3. 10. of colts. superare viam. 4. meaning and derivation 175. (i. 3. 411. 4. temperare. 4. 65 306. Underground dwellings. 84. indefinite. 3. the Fury. special sense of. u. 4. p. pp. 504. 3. 560. 296.INDEX. 141. 289. Theocritus. 48. suiis. volutabrum. 559 . 484. 4. a planet. 194. special sense 73. 4. vincere. urus. 73. 4. the river. Tisiphone. 7-10. 4. 4. &c. 3. his description of the plague at Athens. 3. 208. 96 4. verber. 12. 50. 3. super = de. 3. various meanings of. mount. 3. Subjiinctive. Tithonus. pp. 44. ' lyre. 265. 246. p. 3. 159- of. 36. sufficere 3. references to. 3. . meaningof. 243. — fire. S>Tiizesis. 448. vescus. tiva. 250. 550. turpis. 12. Venus Anadyomene. trahere = contrahere 4. . vulgo. Tima^nis. torus. &c. . 4. 60.' 4. 4.=^> Thymbraeus. 4. 276. Tanager. 393. . vento consistere. 125. 3.'' 3. 3. 4. 494. 323. 3. 4. thymbra. his patriotism. Seasons. emphatic. 4. 205. 3. pp. 146. (i. 475. 106. meanings of. 38 various senses of. . mythical ancestor of Augustus.:. tu. 4. 50). 19. 280. 355. 559.' instance of. tristis 3. wild ox. tum. special force of. verbena. tenuis. 22. viscera. meaning of. 558. 555. 3. 3. 335 . vocare =provocarc. Thomson's from. meaning of. uses of.45. tabum. 'Tmesis. Tanais. 124.' 3. 4. or ' 3. 192. 14. 187. p. 62. force of. 3. = 'h\titr. 3. 4. tentare. (i. 5°. 3.' 4. 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