GE 6075- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT – I –HUMAN VALUES 1. What are human values? Values decide the standard of behavior. Some universally accepted values are freedom justice and equality. Other principles of values are love, care, honesty, integrity, self respect. 2. What are ethical values? Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring is ethical values. 3. Distinguish values from ethics and culture. Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to justice, they remain the some for every one. E.g. truth, honesty, empathy, self respect. Values do not change from individual to individual. Ethics is common to a group of individuals; the group may be religious or professional. Ethics is mostly based on some code or law and judgment of any action is based on code of conduct or law. Ethics change from individual to individual Culture commonly refers to conduct of a group. E.g system of worship, marriage It may differ from society to society, nation to nation or religion to religion. 4. What is integrity? Integrity is the unity of character based on moral values. Consistency in attitudes, emotions and conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of integrity of individual. It implies honesty, trustworthiness. 5. Define work ethics By one’s work one cannot harm others. Any worker cannot escape accountability. Worker has the moral responsibility to see that no other person’s right, private or freedom is impaired or transgressed. 6. What is service learning? Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable effects and to decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the desirable result. 7. Mention some civic virtues? Good citizen demand civic virtue. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings .it also includes living peacefully, respect for others, protecting the environment and being normally and ethically good. 8. Write short notes on caring and sharing. Caring is the essence of moral life. Caring involves feelings, relationship, contends with other persons and protecting others and causing least damage to others. Sharing means sharing of feelings, ideas thoughts, resources and profits. Sharing is always mutually beneficial. Sharing morally acceptable feelings, resources and materials is a value. 9. Write notes on honesty. Any human being should imbibe honesty-honesty in acts, honesty in speech and honesty in beliefs. Honesty is the fundamental virtue in human relationship even though in may be difficult to follow some times. Define Integrity? Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life. 21. 14. Define co-operation. it means to settle differences by mutual concessions or to reconcile conflicts through adjustments in attitude and conduct. Spirituality raises a man above the materialistic world into a realm where he seeks peace and real happiness. Taking calculated risks and boldness in facing crises are the hallmarks of courage as a human value. a suggestion. Give the two aspects of Honesty? Truthfulness – meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling. an assistance or physical work which extends to others for common benefit. In a positive sense. even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise unwarranted. In a positive sense. What is courage as a value? Courage implies self respect and governs confrontations with danger and risk. Give the two aspects of Honesty? o Truthfulness – meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling. Define Compromise? In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating one’s fundamental moral principles. Co-operation means extending help to others. Define Integrity? Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life. oTrustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning trust. 13. Define empathy. 15. refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself. It is not excessive rashes or cowardice. 19. It defines the mental make up of an individual in taking bold decisions even under adverse situations. 11. Differentiate Self-respect and Self-esteem? Self-respect: It is a moral concept. 18. Co-operation may be through an idea. however. for a good cause. Define spirituality. means having a positive attitude toward oneself. Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept. but it is the middle ground. it means to settle differences by mutual concessions or to reconcile conflicts through adjustments in attitude and conduct. 12. Empathy means putting self in a position of someone else and thinking as the later and reasoning suitable action. however. 20. Define Compromise? In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating one‟s fundamental moral principles. 16. Define Moral Autonomy? Self-determining Independent Personal Involvement Exercised based on the moral concern for other people and recognition of good moral reasons . 17.10. Trustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning trust. Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity. *To achieve moral autonomy 24. either without having been asked their opinion. along with the absence of lying. Give the general criteria to become a Professional engineer? Attaining standards of achievement in education. 22. however. colleagues and subordinates. Accepting as part of their professional obligations as least the most basic moral responsibilities to the public as well as to their employers. as used in a letter to Nathaniel Macon. the quote "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" is attributed to Thomas Jefferson. What are the criteria required for a Profession? o Knowledge o Organization oPublic Good 25. that much honesty might be seen as undisciplined openness". however. Part –B (16 marks) 1. customers and other stakeholders We are clear in all communications so that we generate assurance Respect We show consideration for one another We recognise each other’s differences We understand the customer’s needs and expectations and go out of our way to meet these We prevent accidents and see that no-one injures themselves in the workplace . Honesty We keep our promises We take responsibility We instil confidence in our employees. Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures. theft. and straightforwardness. cheating. clients. or having been asked in a circumstance where the response would be trivial. What is the need to study Ethics? *To responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity. Furthermore.For example. Give the need for Authority? Authority provides the framework in which learning can take place. Briefly discuss honesty as value. fair. loyal. . honesty means being trustworthy.[6] Others have noted. [1][2][3][4][5] "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Benjamin Franklin. 23. *To recognize and resolve moral dilemma. including straightforwardness of conduct. etc. truthfulness. job performance or creativity in engineering that distinguish engineers from engineering technicians and technologists. and sincere. individuals may be perceived as being "too honest" if they honestly express negative opinions of others. Continues to run with his job or business even there are certain disturbance. scandal or discouragement. Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony. Lying: Deliberation deception With holding the information: Seeking the truth: Maintaining confidentiality: 2. Cooperation (sometimes written as co-operation or coöperationis the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for their common/mutual benefit. hardship. pain. . Gets involved with new popular ideas. Courage: Courage is the tendency to face dangers and difficult jobs in rational ways and with self control. Physical courage is courage in the face of physical pain. while moral courage is the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition. Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own species and with members of other species (symbiosis or mutualism). A person with the quality of courage has the following characteristics. honesty in speech and honesty in beliefs. as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit. shame. Write short notes on courage.Cooperation We work as a team to ensure the success of the whole Group We cooperate to reach our common goals We focus on the important issues for the business We choose solutions which are in the best interests of the Group Openness We share knowledge and information with each other We are inquisitive and receptive to ideas We give and receive constructive feedback We confront ethical problems immediately Courage We dare to go down new roads and challenge accepted wisdom We place clear demands on one another and promote change We are active in business We are eager for innovation in all aspects of our value chain Any human being should imbibe honesty-honesty in acts. uncertainty or intimidation. danger. co-operation. death or threat of death. Honesty is the fundamental virtue in human relationship even though in may be difficult to follow some times. courage is discussed broadly in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. including Socrates. and temperance. The Republic. it is ." (De Inventione. and fear. As a desirable quality. Plato’s early writings found in Laches show a discussion on courage. and in this sense it is a general virtue. pleasure. set the groundwork for how courage would be viewed to future philosophers. Ideas of courage being perseverance also are seen in Laches. prudence ranks first. and after these the other virtues. but fail to come to a satisfactory conclusion on what courage is. It has four parts: wisdom (prudentiam). courage. During the debate between three leaders. all are refuted. it is one of the four cardinal virtues because to possess any virtue. Civic courage is described as a sort of perseverance – “preservation of the belief that has been inculcated by the law through education about what things and sorts of things are to be feared”. along with prudence. According to Thomas Aquinas. but does not name them such: "Virtue may be defined as a habit of mind (animi) in harmony with reason and the order of nature. ii). Among the cardinal virtues. In one of his later writings. Part of his justification for this hierarchy is that Fortitude without justice is an occasion of injustice. Plato gives more concrete ideas of what he believes courage to be. courage formed part of the universal virtue of virtus.Theories of courage Western antiquity and the Middle Ages Ancient Greece There is a tradition moving back to Ancient Greek philosophy for counting courage or fortitude as one of the four cardinal virtues.“…a man willing to remain at his post and to defend himself against the enemy without running away…” “…a sort of endurance of the soul…” “…knowledge of the grounds of fear and hope…” While many definitions are given in Plato’s Laches. as simply denoting a certain firmness of mind. ("Cardinal" in this sense means "pivotal". Aquinas says the term "fortitude" can be taken in two ways. or rather a condition of every virtue. many definitions of courage are mentioned. giving a reader a sense of Plato’s argument style. temperance fourth. since the stronger a man is the more ready is he to oppress the weaker. Ancient Rome In the Roman Empire. 348 BCE). courage is referred to as "Fortitude". First. a person must be able to sustain it in the face of difficulty. justice. Laches is an early writing of Plato’s. Plato is still developing his ideas and shows influence from his teachers like Socrates. justice. like suffering. Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero (106–43 BC) lists the cardinal virtues. Plato (c. II. In this early writing.) An early Greek philosopher. Plato further explains this perseverance as being able to persevere through all emotions. 428 BCE – c. temperance. where its vice of shortage is cowardice and its vice of excess is recklessness. which may be a reason he does not come to a clear conclusion. On fortitude's general and special nature. justice second. LIII) Medieval philosophy In medieval virtue ethics. championed by Averroes and Thomas Aquinas and still important to Roman Catholicism. fortitude third. since as the Philosopher states (Ethic. some thoughts on courage were offered by the Tao Te Ching. 3. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings . The experiment also showed that altruistic punishment is associated with negative emotions that are being generated in unfair situations by the anterior insula of the brain It has been observed that image scoring promotes cooperative behavior in situations where direct reciprocity is unlikelyIn situations where reputation and status are involved. Now to attack belongs to fortitude in so far as the latter moderates daring. fortitude holds approximately the same meaning." For it is more difficult to allay fear than to moderate daring. Certain studies have shown that fairness affects human cooperation. "fortitude is more concerned to allay fear. In some traditions.It also includes living peacefully. since the danger which is the object of daring and fear. courage has been explored by the discipline of psychology. than to moderate daring. Therefore the principal act of fortitude is endurance. More recently. and according to the Philosopher (Ethic. What is service learning? Differentiate service learning from civic virtue. an assistance or physical work which extends to others for common benefit. Service-Learning must properly connect the traditional classroom experience with the real life lessons that come through service. and in an understanding of civic responsibility. namely in certain grave dangers. Co-operation may be through an idea. Co-operation: Cooperation means extending help to others. for a good cause. Aquinas holds fortitude or courage as being primarily about endurance. that "fortitude is deliberate facing of dangers and bearing of toils. in the Eastern tradition. iii. a suggestion. because it has a special matter. Remarkably. Proper S-L approaches will provide a series of exercises to allow students to reflect on their service experiences in order to grow in character. in problem-solving skills. protecting the environment and being normally and ethically good. not attack: As stated above (Article 3).Discuss with others even when there is a problem. progressive learning experience. Good citizen demand civic virtue. notable thoughts on courage have come from philosophers such as Aristotle. Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Any service should increase the desirable result. 9). Therefore Tully says (Rhet. tends by its very nature to check daring. responders refused unfair offers from human partners at a significantly higher rate than those by a computer partner. Aquinas and Kierkegaard. but to increase fear. fortitude may be taken to denote firmness only in bearing and withstanding those things wherein it is most difficult to be firm. Secondly. individuals are willing to punish at their own cost (altruistic punishment) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly. whereas to endure follows the repression of fear. Sanfey. ii). They were receiving offers from other human partners and from a computer partner. Service-learning is an educational approach that balances formal instruction and direction with the opportunity to serve in the community in order to provide a pragmatic. conducted an experiment where 19 individuals were scanned using MRI while playing an Ultimatum Game in the role of the responder. that is to stand immovable in the midst of dangers rather than to attack them. Many colleges and universities now embrace the concept . et al. In the Western tradition. humans tend to cooperate more. Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable effects and to decrease the harmful effects." On this sense fortitude is reckoned a special virtue. respect for others.requisite for every virtue to act firmly and immovably. 5. or at least relatively low. Although Service-Learning approaches may differ greatly from place to place. in the sense that a highly.g. honesty. Ethics is mostly based on some code or law and judgment of any action is based on code of conduct or law. empathy. a Christian’s main responsibility is to mirror Christ by ministering to those around them.spirituality . they remain the some for every one. Ethics is common to a group of individuals. Service-learning is an approach to education that incorporates both traditional classroom learning with direct hands-on experience. truth. The theology of service. Service-learning offers students immediate opportunities to apply classroom learning to support or enhance the work of local agencies that often exist to effect positive change in the community. with the aim of determining what action or life is best to do. From this philosophy comes the educational method of service-learning. marriage It may differ from society to society. and model for community development that is used as an instructional strategy to meet learning goals and/or content standards. E. Service-learning gives the student the ability to directly apply what they are learning in a way that makes a difference. pedagogy. The National Youth Leadership Council defines service learning as "a philosophy. may be grouped as philosophy. Distinguish values from ethics and culture. putting value to them." “Service-learning is a form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that address human and community needs together with structured opportunities for reflection designed to achieve desired learning outcomes. 2. in turn. nation to nation or religion to religion. that is what the Bible says about service.g system of worship . the group may be religious or professional. It may be described as treating actions themselves as abstract objects. Ethical value denotes something's degree importance. or at least relatively highly. 1. and an action of low. E. is central to a servicelearning approach to education. or at least attempt to describe the value of different actions.of Service-Learning as a legitimate and beneficial means to engage students in their learning experience. which. Ethics change from individual to individual 3. self respect. Culture commonly refers to conduct of a group. What does u understand by the term spirituality? Explain in detail. value may be regarded as bad. As a Christ follower. The theology of service states that Christians have an ethical obligation to serve others. Ethical value may be regarded as a study under ethics. valuable action or may be regarded as good. Similar to that ethics may be regarded as a subfield of philosophy. Spirituality raises a man above the materialistic world into a realm where he seeks peace and real happiness Nursing . It deals with right conduct and good life. Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to justice. it should allow participants the opportunity to effectively learn through the practical experience of serving the community in one way or another. The study of ethical value is also included in value theory. Values do not change from individual to individual.” 4. ethical value may be regarded as a subgroup of the more broad (and vague) philosophic value. ” to B&O’L “generally means the pursuit of an altered state of consciousness that enables the mystic to become aware of cosmic realities that cannot be grasped during normal states of consciousness. Other expressions include prayer. whilst morals tend to be externally imposed on other people. practice. particularly that which pertains to liberation or salvation (see also mysticism) Spirituality may involve perceiving or wishing to perceive life as more important ("higher"). followers of new age. 6. good and bad. Morals are how we judge others. spirituality relates to matters of sanity and of psychological health. interactions with others or nature.” “Mysticism. heal and inspire both ourselves and those with whom we interact. which may include an emotional experience of religious awe and reverence. Morality can be described as a core set of values and beliefs that act as a guide when formulating courses of action Ethics are professional standards. and of becoming free of the lesser egoic self (or ego) in favor of being more fully one's "true" "Self". Ethics are thus internally defined and adopted. lift up. Spiritual matters are those involving humankind's ultimate nature not merely as material biological organisms but as beings with a unique relationship to that which is beyond both time and material existence. A common meaning is "devotion to metaphysical matters. Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Basically.. although that is one expression of spirituality. etc. or life). A person can be described as immoral. as opposed to worldly things. moral duty. Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with human values and conduct.” NeurobehavioralSpirituality For Beauregard & O’Leary. humanists. We thus judge others more strongly on morals than values. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values.Define the terms Values.. creation (the universe). meditation. Spirituality is a broader concept than religion. or such states as satori or Nirvana.” (2007:59) (while “’religious’ experiences are experiences that arise from following a religious tradition. Morals & Ethics? Values are rules. yet there is no word for them not following values. "work". Equally important. Native Americans. share a common spiritual theme: the "path". .A broad. As such the spiritual has traditionally been contrasted with the material. subjective dimension of religion. Many spiritual traditions. in a narrow sense. A perceived sense of connection forms a central defining characteristic of spirituality — connection to a metaphysical reality greater than oneself. concerns itself with matters of the spirit. the temporal and the worldly. accordingly. Spirituality is the personal. “Spirituality means any experience that is thought o bring the experience into contact with the divine (in other words. ethics is concerned with what people might describe as right and wrong human conduct. Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong. Religious – spirituality This term is defined quite differently by monotheists. as contrasted with the merely sensual." . inclusive definition is: spirituality is that which gives meaning to one's life and draws one to transcend oneself. They also tell us which are more or less important. polytheists. not just any experience that feels meaningful). or tradition of perceiving and internalizing one's "true" nature and relationship to the rest of existence (God. which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over another." Another is "Activities which renew. should and shouldn't. and obligation. more complex or more integrated with one's world view. and relationship with God or a higher power. comfort. These five layers. They are as follows – Physical body (called Annamaya Kosha). Enthusiasm Trust Unity Humor 8. the Upanishads have explored the various levels of manifestation in our being. Intellectual body (Vigyanamaya kosha) and Bliss Sheath (Anandamaya kosha). Though not a panacea for everything. millions are taking to the yogic lifestyle for its health and fitness benefits. According to the scriptures. Contentment. or sheaths. The benefits range from mental peace. we are essentially the eternal Spirit or the Atma. Human values are social and ethical norms common to all cultures and societies. not just the gross physical body.7. Today. fitness. It gives a feel-good factor and improves self-confidence. as well as religions. health. Pranic Body (Pranamaya kosha). What is yoga? How it is helpful to the human beings? Yoga benefits people of all age groups. Mental body (manomaya kosha). it is known to relieve many health . flexible and strong. Yoga makes your body steady. improved physiological functioning of the body and spiritual evolution. Timeless Human Values • A Deep Caring For Life • Responsibility • Non-violence • Love & Compassion • Friendliness & Co-operation • Generosity & Sharing • Integrity. Mudra. justice and progress. Let us discuss the benefits of yoga at each of the five levels of existence. Define Human Values? Human values are the foundation of social order. Benefits of Yoga at Physical Level Benefits of yoga on the physical level are well known. we need to know more about the different levels of our own individual existence. Pranayama. To understand this. Shatkarma and Meditation reach all the levels of our being. but also associated subtler bodies that constitute our being. The Upanisads talk of five bodies or sheaths that accompany us when we manifest as an embodied self or Jiva. It increases endurance and vitalizes the organs. Honesty and Sincerity • Moderation Service 0 Commitment & Responsibility • Peace. The spirit manifests in the world by taking a body. Just like a manual of a car will describe all the parts and its functions. are called ‘Pancha Kosha’. The benefits of Yoga Asana. They represent a melding of social progress and spiritual growth. hypertension. digestive disorders. The prana is directly connected to both body and mind. like digestion. It can relieve tensions and anxiety. obesity. They rely mainly on intellectual understanding of the Self as explained in the scriptures. are good for problems of the back and spine by strengthening the muscles and increasing flexiblity. blood flow. respiratory and cardiac problems. reduces carbon dioxide content in our blood. excretion. Bhujangasana. removes sinusitis. Pranayama increases our energy levels. or the intellectual sheath. reduce anxiety and hypertension and correct hormonal imbalances. This results in improved clarity of the mind and better discrimination in dealing with situations in life. Chakrasana. deals with our faculty of discrimination and decision making abilities. Benefits of Yoga at Mental Level Yoga practices done with breath awareness. Benefits of Yoga at Pranic Level The ‘Pranamaya kosha’ or the energy sheath is our vital body. like anxiety. hormonal imbalances. headaches and migraines. etc. the mind is automatically controlled. It can remove imbalances in all our physiological processes. enhances self-healing properties of the body and improves lifespan. remove constipation and remove toxins from the body. Thus. or Prana. Yoga helps us to deal with situations in life with awareness. It’s responsible for all the physiological functioning. improve digestion. pranayama and meditation can help to bring calmness of the mind. They can reduce anxiety and tension. This principle is used by yogis to still the mind. Surya namaskara is a set of yogic exercises that vitalize the body. and reproductive disorders. Backward bending asanas like Makarasana. to name a few. Dhanurasana. in a steady and calm manner. and relieves allergies. It helps to create healthy relationships in the society.problems. remove lethargy and depression. and burn calories. so that one can sit for meditation for a prolonged period. nerve impulses and body movements. Many spiritual seekers use the way of knowledge. The Science of Pranayama is specially designed for improving our vital energy. Fluctuations of mind can be removed by Hatha Yoga practices like Trataka (concentration on a point or object) and pranayama. A calm mind is a prerequisite for meditation and higher practices of Samadhi. Ushtrasana. which leads to spiritual evolution. Asanas like Hamsasana and Mayurasana can strengthen the arms and shoulders. Meditative asanas like Padmasana. The intellect is subtler than the mind. ArdhaChakrasana. They . The Hatha yoga practice of Neti gives nasal hygiene. and hence helps as a preparatory practice for meditation. When the Prana is controlled. yet the state of our mind can affect our decision making. or ‘Jnana’. Pranayama can reduce the fluctuations of the mind (also called ‘Vrittis’ in Sanskrit). Practice of pranayama and meditation reduce the fluctuations (or vrittis) of the mind. Various yoga asanas and the Hatha Yoga practices of shad karmas (six practices for purification of body) were developed for specific health benefits. the effects of pranayama are seen on both the body and the mind. as their path to realization. Benefits of Yoga at Intellectual Level ‘Vigyanamaya kosha’. The list is endless as hundreds of Asanas are practiced by yoga enthusiasts for their various benefits. Siddhasana and Sukasana give steadiness and stability to the body. without reacting to situations. as this sheath is sandwiched between the ‘Annamaya Kosha’ (physical body) and the ‘Manomaya kosha’ (mental body). allergies. constipation. it cannot. Controlling the prana can slowly bring this monkeymind under control.may not do any yogic practices per se. In Sanskrit. or the Bliss sheath. This bliss is experienced during deep sleep. Bliss is the essential nature of the soul. the word for perfect health is ‘Swasthya’. Benefits of Yoga at Bliss-sheath Level ‘Anandamaya Kosha’. contemplation of the nature of the Self is possible without obstruction. In the Scriptures. The happiness we get during our day-to-day activities is only a lower expression of this inner bliss. . The mind is like a monkey that is constantly active without our permission. Many of the practitioners of Jnana Yoga use Pranayama as a means to reduce the menace of the mind. Bliss is your own inner nature. prana and body. soul is described as Sat-Chid-Ananda or BeingConsciousness-Bliss. It is difficult to talk on how yoga can benefit your bliss sheath. In fact. Yoga can reduce these distractions. give steadiness of mind. But you can certainly remove the obstacles that prevent experiencing this inner bliss. and give us back our sense of well-being. is the innermost part of our being. Yoga can definitely help us to get established in this inner bliss. which means ‘established or centered in one’s inner Self’. yet there are yogic practices which can help them improve the quality of their contemplation on the truth. External experiences and the turbulences of life can distort and take away this natural bliss. You don’t have to do anything to improve it. which is our true pristine nature. In that calm state of mind.