I can provide you complete geology notes for IFS shipped to your destination by air mail.Delivery time 2 -3 working days. Total 12 sets with complete course coverage, precise notes with additional essay for detailed reading. Both paper I and paper II covered. Previous year questions with solved answers given at the end of each unit. Questions from 10 to 40 marks with modal answers are given. Complete illustrations and assignments (solved) are give. No other study material required apart from the notes. How to write answers in geology? sample answers in accurate word limit are given. Probable and recurring questions over the year are also given. Complete course coverage, notes prepared from more than 50+ standard books on geology of both Indian and Foreign writers. Suggestive reading and books for further reading on the subject are given at the end of each topic. You can score up to 120+ if you read and practice the notes well. Complete course notes can be matched with previous year papers up to 2010. Collecting books and compiling notes from them by yourself will consume more than a year, so get the handy notes for ready reference and save time of prparation. Total cost of the notes 12 sets, paper I and IIis 2000 Rs. + 500 RS. shipment charges. These notes have been referred by IFS 2010 written qualifiers and people selecting geology optional since 2005. For further details, contact with your requirement to
[email protected]. Dont waste any more time, the more late you do, the more pressure, you will have to face. For sample on quick reference of statigraphy portion, refer below: Salt Range (Paleozoic) (West Pakistan) Sequence commences with Cambrian rock ( no precambrian rock on the basement) Cambrian rocks are directly overlain by glacial boulder beds of Up. Carboniferous age Highly Folded and Faulted structures Permian Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous Productus Limestone Olive Series Glacial Boulder Beds Salt Pseudomorphshale Magnesian Sandstone Neobolus Beds Divided into upper middle and lower parts Mainly of massive dolomitic sandstones or Arenaceous Dolomites Dark green and purple shales with intercalatations of Dolomite Cambrian Cambrian Gastrobods Stenotheca Primitive Brachiopods Neobolus Lingula Trilobites (Ptychoparia, reddichia) Pteropods Purple Sandstone Saline Series Marked by features characteristic of deposition in shallow water under arid climate UNCONFORMITY Made up of salt marls Devoid of bedding planes Top part Gypsum, dolomite, oil shales Altered Lava flows ( Khewra traps) Age is controversial Camrian / Eocene Paleozoic of Kashmir Rocks appear to have been folded conspicuously in the form of anticline and synclines Fauna differs from salt range and Spiti Middle to Up. Permian Zewan Beds Limestone and shales Brachiopods ( spirifer) Bryozoa, corals etc. Plant fossils Gangamopetris, Glossopteris, vertebraria Gangamopteris beds Panjal Traps Up. Carboniferous to Lower Permian Agglomeratic Slates Volcanic, Andestic in composition Fenestella Shales Carboniferous Syringothyris Limestone Up. Silurian and Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Muth Quartzite Arenaceous Shales and Limestone Limestone and Slates Clays, Limestone, Quartzite 700 Mts. Thick Generally unfossiliferous In some places Brachiopods (Syringithyris Cuspidata), bryozoa etc. Brachipods (Productus, Spirifer) Bryozoa (Fenestella) Trilobites Brachiopods (syringothyris Cuspidata) Unfossiliferous Fragmentary Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods Brachiopods and Echinoderms Trilobites , Brachiopods Paleozoic Of Spiti Folded in synclinal depression with Axis in NW direction Haimanta sys. Overlies Vaikrita system of Precambrian age Permian Kuling System Productus shales (Siliceous and carbonaceous shales) Calcareous sandstones and shales Cephalopods, (cyctolobus Oldham) Brachiopods Brachiopods of middle Permian age (spirigera, productus, spirifer) Bryozoa, Brachipod Plant fossils Up. Carboniferous Carboniferous Conglomerate beds Kanwar System (Limestone, Quartzite, shales) Po Series Fenestella Series Thabo Series (quartzite and shales) Lipak Sties Up. Silurian to Devonian Ordovician Muth Quartzite Sedimentary basal Conglomerate Succeeded by quartzite, shales, sandstones and limestones Divided into U,M,L series Sedimentary rocks ( Quartzite, Shales, slate etc) on each part Cambian Haimanta System Brachiopods, Trilobites Unfossiliferous Brachiopods (Strophomena, orthis) Cephalopods(Orthoceras, Gonioceras) Trilobites (Illaneus, Asaphus) Trilobites Echinoids Brachiopods Pteropods Cuddapah (Pre Cambrian Group) (Kis nalla ma che- papa) Crescentic in shape ( concave side facing east) Enormous thickness (6000 Mts.) shows slow and quite submergence all through their deposition Name developed from Cuddapah Basin of A.P. where it is best developed Rocks devoid of fossils ,made up of alternate layers of quartzites and shales Formations more or less horizontal Folding increases in Intensity from west to east Folds are doubly plunging with several culminations a nd depressions Formations related to end phase of Eastern Ghat cycle (1600 m. y.) Srisailam Quartzite Kistna (600 Mts) Quartz arnite facies Exhibit planar cross bedding Ripple marks, Mud cracks Presence of glauconite in quartzite shows shallow marine or tidal flat env. Kolamnala Shales Irlakonda Quartzite Cumbum Shales Bairenkonda quartzite UNCONFORMITY Extensive slate phyllite sequences with thin quartzite intercalations Nallamlai (1000 Mts.) Pullampet Shale Cheyair (3,300 Mts.) Nagri quartzite UNCONFORMITY Purple shale with chert jasper Shows that sediments of fine clastic nature in lagoonal Env. Papaghni (1400 Mts) UNCONFORMITY Vampella Shale and Limestone Lies in western part of the basin Known for gabbro sills, basaltic flows Gulcheru Quartzite Mostly quartz arnite with ferruginous cement and accessory glauconite Conglomerate predominantly of mature quartz pebbles at the base indicative of high energy environment by waves Mineral Deposits Store house of diff. types of minerals Magmatic emanations associated with intrusion of sills is responsible for mineralization Large reserves of barytes occurs in veins and beds Major prospect ( vempalle bed) Veins Criss cross pattern 1 Mt. thick Magampetta bedded barytes in upper horizon of carbonaceous sequence of pullampet formation Generation of barium rich melts is the reason for origin of vein type of barytes Sulphide mineralization cumbum formation Cement grade and BF grade Limestone occur in Narji Limestones in vempalle formations Vempalle limestones have been intruded by basaltic sills which ranges in thickness and are responsible for development and de posits of barites and asbestos Limestone has been metamorphosed to shales. On account of it being impure has developed minerals such as serpentine and talc. MESOZOIC (ARYAN ERA) Stratigraphic changes y y y y y y y Himalayan region was converted into vast geosynclinals area known as Tethys sea during Up. Carboniferous Volcanic activity in Kashmir region from Pirpanjal Hazara in NW and Ladakh in NE Hercynian or Veriscan revolution took place in this time Hypothetical continent, the Gondwanaland developed fissures and its different parts began drifting apart Stupendous mass of Basaltic lava welled out from the Earth s interior in different part of the globe. Deccan peninsula is an instace of this kind Alpine mountain building movement set in and gave rise to alpine system, rockies, andes, etc. Sub continent of India assumed its present set up GONDWANA GROUP: Subsequent to the deposition and uplift of the vindhyan group, the Penisula witnessed no further deposition of sediments for a long time During the Up carboniferous, there was new cycle of sedimentation in the interconnected basin of fluvatile and lacustrine origin. Continued up to Jurrasic period These sediments occupying a vast tract in the peninsula are called Gondwana group or system Features: Deposition of sediments commenced under glacial climatic conditions Rest of the Up. Carboniferous and Permian - Warm and humid climate Triassic Dry, arid Jurassic Warm and humid Each individual cycle commenced with the deposition of coarse sand. The Gondwana rocks were subjected to tectonic disturbance s during the mid Triassic, Jurassic and post Eocene period, leading to the development of a no. of faults in them. Total thickness (6000 7000 mts,), barakar and raniganj stages together constitutes for the maximum coal bearing horizon. Subdivisions Series Jabalpur Stages Umia Jabalpur Ages Low Cretaceous Up. Jurassic Features Well known in Kutch, Sandstones, oolitic Limestones and shales Sandstones, shales, carbonaceous bands Fossils Ptilophyllium acutifolium, pelecypods, trigonia Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophyllium acutifoilum Rajmahal Kota Mid Jurassic Well developed in Godavari valley, formation of sandstones and grits of about 700 Mt. thickness Thin bands of Limestones and clay Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophlyllum acutifolium, fish( lepidottus, dupedius Plant fossils, Taeniopteris spatulata, ptyllophylium acutifolium, fish (dupedius) Rajmahal Upper Gondwana Low Jurassic Basaltic lava flows with intercalated carbonaceous shalesand clays, Individual Lava flow is of varied thickness (17 -100 mt.) Intertrappean sediments between the flow carries the plant fossils Mahadeva Maleri Up Triassic Sandstones and clays (Tiki beds of Rewa) Fossils of fish and reptiles Pachmari Up triassic Panchet Panchet Red Sandstone and clays with ferruginous materials UNCONFORMITY Low Triassic Sandstones and shales, devoid of coal seams, brown sandstone shows deposition under arid condition Few plant fossils in lower beds Raniganj Up. Permian 1000 Mt. Developed in Raniganj Coalfield Coal seams are associated with sandstones and shales 700 mts. Sandstones, carbonaceous shales and clay ironstone nodules Does not contain workable coal seams, devoid of fossils Jharia coalfield, formations are made up of sandstone, shales, coal seams with grits and conglomerates 800 Mt. thick ( 1/3 is coal seams) Repetition of sandstone, shales and coal seams Sandstones and Grits with coal seams e.g. Girdhi coal fields Sandstone with shaly horizons Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, phyllotheca Indica Barren measures Mid permian Damuda Barakar Low permian Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, dadoxylon indicum Lower Gondwana karharbari Low Permian Rikba Up. Carboniferous Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi Talchir Talchir Up. Carboniferous Greenish splintery shales known as needle shales due to the characteristic weathering they exhibit. Contain sandstone layer Glacial origin , Unsorted boulders and pebbles of sandy matrix, Facetted and striated pebbles, unsorted nature of formation bears evidence of glacial origin Boulber Bed Up. Carboniferous TRIASSIC SYSTEM OF SPITI: (Q M.C. Jitesh Theke Gaya hai? DD ! Uske liye nayi Bottle Hai, Mujhe?? Oh - Oh Age Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic Conformably overlie over Permian rocks Entirely marine in character Rocks extend over enormous distance without much variation in composition Consist of Limestone and shales Arid climatic conditions and universal marine regression is their characteristic Deposits are marine geosynclinal Divided on the basis of fossil system Series Kito Limestone Range in age from Rheotic to Lias Noric Upper Triassic (Keuper- 1600 Mt.) Limestones, Shaly Limestones, Quartzite Lies conformably Ladinic Mid Triassic (Muschelkalk -120 Mt.) Quartzite Series Monotis Shale Coral Limestones Juvavite beds Carnic Tropites beds Grey beds Halobia beds Daonella limestones Daonella Shales Spirigera maniensis Monotis Salinaria, Rynchonella Crinoids, corals, Brachiopods Spiriferina, rynchonella Juvavie angulatus Tropites Subbullatus Joannites, Spiriferina, Rynchonella Halobia Comata, Joannites Daonella Indica, Rynchonella, Joannites No noticeable change in stratigraphical unit between muschelkalk and Ladinic stages Daonella Indica, Ptychites geradi Stages Tagling Para Features Fossils unfossiliferous Megalodon Ladakhensis (characterisitic fossil) Unfossiliferous in most of the parts Up. Muschelkalk - Limestone, shales, shaly LImestones. - Lie conformably over the lower rocks - Highly fossiliferous Low. Mushchelkalk Nodular Limestone Basal Muschelkalk Hedenstroemia Low. Triassic (Bunter -30 Mt.) Principally constituted by limestones Meekoceras Highly fossiliferous Muschelkalk Cephalopods- Ceratites, Ptychites rugifer Brachiopods Ammonitic cephalopods Sibirites Prahlada, Ceratites, Spiriferrina, Rynchonella No important fossils Brachiopods Rynchonella Griesbach Separated from the lower beds by an Hadenstroemia Mojsisovicsi, flemingites unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m thick Unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m. thick Cephalopods - Meekoceras Varaha Zone fossil ophiceras Shakuntala Ophiceras Otoceras Basal Parts of the lower triassic Cephalopods Otoceras, otoceras draupadi, sequence, named after characteristic otoceras parbati ammonite genus Otoceras Brachiopods Rynchonella Lamillibranchs pseudomontis griesbachia JURASSIC SYSTEM OF KUTCH ( Main Bahut Udas Un Bhai, Tu A b Za, Gxxx Uski Maar Li Kisine Dekha Abhi Abhi Rig Mein ), (gajana ka sar kon kate) marked by extensive marine transgression and humid tropical climate shows more divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country Marine Geosynclinal deposit upper part shales, lower part - limestones total thickness -2000 Mts in Kutch Rocks are result of marine transgression Jurassic rocks oldest in Kutch Age Up. Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Series Stage Marine Sandstones Bhuj Beds Features Esturine Closely related to Jabalpur series of Gondwana system Unfossiliferous but some plant remains Fossils Acentoceras Ptilophylum Umia Beds Umia Beds Ukra Beds Barren Sandstones and shales Trigonia beds Ammonite beds Zamia beds Gajansar Upper Katrol Midde Katrol Lower Katrol Williamsonia Trigonia ventricosa Cycads and other plants Phylloceras No fossils Red sandstones Katrolceras, waagenia Waagania, streblites Up Jurassic Katrol Diff type of sandstones and shales Middle to Upper Jurassic Chari / Habo Takes its name from the Chari village Kontkate Dhosa oolites Atheleta beds Anceps beds Rehmani beds Oldest stage Green and Brown oolitic limestones Marlas and gypceous shales Dhosites, mayaites maya Peltoceras Athleta Perisphinctes Anceps Ammonites Reineckia Rehmani, shivajiceras ,Lytoceras Macrocephalits Macrocephalus (Char.) Macrocephalus Made up of shales and Limestones Upper part of the middle division of this stage contains a few layer of golden oolites. Middle Jurassic Patcham Limestone, some sandstone and shale Patcham coral beds Patcham shell Limestones Patcham Basal Limestones Remains of Corals (stylina) Ammonites Pelecypods Trigonia, Corula Ammonites Megateuthis CRETCEOUS SYSTEM OF TRICHINOPOLY/ TIRUCHIRAPALLI Uniqueness of its own that it has developed mostvaried facies of deposits Shows a widely divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country Type of deposition: Type area of Spiti, extra peninsula Marine Geosynclinal Coromondal coastal strip Marine transgressional MP fluvatile and esturine Igneous facies is represented in both its intrusive and extrusive phases by the records of gigantic volcanic outburst in the peninsula, and by intrusion of granites, gabbros etc in various parts of the country. Heterogeneous constitution of the cretaceous is a part of the pre valence of the very diversified physical conditions in Indi a at the time of its formation Distribution: i) In the peninsula ii) In the extra peninsula Penisula: Continued to be as a landmass after the vindhyan period, only a few patches of rocks of sedimentary origin in the post vindhyan period were deposited along the coastal tracts. I) Trichinopoly ii) Vridhachalam iii) Pondicherry Features: Rest upon a basement of Archean Gneisses and Charnockites ( sometimes fringed along westen margin by thin strips of rocks of Upper Gondwana age) Trichinopoly has largest geographical extent, than other two patches Deposited as a result of Universal marine transgression occurred during middle Cretaceous. Known as Cenomanian Transgression. Contains remains of thousands of extinct sea animals , sir T. Holland called it a little museum of paleozoology - - Fossil fauna indicates at least 4 phases of marine transgression durin g this period Thickness in Trichonopoly 1000 Mts., exhibit complete succession from Aptian to Maestrichitian STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION (TRICHINOPOLY): Age Danian Stage Niniyur Characteristics Ammonites disappeared in the stage Brown and grey Sandstones, shales and Arenaceous Limestones UNCONFORMITY Argillaceous sandstones, white sandstones Fauna resembles the underlying stage Formed in the final phase of Marine transgression UNCONFORMITY Shallow marine formation Sandstones, calcerous grits, occasional shales and limestones Limestones are full of white shells of gastropods and pelecypods and known as trichinopoly marble. Fossils Cephalopods Nautilus Gastropods Turritella Corals Stylina Algae Senonian to Maestrichitian Ariyalur Cephalopods Schloenbachia, Nautilus Gastopods Cerithium, Nerita Pelecypods Cardita, Nucula Echinoids Cidaris Fishes - Otodus Turonian Senonian Trichinopoly Cephalopods Desmoceras, Holoceras Pelecypods Trigonia, Spondylus Gastropods Cerethium, Turritella Corals trochosmilia, Astrocoenia Distingueshed from the formation below by presence of large no. of granite pebbles in the gravels and conglomerates Formed during third phase of marine transgression. UNCONFORMITY Limestone, clays and Arenaceous rocks Stage lies on charnockites for the greater part Lower part is made up of limestone beds, coral reefs and clays Uncoiled ammonites are characteristic fossil formed during second phase of marine transgression UNCONFORMITY Subbaraman (1969) Grey Shales and abundant pyrite, Marcasite crystals, tiny flakes of muscovite Resulted by earliest Marine transgression UNCONFORMITY Tripati and Pavulur formation Up. Albian Turonian Uttatur Schloenbachia Inflata, Turrilites Acanthoceras ( all cephalopods) Rynchonella (brachiopod) Arca, Lima, Pelecypods Few fragments of fishes, cycadeous woods, ostracods etc. Aptian Lo. Albian Dalmiapuram Ammonites, Smaller foraminifera, Ostrocods BAGH BEDS: Marine Cretaceous rocks developed in the Narmada Valley Covering an extensive area from Gwalior to Kathiawad Consist of i) Sandstones ii) Shales iii) Marl iv) Impure Limestones v) Some quartzites Lower part Arenaceous, upper part calcareous Nimar Sandstones Marked by fluorite bearing veins , Nodular Limestone compact and light coloured Deola Marls brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, echinoids and fishes, Coralline Limestone Red to yellow coloured, contains bryozoa DECCAN TRAPS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Coralline Limestone er Deola Marl ¡ ¡ bagh beds nod lar Argillaceo s Limestone ¢ Lower Nimar sandstones METAMORPHICS DECCAN TRAPS: After the formation of bagh and lameta beds, towards the end of Mesozoic period, Indian peninsula was affected by massive vol canic activitities. Stupendous masses of lava and pyroclastic material ejected out. Covered larger part of peninsula in southern, western and central part. Flow occurred in the form of beds, obliterating the previous topography and converting the country into pleatues Because of their tendency to form flat topped pleatue like features and their basaltic composition, they are termed as pleatue basalt. Because of their stepped or terraced appearance, they are called deccan traps. CHARACTERISTICS: Eruption was mostly through fissures and the deccan traps are believed to be the result of fissure type of eruption. At some places, it was central type. Thickness : Lava flows generally occur in the form of horizontal sheets. Thickness ranges from 7 Mt. to 30 Mt. Maximum thickness of 3300 Mt. near Bombay Areal Extension: lava flows flooded several hundred thousand KMs of western, southern and central part of the country. Area = 3,20,000 Sq. Km. Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kutch, Kathiawar, Gujarat. Structure : Shows well developed columnar jointing caused by tensile stress, the result of contraction due to cooling. Columns are lo ng and polygonal in shape. Step like appearance because of differential composition and weathering. Composition of Texture: Traps are basic rocks of basaltic composition and are dark colored or melanocratic rock. Little sign of differentiation between roc ks, but in Girnar hills (kathiawad) and Pavagarh hills (Gujarat), it can be differentiated. Labradorite 40 -50% Pyroxene 30 40% Iron Oxide 10 12% Orthoclase 5 -7% Quartz 2 5% Inter Trappean Beds : Volcanic eruption was not continous but ep isodic, hence no. of gaps were formed in the lava flows y y y y y Successive lava flows are separated from each other by sedimentary beds, which were formed under water containing valuable paleontological and paleobotnical data throwing light on the history of perio ds of quiesce which intervened b/w the volcanic outbursts. In the long intervals b/w successive outbursts, some rivers originated and transported materials which were laid down in depr essions. Thus fluvatile and lacustrine sediments of small horizontal extent and thickness were intercalated in the lava flows. Helped in understanding the age of trap rocks. Esturine fauna found in an intertrappean bed in Kateru, A.P. is thought to have affinity with late cretaceous formation of tr ichinpoly area in T.N.