Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 1 Geography Notes for Class: X [Social Science] Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh [PGT Geography] K V Dhrangadhra I N D E X S. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Name of Chapter Resources an Development Forest and Wildlife Resources Water Resources Agriculture Minerals and Energy Resources Manufacturing Industries Lifeline of National Economy Page No. 01 04 06 08 11 13 17 CHAPTER 1: RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Remember These Points Anything available in the environment and can be used to satisfy the needs of human being is called as resource, e.g. water, land, air, minerals, wildlife etc. Leaching is a process which takes place in high temperature and rainfall area. In this process minerals of the soil are dissolved into the rainwater and they move down in the soil. Laterite soil is formed by this process. Black soil is also called as ‘regur soil’. Manganese nodules are extracted from Indian Ocean. Full form of UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rajasthan has abundant solar and wind energy potential. Earth Summit was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. The book written by Schumacher is ‘Small is Beautiful’. Black soil is formed by weathering of lava rocks. Red soil is formed by weathering of igneous rocks. It looks red due to iron-oxide. Land degraded by gully erosion in Chambal River basin is called ‘Ravines’ or ‘Bad Land’. Types or Classification of Resources On the basis of origin: 1. Biotic: Those resources which has life are called biotic resources e.g. plants, trees, animals etc. 2. Abiotic: Those resources which do not have life are called as abiotic resources e.g. land, water, minerals etc. On the basis of exhaustibility: a) Renewable [Forest, Wildlife, Water] b) Non-Renewable [Metals, Fossils Fuels] On the basis of ownership: a) Individual [land, plot, well, pond] b) Community [Grazing land, burial ground, park] Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh , PGT Geography, Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra, Gujarat Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 2 c) National [Minerals, Forest, Rivers] d) International [EEZ – Ocean up to 200 km] On the basis of development: 1. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in an area but not have been utilized. For example, Rajasthan and Gujurat has enough potential to produce solar energy due to cloudless sky and more temperature. 2. Developed Resources: When resources found in a region are surveyed by engineer and their quality and quantity are determine for utilization, it is called developed resource. Technology and capital help in development of resources. 3. Stock Resources: Material found in our environment can satisfy many of our need but they are not used because of lack of appropriate technology. For example, water has hydrogen, a good source of energy, but due appropriate technology water is not being used as fuel. 4. Reserve Resources: Reserve is those parts of stock which can be utilized using existing technology. But these resources are not being used and they have been left for future generation. They are called reserve. Sustainable Development : Development without damaging the environment is called as sustainable development. This development meets the demands of present generation as well as future generations. Earth Summit and Agenda 21 : Earth Summit is an international conference on environment. It was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. In the conference leaders of the words discussed about sustainable development and they adopted 21 points policy which is called ‘Agenda 21’. Resource Planning and Its Steps Resource planning is method to use the resources in optimum way so that maximum benefit should reach to maximum people. Resource planning also means avoiding wastage, misuse and overuse of resources. There are three steps for resource planning. a) Identification and inventory of resources by surveying and mapping b) Evolving a planning structure to use the resources with appropriate technology c) Matching resource development plan with national development plan Need and Methods of Conservation of Resources Father of the nation – Mahatma Gandhi – said that “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”. We should conserve resources for following reasons. a) Resources are not found everywhere. They are unevenly distributed. b) Resources are limited. Many of the resources are non-renewable. c) Resources should be conserved for reducing all kinds of pollution. d) Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable development’. e) Conservation is needed to protect natural heritage. Methods or measurements for resource conservation are as under: a) Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources should be avoided. b) Renewable resources should be used more e.g. solar energy, wind energy etc. c) Older technology should be replaced with newer, modern and efficient technology. d) Awareness should be created among the people. e) Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment and location of industries. f) Used items should be recycled using new technology. Land Use and Its Category Land is used for various purposes in a country. India has vast land resource. Total area of our country is about 3.28 million sq. km. India ranks 7th in the world in term of size. But most of parts are covered by either mountain or plateau. India has only 43% plain where agriculture is possible. Mountains are good sources of biotic resources where varieties of minerals are found in the plateau. There are 5 categories under land use. 1. Forest 2. Land not available for cultivation 3. Other uncultivated land 4. Fallow land Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh , PGT Geography, Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra, Gujarat Land Degradation and Its Causes Lowering the quality of land up to such an extent that the land become unfit for any use. Some parts of net sown area is used more than one time in a single agricultural season. Formation of Soil: Soil is formed by weathering and erosion of rocks. Its Formation & Factors Affecting Soil Formation Meaning of Soil: It is an important an renewable resource. Net sown area is the actual land on which agriculture is done. It is upper part of the crust which is loose and fragmented. Bacteria and other small organisms are also found in the soil which makes it more fertile. Soil erosion is a acute problem in India. PGT Geography. waste land and land which is used for building. Factors Affecting Soil Formation a) Parent Rocks: It determined the colour. About 130 million hectare of lands are degraded in India. water and minerals contents and it support growth of plants. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Following are the causes of land degradation. parks. c) Topography [Slope]: On higher land thin layer of soil is found. Net sown area Page No: 3 Land not available for cultivation includes barren land. When this land is added with net sown area. lack of capital or seeds etc. i. Temperature and rainfall breaks down the rock into smaller parts. it acquires the form of soil. texture and mineral contents in soil b) Climate [Rainfall and Temperature]: It determines rate of weathering and erosion of rocks. a) Sheet Erosion. If land is left fallow for more than one but less than five years it is called as Other Fallow land. Farmer leaves some land to give rest to the land. Soil Erosion and Methods of Soil Conservation Soil Erosion: Removal of top and fertile layer of soil by the agents like rainwater and wind is called soil erosion.e. After mixing of water and minerals in these sediments.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] 5. Fallow land for one or less than one year is called Current Fallow. b) Rill Erosion and c) Gully Erosion [Most Dangerous]. factories etc. d) Vegetation [Plants and Trees]: They add organic matter [Humus] to the soil. Followings are the reasons for soil erosion. a) Deforestation – cutting of trees and forest b) Erosion by rain water and wind c) Water logging in low lying area d) Increasing salinity [salt] due to over irrigation e) Dumping of urban and industrial waste on valuable land f) Mining and quarrying activities for extracting minerals Soil. Chambal river basin is so badly eroded that this entire area is called as ‘Bad Land or Ravines’. Following factors affect soil formation. There are three types of erosion. it is called gross sown area or gross cropped area. It has air. Fallow land is that land which is left uncultivated by the farmer. e) Time: Older soils are generally more fertile than newer soil. Gujarat . Lands are also left fallow due low rainfall. it is called as land degradation. Reason a) b) c) for Soil Erosion: Deforestation – Cutting down of trees and forests Torrential [heavy] rainfall Overgrazing by cattle d) Unscientific agriculture [Ploughing land parallel to the slope] e) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation Measurement to Check Soil Erosion: a) Afforestation – Planting trees on degraded land b) Plugging of gullies c) Check on overgrazing by cattle Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . roads. while in the lower valley thick deposition of alluvium is found. it is called as Black Cotton Soil. leaves and roots of trees protect soil from erosion. f) Combine. c) Branches. They are good natural resources. PGT Geography. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. animals. trees etc of an area. peacock etc.g. Hence. Gujarat and Karnataka [Deccan Trap]. e) Forest maintains ecological balance and food chain. It looks black due to presence of magnesium in it. This soil has been formed by deposition of sediments in the northern plain. Indus and Brahmaputra. fur. Black soil has high capacity to hold moisture. This soil is ideal for the agriculture of rice. Fauna: It means birds. fruits. pulses and many other crops. lac. Biodiversity [Flora & Fauna] in India India is very rich in biological diversity. This soil is found from Punjab up to Assam. It is also known as ‘Regur Soil’. aawla etc. trees. neem. CHAPTER 2: FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES Remember These Points Biodiversity: Variety of plants and animals found in an area is called biodiversity. Biosphere Reserve: It is vast area having great biological diversity. Example – Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve in Uttranchal. d) Forests are natural habitat for variety of wildlife. Short Note on Black Soil This soil is formed by the weathering of lava rocks. There are variety of plants and animals found in our country. d) Leaves. lower parts are called khadar and upper parts are called banger. Gujarat .Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 4 d) Scientific agriculture [Ploughing land at right angle of slope – Contour Ploughing] e) Crop rotation f) Terrace farming g) Preparation of shelter belt Short Note on Alluvial Soil It is the most fertile and extensive soil in India. tulsi. reptiles. tiger. It is found in the river valleys of Ganga. e) Animals provides us meat.000 species of flora [plants] are found in India. It become sticky when it is wet and develop crack when it is dry. found in an area is called biodiversity. roots. natural plants and animals are protected for future generation. In these areas. Coarse soil near the mountain foothill is called duars. plants and animals maintain food chain in the ecosystem. rasin etc are collected from forest. Flora: It refers to grasses. It is best for the cultivation of cotton. snakes. b) Woods for furniture and construction are provided by forest. insects of an area. Biodiversity and Its Importance Meaning of Biodiversity: Various species of plants. plants. In the plain area. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . IUCN: It full name is International Union for Conservation of Nature.000 species of fauna [animals] and 47. b) It absorbs CO2 and provides us with oxygen. It is also found along the coastal areas. Yamuna. animals. India is famous for rhino. They are important because: a) Plants and trees give us oxygen. sarpgandha. India has nearly 8% of the total number of species found in the world. c) Some plants are of medicinal use e. reptiles etc. elephant. About 81. monkey. sugarcane. It is found mainly in Maharastra. bone etc. Importance of Forest in Our Lives a) Forest provides timber for furniture and construction work. skin. birds. lion. chos and tarai. wheat. Followings are the reasons or causes behind loss of flora and fauna. Role of C ommunity [local people] in Conserving Forest and Wildlife Community or local people are very helpful in conserving biodiversity i. Example – Indian rhino. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . e) Joint Forest Management [JFM] stated in India is good method of involving local community in forest conservation. Example – Asiatic Cheetah. c) ‘Vanmahotsava’ and similar kind of events should be celebrated to conserve forest. Types of Forests in India a) Reserved Forests: These forests are earmarked only for production of timber. TV. bone etc. Project Rhine etc should be started. a) Deforestation. black buck. and forest fire b) Hunting and poaching of wild animals for skin. b) Rare Species: Species with small population is called rare. road. International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] has classified the species into following category: a) Normal Species: There is no threat to these species. d) Endangered Species: Population of these species become so small that they come under danger of extinction. They have gone from our earth for forever. They are rarely seen in the forest. should used for creating awareness. Grazing of animals and cultivation of crops are not allowed in these forests. R easons for Depletion of Biodiversity [Flora and Fauna] Human activities are mainly responsible for depletion of biodiversity. hunting and poaching. f) Various project like Project Tiger. c) Vulnerable Species: Population of these species decreases to such an extent that they may become endangered. Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamb trees and they protect them from cutting. railways in the forest d) Pollution and global warming leading to climatic change e) Increasing human population pressure on the forest resources Methods or M easures to Conserve Biodiversity a) Deforestation should be totally stopped. e. e) Govt. should pass and implement [Indian Wildlife [Protection] Act – 1972] strict laws against illegal cutting of trees.e. g) Lac. Instead.g. h) There should be frequent survey and census to count population of different species found in the forest. desert fox etc. Forest is home of many traditional people. plants and animals. c) In Jharkhand. g) More National Parks.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] f) It provides fuel wood to rural people. newspapers etc. Many communities live in the forest. b) People of Alwar District of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of land as ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’ in which they don’t allow hunting. a) In Rajasthan. d) Mass media. Indian wild ass etc. If negative factors continue. Asiatic elephant etc. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya movements have also been started in Himalaya. honey. Biosphere Reserve should be identified. Wildlife Sanctuaries. PGT Geography. wild Asiatic buffalo. they may become extinction. crocodile. pink head duck etc. trees should be planted on degraded land and on land where was forest earlier. radio. illegal cutting of trees. b) People should start movement against tree cutting such as ‘Chipko Movement’. their population is sufficient in the environment. Example – Himalayan brown bear. e) Extinct Species: These species are not found anywhere in the world. Gujarat . d) Famous Chipko Movement in Himalaya was started by local community only. local people came forward to stop mining activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve. c) Construction of dam. herbs etc are collected from forest for commercial use. tusk. About 54% forests are grouped under reserved forests. Classification of Species by IUCN Page No: 5 Many species of plants and animals are under threat due to over exploitation by the human being. Example – blue sheep. Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean surround southern India from three sides. Gujarat . depletion of prey etc. Distribution of forest in India is not uniform. have been created by god. But in Punjab. PGT Geography. Delhi and J & K have less than 10% land under forest. Mango.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 6 b) Protected Forests: These forests are protected from further depletion. Water Resources in India Annual rainfall in India is about 117 cm. Distribution of Forest in India About 33% land must be under forest for ecological balance. Tamarind etc. Indus. Old tribal and traditional societies have protected certain species from time immemorial. Banyan. deforestation.g. Not only that. Cherapunji receives highest rainfall in the world. it is believed that everything – livings and non-livings. Yamuna. There are 27 tiger reserves in India. These forests belong to government and private individuals. Water scarcity leads to drought and famine and claims thousand of lives every year in India. India has long seacoast. ponds. Kauveri.g. It was estimated that population of tigers has decreased rapidly in the last one hundred years. CHAPTER 3: WATER RESOURCES Important Terms Dam: It is a concrete wall constructed across the river to stop the river water. Followings are the causes of water scarcity. have more 60% land under forest. Nagaland. The storage of water behind the dam is called reservoir. only 23% land is under forest in India. hydraulic structures etc found in our country. Krishna. About 16% forests are unclassed forests. People of Bihar. India is also rich in groundwater resources. Southern states have moderately covered with forest. What is Sacred Groves? In India. Arunachal Pradesh etc. Short Note on Project Tiger Tiger is one of the most important species among fauna. Ganga. Rajasthan. Most of the north-eastern states like Manipur. Major reasons identified behind depletion of tiger were hunting and poaching. Perennial River: A river having water throughout the year is called Perennial River. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Arabian Sea. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Right of grazing and cultivation is allowed with certain restriction. Brahamputra etc. rivers. Brahmaputra etc. About 20-30% land is under forest in these states. Reservoir: Large collection of river water just behind the dam is called reservoir. Their water source is melting glaciers. Gujarat. Andman and Nicobar has about 87% [Highest] land under forest while in Haryana only 4% land is under forest which lowest in India. Mizoram. Water Scarcity and Its Causes Water Scarcity: When water is not available in sufficient quantity and quality for all the people in an area. e. About 29% forests come under protected forests. forests etc are considered as god and goddesses and they are worshipped and protected in India. Munda tribes of Jharkhand protect Mahua and Kadamb trees and worship them. Narmada etc are also good source of water. India has many perennial rivers e. Project Tiger has successfully improved the condition. It is more than 6000 km. Godawari. Population of tigers increased from 1800 to about 3600 in the last 30 years. it is called water shortage or water scarcity. Haryana. There are many natural and man-made lakes. Ganga. c) Unclassed Forests: There is no restriction in these forests. UP worship Peepal. But.g. mountains. Project Tiger was started in 1973 to protect them from extinction. Seasonal rivers of southern India e. rainwater is collected on the roof tank to store drinking water. people build diversion channel called as ‘Guls’ and ‘Kuls’ for development of agriculture. d) Using bamboo as pipe to bring spring water from far away place for irrigation like in Meghalaya. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . They have to leave their own houses and properties. D ifferent Methods of Rainwater Harvesting in India In Rajasthan. In Meghalaya. c) Forest land are either cleared or submerged under water. Objectives of Rainwater Harvesting a) To reduce surface run-off which cause flooding on the roads. animal drinking. barrages. people use bamboo [Bamboo Drip] as pipes to bring water spring water located hundreds of meters away from the houses. Damodar River was called ‘Sorrow of Bengal’. It is called multipurpose because it serve many purposes and solve many of our problems. Rainwater is collected on the roof of house and it is stored in dug well or underground tank. b) To meet the increasing demand of water. d) To reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality of water. It is a good method of water conservation in water scarcity areas such as Rajasthan. Example: Bhakharan Nangal Project. d) Siltation in the dam reduces the life span of the project. c) To recharge the groundwater. the cheapest source of emery. Rainwater can also be used for domestic and agricultural purpose. e) Canals and reservoir can also be used for water transportation and fisheries.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] a) Amount of rainfall less than the normal b) Over exploitation of ground water by tube wells in the cities c) Excess use of water for irrigation to grow more crops. irrigation etc. In the hilly and mountainous areas. it is a blessing for that region. It is called ‘Khadins’ and ‘Johad’ in Rajasthan. e) Big multipurpose projects can result into minor earthquakes. Damodar Valley Project etc. Gujarat . canals etc is called as multipurpose project. About 22% electricity comes from this source in India. people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. c) Making small check dams to stop surface run-off and allow the soil to absorb more moisture. e) To supply water during dry season. In West Bangal. is produced from multipurpose projects. People of Rajasthan. Methods of Rainwater Harvesting a) Collecting rainwater on roof top and diverting it into a dug well to recharge groundwater. d) Hydroelectricity. Now. PGT Geography. Collection of rainwater is also done in Shillong for household requirement. This water is used for washing. Rainwater Harvesting and Its Objectives and Methods Meaning: Capturing and storing the rainwater for recharging the ground water is called rainwater harvesting. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. of people are displaced. Disadvantage of Multipurpose Projects a) Fertile agricultural land submerged under the river water. c) Multipurpose projects also provide facility for afforestation and conservation of soil from erosion. It is great loss for environment. also built underground tank [Called as ‘Tankas’] to store drinking water for at least a year. b) Collecting rainwater on roof and bringing it underground tank in the house for domestic use. b) They control the flood in the river. d) Water pollution by dumping of waste from city and industries e) Flood [Water is polluted and become unfit for use] Multipurpose Projects and Its Advantages and Disadvantages Page No: 7 Meaning: A river valley project having many dams. b) Large no. Farmer of Rajasthan collects rainwater in their agricultural fields to increase the soil moisture. Advantage of Multipurpose Projects a) Multipurpose projects provide water for irrigation of crops. c) Consumption of chemical fertilizer. Coconut. b) Agriculture is dependent on monsoon rain. Tobacco. is called green revolution. Development of horticulture Pasture development Supply of drinking water CHAPTER 4: AGRICULTURE Important Terms Agriculture: Cultivation of crops and domestication of animals is called agriculture. d) Size of agriculture fields is very small. PGT Geography. irrigation water. Groundnut. Bajra and Ragi o Pulses: Tur [Arhar]. Attempt made under watershed development are: Conservation of soil and moisture. It is also called slash and burn agriculture because tree are cut and burnt to clear the land for agriculture. Masur. Cash Crops: The crops which are cultivated for trade and commerce and selling them in the market to earn money. e) Machines and modern farm implements are used only in small area. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Sericulture: Rearing of silk worm and producing silk is called sericulture. like tobacco. It took place during 1960s in our country. and gives very low production. Coffee o Fiber Crops: Cotton. Important Features and Characteristics of Indian Agriculture a) Indian agriculture is subsistence in nature.] to rural people at subsidized rate [low price]. pesticide etc is very low. Peas. This method of agriculture is very old. fruits. Jhumming: Shifting agricultural in the north east is called as jhumming. Watershed Development: An area drained by an tributary is called watershed. Spices Operation Flood: It means sharp rise in the production of milk. Agriculture is done using very old tools on very small scale. Soyabean o Beverage: Tea. PDS: It means Public Distribution System. Water harvesting. spices. chemical fertilizers etc. Rubber. Only 1/3rd net sown is under irrigation. at which foodgrains are procured by FCI [Food Corporation of India]. Important Crops in India: o Cereal Crops: Rice. Green Revolution: Sudden rise in the production of crops by using HYV seeds. and also it degrade forest. All round development of this area is called watershed development. Bajra o Millets: Jowar. Kerosene Oil etc. Sugar. Jute. Wheat. After one or two year new land is selected and same process is followed. Genetic Engineering: It means developing new and hybrid seed by using modifying the gene of the crops. It is also called as White Revolution. Wheat. Gram o Oilseeds: Mustard. Minimum Support Price [MSP]: It is a lowest price announced by the Govt. HYV seeds. Horticulture: Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called as horticulture. Shifting Agriculture: It is also called as slash and burn agriculture. Moong. Sunflower. In the north-east this agriculture is called as jhumming or jhum cultivation. Hemp and Natural Silk o Cash Crops: Sugarcane. Urad. sugarcane etc. It means produce is consumed by the farmer itself. It is a program which provides foodgrains and other essential items [Rice. Gujarat . Sukhmajri Village in Haryana is the best example of watershed development. Afforestation and forest upgradation. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Coconut. Animal Husbandry: Domesticating animals for production of milk and meat is called animal husbandry. In this agriculture forest land is cleared and they are burnt.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 8 Tamil Nadu is the first state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory in every house across the state. g) There are poor banking and insurance facility available to the farmers. 4. Gujarat . It is single crop farming practiced on large land. pesticides etc is high. b) Drip irrigation and sprinklers are now used for irrigation which irrigates more area in less water. 3. 1. HYV seeds. banana. 4. Generally it is done in hilly and sloppy area where rainfall is high and water can Heavy dose of fertilizers. bajra etc. Technological Reforms: a) Wooden plough was replaced with tractors and tillers. Consumption of chemical fertilizers. It is done where population pressure on the land is very high. b) Small fields were consolidated to make large fields. Institutional Reforms: a) Zamindari system was abolished by the Government of India. Important crops are rice. Efficient and fast transport and communication help this farming to connect with Important crops are tea. Barley. e) Farmers are now using TV. PGT Geography. Radio. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . c) Use of chemical and bio fertilizers have increase manifold. 6. tea. Agricultural fields are bigger in size. Newspapers and Cell Phone to know about weather condition and according they plan agricultural activities. Use of machines and modern farm implements are less. It is subsistence in nature because farmers consume most of the produce by themselves. Cucumbers. 5. rubber etc. trade and commerce. combine etc. Groundnut. coffee. Cotton. market. Consumption of chemical fertilizers. c) Agriculture was the main focus in the first Five Years Plan. Agricultural Seasons [Cropping Pattern] Agricultural Seasons Kharif Rabi Zaid Period Rainy [Jun – Oct] Winter [Nov – Apr] Summer [May – Jun] Page No: 9 Important Crops Rice. HYV seeds. Plantation Agriculture drain easily. 2. insecticide etc is low. Modern machines e. But because of use of modern technology and institutional reform Indian agriculture is becoming commercial. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Plantation agriculture was started by British in India. pesticide. Size of agricultural fields is very small. d) Biotechnology has developed much genetically improved variety of seed which are resistant to drought and pest. 5. Wheat. harvesters. Gram. pesticides etc are required. Oilseeds Watermelon. insecticides are also used more. cotton. jowar.g. Technological and Institutional Reforms Agricultural in India is thousands of year old. Commercial Farming Commercial farming is done for market. Maize. 6. Green Revolution [Crops] and White Revolution [Milk – Operation Flood] is the result of these two reforms. Subsistence farming is done for self consumption not for market. Moong Wheat. Vegetables Difference between Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming Subsistence Farming 1. 2.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] f) Food crops [rice. It is a type of commercial agriculture which need huge investment of money. are used. sugarcane. HYV Seeds. It is done where population pressure on the land is low. They give more production also. wheat] are more important than commercial crops. spices. coffee are important crops. tractors. 3. sugar. food and beverage industries. F ood Security and Methods of Ensuring Food Security Food Security: Food is the basic requirement of all the people in the country. prosperity and development in rural economy. But many people are not able to get sufficient meals at least two times in a day. Food security is a method to ensure at least minimum quantity of food for all the people round the year. fertilizers. Food Corporation of India [FCI] procure foodgrains at Minimum Support Price and maintain food security by two ways: a) Buffer Stock and b) Public Distribution System [PDS]. Jowar and Bajra. Bajra and Pulses are grown in this agriculture. Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy a) Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. 2. Human labour is used more. labours etc. Size of the field is very small and they are scattered. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. It is practiced in high rainfall and well irrigated area. 4. 3. This agriculture faces the problems of flood. e) India export wheat. It is practiced in north. sugarcane and cotton. . Agriculture is done for trade and commerce. More importance is given to food crops like rice. 4. coffee. c) Agriculture also provides raw materials to many industries e. sugar. c) Biotechnology can be used to modify genetics of seed so that it can resist drought. More emphasis is done on conservation of soil moisture. flood. Modern machines are used in various activities of agriculture. It also distribute among people under PDS [Public Distribution System]. also announces Minimum Support Price and has abolished the role of middleman in the market. 5. e) Govt. 3. d) More multipurpose projects should be undertaken to improve agriculture. 4. About 63% people are directly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Most of the works are done manually. 3. More importance is given to cash crops like tea. pulses and oil seeds. b) HYV Seeds should be used which gives more production per hectare of land. Difference between Dryland and Wetland Farming Dryland Farming 1. 4. 3. Important crops of this farming are rice. textile.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 10 d) Kissan Credit Card [KCC]. d) It also has ensured food security. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . wheat. There is huge capital investment on machinery. Methods of Ensuring Food Security in India a) More area should be brought under cultivation of foodgrains like rice. Wetland Farming 1. maize. fruits. spices. wheat. During natural disaster like earthquake. b) About 40% of national income comes for agricultural sector alone. Jowar. drought there is shortage of food all over the country. tea to foreign countries and earn foreign exchange. flood and diseases and give more production. is very low. It is practiced in low rainfall area where irrigation facilities are not available. jute and sugarcane. It is done on large size fields. north-east and some part of Western Ghat. Difference between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture 1. Investment of capital for HYV seeds. This agriculture faces the problem of drought. 2. 2. PGT Geography. 2. insecticides etc. Agriculture is done only for self consumption.g. FCI procure crops at minimum support price to stock. Personal Accident Insurance Scheme [PAIS] was started by Govt. 5. fertilizers. Gujarat Commercial Agriculture 1. to help the Indian farmers. f) Agriculture also brings happy. c) Globalization will bring competitiveness among farmers which will lead to commercialization of Indian agriculture. utensils and alloys. Aluminum is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium is extracted from mineral called bauxite. Copper is good conductor of electricity. Largest solar plant in India is located in Madhapur [Gujurat]. alloys. petroleum and gas. farm waste. Globalization and Its impact on Indian Agriculture Meaning: Integrating the national economy with the economy of other countries of the world is called globalization. house-hold items. d) Indian farmers can also use modern technology and machineries which are now used only in foreign countries. animal and human waste. e) Globalization will also help in biotechnology and genetic engineering in India. Positive Impact of Globalization a) Indian farmers will have access to internal market. Rajasthan and Kerala. Mica is found in Jharkhand [Hazaribag. Thermal electricity is produced from fossil fuel like coal. It is used for making utensils. Biogas is produced from shrubs. It is used in electrical and electronic industries. It has made cross-border flow of money. utensils. b) Small farmers of India cannot compete with farmers of developed nations. Copper is found in Jharkhand [Singbhum] and Rajasthan [Khetri]. wires etc. b) Capital investment from foreign countries will develop the Indian agriculture. PGT Geography. Limestone is used in making cement and smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. Uranium and thorium are used to produce nuclear or atomic energy. glass and rubber making. harvester. Electricity from sunlight is produced using photovoltaic cells. They can sell their produce at international prices. It is resistant to high voltage. sprinklers etc. f) Farmer should be given banking and insurance facilities. It is better then cowdung and charcoal. Gujarat . Lignite coal is mined from Neyvali in Tamil Nadu. Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained from uranium and thorium. c) Indian farmers may not get the international buyers as quality of our crops is not as per the international standard. Indian farmers will try to grow more cash crops and there will be shortage of food in our country. Mica can withstand very high temperature. ammunition. Largest wind farm cluster in India is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 11 e) Modern machines and tools should be used in agriculture like tractor. electric wires. It is bad conductor of electricity. bleaching powder. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Manganese is used for making iron-steel. technology and people very easy. Gulf of Kuchchh has ideal condition for producing tidal energy. d) Due to globalization. Solar energy is producing using photo-voltaic cell which made of silicon. Gaya]. Negative Impact of Globalization a) Multinational Companies [MNCs] of developed countries will exploit our farmers as Indian farmers are poor and illiterate. Kodarma. Lead is used in cable covers. These minerals are found in Jharkhand. paints and batteries. insecticides. Gobar Gas Plants are now being installed in rural areas of our country. CHAPTER 5: MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES Important Terms to Remember A rock having high content of a particular mineral is called as ore. paints. natural gas are called as fossil fuel. Aluminum is used in manufacturing of aeroplane. g) All forms of soil erosion should be checked and soil should be conserved. Coal. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. petroleum. a) Magnetite [Contains 70-80% Iron – Best Quality] b) Hematite [Contains 50-60% Iron] c) Siderite d) Limonite Iron ore found in the peninsular plateau of India. b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: Good quality hematite ore are found from Bastar and Durg districts. Iron ore mined from Kudremukh [Largest deposit in the world]. Coal. Potash. d) Maharastra-Goa Belt: Goa and Ratnagiri are important mining place of iron ore. therefore they are called as non-renewable resource. Gua and Noamundi Districts. Salt. Industrial development of any country depends on availability of iron ore. There are about 2000 types of minerals identified so far but few of them are very important like iron. Singbhum. Kaiga [Karnataka] 3. magnesium. Silver. Geothermal energy is produced from Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Its Types and Distribution It is a ferrous mineral and backbone of any economy. Tin. Gujarat . tin. Iron ore is exported to Japan and Korea. Platinum 2] Non-Metallic Minerals: Metals are not obtained from them. Nuclear Power Plants in India: 1. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . hardness. texture. Kendujhar. Kalpakkam [Tamil Nadu] Mineral and Its Classification Meaning: Minerals are natural substance which has certain physical and chemical properties like colour. Lead. Sandstone 3] Energy Minerals: These minerals provide us energy. Minerals can be classified as under: 1] Metallic Minerals: Metals are obtained from them. bauxite etc. a) Orissa-Jharkhand Belt: Iron ore is mined from Mayurbhanj. i) Energy minerals such as coal. Marble. l) Weathered materials of the rocks contain bauxite [aluminum]. Nickel. petroleum and natural gas are found in the beds and layers of sedimentary rocks. platinum etc.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 12 Heat of the earth’s interior is used to produce geothermal energy. Iron is used in making from needle to big ship. tin. mineral oil. silver. zinc. cooper. India is rich in good quality of iron ore. Petroleum and Natural Gas Mode of Occurrence [Where are minerals found?] Minerals are found in the earth surface [crust]. Tarapur [Maharastra] 2. Iron Ore. There are four types of iron ore. j) Alluvial deposits [also called as placer deposits] contain very precious minerals like gold. Minerals are very important as most of the things we use in our lives are made of one or other minerals. Ore is exported to USA and Europe. bromide etc. crystals etc. Hot water coming from depth [geysers] produced steam which runs terbines to generate electricity. Minerals take millions of year to form. They are extracted by mining activities. Cobalt b) Non-Ferrous [No Iron]: Copper. lead etc. Bauxite c) Precious [Costly]: Gold. Manganese. c) Bellary-Chtradurga-Chikmaglur Belt: This belt is in Karnataka. Mica. Rawat Bhata [Rajasthan] 5. PGT Geography. Naraura [UP] 4. Ukai [Gujarat] 6. h) In the veins and lodes of igneous rock and metamorphic rock important metallic minerals are found like cooper. Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur [HBJ] Pipeline is longest in India [1700 km]. Minerals are mined from earth surface. a) Ferrous [Contain Iron]: Iron Ore. Limestone. k) Ocean water also contains many minerals like salt. 2. 5. marble etc. manganese are example of metallic minerals. 3. solar. 2. 6. 4. It is used mainly in the towns and cities. These sources are nonrenewable. River valleys of Damodar. Important mining centres are Raniganj. nuclear energies are its examples. biogas are nonconventional sources of energy. they are not broken. These minerals are used generally in construction and building. petroleum and gas are conventional sources of energy. Mahanadi. This energy pollutes the environment badly. are example. coal. Non-commercial energy sources are cheaper. Wind. Difference between Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals 1. Coal is used for generating thermal electricity and for smelting iron ore. These energy sources are being used since a long time. petroleum. they break into pieces. Non-Conventional Source 1. When hit. 4. Wardha have many mining centres. They are eco-friendly and clean sources of energy. These minerals do not contain metals. There are four types of coal as per carbon content. Son. These minerals are generally found in sedimentary rocks. Nagaland. copper. a) Anthracite [Best Quality] b) Bituminous [Mainly found in India] c) Lignite [Low grade coal found in Neyveli. ductile and malleable. They are hard. Non-Metallic Minerals 1. They are not ecofriendly. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. 2. PGT Geography. They will finish one day. Dhanbad. limestone. 5. Its Types and Distribution Page No: 13 Coal is a type of fossil fuel and the most important source of energy in our country. These sources renewable and can be used for longer period. They are pure and keep the environment clean. These minerals are used in metallurgical industries. hence they are called conventional source. agricultural waste are its example. 3. 3. Difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Sources Conventional Source 1. 3. Iron. Arunachal Pradesh. 6. Metallic Minerals These minerals are melted to obtain metals. Mahanadi. Cowdung. Use of these sources pollutes the enrolments. Coal is formed by burial of plants and animals in the rocks for million of years. 2. Coal. 4. Commercial energy sources are limited in the nature. 5. Wood. These minerals are generally found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Bokaro. They are abundant [unlimited] in nature. Gujarat . They are not so hard and do not shine. Sandstone. Jharia. Godawari etc. gas. 4. 5. Metals can be beaten into sheet or wire. Tamil Nadu] d) Peat Gondwana coal is found in West Bengal and Jharkhand. 3. firewood. 4. therefore called as non-conventional source. It is mainly used in rural areas. When hit. charcoal. Non-Commercial Energy 1. Coal in India is found mainly in Gondwana Rocks series of river Damodar.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Coal. 3. These sources are new and modern. 2. 4. Commercial energy has great economic values. Difference between Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy Commercial Energy 1. 2. tides. bauxite. Need for Conservation of Minerals Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Sheet and wire can be made from them. Tertiary coal [new coal] is found in north-eastern part of the country like Assam. synthetic fibers. d) Power saving devices should be used. Use of mineral produces waste and pollute environment. PGT Geography. button. mobiles. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. irrigation pipes. c) terelene and d) decron. aluminium smelting plants are located near the source of hydroelectricity. tidal. f) Highest contribution to our national economy comes from manufacturing industries. petroleum and gas. bulb. Sugar industry is located in the sugarcane producing area because sugarcane is a perishable item. social and economic development. Jamshedpur etc. Millions of people are directly engaged in manufacturing. Smelting of bauxite to produce aluminium needs very high electricity [18. Four well known synthetic fibers are: a) rayon. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . c) Switching off electricity when it is not in use.600 Kwh for one ton of ore].Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] a) b) c) d) Page No: 14 e) Minerals should be conserved because they are limited in nature. acids. These industries also help in eradicating unemployment and poverty. Remember These Facts First cement plant was set in the year 1904 in Chennai. Most of the minerals are non-renewable and finish one day. Bangalore is called Electronic Capital of India. Light Industries: Industries which uses light raw material and produces light goods are called as light industries e. b) nylon. First Cotton Mill was started in 1854 in Mumbai. b) Phosphatic Fertilisers. It brings prosperity. b) Public transport system [Bus. harvester. soap. Ex – Durgapur. Bokaro. c) Ammonium Phosphate [DAP]. geothermal energy should be used in the place of coal. detergents etc. Four famous variety of Indian silk are: a) mulberry. Chemical industry produces fertilizers. IC. dye. toys etc. sprinklers. Economic strength of any country depends on manufacturing industries. telephone. adhesive. Train. e) Non-conventional sources of energy like solar. computers. fertilizers etc are made in these industries. e) Manufacturing meet the basic need of the people i. plastic. Three types of fertilizers manufactured in India are: a) Urea. IT Industry and Electronic Industry includes manufacturing of television. b) Manufacturing industries help in modernization of agriculture. paints. Gujarat . thresher.g. It means misuse and overuse of minerals should be avoided. They occur at certain place only. c) It is a great source of employment. Integrated Steel Plants: It is a large steel plant which handle everything under one complex – from smelting. Minerals are also not found at every place. wind. It is also called as Silicon Valley of India. Therefore. CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Important Terms Manufacturing: Processing of raw material to make another valuable product in large quantity is called as manufacturing. rolling and shaping of steel. Modern technology which consume less energy and give more output should be adopted [like CFL Bulb]. c) eri and d) muga. Minerals should be conserved for sustainable development. food. Measurement [Methods] for Conservation of Minerals a) Judicious use of our mineral resources. cloth and shelter. d) Export of manufactured items help trade and commerce and our country earn foreign exchange. It cannot be transport for longer distance and time. Metro Train etc] should be used instead of personal transport like car and bike. electric fans. Importance of Manufacturing Industries a) Manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy. Mineral should be conserve to make the environment clean. Tractor. glass. b) tasar.e. radars etc. [OIL]. 6.g. operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals. Public Sector: These industries are owned. Silk Textiles. At present. and group of individuals. Copper Smelting. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt.g. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produced heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries. e. E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output] 1. Machine Tools etc. Iron & Steel. Which factors affect the location of an industry? Industries are not found everywhere. 3. Utensils etc. IISCO 2.g. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is more than rupees one crore is called as large scale industries. Sugar. Tools etc. Jute. Bread. Location of an industry is governed by mainly by the following two factors. Toothpaste.g.g. Toys. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital in less than rupees one crore is called as small scale industries. BHEL. 1. Sugar industries in Maharastra. e. 4. Iron and Steel. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produced light goods are called light industries. Soap. Sugar. Oil India Ltd. Electrical. e. SAIL. Wollen. Bread. Gujarat .Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries Page No: 15 A] On the basis of Raw Materials [Input] 1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic industries.g. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. 3. e. C] On the basis of Capital Investment 1. Edible Oil 2.g. PGT Geography. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries. Demand in Market Skilled Labourers and Workers Banking and Insurance Transport and Communication Cotton Textile Industry and Its Problems It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India. Mat. operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries.g. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials. 2. Petrochemicals. e.g. Furniture. First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture. Aluminum. it the largest industry in our country. Copper and Aluminium Smelting 2. 4. Private Sector: These industries are owned. Coir industries in Kerala. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned. Paper etc. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for consumers. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable condition. These industries help the development of other industries. D] On the basis of Ownership 1. Cotton.g. Toys. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Cotton Textiles etc. e. 8. Cement. Iron and Steel. e.g. e. It is mixture of public and private sector. e. Bajaj Auto Ltd. 2.g. B] On the basis of their Main Role 1. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country. Dabar India. e. Raw Materials Source of Energy Source of Water Availability of Capital and Finance 5. 7. e. Tools. e. Tea. operated and maintained by Govt. TISCO. 2. Iron & Steel. Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton. This climate is also good for cultivation of cotton. b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan. Why iron and steel industries are located mainly in Chotanagpur Region? Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Madurai etc. Bhilai. India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is very low i. There are about 70 jute mills in our country. spinning. Jute Industries and Its Problems India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Gujarat . c) Low productivity of labour. dyeing. c) Availability of Capital: Mumbai is the financial capital of our country. It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore. coal. The ratio of iron ore. Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable condition. d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry. Surat. d) Irregular supply of energy. Assam and Tripura also have jute miils. Jute is used in making rope. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development. Pune etc are well connected by road and rail with other part of the country. c) old machinery. c) declining demand of jute in international market. Cheap labours are available in this region. Ahmedabad. limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1. Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh. cotton. Maharastra and Gujarat have humid climate as they are located near to Arabian Sea. UK. Maharastra and Gujarat are the largest producer of cotton in India. Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. Bihar. It provides finance and capital to cotton textile. tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments. Why cotton industries are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat? Cotton textile industries are located mainly in Maharastra [around Mumbai] and Gujarat [around Ahmedabad] because of the following reasons. Important centres are Mumbai.e. b) high production cost. a) Raw Materials: These areas have easy access to raw material i. Burnpur etc. Chennai. France. d) Labour: Maharastra and Gujarat are heavily populated area. Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom. Hugli.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 16 Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Ahmedabad. Pune. construction material etc. Pig iron is mixed with manganese. Sri Lanka etc. transport equipment. 32 kg. Rajkot etc. f) tough competition from synthetic fibers. b) Power-looms and c) Mills Cotton textile industry involves ginning. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Iron & Steel Industry and Its Problems This industry is called as basic industry because it provide raw material to many other industries such as machine an tools. India export yarn and readymade garments to USA. weaving. e) Raw materials are found in a certain pocket of India only. Other centres are Agra. Mumbai port is used to export readymade garments to European Countries. b) Limited availability of coking coal. e) Transport and Communication: Mumbai. UP. bags. First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859. b) Favourable Climate: Humid climate is required for cotton textile. Bokaro. Suar. d) erratic power supply. Nepal. limestone] are bulky in nature. chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel. e) low productivity of labour. f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc. designing. Durgapur. At present there are 10 integrated iron and steel plants and many small and mini plants.e. Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur. Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production. PGT Geography. Japan. Kanpur. carpets etc. Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions. fans etc leads to noise pollution. Chattisgarh. Modern equipment should be used which controls. e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states. Why? There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River. Jute industries are located mainly along H ooghly River. a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. It is because of the following reasons: a) Raw Material: Chotanagpur area is rich in iron ore. d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrade the environment. cheap labour is available in this region. leather. c) Cheap labour: Bengal. Jharia and Bokaro. filters and separate harmful materials from the waste. drilling. Use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun. Sugar industry is shifting from northern to southern India. pulp. most of the sugar mills were located in these two states only. sugar mills are shifting towards Maharastra and Karnataka because of following reasons. of result of mining activities. d) Transport: This region is well connected by road and railway with other parts of the country. water logging etc. d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states. deforestation. b) Energy: Coal is used for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. hearing impairment. Iron ore is extracted from Singbhum. g) Polluting industries should be located away from town and cities. Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. Kendujhar etc. dyes. Nantional Highway 2. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2. Black soil is quite suitable for cultivation of sugarcane. b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields. e) Capital: Kolkata is a megacity which provide capital. chemical. c) High intensity sound generated by running machines. PGT Geography. Sulphur Dioxide etc. Industries which produce paper. But now. Dhanbad. Gujarat . b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollute the water. among the nearby people. Why? Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producer of sugarcane. Therefore. Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal. Delhi – Howrah and Howrah – Mumbai rail route passes through this region. c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute. d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of jute and jute industry. Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation a) b) c) d) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design. Coal is available from Raniganj. acids. fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life. soil erosion. e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers. Orrisa etc. f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport. Mayurbhanj. b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharastra and Karnataka. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. Bihar and Orissa have high density of population. It causes irritation. e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels. banking and insurance facility. a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute. Therefore.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 17 Most of important integrated steel plants are locate in Chotanagpur region i. Carbon Monoxide. Land degradation. New and modern machines increase the productivity. siren.e in Jharkhand. f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste. heart attack etc. This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane. c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. It connects Guwahati. National Highways are constructed by CPWD. International] Communication: Transfer of idea. It is longest in India. They connect district headquarter with village and blocks. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton. Chennai and Kolkata. Pipeline]. NH-2. Communication has two types: a) Print Media [Newspaper. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu]. km. Gujarat . NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra. International Trade: Exchange of goods and services between two or more countries is called international trade. Total road length in India is about 2. There are various types of road in India. Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. Mumbai. Road Transport and Its Types India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Agra. Various things produced in these states are exported through Mumbai port. Magazines] and b) Electronic Media [TV. Jhansi and Rajkot. internet. cellphone. Kanpur. It connects Delhi. NH-7 etc. This connects four mega cities of our country i. Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY Important Terms Page No: 18 Transport: Movement of people and goods from one place to another place is called transport. Rail. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. Nagpur. National Highways: These roads are most important in India. message.e Delhi. Oceanic] and c) Air [Domestic. mining areas. Express Highway: These are 6 lanes best quality of roads. Radio. It also provide facilities like loading and unloading. Chennai and Kolkata. berth. area. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. State Highways: These roads connect state capital with district headquarters. Internet]. and information from one place to another place is called communication. Modes of transport are: a) Land [Road. Remember These Facts Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. Harbour: It is an area of sea which provides safe entrance to ships. Hydrabad and Bangalore. Highest road density is found in Kerala. capital towns etc. They have been constructed to connect important cities of India and to provide fast traffic from one place to other place. North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. M P. Gorakhpur. Important National Highways are NH-1. District Roads: These roads are found in rural areas. It also protects ships from waves and storms. Punjab. Modes of communication are TV. NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar. Rajasthan. They are constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept. Maharastra. It total length is 5846 km. For example. Haryana are hinterland for Mumbai seaport. b) Water [Inland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce. for 100 sq. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.]. It is about 1700 km. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . Mumbai. area. railways stations. NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. km.3 million km. radio. cold storage. Port: It is a point on the coast which provides facility of anchoring of ship. It connects Delhi. PGT Geography. Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. A port is connected with its hinterland. newspaper. magazines. East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. These highways connects important cities. Hinterland: It is an area which serves port for international trade. It is about 375 km. port. long. These roads are very important from strategic point of view. It has hundred of tunnels and bridges. Merits or Advantage of Roadways a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than railways. Summer Special etc. airports etc. c) Catering Facility. Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to the market [city]. g) Special Trains like Rajdhani. First rail was started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane. seaports. Mail and Express. It is economical for few passengers and small amount of goods. mining centers. Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat Mountain. iron ore. water or even milk. e) Uni-Gauge System [Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge].610 m]. natural gas. Cost of loading and unloading of goods is much lower.g. Jan Shatabdi. Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. Railways in India have three gauge system: a) Broad Gauge [1. Local and Special Trains which carry passengers. long. It provides door-to-door service facilities. Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through pipeline. It is fast mode transportation. Indian Railway at a Glance Indian railway is about 150 years old. Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can take sharp turns. coal etc. It also connects major towns and cities. PGT Geography. Best for transportation of raw materials e. Merits or Advantage of Railways Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials It is cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.g. seaport etc.676 m] b) Meter Gauge [1. airport. They are: a) Computerised Reservation System. The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia. There are about more than 7. There is marked improvement in Indian railways. There are various types of train running in India such as Rajdhani.762 and 0. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. computerized reservation etc. tourist places. f) Replacement of Steam Engine with Electric Engine. Transportation of perishable items e. forests and desert also. Shatabdi.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Page No: 19 Other Roads: It includes village roads. Bijapur and Jagdishpur. Road transport provide link between other mode of transport such as rail. It is an example of best railway engineering in India. Solid items can also be transported after making it ‘slurry’. catering. Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper administration. Roads can be constructed on hills.000 stations on 63. Pipelines in India and Its Advantages Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined oil. milk. Many roads have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . long railway tract. Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important pipeline. They are mainly non-metalled roads. b) Waiting Room Facilities on Stations. plateaus. fish.0 m] c) Narrow Gauge [0. Gujarat . d) Electrification of Tracks. It connects State Capital with Capital of India. Shatabdi. vegetables are more reliable by roads. These roads are constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts with main country. About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic is carried by railways. manganese. Large number of passengers can be transported. It is about 1700 km. Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.000 km. Railway provides various facilities such as night berth. spices. Mangalore. Sadiya – Dhubri o National Waterways – 3 West Coast Canal 205 km.Kottapuram There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal. Cochin. Construction of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways. c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport modes. India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere. 2. Vishakhapatnam. Chennai. Allahabad – Haldia o National Waterways – 2 Brahmaputra 891 km. Pawanhans provides helicopter facility. swampy area. Kochhi. Haldia etc. 4. Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron ore. Cotton. It covers major cities of India and neighboring countries. West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian Sea. f) Indian coast are shallow and we have less natural ports. domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’.g. Marmagao. b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology. It can also be laid down under river and ocean water. b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course. quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials. PGT Geography. Airways in India and Its Advantages It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai. Difference between Personal and Mass Communication Personal Communication a) Personal communication takes place Mass Communication a) Mass Communication takes place among Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . 2. Kingfisher are also operating air transportation in India. East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of Bengal. Important east coast ports are Kolkata. coffee. oil. hills. natural gas. Important west coast ports are Mumbai. East Coast Ports 1. Kollam . bauxite. do not come in the way of air transport. It is best for northeastern states and Jammu and Kashmir. 3. 3. Private companies like Sahara. manganese. 4. Kolkata is the largest port on east coast. manganse etc are exported to USA and European countries. Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people. It also connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. water and milk. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. rubber. Pipelines can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment. International air transport service is provided by ‘Air India’. Chennai and Tuticorin. Pipeline can ensure regular. forest. d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks waterways.500 km long inland navigation waterways.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] Advantage of Pipeline Transportation Page No: 20 Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e. Gujarat . hills and desert. iron ore. Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts West Coast Ports 1. Vishakhapatnam. Goa. India has about 14. mica. Mumbai is the largest port on west coast. oceans etc. Pipeline can be constructed in forest. River. e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area. They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials. Water Transportation in India Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there is no need to construct any route. In India. India has three National Waterways: o National Waterways – 1 Ganga 1620 km. Air transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like flood and earthquake. It can cover long distance within hours. Kendriya Vidyalaya Dhrangadhra. c) Mass communication includes print media and electronic media. telephone. Many persons can interact with each other. films etc. b) Means of personal communication are letters. coal. electronic consumer durables are imported by India from other countries. Prepared By: Arvind Kumar Singh . chemical products and agricultural products are exported by India to other countries. India Trade and Its Types Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among people is called as trade. computer software. radio. c) It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and telephone companies. Page No: 21 many people at a time. Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic development of a country. it is called negative balance of payment. buying and selling goods and services is called trade. PGT Geography. newspapers. inorganic chemicals. gems and jewellery. If export is higher than import. In other words. b) Means of mass communication are TV. Export from India: Petroleum products. magazines. The place where trade takes place is called as market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts of world do not have same resources and they do not produce same commodity. telegram etc. internet. pearls and precious stones. fertilizers.Geography Notes for Class X [Social Science] between two people or among very few people at a time. Balance of Payment : The ratio between value of export and import is called balance of payment. postcards. it is called ‘favourable balance of payment’. If import is higher than export. Import to India: Petroleum. Gujarat . engineering goods. mobile.