CONSTITUENTS OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) AND THEIR EFFICACY ON DIABETESHina Yasin, S.Sidra Batool, M.Arsalan*, Ramsha Shahab, Nabeel Khan, Dow College of Pharmacy, DUHS, Karachi, ABSTRACT: Diabetes affects a large segment of the population worldwide, and the prevalence of this disease is rapidly increasing. Despite the availability of medication for diabetes, traditional remedies are desirable and are currently being investigated. Garlic (Allium sativum), has been reported to have antidiabetic activity. Evidence suggests that garlic is anti oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiglycative properties, due to which garlic play an important role in preventing diabetes progression and the development of diabetes-related complications. Large-scale clinical studies with diabetic patients are warranted to confirm the usefulness of garlic in the treatment and prevention of this disease. Key words: Garlic (Allium sativum), Allicin, Anti-diabetic. INTRODUCTION: There are many ongoing researches as well to test the anti-diabetic property present in garlic. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a member of the Liliaceae family, is one of the most popular herbs used worldwide to reduce various risk factors associated with several diseases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] . In history, . Modern garlic has been used in traditional folk medicine as a natural cure for diabetes scientific research also lends support to this traditional use [8] [9][10][11][12] [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Garlic contains 0.1- 0.36% of a volatile oil, 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin: anti microbial effect, ajoene: anti thrombosis, anti microbial, cholestrol lowering activities, potent as aspirin, allylpropl diallyl trisulfide sallylcysteine: retarded the growth of of chemically induced and transplantable tumor vinyldithiines S-allylmercaptocystein[20][21][22] [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. New England journal of medicine (nejm). Oral administrations of the garlic extract decreased serum glucose. DISCUSSION: There are many sulfur containing compounds in garlic. collecting from different sources like Pubmed. Research data of another study also concludes that the use of garlic extract is beneficial in lowering the blood glucose and cholesterol . American journal of medicine (amjmed). Journal of medicinal plant research. while increased serum insulin in diabetic rats but not in normal [53][54][55][56][57][59][60][61][62][63] . In a comparative study between the action of garlic extract and glibenclamide (600 mg/kg). Google scholar. Administration of allicin in a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight decreased the concentration of serum lipids and blood glucose level in rats significantly[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. and many other enzyme rats levels. the anti-diabetic effect of the extract was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Atleast 20 articles were selected and studied thoroughly. One of them is S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (SACS).Allicin METHODOLOGY: This study is a review article which is composed after conducting a literature based survey from the year 1986 to 2011. total cholesterol. 1200 and 1500 mg[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. which is the precursor of allicin and garlic oil and has been found to show significant ant diabetic effects in alloxan (an agent that causes diabetes mellitus type II) diabetic rats [30][31][32] [33][34][35][36][37][38] . Garlic was found to be effective in improving the glycemic control at all doses whereas Exceedingly significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed at the higher doses of 900. In a research conducted on a human population in Pakistan. 442-460 2.e..level as well as in lowering many enzymes levels in blood. It also increases the level of insulin in blood and this study compared garlic extract with an anti-diabetic agent i. but no direct evidence was then produced concerning this hypothesis. Hanan Tariq. between (80-110)mg/dL. Textbook of Pharmacognosy (5th ed. Biren Shah . Unorganized Drugs. New Delhi. This however shows the effect of garlic on diabetes [90] [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100].K. pp. And also the help provided by Mahirah Naz. Drug Containing Volatile oil. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The guidance provided by Miss Fakhsheena Anjum and Dr. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and . T.E Wellis.A. It has been previously suggested that garlic (allicin) can enhance serum insulin by effectively combining with compounds like cysteine. Sana Shamim for this research is sincerely acknowledged.. Fatima Zehra. It was suggested in a study that allicin works as a sulfhydryl donor to prevent degradation of insulin. REFERENCES: 1. India 1986.).e. CONCLUSION: It is concluded from the researches that the garlic (Allium Sativum) can be considered as an excellent anti-diabetic agent when a safe amount of garlic is taken it can help in lowering the blood sugar level and may also keep it in normal range i. release of bound insulin[101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109]. which would spare insulin from SH group reactions which are a common cause of insulin inactivation[110][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119]. Yamna Zehra. Nayab Zehra is Acknowledged. The hypoglycaemic action of garlic could possibly be due to an increase in pancreatic secretion of insulin from β-cells. It should also be considered that an excess intake of garlic can cause cardio vascular diseases[120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128]. Maria Zakir. S. Gliclazide[74][75][76][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors.K Seth. 1995. Eidib. 7: pp. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.C Krokate. 53-66 8. Vol. 312-442 5.E Wellis. Augusti KT. India 2007. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors. New Delhi. 5: pp. Seeds. 544 3. New Delhi. S. Indian J Exp Biol.). Linda A. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors New Delhi. 523-526 14. 20: pp.). Sheela CG. T. Herbal Medicines (3rd ed. 15274-15297 13.). vol. 2006.). Unorganized Drugs. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. A.E Wellis. pp. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (1st ed. Biosci Rep. Textbook of Pharmacognosy (5th ed. Eidia.). Entire Organisms.). Textbook of Pharmacognosy (5th ed. 442-460 11. S. 428-434 15. S.K Seth. Darlin Quine.K.Edwin Jarald. Ltd 2010. Terpenoids.K. Ltd 2010. E. India 2008. Phil. pp. S. Pharmacognosy (39th ed. Sangeetha and S. 2005. Anderson.A. pp. Elsevier A Division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. J. vol. Indian J Exp Biol.K. 188-194 9. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors. T. . Muhammad Ali. pp. 6: pp. 1992.K. Vol. Textbook of Pharmacognosy (21st ed. pp. Woods. India 2007. Elsevier A Division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Pharmaceutical Press.Edwin Jarald Sheeja . Diabetes mellitus. Indigenous Traditional Drugs. 312442 7.Biochem Molecular Toxicology. Augusti KT. 2011. 20: pp. Esmaeilia. India 1986.). S. Drug Containing Volatile oil.). Effect of garlic for diabetes. Antidiabetic Plants.E Wellis. T. vol. Antilipoperoxidative and Antioxidant Effects of SallylCysteine Sulfoxide on Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Wistar Rats.K. John David Phillipson. T. Nirali Parakshan Pune. Biren Shah . Dr. pp. J. London 2007. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors New Delhi.Phytochemistry (1st ed. Effects of garlic on blood glucose levels and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. pp. M.K. Textbook of Pharmacognosy (5th ed. Anti-diabetic effects of Garlic and onion sulfoxide amino acids in rats. pp.). Jain for CBS publishers and distributors New Delhi. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (1st ed. Rizwan Ashraf M. Rafeeq Alam Khan and Imran Ashraf. 287-305 4. T. S. India 1986. India 1986. Textbook of Pharmacognosy (5th ed. Sheela CG. 27-54 6. 2922-2928 16.E Wellis. E. Jain for CBS publishers and distributors New Delhi.). 194-246 12. pp. 283-342 10.Barnes. India 1986. Kumud K. pp. Mirhadi Khayatnouri. 2006. 738-756 23. Afkhami-Ardekani M. The effect of Gliclazide and Garlic extract on Blood Sugar level in STZ–induced Diabetic Male Mice. vol. vol. Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Are Ameliorated by Garlic Oil Supplementation. Biosci Rep. 2002 vol. 25. 26. Anti-diabetic effect of garlic in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. E. Thomson M and Ali M. . Effect of garlic and fresh oil supplementation on serumlipids and lipoproteins concentration in hypercholesterolemic men. St Louis. J. 1999. Jellin JM. 445450. 26: pp. Effect of garlic oil on levels of various enzymes in the serum and tissue of streptozoocin diabetic rats. Dev. 62-71. 436472 19.Parrott M. 24. Mc Donald JM. Eidib. 1999 22. Batz F. A. Journal of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology. Ctries. Wolters Kluwer. 665-690 21. 1715-1755 18. The Review of Natural Products. Hitchens K. J. Am. vol. 20: pp. Stockton Calif. 2010. Therapeutic Research Faculty. 2001. Pei-Min Chao. 2002: vol. J. 21:pp. Nut. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. Food Chem. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of aqueous extract of Arachis hypogaea in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.. Mu-Hsin Chang. Diab. Adler AJ and Holub BJ. Esmaeilia. 86-88. management of diabetes. 19: pp. Chong-Kuei Lii. Eidia.205-219 17. Ali M and Thomson M. and Wei-Wen Kuo. J. 2006. Cheng-Tzu Liu. 28. Al-Qattan K. 19-24 20. vol. 1997. Da-Tian Bau. Effects of garlic on serum lipids and blood glucose of type 2 diabetic patients. Consumption of garlic clove a day could be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Mo. vol. Kamali-Ardekani A and Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. Saeid Safarmashaei. Bilbis LS. Pharmacist’s Letter/Prescribers Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Phytomedicine. Bor-Show Tzang. 2008. M. 211-212. Abubakar MG. Journal of Facts and Comparisons. 3: pp. Agric. 553-5. vol. Hsiu-Chung Ou. Eur E J Clin Nutr Metab. 16: pp. Shehu RA. Hui Wen Liu. Ohaeri OC. 7: pp. Int. 27. 65: pp. Clinical Chemistry. 1995. 10347–10355. 2007. 9: pp. Garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) attenuate structural nephropathy progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. vol. 53: pp.48: pp. Clin. vol. vol. Khodayar Bahari. 2003. Banerjee SK and Maulik SK. 2005. Eidi M and Esmaeili E. Comp. creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. vol. 2001. . Duncan MG. vol. J. Nutr J. 725-727. 1993. and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999. Physiol Part A Mol. 17: pp. 4: pp. Ghorbanihaghjo A and Mahdavi R. 11. J. Alterations in protein metabolism in ethanol-ingested rats treated with garlic. Chang MW and Johnson MA.29. vol. vol. 58-62. Effect of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats. 32: pp. J. 365-366. Eidi A. vol. Garlic as an antioxidant: The good. 624-629. 41. vol. Arch. Long-term ingestion of a fermented soybean-derived Touchiextract with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is safe and effective in humans with borderline and mild type-2 diabetes. Med. vol. 58: pp. 32. Nutr. Jabbar A. Ashraf R. vol. Venmahdi S and Govindaraju P. Ayub. 39. Desai HG. 632-635. 2011. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 61-72. Mukherjee PK and Maulik SK. Esposito K. Nutr. 36. Devaki T. Jain AK Jain AK. 92: pp. Phytomedicine. diabetes. 60-64. 37. Med. Int. 1: pp. 110: pp. 2002. Fujita H. Shaikh RA and Ahmed T. 30. and hypercholesterolemia in the renal patient.1990. the bad and the ugly. Ren. 539-547. 931-936. Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Bordia A. 33. Intern. 139-141. Yamagami T and Ohshima K. Banerjee SK. 43. Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L. 1992. J. Nutr. Med. vol. 31. Bellastella G and Giugliano D. J. 2003. 257-263. vol. When metformin fails in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 4. Med. Indian J. Coll. Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Res. 35. J. Vargar R. 2006. 1998. Biochem. Verma SK and Srivastava KC. Obes. The effects of nutritional supplements on the treatment of depression. 131: pp. Gotzkowsky S and McMahon FG. Phytother Res. Kalro RH and Choksi AP. 17: pp. 38. fibrinogen. blood sugar. Effect of ginger and garlic on DNA content of gastric aspirate. Argani H. vol. Am. 94: pp. 135: pp. 171: pp. 2005. review. 40. vol. 13: pp. vol. Metformin and body weight. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of Garlic on levels of serum lipids. Effect of garlic (Allium Sativum) on blood lipids. 9: pp. Aamir K.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 97-106. Lipids Health Dis. 20: pp. Med. Sci. 42. vol. 1980. Golay A. Anwar MM and Meki AR. vol. 34. cycloserine. 2008. Effect of Garlic on cardiovascular disorders. 2105-2108. Ther. 46. Qin L. Sahebghadam Lotfi A. 1973. Shi Z. 2006. 49. Toxicol. 59: pp. Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric coated garlic supplement. 2: pp. Xia Z. Mrowietz C and Wenzel E. 52. Kannar D. Jung F. vol. Hse H and Sheen LY. 2005. J. Clinical investigation on garlicin injection for treatment of unstable angina pectoris and its actions on plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels. onion and garlic on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic rats. vol. 19: pp. Br. Khaksari M. Jain RC and Vyas CR. vol. vol. 28: pp. 2005. 1491. Chen PS and Sheen LY. Xu Y. vol. Coll. 56. Antidiabetic effect of garlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 21: pp. 64-69. Motadayen MH and Sirus S. 54. Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation. 1991. Itakura Y and Nakata Y. Antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 45. Med. Clin. 2: pp. Jia H. Garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit. Mahmoodi M. vol.44. 114: pp. 225-231. Liu CT. Hse H. J. 20: pp. Seo YJ. Wong PL. 165-173. vol. Li G. Effect of fenugreek. vol. Kasuga S. Lancet. 53. vol. Pindur G. Pak. Eur. vol. Chin. Nippon Yakurigaku Zassh. Liu CT. 2001. Am. Islami MR. Sci. and other risk factors. Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on glycemic control in diabetic rats. 243-246. Ge C. Indian J. 1999. Wattanapenpaiboon N. Kim JI. vol. 295298. Hypoglycemic action of onion and garlic. Am. Maleki M. Tradit. 48. 1995-2025: Prevalence. King H. 1998. 3: pp. Savige GS and Wahlqvist ML. Nutr Res Pract. Diabetes Care. Ushijima M. 191-197. Int. Kiesewetter H. Effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on hyperglycemia induced by immobilization stress in mice. Asadi Karam GR. J. Aubert RE and Herman WH. 1974. vol. 50. numerical estimates. Med. Jung EM. Lii CK. 684-685. 1414-1431. J. Study of the effects of raw garlic consumption on the level of lipids and other blood biochemical factors in hyperlipidemic individuals. Pharm. Jain RC and Vyas CR. Pharmacol. Sci. Chen P and Yuan GA. Jain RC and Vyas CR. 516: pp. microcirculation. J. 2000. Nutr. J. 1975. 55. Wang X. 15661. 13771384. Gweon OC. 29: pp. 2006. Jelodar GA. vol. Cheng L. Hypoglycemic action of onion on rabbits. Morihara N. . Ju J. Kim MJ. Kang MJ. 151-155. Pharmacol. Food Chem. Hajizadeh MR and Mirzaee MR. Nutr. 47. Lii CK. Toxicol. 730. Global burden of diabetes. 2009. 51. Lee YM. 44: pp. 20: pp. Im J. Med. J. and projections. Clin. 61. Diabetes Vasc.57. 1999. Holman RR. Lipa R. Wochenschr. 32: pp. Rasmussen JN. Schramm TK. Filatova LV. Park YB and Lee MK. Fosbøl EL. Prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan. Balabolkin M I. Walter A. 2008. Ferrannini E. Hershcocivi T. Planta Medica. 68. Isr. Food. Scarpello JHB and Howlett HC. Diabetes Care. 157-167. 115: pp. 219-222. 67. Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes. Kim MJ. Park HM. Biol. Wien. Nathan DM. Sobenin IA. 2003. 474-479 59. Metformin therapy and clinical uses. Assoc. Park SA. Sheela CG. vol. 2006. 2009. Exp. 1093 63. Buse JB. Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Anbar R. Bastos DH. 2011. SheraAS. 193-203 58. J. Køber L. Pleiotropic effects of Garlic. Anti-diabetic effects of -allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Peleg A. Gorchakova T V and Alexander N. Exp. . 1992. Siegel G. 61: pp. 5: pp. vol. Indian J. Dis. Effect of Garlic on lipid profile and psychopathologic parameters in people with mildtomoderate hypercholesterolemia. Norgaard ML. Med. 149: pp. 217-224. Queiroz YS. 2008. Antidiabetic effect of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. 523-526. vo. Hansen PR and Torp-Pedersen. 62. 9: pp. 10: pp. Kumud K and Augusti KT. Acta Diabetol. Sherwin R and Zinman B. vol. 637-640. Madsen M. 1-6. 2009. Sheela CG and Augusti KT. vol. 64. 30: pp. 76: pp. 1992. Eucommia ulmoidesOliver leaf extract increases endogenous antioxidant activity in type 2 diabetic mice. 30: pp. Kim DJ. 5: pp. J. 2007. Nedosugova LV. Garlic (Allium sativum L. Jung UJ. 371374. vol. vol. 60. 65. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Biol. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. vol. with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Indian J. Vaag A. Ishimoto EY. Sheela CG and Augusti KT. Sampaio GR and Torres EA. Eur. Walper A and Michel F. vol. Gislason GH. Res. 523-526. 1995. vol. Food Chem. Engel S. 45: pp. Hansen ML. Med. Orekhov. Anti-diabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium Sativum L. Redler M and Beigel Y. vol. Jawad F and Maqsood A. Davidson MB. Folke F. 356-357 66.) and ready-to-eat garlic products: In vitro antioxidant activity. Choi MS. Heart J. Med. vol. 75. sulphonylurea. 20: pp. The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man. 2004. J. or insulin for 6 years from diagnosis: UKPDS73. Connock MJ and Maslin DJ. 74. 701-706. Res. 149-155. Nutr. serum lipids and lipoproteins. placebo controlled trial. 1992. 73. Lowe D. Br. J. 866-870. 2001. 1991. 92: pp. vol. 980S-984S. Nature. vol. 79. Pivovarova EM. vol. Giles P. 1995. Assoc. 13: pp. Laffel LM. 2000. Clin. 27: pp. Antihyperglycemic activity of Commelina communis L. 16-20. J. Pharmacy journal of Tabriz Univ Med. Sci. Alberti KG and Shaw J. vol. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with use of garlic as a supplement. Evolving natural history of coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus. Studies on some liver enzymes in rats ingesting ethanol and treated with garlic oil. . 729-731. 70. inhibition of α-glucosidase. 395-401. Cull CA. vol. 2006. 656– 663 81. 414: pp. 66: pp. A dose finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. Gender may affect the action of garlic oil on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels of normal subjects. Nutr. Aged garlic extract. Am. Tertov VV. 90: pp. a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors. vol. metformin. Khan AH. Valsania P. Effect of Garlic (Allium Sativum) powder tablet on serum lipid. vol. Nutrition. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. 782-787. 2001. 71. Med. Ann Med. 63–65 80. 20: pp. Fell S. Thai. 72. Veeramanomai S and Indrakosas N. Med. Warram JH. Youn JY. vol. Sci. 64: pp. Christlieb AR. 77. Park HY and Cho KH. Wright AD. Tohidi M and Rahbani M. Direct anti-atherosclerosis-related efects of garlic. Effects of garlic onatherosclerosis. Pract. vol. J. 1471-1478. Turner B. Holbert D and Lin RI. 131: pp. vol. blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normolipidemic volunteers: A randomized double blind. Nutr.Krolewski AS. Zhang Xh. Molgaard C and Markmann P. Venmahdi S and Devaki T. Sobenin IA. Orekhov AN. Grunwald J. Martin BC. Diabetes Res. Hypoglycemia in Type 2 diabetic patients randomized to and maintained on monotherapy with diet. Clin. 87: pp. Nutr. Am J Med. J. Zimmet P. Orekhov AN. vol. 11561161. 78. 56S–61S. 2004. 2001. vol. Steiner M. 4: pp. Steiner M and Li W. Evaluation of the effects of garlic powder on blood pressure. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Macleod KM and Holman RR. 1997. Tanamai J. 131: pp. vol. 1996. 2004. J Diabetes Complications. 76.69. Lipids. 641–651 87. 1998. Natural products with hypoglycemic. Lam F. 1991. vol. 38: pp. 114–119 96. Phelps S. Giese C. 9: pp. 32: pp. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation. A new colorimetric method for the determination of fructosamine. 2001. vol. Acta Diabetol. Swanston-Flatt SK. 74: pp. 155– 159 92. 1987. Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. 1993. Bordia AK. Flatt PR. Zimmermann R. Harenberg J. Lehmann P. Wang-Chen R. 2001. Tertov VV. Wang HX. hypotensive hypocholesterolemic. Strong JP. Campbell JH. Orekhov AN. Garlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. 28: pp. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view. Sudhop T. Effect of odor-modified garlic preparation on blood lipids. 1993. Valente AJ. Am J Epidemiol. Marcus EB. vol. vol.82. vol. 71: pp. 1999. 3: pp. Nutr Res. 1977. An autopsy study from the Honolulu Heart Program. Bhu N. Traditional dietary adjuncts for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. vol. Hayashi T. 1997. Rietz P. Garlic preparations for prevention of atherosclerosis. 65: pp. Am J Cardiol. Reed DM. vol. 1006S–1009S 95. Ng TB. vol. 565–569 89. 2663–2677 90. 245–253 91. Kruse-Jarres JD. Berthold HK. In vitro effect of garlic powder extract on lipid content in normal and atherosclerotic human aortic cells. Schwartz CJ. Sci Am. Life Sci. The chemistry of garlic and onions. 1987. 9–14 84. vol. 1998. Harris WS. Block E. CHD: a major burden in type 2 diabetes. 139–149 93. 131: pp. vol. Bailey CJ. Diabetes Metab Rev. Smith NJ. Association of diabetes mellitus with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial lesions. 1985. Curr Opin Lipidol. 50: pp. 475–477 94. Laakso M. Lab Med. vol. 1989. Day C. Vogt BW. platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Nesto R. vol. 13: pp. vol. Efendy JL. 28: pp. J Nutr. Sanadhya YK. 247–249 88. 137: pp. 252: pp. vol. Jarausch J. fibrinolysis. Pyorala K. 463–524 85. 3–8 86. vol. antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic activities. 1993. Atherosclerosis.1055–1060 . Atherosclerosis. Joshi HK. Proc Nutr Soc. 7: pp. 1328–1340 83. Lipids. Lau B. Uusitupa M. Campbell GR. A modern view of atherogenesis. Burchfiel CM. Sprague EA. Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes. J Diabet Complications. 813–820 109. 90: pp. 1987. 98. Fisher M. Wiklund O. 4: pp. Serum fructosamine in the assessment of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus. Nesto RW. Turnover and tissue sites of degradation of glucosylated low density lipoprotein in normal and immunized rabbits. Brownlee M. 40: pp. J Nutr. Leibson CL. 2001. 34: pp. vol. Pittman RC. Palumbo PJ. vol. J Am Coll Cardiol. Vlassara H. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Reunanen AR. 1098–1109 105. Valkonen T. Bucala R. 1989. Matikainen MT. vol. Goraya TY.97. vol. Coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus: a population-based autopsy study. vol. vol. Makita Z. vol. Nonenzymatic glycosylation products on collagen covalently trap low-density lipoprotein. Nonenzymatic glucosylation of low-density lipoprotein alters its biologic activity. 39: pp. 31: pp. Branks MJ. vol. Augusti KT. 28: pp. Witztum JL. Indian J Biochem Biophys. Nature. Koschinsky T. vol. 10: pp. 989–993. 2002. 1985. Barfod K. Rutter MK. 2002. vol. 765– 770 100. Rasmussen LM. vol. Viikari J. 414: pp. 1973. 6434–6438. Elam RL. 1982. 209–212 . Panula O. 1993. vol. Am J Public Health. Mathew PT. 1987. Yeh YY. Vlassara H. Steinberg D. Koschinsky T. Witztum JL. Diabetes. vol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 938–941 107. 285–292 103. 283– 291 104. Irjala K. Koskinen P. 219–234 106. J Lipid Res. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 304: pp. 108. Carew TE. Cerami A. Cerami A. 946–953 101. Prog Clin Biol Res. Elam R. 131: pp. Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. Acta Diabetol. Diabetes. Mahoney EM. Lipid advanced glycosylation: pathway for lipid oxidation in vivo. The nature of large vessel disease in diabetes mellitus. Steinberg D. Koskinen SV. Ledet T. 88: pp. 22–28 102. 1990. 1998. Mortality in a large population-based cohort of patients with drug-treated diabetes mellitus. I. Metabolic and immunological consequences of glycation of low density lipoproteins. Hypoglycaemic action and enhancement of serum insulin effect and glycogen synthesis. Liu L. 2001. 63–65 99. Witztum JL. Martelin TP. Thogersen VB. Impact of the atherosclerotic process in patients with diabetes. Heickendorff L. 47: pp. Brownlee M. vol. 2: pp. vol. Mathew PT. 730 112. Garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. vol. Melchinskaya EN. in diabetic rats. Patumraj S. Augusti KT. 52: pp. Augusti KT.year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Mu¨nster (PROCAM) study. 61: pp. Hypoglycaemia action of onion on rabbits. Am J Clin Nutr. Ohaeri OC. Day C. 1974. 1992. Sheela CG. 124: pp. vol. vol. Jain RC. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10. Effect of garlic oil on the pancreas of experimental diabetes in guineapigs. Jain RC. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 64–68 115. Planta Med. Bari MA. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. Tunkayoon M. Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Tewit S. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Immunologic aspects of alisate in diabetes mellitus patients. Schulte H. Sitprija S. Farva D. Circulation.110. vol. 19–24 121. 2002. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide. Diabetologia. 1491 111. Indian J Exp Biol. Augusti KT. vol. 1973. 462–464 120. 33: pp. 223–227 123. 31: pp. 148–149 114. Effects of garlic oil on streptozotocin-diabetic rats maintained on normal and high fat diets.1986. 70: pp. Popovtseva ON. Sheela CG. Vyas CR. Gromnatskii NI. 595–597 124. Jain RC. 23: pp. vol. 105: pp. Br Med J. 7: pp. vol. vol. Bhuvapanich S. 28: pp. Goji IA. Plengvidhya C. vol. Flatt PR. 1987. 1990. 1995. 1997. Vyas CR. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Amatyakul S. 21: pp. 1996. 30: pp. Effect of garlic oil on the levels of various enzymes in the serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabetic rats. an insulin secretagogue. 2000. 2: pp. 91–96 122. Experientia. Vyas CR. 684–685 113. 11: pp. 310–315 . Augusti KT. Joseph PK. Cullen P. Swanston-Flatt SK.356–357 117. 1975. Lancet. 1975. Garlic and diabetes mellitus phase II clinical trial. vol. Augusti KT. J Med Assoc Thai. Sheela CG. Assmann G. Bailey CJ. Mahatma OP. Begum H. Effect of allicin on certain enzymes of liver after a short term feeding to normal rats. 115–120 118. 2001. vol. Experientia. vol. vol. Comparative effects of garlic and aspirin on diabetic cardiovascular complications. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Biull Eksp Biol Med. Kangkaya V. 24–27 119. 523–526 116. Drug Deliv. Hypoglycaemic action of onion and garlic. Kumud K. 1985. Biosci Rep. 159–163 127. Winkler G. Iberl B. vol. . e-mail: pharmdarsalan93@hotmail. J Nutr. Aged garlic extract attenuates intracellular oxidative stress. Lau BH. Phytomedicine. Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Quantitative determination of allicin and alliin from garlic by HPLC. Sulfonylureas induce cholesterol accumulation in cultured human intimal cells and macrophages. Matsuura H. DUHS. 125–131 126. Knobloch K. Petesch BL. 56: pp. Arsalan* 2nd Professional Dow College of Pharmacy. Kasuga S.125. Planta Med. Miller B. 1990. Orekhov AN. Amagase H. 320–326 128. 2001. vol. 1999. Atherosclerosis. vol. Itakura Y. 955–962 Contact: M. 131: pp. Ide N.com. Slavina ES. Balabolkin MI. vol. Sobenin IA. 6: pp. 105: pp. Maksumova MA. 1994.
Report "Garlic (Allium Sativum) as an anti-diabetic agent (allicin)"