Waqar S/O Mohammad Pannah Ghanghro. Student of BS-Part I Geology. Batch no: 2k13/GLG/162. Teacher name: Qamar-u-din Khokhar District: Larkana. Contact no# 0303-2828135. Introduction of geomorphology. Definition of geomorphology. Agents of geomorphology. Land-form/Land-scape. Forces of land-forms. Sources of force for land-forms. Processes of land-form. Types of land-form. Basic concepts of geomorphology. including the description classification. Geo=Earth. Unfortunately. Morph=Shape=Landforms=Process. .Geomorphology Introduction to geomorphology: The word geomorphology has been taken from Greek Language (Geo means Earth) + (morph means shape) + (logy means Study) so the literal meaning of Geomorphology is the study about the shapes on the earth. “Geomorphology is the study of Land-forms and the Land-scape. development and history of (Planetary) surfaces. origin. during the early part of this century. the study of regional-scale geomorphology was termed as “Physiography”. James Hutton: He gave the Principle of uniformatarism. he said that Present is the key of Past. 2. . among them two are the most famous 1. Land-scape and various processes that produced these Landforms. William Morris Davis: He gave the sequence of land-forms. Young stage + mature stage + Old stage Definition: It is the branch of Geology which gives the study about Land-forms. There are many scientists who have contributed on the geomorphology.physiography also became synonymous with (physical geography). Geomorphology is the systematic study of land-forms. Land-form: Land-form is a individual feature on the surface of the earth. 2) Erosion. These geomorphic agents basically serves four functions. Geomorphic Agents: River. . Glacier and Sea-water. Land-scape: Land-scape is the combined effect of numerous/various land-forms. 3) Transportation. 4) Deposition. 1) Weathering. Wind. Frost wedging Crystal growth Thermal expansion/Contraction . Types f mechanical/physical weathering. climate and the elements of weather is known as weathering. Chemical weathering. Weathering: The breakingdown of the rocks under the influence of atmosphere. Agents of weathering: Mechanical /Physical weathering. involving no chemical change is known as physical weathering. Mechanical/Physical weathering: The process of weathering by which physical forces break down or reduce a rock to smaller and smaller fragments. Dissolution Hydrolysis Oxidation Erosion: . ion exchange. and solution is known as chemical weathering. Mechanical exfoliation Abrasion Plantation and Human activities Chemical weathering: A weathering process whereby rocks and minerals are transformed into new. Types of chemical weathering. fairly stable chemical combinations by such chemical reactions as hydrolysis. oxidation. Agents of transportation Wind Water Glacier/Ice Gravitational forces .fragments and particles by wind. Agents of erosion: Wind Water Glacier Gravitational forces Transportation: The braked rock-fragments and particles from place to palace (shifted by the agents) are known as transportation. glacier and Gravitational forces are known as erosion. water.The removal of braked rock. ” . Agents of deposition: Weathering Erosion “Each geomorphic agent functions in a way peculiar to it and as a result produces erosional and depositional land-forms which are characteristic of that agent. Deposition: The settling of the braked rock-fragment/particles shifted and deposited is known as deposition. Mountains. Valleys and deserts can be called landforms. Oceans. For example. Landforms are created by different forces of nature. Land-form: Land-form is an individual feature on the surface of the earth. Land-form (a) Land-form (b) . OR The combined effect of numerous/various land-forms is known as land-scape. Land-scape . Land-scape: The group of land-forms is called land-scape. Gravity process) Land-forms are created by natural forces these forces are: Endogen tic force(is that force which cause movements beneath of the Earth's surface) For example: Earthquakes. Tectonic process. Study of land-forms includes. Denudation process. Plate tectonics . Origin(shows the key to the past) Evolution(Modification) Shape(The shape of land-form) Process(Rain. Wind. Exogenesis force (The process which are originates outside of the earth’s crust are called exogenesis force.) For example: Weathering. Sources of force/energy for land-forms: Interior of earth . Erosion. Mass wasting. Crust 2. earth is divided into three layers. the temperature at core is about to 7000 centigrade whatever the material is present at core its density becomes low due to high temperature it starts to escape and when the material trying to come up on the surface of the earth atmospheric temperature/pressure cools it and it comes down and make a convection current due to convection . Mantle 3.” 1. Sun Interior of earth: “The forces which are operating on the land-forms are comes up from the interior of the earth. Core Core is the hottest layer of the earth. Convergent (due to convergent mountains are formed) 2. There are three types of plate-tectonics 1.) . rifts are formed) 3. Divergent (due to divergent midoceans. Transformation (due to transformation earthquakes takes place.current the plate-tectonics moves in that result land-forms/land-scape takes place on the earth surface. when it comes up the atmospheric temperature/pressure cools it and it comes down and make a convection current and . it warms the earth features and in that result the hotter place trying to up. Sun: Sun is a star which emits the light and light comes on the surface of the earth. some material removes from that site and make land-forms/land-scapes. Process of land-forms: Eolian process Fluvial process Glacier process Ground water process Coastal process . The loose particles that are blown (blow) away by the wind serve as tool of destruction and . 3. Abrasion Deflation Attrition 1. Deposition Erosion shows clearly itself in three ways. 1. Erosion 2. 2. Transportation 3. Abrasion: Abrasion is the sand blast action of wind with sand against the rocks. Eolian process: Eolin process is created by the geological action of wind and it is divided into three stages: 1. Such mutual collision brings about a further grinding of the particles. Important Erosional features and associated land-forms: . 3. Deflation: The lifting and removal of loose material from the earth’s surface.when they move on some rock-surface they bring about a scraping (damage) of the surface. 2. Attrition: Attrition is the grinding action while on transit wind born particles often collide with one another. is known as a Pedestal rock. produced because of the wind-abrasion. Yardang: A grooved topographic form produced by wind abrasion. b. c. is known as Yardang. . Pedestal rock: A wide rock-cap standing on a slender rock column.a. which is in elongated in the direction of prevailing winds and is usually strongly under cut. when the loose particles are swept away. Hamada: Due to deflation. Transportation: Wind-transportation is totally dependent on wind-velocity. only the hard mantle is left behind which is known as Hamada. Saltation: The particles which are too heavy to remain in . Traction: Where particles are removed through rolling and creeping.Methods of wind-transportation: a. remain in suspension in the air. Suspension: Very light particles like dust and cloud. smoke etc move with wind quickly but settle very slowly. b. c. transported and deposited the material.suspension and lighter to be transported in traction are transported through a series of bounces. Rivers and streams eroded. Fluvial process: Fluvial process is the physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Glacial process: Glacial is a climatic accident and climate gets very . Piedmont glaciers: These glaciers are the intermediate in form and origin between valley glaciers and ice-sheets. The valley glaciers (Mountain or Alpine glaciers) 2. . They are formed at the foot of the mountain.cold and the rivers freezes and water becomes ice is known as glacial. 1. Types of glacier There are three major types of glacier. ” Ground water process: Ground water is that part of the sub-surface which fully saturates the pore-spaces (little holes in earth) Small holes/poles into the earth by which water absorbed in to the pores and conserved into the subsurface of the earth. Ice-sheets: These are the huge covers of ice and are also known as “continental glaciers. .3. 1. Coastal process: There are three types of land-form. Structural land-form: . Depositional land-form: .Structural landforms are produced by the movement of plate-tectonics. Erosional land-form: When the 4. Weathering land-form: Weathering land-forms are produced by 3. 2. Concept 1: The same physical process and laws which are operating today they were also operated throughout geological time although not necessarily always with same intensity. This concept was given by James Hutton in 1785 and it is also known as principle of uniformatarism (present is the key of past.) . ” Structures are developing in lithosphere “This concept tells that the geological structures are the key factors for forming land-forms/land-scapes.” Geological structures are: Fold Fault Joint Bedding planes unconformity Concept 3: To a large degree the earth surface posse’s relief because the geomorphic process operate at different rate. .Concept 2: “Geological structures are the dominant control factor in the evolution of land-form and are reflected in them. “This concept tells about the sequence of land-forms” .“This concept tells that the geomorphic processes are varying at the earth with its different rates that is why earth is in relief. Concept 4: Geomorphic processes leave their distinctive/characteristic imprints upon land-forms and each geomorphic process develops its own characteristic assembling (group) of land-form. Concept 5: The different erosional agents act upon the earth surface and produced any orderly sequence of landform.” Relief=Elevation + Depration Hard rock’s make Elevation and soft rocks make Depration. .Like a river its sequence shall be as according to geomorphology: Initial stage + Young stage + mature stage + Old stage.