Annex 2 Geological Heritage- Comarca Minera Geopark ProjectNovember, 2015 0 ..................................... 1 B...........................................1.......................................3 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international.................................. 12 B.. 3 B........................................... 13 1 ................................................................................2 Geologic Domains ...........3 General stratigraphy .......................... national.................................2).....................................................................................1. 7 B..Comarca Minera Geopark Project November.............. .................................................Annex 2 Geological Heritage.........................................4 Listing and description of other sites of natural cultural and intangible interest and how they are related to the geological sites and how they integrated into the proposed Geopark ................................1 Geological context ......................... 3 B........4.................................1 General geological description of the proposed Geopark ........................................ 10 B................................. 2 B...................2 Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Geopark ......... 1 B............4 Description of the geological units that reflect the Comarca Minera’s geological history (Map B. 1 B...........................................1......2 Integration of non-geologic sites to Geopark Project.................. ...1.......................... 2015 CONTENT Abstract ........................... regional or local value ............................................................................... 1997. B. the rocks were folded as consequence of the Laramidic Orogeny. rhyolites and basalts. The Real del Monte word-class silver deposit occurs in the Comarca Minera. Salvador-Flores.. 1997. (1963). 2001..Annex 2 Geological Heritage.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November. 2011). 1963. 1897. according to its lithological and fossiliferous characteristics. Sedimentary and Tertiary volcanic units: Polymictic conglomerates. SGM. 1963. 1992). According to Geyne et al.1 Geological context The Comarca Minera’s geological history started during the Cretaceous. Arellano-Gil. It consists in a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit that was mined for over more than 400 years (Ortega. crowned later by basaltic andesites that shape the San Cristobal formation (Geyne et al. whose migration ends at the Gulf of Mexico and the northern Mexico Basin (Aguilera. GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE Abstract The oldest rocks of the Comarca Minera’s date from the Albian. 3. the subduction of the Cocos Plate originated calcalkaline volcanism. dacites. andesites.. SGM. The most important factor in relief modeling is the hydrologic transport. Valleys that show down-stepping or well-defined terraces towards the bottom. This event caused. with a large-scale transgression event. By the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. McKee et al. as the following classification suggests: 1. tuffs. 1992). the rocks suffered a strong folding as result of the Laramidic Orogeny. 2005). During the Turonian. whose origin is attributed to the convergence between the Farallon and North American plates. 2005). Probert. 2007a). where abruptly increasing slopes can be distinguished.1 General geological description of the proposed Geopark The territory’s geological nature is essentially volcanic. By the Cretaceous-Tertiaty limit. with dacites and trachytes in the Pliocene-Pleistocene (SGM. 2015 B.. 1963. are also present. 1 . This episode triggered an intense calc-alkaline volcanism that resulted in the Pachuca Group’s strong sequence of andesites. the geological events in Comarca Minera can be grouped depending on their temporality. caused by the convergence between the Farallon and North American plates (Eguiluz et al. at first. 1971). During the Oligocene-Late Miocene. starting the deposit of calcareous-clay. Mesozoic units: (calcareous and clay sequences) 2. Based on geomorphologic criteria. When the seas entirely covered the positive areas during the Albian. By the end of this Eocene compressive event. generating west-overturned folded structures and inverse faulting. Salvador-Flores. 2000. producing an andesitic to rhyolitic volcanic sequence (Geyne et al. igneous activity from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Faja Volcánica Transmexicana) was registered at Comarca Minera. in a clastic platform ambient under unstable conditions that changed to deeper waters in the Santonian (Arellano-Gil. it was a significant change in the sedimentary regime with a large terrigenous contribution. 2007b).. McKee et al. clay and sandy sediments from the Soyatal Formation. as a consequence of the Cocos Plate subduction under the North American Plate.1.. trachytes and alluvial material. three main topographic surfaces can be distinguished: 1) Surfaces eroded down to the advanced maturity phase (Sierra de Pachuca’s Crest). Arellano-Gil. Geyne et al. 2) Young eroded slopes (towards the mountain flanks). the deformation of rocks. 1971). a new normal fault system appeared. corresponds to the post-reef section (Carrasco-Velásquez.. a shallow ambient was developed in the so-called Plataforma de Actopan. dacites and rhyolites. this rock suite is overlaid by rhyolitic tuffs and rhyolites from the Tezuantla and Navajas formations. 2005). Quaternary units: basalt. 2001. 2000. In the Turonian a clastic platform environment formed and evolved to deeper conditions during the Santonian (Arellano-Gil. with a sedimentary basement and ages from 140 Ma to the present day. In the Oligocene-Late Miocene. which. 2005). B. and 3) Constructional and relatively low-eroded surfaces (towards the Basin of Mexico). when a transgressive event occurred and a carbonate platform developed (Carrasco-Velásquez. originating the sedimentation of El Abra Formation (locally known as El Doctor Formation) in a carbonated platform ambient. with NW-SE as main orientation (Eguiluz et al. compressed and transported to the northwest. Camprubí y Albinson. feature evidenced by the andesitic. calcite. rhyolitic and basaltic rock outcrops with some pyrochlastic flowsand fallout deposits. It is estimated that the sequence of accumulated sediments in Cinturon Mexicano de Pliegues y Fallas was much bigger that the actually exposed. stephanite. Ortega. 1963. It shows a wide diversity of landforms and volcanic structures with variable chemical compositions and affinity along the arch. the magmatic activity registered the placement of hypabyssal and volcanic rocks (from quartzdacitic porphyry to basaltic andesites and rhyolites to a lesser extent). This mineralization is Eocene-aged and its gangue minerals are quartz and pyrite. the magmatism ended with two phases. The deposit exploitation began more than 400 years ago and goes on even nowadays. with a huge historical production. Finally. have generated the noticeable variation in the arch width (Ferrari 2000). described below: Cinturón Mexicano de Pliegues y Fallas (Provincia Sierra Madre Oriental) This is the local basement.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November.1) are considered inside the Mexican geologic-physiographic provinces. This geologic-physiographic province is part of a volcanic arch built over the southern margin of the North American plate. miargyrite. 2007b). essentially. one with basaltic composition related to the Chichinautzin Formation and other represented by the settling of a trachytic body from the Guajolote formation (SGM. 2011). It presents alkaline volcanism. Faja Volcánica Transmexicana (Eje Neovolcánico) This is the most widely distributed domain in Comarca Minera. The economically important mineralization is rich in sulfides. and that its lifting and faulting occurred possibly in Late Eocene (Eguiluz et al.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. One of the world-class argentiferous deposits. 2015 During the Pliocene. but also contains polybasite.1. sphalerite. proustite.1 Geological domains 2 . It consists of a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit. N Map B. arranged along the territory as heavily-deformed clayish and calcareous Mesozoic sequences in sedimentary packages that have been lifted. whose mineralization occurs in vein-like structures. forming folds and thrusts during the Laramide Orogeny. The obliquity between the province’s central and oriental parts and the trench. near the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. is located inside Comarca Minera: Real del Monte. 2000). stenbergite and native silver (Geyne et al.. rhodonite-bustamite. predominantly. galena and chalcopyrite can be found. 2006. 1997.2 Geologic Domains Within Comarca Minera. the geologic domains (Map B. Probert.. fundamentally in argentite and acanthite. Locally. B. also. It is characterized by a wavy fluidal structure and strong dips. which ranges in thickness between 120 and 350 meters. This formation. 2005).2). -Real del Monte Fm. Underneath this group.1. Thicknesses in strata fluctuate between 50-300m. lies the Santiago Formation and. it includes miliolida packstone strata. containing plagioclase and subordinated quartz phenocrysts. towards the Formation bedrock. along with andesine. This formation was described by first time in an underground construction called Crucero Fortuna. marlish limestone. intercalated with calcareous breccia banks. additionally. andesitic. (Oligocene) This unit is formed by andesite to basaltic andesite with pigeonite. (El Doctor Fm. It is the only non-porphyritic formation in the Pachuca Group. reaching 480m at most. where rudist and gastropoda banks flourished. to a lesser extent. Quaternary.) (Lower Cretaceous) Basal unit that consists in packstone limestone with rudist and gastropod shell fragments in strata with a thickness range between 40 and 200 m. 1963). It is a transgression deposit in unstable conditions. Soyatal. López-Doncel. -Pachuca Fm. Through the geological units.Mezcala Fm. 1971. as result of intense erosion (Geyne et. there is an increase in the crystal size and a decrement in sorting. tuffaceous member assembled by laminated materials with well-sorted sand. To the higher parts. OchoaCamarillo. At the top it presents fluidal fabrics. (Upper Cretaceous) Unit comprised of limestone. El Morro Fm.(Middle Eocene.1. A fraction of this material is made out by pyroclastic spills more than lavic spills. The unit’s paleontological and lithological characteristics indicate a lagoonal platform ambient. as shown below: Cenozoico Cenozoico Mesozoico B. there are platform border breccia-like facies. 1980. The average thickness in this formation is 140m. there are thin layers of fossiliferous marl. its type locality is located westwards Pachuca. the matrix is dense and fine grained. it contains abundant pigeonite. the second is formed by the Tertiary period.Santiago Fm. fine sandstone and shale. 1990.3 General stratigraphy It is possible to group the general stratigraphy based on three different episodes that embrace the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras: The first one is assumed as Pre-tertiary.to silt-sized horizons. subsequently. The matrix varies in texture: from fine to coarse. whose basement is made up by a single lithic. contains the Cretaceous period and is marked by the presence of carbonated and terrigenous rocks. The thickness of this formation varies between 300 and 500 m. At the basement lies a tuffaceous body made up by lapilli-sized particles but. No sensu stricto reef facies were recognized (Mendoza-Rosales. 2015 B.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November. dacitic and basaltic compositions. feldspar and micas. (Miocene)) It consists of an andesitic-dacitic rock sequence that presents sub-angular to sub-rounded breccia deposits as a distinguishing feature. (Lower Oligocene) Package of interstratified lava flows. oligoclase and labradorite microlites in some flows. it contains a pyroclastic horizon with lapilli. pyroxene and amphibole. al. -Corteza Fm. 2002). on the top.. is characterized by basic to intermediate rocks. comprised of limestone and volcanic subangular clasts. often recrystallized in the contacts by thrust. González-Rodríguez. in the rest of the unit. On the basal part. (Mid-Upper Oligocene) Unit of andesitic affinity. . Some observed facies suggest that these were fixed along a slope zone (Carrillo-Bravo. it presents volcanism with rhyolitic. coarse to fine grained. breccias and fallout deposits that contain phenocrysts of plagioclase. during the the Veta Corteza prospection.4 Description of the geological units that reflect the Comarca Minera’s geological history (Map B. near the Amajac River. The third and last episode.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. with massive flows and fallout deposits. El Abra Fm. from basalts to trachytes covered by alluvial material. cut by Miocene and Pliocene intrusive bodies. was first described in the northern Real del Monte’s mining works 3 . it is possible to detail the geological history of the Geopark Project. formed in a neritic ambient.Lower Oligocene) Poor-sorted conglomeratic unit. matrix primarily made out by sand-size limestone detritus and quartz.sized particles. platform facies. it is partially marked by prominent flows (1 – 2 cm thick). appears a thick layer of breccia or volcanic conglomerate composed of boulders and cobblers. starts with polymictic conglomerate deposits and. Grupo Pachuca (Pachuca Group) Group of volcanic lithostratigraphic units with ages between Oligocene and Pliocene. This unit was accumulated in a continental environment. marl. from angular to subrounded in shape. the Tezuantla Formation. inside this tuffaceous member.to ash. The type locality is in the El Cerezo village. silt-shale. Zumate Fm. it includes lava flows and an exceptionally vast basal member made up of pyroclastic breccias. The type locality is about 1 km northeast from La Reforma village. Its type locality is at Barranca Principal. breccias. an irregular horizon of fine obsidian. It atttains thicknesses up to 170 m and its type locality is outside the Comarca Minera. and epiclastic volcanic rocks of dacitic composition. (Miocene) Among the volcanic units in the central part of the Comarca Minera. also. The lava flows that built up this formation present plagioclase. dacitic and rhyolitic units. In the middle and top parts. At the contact with the Santa Gertrudis Formation. The aforesaid rock is contemporary to those of the San Cristobal Fm. siltstone. vom Rath discovered two quartz polymorphs: trydimite (1868) and cristobalite (1887). This formation has the same age than the AtotonilcoTarango and Navajas formations. there are sandstones with limo-sandy intercalations often containing fossils. this is the most widespread and has andesitic/dacitic composition. Basaltos Indiferenciados (Pleistocene) 4 . This formation displays thicknesses between 50 and 220m. coarse-grained quartz porphyre. breccia deposits and epiclastic volcanic layers. quartz and feldspar. breccia deposits. in a volcanic zone related to caldera volcanism. both occurring within the volcanic vesicles. lithic greywacke. The type locality is found in the Tezuantla community. quartz and mafic phenocrysts (>1 cm). In this place. Cuerpos Intrusivos (Miocene-Pliocene) Cutting the volcanic and sedimentary sequences. peak that protrudes just beside the Pachuca City’s northwest. informally known as Andesita Chichicuautla. on the Ixqmiquilpan-Huichapan road. surge deposits and ash layers. with an agglomeratic member of andesitic composition. with seldom thin tuffaceous layers that shape the San Cristobal’s hill summit. 2015 Cenozoico .(Upper Pliocene) This formation is composed of coarse deposits on its base and the grainsize decreases as it gets higher. The thickness of this unit ranges from 50 to 150 m. marl and volcanic deposits. The thickness varies between 200 and 370 m. The thickness of the formation varies from 10 to 400 m.Tezuantla Fm. Navajas Fm. dacitic biotite porphyre and olivine andesite. Atotonilco el Grande -Tarango Fm. and a banded texture with layers from 2 to 10 mm width. . Don Guinyó Fm. a caldera-like structure with approximately 5 km in diameter occur. this unit consists of lavas with fluidal textures. continue the sequence. (Miocene) Thick andesite and porphyrytic dacite deposits with abundant and exceptionally coarse plagioclase. with a basal conglomerate unit made up by andesitic fragments and dacitic to rhyolitic lavas. and some parts are considered as a lythic lag breccia.Santa Gertrudis Fm. A high percentage of the rock corresponds to the aphanitic matrix. northeast Pueblo de la Reforma. . (Lower Pliocene) This formation consists of rhyolitic tuffs. andesitic lava flows with amphibole. The thickness varies between 200 and 600 m. it is mainly composed of flows. litharenite.Cerezo Fm. (Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene) This unit contains the second unconformity in the volcanic sequence. holocrystaline porphyries with quartz and sanidine phenocrysts in micrographic matrix. including lithic and pumice fragments.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November.Fm Vizcaína Fm. The type locality is Cerro Las Navajas. To the south of Comarca Minera. It presents some breccia and pyroclastic beds. the most common are: fine-grained quartz porphyre. This formation has an average thickness of 500 m. This unit is formed by the accumulation of welded cinder deposits. (Lower-Mid Pliocene) This unit is a pyroclastic deposit built up by tuffs and well-consolidated rhyolitic and dacitic breccia. the formation’s basement is formed by a dacitic-tuffaceous member (<1 m) with lapilli-sized sub-rounded crystals. . (Upper Pliocene) Of predominant rhyolitic to andesitic compositions. including avalanche debris. there are also congglomerate. considered as one of the world’s most important due to its optical properties and type of occurrence. (Upper Pliocene) Formation composed of andesite. it includes pyroclastic breccia layers derived from the eroded material from andesitic.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. The top of this formation is composed of coarse agglomerate and poorly-sorted lahar deposits that came from this same formation. This formation was first described in Peña del Zumate. (Middle Pliocene) This is a 300-600m thick sequence formed by lavas. quartz and biotite. Omitlán San Cristóbal Fm. alongside volcanic breccia (rhyolitic and rhyodacitic). The formation's thickness fluctuates among 500 and 600 m. its composition is hornblende-bearing andesite. lies in the Navajas Formation. there are intrusive bodies with many different compositions and textures. It presents welded and non-welded breccia with clasts from vitreous ash flows. it presents an unconformity. it contains glass-rich horizons and pumice fragments in an ashy matrix. Comarca Minera Geopark Project November. abundant cinder cones and associated domes extends.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. 2015 To the northern and southern part of the Comarca Minera. overlying an important part of the San Cristobal Formation. trachitic-textured and weakly porphyric. 2002). Alluvial deposits may vary from massive to stratified with fine caliche horizons. The type locality is in Rancho el Guajolote. with minor basaltic andesites. silt and clay. southern Mexico City (García-Palomo. The thickness of this formation varies between 60 and 200 m. mostly filled by tridimite and cristobalite. the layers consist of sand. and keeps relation with the Chichinautzin Group. The type locality is about 500 m southeast the Paricutin mine shaft. made of well-sorted ash and lapilli. which contains up to 40% cavities. Traquita Guajolote (Holocene) Volcanic unit of vesicular lava. Toba Cubitos (Pleistocene) Thin succession of pyroclastic mafic-affinity layers. 5 . in the lower and plain sections. This pyroclastic unit has a weakly harden porous deposit. a vast volcanic field with lava flows. Depósitos Aluviales (Alluvial Deposits) (Holocene) Formed by deposited sediments in alluvial fans and flooding plains that cover vast portions on hillsides at the topographic heights and boundary sierras. these rocks are holocrystalline. The southern sector is associated with a fraction of the Apan-Tezontepec volcanic field. the volcanic rocks are mostly olivine basalt. 1.2 Geology of Comarca Minera (Simplified). The Geosites number on this map relates to the list of part B.Map B. 6 .4.2 and B. motocles and squirrels. at Huasca de Ocampo municipality. 1963). The vegetation in Cubitos is distinguished by the three xerophyte subtypes (microphyle. a fast cooling in the spill’s superior and inferior surfaces occurred. and fossils that started to being collected in 1879. The basaltic prisms’ formation is owed to the obstruction of a fluvial current. it is possible to observe the contact zone between the San Cristobal formation. they have a high-valued landscape result of the relations between biotic and abiotic factors and the natural processes. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). valleys and narrow passes. monoliths and overlying plains. encouraging their ecological awareness. and some other trachybasalt varieties with calco-alkaline affinity are 2. (Geyne et al. it is part of one of the Protected Natural Areas beyond national jurisdiction for being a natural mosaic that amalgamates noteworthy physical and biological features. its outcrop is owed to an extensive structure with a NW-SE trend and N-S inflexions.. trapping the lavic body into the solidified surfaces. although in some parts.15 million years old. scientific. geoturistic and cultural purposes. they are in discordant contact with pyroclastic flows. these structures are among andesitic and rhyolitic rocks that came from pyroclastic and fallout deposits. fast and homogeneous cooling in the trapped lava. rosetophyle and crasicaule). in the Mexican Republic and some other places.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 B. volcanic conglomerates. cliffs. This Geosite offers recreational. At the most. When the strong basaltic lava spill and an isolated water body intersected. members of the Pachuca Group. 2. as a consequence of the Sierra de las Navajas’ volcanism. The exogenic relief is manifested in the shape of mountain passes. which also generated isolated water bodies. Its naming as Natural Protected Area was proposed as a measure to halt the anthropic pressure over the Cubitos and Zopilote hills. The Cubitos Ecology Park is also the home of a substantial amount of species of flora (133). developing disjunction and processes of volumetric contraction that caused tension fractures. they give information about the mineral formation processes and explain how some geological events change the planet through time. exploited for more than 400 years. 7 . breccias. amphibious (2). Subsequently. tuffs and tuffaceous sandstone. altitudinal level. composed of pyroxene basalts and olivine. formed by a thin succession of pyroclastic layers with mafic composition. composed of dense olivinic andesite spills with small amounts of tuffaceous layers and Pliocene pyroclasts and the Cubitos Tuff. rocks. Depósitos tobáceos Cubitos Parque Ecologico Cubitos is located into the deep southwestern part of the territory. This museum has the largest public mineral collection in the State of Hidalgo. handcrafted in the XIX century. Cerezo and Zumate Formations. Most of these sites are actually visited with recreational. the columnar basalts lie over terrigen sequences from Upper Cretacic. in order to preserve the biotic riches and the abiotic elements that give high landscape value to the site. from the Mid-Pleistocene. A streamflow over the upper surface caused a constant. inside the Santa Maria Regla community. The Tertiary volcanic origin. oblique to the Tulancingo River. It is located in the center-west section of the aspirant territory. cultural and didactic alternatives to the Pachuca City inhabitants. 4. These rocks. relief morphology and actual processes. Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) and Compañía de Minas Real del Monte. facilitate the formation of three-to-eight-sided prismatic structures. these layers are part of the Vizcaina. it is made up by more than one thousand samples of minerals. Argentiferous mineral specimens extracted from a Comarca Minera’s worldclass deposit. supporting the Comarca Minera’s scientific relevance.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. captured in beautiful scenic landforms such as pinnacles. 3. reptiles (6). The actual Park’s relief is east-west aligned and built up by interstratified variable layers of lavic spills. 1. The proposed Geosites have been studied by Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH). Geologically. birds (22) and some mammals such as rabbits. in addition. Museo de Mineralogía Museo de Mineralogía (The Mineralogy Museum) is located at the Pachuca City. that appeared as a product of volcanic activity (Tertiary). United States Geological Survey (USGS). Prismas Basálticos Prismas Basalticos is the flag Geosite of Comarca Minera. westwards Comarca Minera. by the Pleistocene’s end and the Quaternary’s beginning. have allowed the formation of recent homogeneous lowevolved soils. cacomixtles. under wet-tempered conditions. The collection is exhibit in cedar display cabinets. Servicio Geologico Mexicano (SGM). are also part of this collection. Depósitos volcánicos El Chico Located in the center-occidental portion of Comarca Minera.58 ± 0. Here is located an outcrop of prismatic structures with basaltic composition and heights upper than 40 m. a significant volcanic activity took place in the whole region. Descriptions of exhibit samples are didactic and easy to understand. which when joined.2 Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Geopark All the 21 selected sites of geological interest are representative of the region’s geological history. 9. 10. It is made up by andesitic-type volcanic material. can be seen. It’s a geological and anthropological site of interest: back in the prehispanic age. etcetera) reduces the possibility of anthropic disasters caused by natural events.s. Both landforms belong to the Zumate Formation. The fauna inhabiting the surroundings is composed of foxes. Peñas Cargadas Located at 2800 m. human activities. fig tree and apple tree. composed of clastic rocks (conglomerate. Dikes with associated mineralization are also present. kept production on its three levels for more than 400 years. hiking and rappel. and is formed by major volcanic structures. Peña del Diablo .Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 5. Huasca de Ocampo municipality. Pliocene.. and on the other. quartz and biotite. lava spills. flow deposits and debris) expelled by Pliocene volcanic activity 11.a. during the Triple Alliance’s Aztec supremacy (XV century) this site was one of the primary points of obsidian exploitation. The Formations show intermediate-argilization. Peñas Cargadas hosts wonderful vegetation. The settlement’s vestiges above the dam’s water level are a small tower and a chimney (chacuaco). whose exploitation began in 1560.l. sandstone. Under this waterbody are the remnants of a mining hacienda devastated by an enormous flooding. at 3200 meters above sea level. contain microscopic or granulated quartz fragments. Mirador Cerro del Lobo Is Located in the Pachuca City. 6. reptiles. belonging of the Xoloxtitla Shared Land. we can found the Pachuca Group Formations that consist in a sequence of pyroclastic emissions. the San Antonio mine. badgers. It adjoins with the Atotonilco formation. rabbits. outcrops of limestone with calcite veins. in the Comarca Minera’s central part. amphibians. raspberry. among others. mainly composed of andesite. with abundant fragments of benthic organisms. birds and mammals. tuzas (gophers). ravens and owls. center-west Comarca Minera. through which. 8. with pines and sacred firs alongside many different wild flowers and fungus species inhabited by insects. rhyolitic-composed. climate. andesite domes. limonite and shale) with in situ volcanic ash intercalations and transported pyroclasts. dacites and shales from the Pachuca Group. The composition of the predominating rocks in this region is variable from rhyolites and andesites to basalts (spills. and over them. wild rodents. the occidental part belongs to the minor sierras group. transported by the currents that shattered and leached them. In addition. a Pliocene formation where major andesite and rhyolitic volcanic cones are located. The oriental portion belongs to Las Navajas. to the fault developing that encourages the circulation and ascension of high temperature hydrothermal fluids. Santa Maria Amajac is an example of the people’s usage of a geological phenomenon. Aguas termales Amajac Located at far north Comarca Minera. is a Protected Natural Area. This Geosite reveals the importance of Geoscience usage while planning a territory. In this Geosite is possible to see many different geologic outcrops 8 .. whose origin is related. product of atmospheric eroding agents over volcanic structures through millions of years. rattlesnakes and diverse bird and arachnid species. The site’s hydrology and morphology allow activities such as trout fishing. being the characteristic minerals plagioclase. guided by qualified personal that perfectly know the site’s nature and history. fieldmouses. Omitlan de Juarez municipality. tlacuaches (opossums). consequence of malfunctions in the local hydroelectric plants back in 1915. there are tours inside the mines. 7.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. plum. in the Comarca Minera’s central part. quebracha. Inside the Geosite. The aforesaid structures. worldwide recognized due its unique characteristics. which dates back from the Pliocene and its composition is principally dacitic and rhyolitic. about 80 m tall. tlacuaches (opossums). with ages between 2 and 33 million years. 1963). vegetation. Presa San Antonio The dam is situated in the Santa María Regla Community. in the namesake municipality. In this place is possible to appreciate pine and oak forests and their fauna: rabbits. lies an uneven obsidian horizon. In the site.Piedra del Comal Formations located inside the Puentesillas Common Land. as a consequence of natural weathering. It is worth to mention that the main economic mineralizations are within this group (Geyne et al. soils. Cerro de las Navajas Known in nahuatl language as Itzepetl’ (Itztli. and located on it. tepetl. foxes. armadillos. revealing some green-colored fragments. tepozán and madroño. doves. tuzas (gophers) and birds like cenzontles (Mexican mockingbirds). rhyolitic to andesitic and dacitic breccias from the Oligocene-Miocene. on the one hand. to volcanic processes that act like heat source. this Geosite is recognized by its thermal spring waters. They have exhuberant flora such as walnut. feldspars and biotite are replaced by chlorite (chlorination). pear. the knowing of its geological and geographical characteristics (rock types. This mine. are part of an explosive eruptive event. Rocks in here show a color gradient from white to gray. Its name is owed to its rare pinacoidal structures. Obras mineras El Milagro Its course travels along the Mineral del Chico Town. Cerro de las Navajas is located in the Epazoyucan municipality. from the El Abra formation. obsidian. Its deposits are post-reef type. hill). manufacture and distribution (to all Mesoamerica). peach. within the Barranca de Metztitlan Biosphere Reserve. Peña del Cuervo Peña del Cuervo is a natural viewpoint located in the midst of El Chico National Park that permits to appreciate the landscape beauty of Comarca Minera’s portion. faulting. Peña del Aire is an outcrop caused by a fissure eruption. The mining activity in this site have encouraged the growth of diverse State regions since more than 100 years ago. white-colored with parts in light pale green. have volcanic origin. like the Reloj Monumental de Pachuca (Pachuca’s Monumental Clock). by a communitary enterprise that fulfills the required Mexican regulations. in this Geosite is possible to find large amounts of obsidian. Traquitas El Guajolote It is located in the Epazoyucan municipality and its name is owed to a landform very similar in shape to the domestic bird guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo). in addition. Cerro de San Cristobal is the Type Locality for both mineral species. dedicated to the ornamental quarry rock exploitation. The deformation episodes in the zone are quite complex. and 9 . due to these descriptions. which is made up by olivinic andesite with thin pyroclastic horizons. from hueyi. commonly of andesitic composition. the orogenic events lifted and folded such marine sediments. contemporaneous to the volcanic emissions from the Cerro de San Cristobal (Pliocene) volcano. so the local population attributed the landform’s existence to a nun that petrified. The predominant rocks in this zone. that are generally found inside cavities in the rocks. 17. in the catalogued as “Pueblo Magico” ("Magical Village") Mineral del Chico. Mineral del Chico’s characteristic tree. Gerhard vom Rath described here for the first time two important quartz polymorphs: tridimite (1867) and cristobalite (1887). whose structure is the result of scoria deposits and lava flows. it is cavity abundant. The implemented activities turned the site into a Shared Land ecotouristic development. here are located a large number of the mining woks used to exploit the Real del Monte and Pachuca’s silver. The presence of Soyatal-Mezcala Formation’s limestones and shales (Upper and Lower Tertiary. like the mining districts and architectonic relics from benefit haciendas. whose popular name comes from the nahuatl vocable huexolotl (“big monster”. This deposit is composed of intermediate-volcanic rocks. lava flows and basalt. are in this place as well. From this stone bench has been obtained the raw material used to build historical monuments. Peña del Aire (Mirador El León) Located westwards Comarca Minera. Its singular shape is the result of erosive processes that acted over the rocks from the Tezuantla formation (rhyolitic tuffs. this one corresponds to an alluvial zone from Quaternary. Moreover. the region was under the sea. in cases with tridimite and cristobalite filling the hollows. In this Geosite is located an enormous fault that have been studied by SGM (Servicio Geologico Mexicano) in order to determinate the potential hazards to surrounding human settlements. the Comarca Minera’s intangible heritage is built. Peñas Las Monjas This Geosite is located in the Comarca Minera’s occident. due to hydrothermal alteration. are part of the Chichinautzin volcanic series. some traits that have been legacy of the mining activity inside the Mineral de la Reforma and Pachuca municipalities. monster). It is slightly faulted. 12. 14. southwards Comarca Minera. sheeting and carving.5 million years. Southwards can be observed calderic structures that. and later. 13. It’s the Type Locality of the homonymous formation. and is also the highest elevation in this city’s surroundings. in the Cañon de San Sebastian’s border. xolotl. due to stratification. Flora and fauna is composed of pine and oak forests. Cantera Tezuantla Belongs to Mineral del Monte Magical Village. until now. it is a glory-hole mine. Due its proximity to Cerro de las Navajas. this is a volcanic structures exposure area (basic-composed mainly). andesitic fragments and dacitic and rhyolitic lava spills). fracturing and tectonic activity. 18. It is a trachytic landform modeled by the humidity and wind erosion along 2.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 that are part of the Pachuca Group. The material extraction has been performed. it’s possible to see the natural riches of a forest with large diversity of pine species. Estructuras volcánicas La Paila Situated in the Singilucan municipality. There are a pair of monogenetic volcanoes (La Paila and El Molcajete) and a cineritic cone (El tepetongo).Annex 2 Geological Heritage. 16. It is possible to watch from this site the rocky landforms known as “Las Monjas” (“The Nuns”) and “Los Frailes” (“The Friars”). Also. but it has been damaged by fractures and diaclases. as a consequence of her bad actions. About the river portion. together with the three previously described formations. It is in contact with some other Pachuca Group’s units. 15. with tales like this. respectively) indicate that during the Mesozoic. Cerro de San Cristóbal It is located in northwest Pachuca City. big. consequence of frost weathering in the Upper Tertiary’s basaltic rocks from the Basaltos Formation. Its name comes from the Formation’s similar appearance to the nun’s habits. by the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. comprised by volcanic rocks like basalt and Sierra Madre Oriental. basalts. Lazaro Cardenas named it Protector Zone of the Pachuca City. sacred firs and pines. dacites and andesites. In 1922. B.Annex 2 Geological Heritage.5 million years ago). just after a flood devastated the Pachuca City. it is one of the longest basaltic prisms exhibitions. 20. deformed. there is a forest: cedars. 5 Obras mineras El Milagro Local and regional Touristic and Didactical El Milagro river borns in the mountain and travels along the Mineral del Chico Town. woodpecker. It is located southwards the Santa Maria Regla historical benefit hacienda. tlacuache. Barranca de Aguacatitla The Aguacatitla gully is an ecoturistic center which forms part of the Barranca de Metztitlan Biosphere Reserve. Later. primarily. Hidalgo and finally. sandstones and limonites). From this Geosite. circumstance that is 10 . belonging of Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo. The igneous rocks under Peña del Cuervo are scarcely faulted. due to the magma fast cooling. made up by sedimentary rocks (limestones. they belong to the Zumate formation. Outcropped rocks in Las ventanas belong to the El Zumate Formation. Presa El Cedral This is one of the most ancient parks in Mexico. It is characterized by its singular pinnacle shape. rich in marine fossils. Space of Geologic Interest Interest (value) Main uses 1 Prismas Basálticos Regional and International Didactical and Touristic At continental level. Mirador Las Ventanas The Geosite is located in the center-occidental part of Comarca Minera. salamander. is possible to see the limit between two physiographic provinces. rock and fossil samples can be didactically known. affected by dacitic dikes. herpetarium. it was declared as Nation’s Forrestal Reserve by the General Alvaro Obregón. kite bird.3 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international. and were originated 2. mountain chameleon and rattlesnakes live. in 1982 through presidential decree. Omitlán and Mineral del Chico cities can be watched. dacites. for this reason. a botanical garden and sculptures. it has an altitude of 2090 meters above sea leven being the highest elevation in the National Park. falcon. an interactive farm. biology and culture. Its safeguard and utilization represent benefits to a local communal organization. where different animal species like gray fox. regional or local value No. these sediments were lifted. wine farm.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 birds like falcons and kite birds. this Geosite was first-time described in 1803. close the Cretaceous end and the Tertiary beginning (66 million years ago). Rounding this dam. Touristic and scientific El Chico National Park hosts an important variety of biological species consequence of its altimetric variations and physiographical traits. breccias. scientific and Touristic The Geosite works as an Ambiental Training and Educational Center that permits the integration between geology. when the region was under the sea. as an effect of huge movements in the earth’s crust. Eje Volcanico transmexicano. first built as a contention work in the 1940’s decade. with no evident mineralization. at the Mineral del Chico municipality. 4 Depósitos tobáceos Cubitos Local and regional Didactical. a hedge maze. Geology is formed by rhyolites. were formed during the Cretaceous (100 million years ago). getting their actual configuration. national. 3 Depósitos volcánicos El Chico Local and national Didactical. originated a basaltic rock spill that formed stunning prisms related to a phenomenon called “columnar disjunction” that fractures the rocks by contracting them. the President Lopez Portillo named it National Park. located in the Comarca Minera’s west part. This is the first Protected Natural area in the country. corresponding to the Quaternary Period (2. 2 Museo de Mineralogía Local and regional Didactical and turístico In this place diverse mineral. folded and fractured. an Ambiental Technologies Center. it is used for recreation and trout farming. andesites and tuffs. The collection is guarded in a th 17 century building. cacomixtle. a 3D cinema and ecological workshops. 19. is a natural viewpoint where the Pachuca. In it is located a dam.5 million years ago as consequence of the Eje Volcanico Transmexicano’s volcanic activity. at 2780 meters above sea leven. 21. ecological house. together with a landform series result of the volcanic rocks erosion (natural and cultural heritage of Mineral del Chico). Later. whose lithology is formed by rhyolites. creating a worthy of admiration landscape. At present. Actually. it acts as an ecotouristic development and it is also an active example of ejidal development through a Geosite usage. It is an accessible place for any Comarca Minera visitor. These sedimentary rocks. It has a germplasm bank. that actually is part of the Centro Cultural La Garza’s facilities. Its name alludes to the fact of being a hydric continuous flow. shales. in 1937. The last geological activity registered. observatory. armadillo. named by the President Porfirio Diaz in 1898. inside the El Chico National Park. are performed here. globally recognized quartz polymorphs. this site shows natural hazard examples. SGM. scientific and Didactical In this Geosite. as it also offers the possibility to perform recreational activities. At scientific level. the Cerro del Lobo Eco-Recreational park is ideal to focus on the geoscience’s importance during the urban planning. guarded by the Anthropology and History National Institute (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia). the architectonic cultural heritage and the community’s economic development. 15 Cantera Tezuantla Regional and local Economic and scientific This Geosite shows that the importance of Comarca Minera’s mining activity is not only restricted to silver extraction. Many different ecotouristic activities such as rappel. 11 Mirador Cerro del Lobo Regional and local Touristic and Didactical In this place. also. 13 Traquitas El Guajolote International and local Touristic It is the only site inside Comarca Minera where trachytic lithology can be found. between them is remarkable the guided visit to San Antonio mine. the contact zone between two physiographical and geological provinces can be watched. 2011) in order to mitigate the geological hazards.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. 7 Peñas Cargadas Regional y local Touristic Because the presence of the resulting structures from volcanic rocks erosion. under strong safety guidelines and the supervision of trained and qualified personal. to explain to people the importance of the ambiental services that the site gives. and to watch a singular perspective from the Basaltic Prisms. diverse studies have been performed (e. and implicitly. 12 Peña del Aire (Mirador El León) International and local Touristic. their forms are the source of social beliefs and practices that have consolidate a quite important intangible culture around the site. Because of this.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 considered a miracle by the community. This is the most representative site inside Comarca Minera with regard to calcareous rocks and their geological formation ambient. 14 Peñas Las Monjas Regional and local Touristic Its formations and lithology make Las Monjas an exceptional touristic development where a series of activities can be performed. 16 Cerro de San Cristóbal International and regional Scientific Historical site among the Comarca’s mining tradition. It is also an ecotouristic development with paths that take to the craters of La Paila and El Molcajete volcanoes. The naturalist Alexander von Humboldt traveled the zone and described Santa Maria Amajac. Nowadays it is a ecotouristic development where different activities can be done. this is the home of the “guajolote silvestre” (wild turkey). cycling. There’s a close bond between the site’s geology and various episodes from the prehispanic age: remains of the cultures that inhabited the site can be appreciated. This site is an example of the close tie between natural and geological processes and the intangible cultural heritage. slope movements and terrain collapses associated with mining activity are present. among others.g. together with Cerro de las Navajas and the Basaltic Prisms during his visit to New Spain back in 1803. the importance of geoscience in the relative prevention to the human settlements planning. with the purpose of decreasing the possibility of natural and anthropic disasters. its great touristic attractiveness has been used for recreational purposes that are managed by a shared land association under the strict monitoring of its members. camping. The studies of these volcanoes have brought important data for the investigations about Faja Volcanica Transmexicana. advantageous situation for the Singilucan municipality’s people. The Tezuantla quarry works as registry of the narrow relations between the geology. authorities look for a sustainable resources management. without forgetting the biodiversity conservation. As part of a Biosphere Reserve. through million years. An important part of this site’s value. The toponymy refers to some prehispanic customs still alive nowadays. Estructuras volcánicas 17 Regional and local Touristic and Scientific La Paila The volcanic structure’s erosion had generated favorable soils for agriculture. thus. boat tours can be taken in order to see the emerged remains of the hacienda. in addition. It enjoys great geological and mineralogical relevance for being the Type Locality for tridimite and cristobalite. gives it a great aesthetic and didactic value. 8 Aguas termales Amajac Regional and local Touristic and scientific The attributed curative properties to the thermal spring waters. 9 Peña del Diablo . highlighting rappel. make the site a point of interest for visitors. 18 Peña del Cuervo Regional and local Touristic and Scientific 11 . lies in the gradual floristic transition that is possible to look at. The site is managed by the same common land cooperative that guards the Basaltic Prisms.Piedra del Comal Regional and local Turístico These rare formations are the municipality’s emblem. where is possible to see the different episodes of their genesis.The possibility to observe its landforms and the processes that have been occurred over them. this activity confers important touristic value to the site. Used with recreational purposes. 6 Cerro de las Navajas International and regional Touristic-Didactical It is an ecotouristic site that offers recreational activities. due to their physiochemical features. 10 Presa San Antonio Regional and local Touristic and Didactical Inside the dam. Tyrolean traverse. and was in charge of the Francisco Hernandez and Luis Carreón engineers between 1904 and 1910. the Real del Monte y Pachuca Company and by diverse families and organizations. The statue’s height from basement to head is 33 m. cosmologies. many gold-filled chests and other treasures were hidden and buried by the ancient miners. The clock was built to commemorate the Mexican independence centennial. in addition. grayscale and. a network of paths permits to travel this site. Additionally. the parochial community of San Francisco. The municipal rodeo. is practiced. the Mexico’s sport. B. Standing at 10 meters tall. Nárvaez Benitez.The clockwork is a London’s Big Ben replica. pine and oak.4 Listing and description of other sites of natural cultural and intangible interest and how they are related to the geological sites and how they integrated into the proposed Geopark B. one of them located in the convent’s yard and the other opposite the church. Reloj Monumental The Reloj Monumental work was based in a project of the architect Tomas Cordero. The symbolism that covered the convents architecture extends also to the hydraulic engineering works. The mural painting was used with ornamental and didactical purposes. At the forest’s interior. shows the importance of infrastructure built to mitigate the aftermaths of natural disasters. 25. 19 Presa El Cedral Regional and local Touristic This Geosite is very important to the information disclosure about natural risks. and fiberglass for manufacturing the hands. one for each of Christ’s years on earth. raised from its pronounced variations in altitude. under management of Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. together with the broad repertoire of classic and gothic ornaments.1 Descriptions (Annex Map 4). Afraid to die 300 m underground. has a 500 species floristic diversity. Its construction began in 1922 and was economically supported by the priest Alfonso Romero Ruiz. using black. Cristo Rey The Cristo Rey statue is a work of José Luis Lugo Vega (engineer) and César C. in honor to Christ. the employed technique was “false” fresco painting. Ex-Convento de San Andrés Apóstol The San Andrés Epazoyucan convent began to be built by Augustine priests in 1540. designed by the company founded by Edward John Dent. Each face points towards one cardinal point. About this wonderful coniferous forest. who have made possible that the beauty of this singular shapes coexist with the villages inside the El Chico National Park. these buildings can be later used with recreational and touristic purposes. tascate. is also inside the forest. 21 Barranca de Aguacatitla Regional and local Touristic and Scientific The zone presents an attractive landscape variety. and epiphanies morphed into rock-carved art. 12 . Materials used in the construction were pink quarry stone. The paired columns in each main door’s side. especially floods.The tower. The San Andres convent can be defined as an eminent example of the syncretism and transculturation of diverse ways of thinking.4. the complexity on its geological history has positively influenced the development of a large amount of vegetal and animal species that can be observed along the Geosite’s route. the polychromy. 24. where Charrería. as it is testified by the presence of two fountains. has four female sculptures (carved in Carrara marble by Italian artists) that depict some of the country’s important events. It is plateresque. precipitation. architect. This State of Hidalgo’s Natural Protected Reserve is comprised of a forest with sacred fir.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 Its scenic value is evident due to the panoramic view that offers towards the dacitic-affinity landscape and the abies religiosa forest. passion and death of Christ. and temperature linked with the geological substrata. Parque Estatal Bosque El Hiloche This is a 99 hectare Protected Natural Area beyond state jurisdiction. there’s a viewpoint that shows the landscape. Currently. renaissancecomposed. many tales have appeared. 22. northwestward Mineral del Monte. exceptionally. dominated by volcanic formations. in a place that might be the village’s square. 40 m tall. they prayed and offered a monument to be built if they could escape from there. over the foundations of a structure originally thought to host de State’s Symphonic Ensemble concerts. It is worth to highlight the allusive murals to the life. 20 Mirador Las Ventanas Regional and local Touristic The contrast between a coniferous landscape and the rural and urban communities. The building material is Tezuantla quarry stone (Scientific interest Geosite) . brought from the Zacatecas and Queretaro States. officially declared in 2004. and the village distribution based on the mining activity. the convent is a museum. Its edification is owed to the promise made by few miners that were trapped in the Paricutín Mine. are outstanding. 23.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. located over a merely volcanic ambient. one of them says that inside this forest. have triggered a quite important cultural heritage for the site’s people. located both inside the El Chico National Park. the Sevillian miner Bartolomé de Medina created and put in practice the amalgam process that consisted in the addition of mercury. There are 775 west-oriented graves made with stonework and marble. Nowadays. with themes related to the passion of Christ. The paste began to be elaborated in 1824.Ex-Hacienda La Purísima The hacienda is considered as the cradle of New Spain’s mining industrialization. with paired columns in the first body. the recipe was modified and local ingredients were added. fishing. quite sober. Panteón Inglés Panteón Inglés (The English Graveyard) was founded in the mid-nineteenth century in a land donated by a functionary from the zone’s mining companies. In 1555. Barranca de Meztitlán possesses an astonishing scenic beauty. conjugated through religiosity and prehispanic customs. although the construction of the buildings was Fray Juan de Sevilla’s work between 1542 and 1562. as well as a historical overview that recreates the mining-historical context from the nineteenth century beginning. Dutch and Chinese people. 31. combines the geologic and natural heritage with the cultural legacy. represented by the mining remnants and the vast history of the mining activity. The temple´s façade is plateresque style. then. with the intention of showing part of the region’s mining history through gastronomy. the name Atononilco comes from the roots atotonil-li (“thermal water”) and co (“at”). In here. zip-cable and boat rides. it is possible to observe a geologic contrast between sedimentary and volcanic rocks that evince the contact between the two geologic provinces of Comarca Minera. who for over 47 years not only guarded the graveyard but the stories framed in a mining ambient. The Geopark Project. lies in here. at the stairwell. this historic space hosts the Club Universitario Real del Monte (Real del Monte University Club) 30. recreational walks. “thermal or hor water place” as name reveals the latent geological processes in here. owed to its orographic. San Miguel Regla It is an ecotouristic park that offers gastronomy-related activities. through their characters and works. the Mexican Inocencio Hernandez Lara. Without a doubt. leek and meat inside a wheat flour paste closed with a braid.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. 28. holistic. also known as “Don Chencho”. The paste is presently a distinctive element of the Mineral del Monte and Pachuca de Soto municipalities. in which are depicted some passages of the Saint Augustine’s life and a representation of him surrounded by six Greek philosophers. Etymologically. 29. Inside.2 Integration of non-geologic sites to Geopark Project. along with the arrival of the English miners from the Cornualles region. the lateral chapels and the gothicribbed vault stand out immediately. Ex-Convento de San Agustín The San Agustin Convent was founded in 1536. -which reflect the Real del Monte’s esscence-. this is the best place to prove that the paste is a food with history. diversifying the flavours from sweet to savoury. The Bartolomé de Medina’s discovery was taken to several regions in the world because it permitted a larger production at smaller costs. The location of the Sites of natural or cultural interests. in essence. B. between the Atotonilco el Grande and Huasca de Ocampo Municipalities. salt and copper sulphate to mineral grindings and put the mixture in the yards of the haciendas de beneficio to extract silver and other minerals subsequently taken to furnaces. This place hosts the remains of Scot. which was also used by the miners to hold the food and then discarded. In the convent is kept a sample of mural painting. The area is considered as a Pleistocene shelter of the Mexican desert biota. and that it is indispensable to taste it in the region. in conjunction with legends about the place’s origin and its mining history. Museo del Paste Museo del paste was opened on october 12 2012. 27. This site is a demonstration of miscegenation. and since 2011.4. The original recipe consisted of a stuffing made of potatoes.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 26. habitat of fragile ecosystems from arid zones that also contain a wide variety in flora and fauna. can be checked in Annex 4. This system had as consequence a larger silver production and a remarkeable increase of the Pachuca City’s population. some examples on how the non-geologic sites have been integrated to CMGP are described: 13 . and those with intangible heritage. Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán A fraction of the Natural Protected Area coincides with the Geopark Project’s territory. topographic and physiographic features. Down below. Irish. the Saint Paul and Sain Peter’s medallions hang over the main door. German. Over the years. a beauty pictorial program can be appreciated. This Geosite offers a (related to the mining activity) cooking utensils exhibit. Protected Natural Area. including religion. Reloj Monumental Historic Monument Cristo Rey Pachuca City and Regional mining’s symbol. On it. 14 . history and intangible cultural heritage.Annex 2 Geological Heritage. architecture. Augustine. where the mining activity’s influence in the urban development is evident The Geopark Project’s strategy for the integration of these non-geologic sites. built between 1542 and 1562. etcetera) Natural and Cultural intangible Heritage The museum shows the influence of English miners in the state’s gastronomy Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Site inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage list. for being sites where culture. Zona Geocultural Pachuca-Reforma. In this site is related the Cristo Rey’s story and its relations with the mining The guided visits provide information about the site features. 1540. because the Reloj Monumental Geosite was built with materials obtained from that place Natural and Cultural intangible heritage. Material and Intangible heritage Information on the site’s history (how it affected the mining when active) is given to visitors Natural and Cultural intangible heritage With a very close location to the sierra. Geopark Project integration Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Shows the relation between vegetation and soil types The studies performed by the european scientists and botanics Luis Née and Alexander von Humboldt. Natural and Cultural intangible heritage It is one of the most preserved convents. consisted in the creation of a 4 georoute system with sundry themes that highlight the singular features of Geosites:1) Ruta Minera Historica (Historic-Mining route) Includes sites in direct linkage with the legacy of the diverse stages and types of mining activity through time. rock types) offer a valuable scenic complement. Ex -Convento de San Andrés Apóstol. San Miguel Regla Ecotouristic Park Zonas Geoculturales Real. soil. (formation. are mentioned Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Facts about its history and architecture are given It is explained the relation that exists with the Geosite Cantera de Tezuantla. etc). it is explained its relation with the zone’s mining history and its remarkable features. 2) Ruta Geo-cultural (Geo-Cultural route) shows the blend between geological traits and cultural expressions. Museo del Paste. 4) Ruta Humboldt (Humboldt route) it contains the natural and geologic sites that aroused the German Scientist’s interest.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 Some examples of how the non-geological sites have been added to the Geopark Project are listed below: Non-Geological Sites Parque Estatal Bosque El Hiloche. conjointly with local legends Zones inside the national Magical Villages Programme. at national level Guided Visits in convent permit to appreciate also the site’s geologic features (formation. Material and Intangible Heritage It is showed the relation between vegetation and soil types. the area’s geologic characteristics (formations. 3) Ruta Geo-Natural (Geo-Natural route) permits to appreciate the biologic diversity adaptation to the Comarca Minera’s geologic traits. Founded by the Order of St. soil type. It is given information on the site’s history. rock type. Huasca y El Chico. World Heritage Site Ex-Hacienda La Purísima Emblematic site in the World’s mining history Ex-Convento de San Agustín municipality’s emblematic site. history and gastronomy merge Zone with an important history. Unique museum in Mexico Panteón Inglés. Estructura del sector Xajha (Cabalgadura El Doctor) Estados de Hidalgo y Querétaro: México.. B. R. C. 1:250000: Pachuca.. 15 . Facultad de Ingeniería.. Tesis.. 4.M.A. Dreier. Wilson I. 133-150 Geyne.. 1 mapa. 2007b. M. R.E. 1971. Valdez G.. Origen y características geológicas del paleo-Lago de Amajac. Probert. México. Consejo de Recursos no Renovables. México. 64 p. Geofísica International. J.. Reporte técnico. Colección Hidalguense. J.H. L. 2014. González-Rodriguez K. Adame.Comarca Minera Geopark Project November 2015 REFERENCES Aguilera J. G. D. Origen sedimentológico y estratigrafía del Paleolago de Amajac. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. Hidalgo: México. 1-26. J.. 68 p. Depósitos epitermales en México: actualización de su conocimiento y reclasificación empírica: Boletín de la Sociedad geológica Mexicana. Early Miocene hydrothermal activity at Pachuca-Real del Monte. Silva-Pineda. 34 p.F. 1990.. L. Marrett. D. S. 3(1). Jalisco: México.. (SEMARNATH).. SEMARNATH. 335-336.. Vol. 446 p. C.A. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Eguiluz-de Antuñano. Bravo-Cuevas. Tesis profesional. Vol. Servicio Geológico Mexicano. Fries. y Mora. Avances en el conocimiento de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana durante la última década: Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 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