UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAKAMPUS PERLIS FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PHYSICS LABORATORY (INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATION) PHY360 MINI PROJECT PROPOSAL AS120 TITLE: MINI SOLAR CAR PART A: RESEARCHER BACKGROUND i. PROJECT LEADER/ MATRIC NO. /CONTACT NO.: ALYANI NATASHA BINTI AMIN/2010669696/017-4160647 ii. PROJECT MEMBER’S: NO NAME MATRIC NUMBER CONTACT . 1 NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD 2010426222 NUMBER 019- 4304623 2 FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO 2010622544 012-4844349 3 NORZALENA BINTI ABDUL HAMID 2010414288 017-4062406 4 NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR 2010814302 013-4345176 iii. PROJECT SUPERVISOR: ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN iv. CO-SUPERVISOR v. LECTURER (Lecture/Laboratory) ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN PART B: MINI PROJECT REPORT A. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. ii) ABSTRACT/ABSTRAK . we would like to express our thanks to Assistance of laboratory Physics. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S.W. Finally. It could not have been written and produced without the help of many people. We also would like to thank her for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project. for the valuable guidance an advice. Then. we are very grateful to thank our supervisor of this project Madam Rosyaini binti Afindi Zaman. Firstly. She inspired us greatly to work in this project.w. we would face many difficulties while doing this project. I would like to express my thankfulness to Allah s. I would like to thank to those who had been involved whether directly or in directly in helping to complete our final year project. we would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Arau to providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. substances that used in our project. En Zainal and En Haris because give our group to borrow all the materials. honourable mention goes to our families and friends for their understanding and support on us in completing this project in this semester.t to giving me all the strength in fulfilling and completely this final year project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above. Besides that.i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah. iii) INTRODUCTION . a new exploration of natural resources of energy and power is necessary. a key component to build solar car is solar panel which converts light energy from the sun into electrical power that is passed through the wires to the motor. Solar energy has been used to generate electricity through sunlight. Bagi menyelesaikan hal ini. the motor will use the energy to move the drive pulley causing the wheels to spin. objektif projek ini adalah untuk melaksanakan idea tentang kereta solar mini dan tidak mustahil dengan bantuan prototaip ini. we can expand this idea to realize the real car construction using solar car. coal and etc face the difficulties to meet the growing needs of the market. suppliers of natural resources such as fuels. With the help of new invention of technology. Seterusnya. In this project. the objective of this project is to implement the ideas about mini solar car and it is possible with the help of this prototype. Dalam projek ini. Thus. arang dan lain-lain mengalami kesukaran untuk memenuhi kehendak pasaran yang meningkat. kami berhasrat untuk menghasilkan kereta mini yang menggunakan tenaga solar. Dengan bantuan teknologi.ABSTRACT In this globalization era. kami dapat mengembangkan lagi idea ini untuk merealisasikan pembinaan kereta sebenar yang menggunakan tenaga solar. To solve this problem. Tenaga solar telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik melalui cahaya matahari. komponen utama untuk membina kereta solar adalah panel solar yang menukar tenaga cahaya daripada matahari kepada kuasa elektrik yang dialirkan melalui wayar kepada motor. At the beginning. pembekal bahan semulajadi seperti bahan pembakar. Cahaya matahari dianggap sebagai punca tenaga yang digunakan dalam kegunaan harian. eksplorasi baru terhadap bahan semulajadi untuk tenaga dan kuasa adalah diperlukan. Pada permulaan. motor akan menggunakan tenaga tersebut untuk menggerakkan takal penggerak yang menyebabkan roda untuk berputar. ABSTRAK Dalam era globalisasi ini. Sunlight is considered as the source of energy in daily life. we intend to produce mini cars that powered by solar energy. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. Now. In this project. The question is whether the earth's resources are sufficient to accommodate the population at a high standard of living for all. Lately. an enormous amount of energy. Energy in earth can be divided to major categories that are non-renewable and renewable energy. Fortunately. the fuel as a limited resource is continually being produced by the dealers to satisfy world consumers which are leading us to an unpredictable future with having the insufficient source of fuel and minerals. the key issue is energy. jobs and the economy and energy security. With greatly improved energy efficiency. or sends out. The sun is constant natural source of heat and light. Renewable energy brings significance benefits to humans and other organisms. hydropower. and its radiation can be converted to electricity. The benefits are environmental benefit. bio energy. There are some examples of renewable energy such as solar energy. But is it necessary for us to explore it even the resource is in front of our eyes. a transition to this energy based economy capable of sustaining the anticipated growth in the world economy. is possible. With the condition of earth nowadays that faces a global warming. This effective source is “Solar Energy”. Renewable energy is natural resources that can be re-made or re-grown and will never run out. population models suggest that the world's population will probably level out at about two to three times the present numbers over the next hundred years. Solar energy is energy that comes directly from the sun. As a consequence. Every day the sun radiates. geothermal energy and ocean energy. the continuous consumption of these resources will bring negative role.There must be some limitations that prevent the ability of the earth to yield energy for growing population. dealers of natural resources like fuel and coal are facing an obstacle to keep pace with the increasing demand. These phenomena shows that the present energy consumption especially fuel cannot be use much longer. we focused on research on solar energy. there are many motor vehicles that dominate the transport medium while these cars are being controlled by the fuel at the same time. When talking about this. it is compulsory for is to discover a new resource of energy and power. Under this situation. The energy produced in the interior of the solar sphere at temperatures of many millions of degrees must be transferred out to the surface and then be radiated into space. energy for future generations. The radiation that . wind energy. they would soon relax back to their ground states. small packets or quantum of light. which in turn can make a current of electrons flow. solar energy can be directly converted to electricity. two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. When photons are absorbed by matter in the solar cell. In an ordinary material. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. a flow of electrons. The current ends up at the other side (or terminal) of the solar cell. Electrical energy is stored in electromagnetic fields. to electric current. and passive collectors. a flow of photons. Due to the nature of solar energy. at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. there are three types of collectors and many forms of storage units. where the electrons once again enter the ground state. The three types of collectors are flat-plate collectors. Besides being used for heating and cooling.does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). focusing collectors. as they have lost energy in the external circuit. . The energy of light is transmitted by photons. The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy. More still can be provided indirectly. In general. The perhaps most well-known example of this is the photoelectric effect. The electrons are instead forced to one side of the solar cell. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. where the build-up of negative charge makes a current flow through an external circuit. the way it is put together prevents this from happening. Thus a solar cell converts light. where photons give electrons in a metal enough energy to escape the surface. In a solar cell however. their energy excites electrons higher energy states where the electrons can move more freely. Methods of collecting and storing solar energy vary depending on the uses planned for the solar generator. if the electrons are not given enough energy to escape. To plot the graph of velocity (m/s) versus hours. the energy used to run these cars comes directly from the sun. To determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point. To determine if the angle of the sun at different time affects the power generated by solar panels.OBJECTIVES To study the alternative energy that can replace existing energy sources such as fuel. In this case. iv) THEORY/BACKGROUND . SIGNIFICANCE OF MINI PROJECT Build an innovation that can prevent noise pollution. solar energy work silently and don’t add to noise pollution already on the road. The car provides a perfect illustration of the application and use of the energy from re-useable sources and can be used as a starting point for further investigation or comparison such as of transport modes. As economical purposes. so the necessities toward gasoline or other types of fuel can be reduce. while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency. The theory of solar cells explains the physical processes by which light is converted into electrical current when striking a suitable semiconductor device. Solar technologies are widely characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture.Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels. and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. designing spaces that naturally circulate air. derive their energy from the sun. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of solar cell performance. v) LITERATURE REVIEW Solar energy has been acknowledged as a free and infinite source of energy and provides an alternative energy where there is no pollution of the environment and its use . Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies. However. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favourable thermal properties. all renewable energies. and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. pumps. convert and distribute sunlight. other than geothermal and tidal. different materials and different structures of photovoltaic panels provide different efficiency in term of power conversion. and 100oE and 119oE (Kamaruddin et al. . alternative energy sources are becoming more and more necessary. The amount of solar radiation a location receives depends on a variety of factors including geographic location. Malaysia will use its current capabilities in producing semiconductors advantage to go to into the solar industry. Malaysia lies in the tropical region between 1oN and 7oN. M. Malaysia could become the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany once related projects were completed next year. (1994). no pollution and no significant depletion of material resources. According to T.2009). local landscape. as well as by general composition of the atmosphere. irregular variations are caused by the climate condition (cloud cover). solar energy represents a massive energy potential greatly. Besides that. As one of renewable energy. Amin et al. Under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP). A solar cell also called a photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Markvart. Solar energy refers to the conversion of the sun’s rays into useful forms of energy. Article from The Star stated that. 2002). 2008). Based on Deo Prasad and Mark Snow (2005). photovoltaic are solid-state devices that simply make electricity out of sunlight. and local weather. The country’s aspiration is to increase its market share to 17% of world production and reach number two position behind China by 2020. Sharan. the design of the photovoltaic system relies on the input of measured data close to the site of the installation which is the regular daily and yearly variation due to the apparent motion of the sun. With the rising cost of fossil fuels. Its weather condition in Malaysia is very suitable for photovoltaic implementation. Solar cells take the energy from the sun and convert it directly to electricity. time of day. this is because the weather condition is almost predictable and the availability of sunlight for more than ten hours daily with almost six hours of direct sunlight with irradiation of between 800 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 (N. season. silently and with little to no maintenance. such as electricity or heat.will decreases the rate of depletion of energy reserves (A. In order to use this solar power. The power of the sun is immense . four wheeler and automotive industries. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. solar car are efficient in our daily life because it can reduce pollution and fuel rate that having by petrol cars. Universities Group T University Related studies Racing with the sun on Vesalius Campus. A solar car is driven by solar energy obtained from panels on the surface of the car. we need a site with a lot of direct sunlight and location with little and no shade. Usually.A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Solar cars combine technology usually used in the bicycle. with varying amounts of efficiency. solar power car and ground source heat. Each of the projects is taken . In a research article by Ranjeet Singh (2012). The most common way to harness this power is through solar hot water heating. Solar power may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions. all power on earth comes from the sun. This solar power can be harnessed in several ways. GROUP T ‘Make stuff work’ is the main theme of the Engineering Experiences in the second program stage. It also can reduce global warming and environment problem. Sun energy is converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic cells. Based on Michael Boxwell (2012).every square meter of sunlight to fall on the earth provides the equivalent of 1kW of power. directly or indirectly. photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy. solar electricity generation. The foam board was cut into a piece measuring (17. The Solar Car team considers itself as an ambassador for sustainable mobility.5 cm x 7cm) and two basal sticks measuring (7 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm). who are presenting The trademark ‘German Engineering’ on an entirely new manner’ vi) MINI PROJECT METHOD METHODOLOGY A. Construct the Body 1. The entirely autarkic driven by two seater with usual automobile dimensions should arouse further interest in renewable energies and their potential. Solar car (to design an intermediate speed solar car that can be manufactured and assembled locally in Saudi awareness about Bochum University renewable energy systems) Solar car (the ability and suitability for daily use of vehicles with lightweight design and high energy efficiency under real conditions. Moreover.up in such a way that each of the teams of student designs and makes an original and tangible product that effectively works. . each team is also expected to investigate whether there could be potential Prince Muhammed University customers for the product. developed and built by young future engineers from North Rhine Westphalia. 2. 3. 2. The positive and negative terminal was determined on the back of the solar panel. 2. 3. Mount the Panels 1. 4. Mount the Wheels 1. Prepare the Solar Panels 1. C. An axle was slip through the screw eyes to check their alignment. The front axle was added with its wheels and spacers. The small black pulley was pushed onto the shaft of the motor. The rear axle was assembled. 3. Use a small piece of clear tape to fasten the lower end of the panel assembly to the foam board. The panel was arranged and its support so that it sits at an angle (45°) on the body of solar car. 5. 3. The screw eyes were turned into the foam board piece and balsa sticks. . Strip about 1 cm of insulation from the two cut ends. 2. then adding the spacers followed by the drive pulley (the third small wheel) and wheels. B. The alligator clip was cut leads into two pieces of equal length. Do this by slipping the axle through the screw eyes. Four tires were set in the position that attach to the axles. Mount the Motor 1. The positions of the screw eyes were marked on the two balsa sticks. To attach the alligator clip with the solar panel the soldering technique was used. E. A small slot was cut in the large foam board section.2. The alligator clip was used to connect the wires to the terminals on the electric motor. D. The location was marked on the foam board once the motor is located at the right place. The two balsa sticks was glue to the foam board. The elastic band was stretched over the rear wheel and it was placed on the axlemounted drive pulley. 3. The motor was stick on the foam board in the position that has been marked using selfadhesive tape. 6.00. At each time point. The stick was held straight up on the side walk. 2. starting at 8 am.F. b) The string was pulled tight until it reaches the end of the stick shadow. 1 solar panels. 3. 1 elastic bands . The angle of the sun was measured right before each test. 11. The race track was marked off on a smooth flat side walk that is at list 1 metre. LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/FACILITIES 1. d) The angle of the sun was recorded at each time point of the experiment. 12. ( the time point is 8. Test the solar car 1. 9. Mark both the start and finish line with a piece of tape. c) The protractor was used to measure the angle of the string from the surface of the ground. and continuing until noon.00. 4 wheels 5. 10. The car was tested by placing it under the bright sunlight.00. 2 axles 3.00 ). 4 screw eyes 4. a) A string was tied to a meter stick. The result was collected in the tabulated data. 5. The car was tested for three days continuously at the same time.00. the stopwatch was used to determine the time it taken for the car to travel the distance of the track. 4. The solar car was run on the hours. with contacts 2. 1 electric hobby motor 9. 1 self-adhesive tape 10. 1 piece of foam board ( 17. 1 alligator clip test lead 8. 1 motor shaft pulley 7. Stopwatch 13.6.5 cm x 7 cm) 11. Hot glue gun with glue sticks 12. Stick and string vii) RESULT AND DISCUSSION RESULT Test Hour Angle Time taken (s) to reach end point ( A to B ) Velocity (m/s) . 5 0.5 6.25 0.00 40 ° 9 8 8.00 47° 8 7 7.18 0.00 70° 83° 5 5 5 5 4 4.1 2 Average 1 08.15 .22 6 13.5 0.17 8 15.00 14.5 Table 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2) 0.20 0.00 10.20 0.5 5.5 0.00 80° 5 6 5.20 0.00 15.00 65° 6 6 6 0.5 0.11 0.00 09.00 12.00 25° 10 11 10.00 12.00 11.00 13.00 Angle Time taken (s) to reach end point Velocity (m/s) 27° 39° 54° 71° 81° 79° 64° 46° ( A to B ) 1 9 5 5 5 4 5 5 7 2 10 6 5 4 4 5 6 6 Average 9.00 55° 6 5 5.5 0.5 4 5 5.18 0.10 2 09.18 7 14.5 5 4.5 0.18 4 5 11.12 3 10.22 0.13 Table 1: Velocity of solar car from 1800 to 1500 (Day 1) Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time 08. Test Time Angle 1 08.10 0.00 56° 4 11.09 0.20 0.5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 7.5 Table 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3) DISCUSSION 0.5 5 5 5 4 5 4.00 79° 6 13.17 0.00 26° 2 09.22 0.20 0.18 0.00 47° Time taken (s) to reach end point Velocity ( A to B ) 1 (m/s) 2 Average 11 12 11.00 40 ° 3 10.00 78° 7 14.00 66° 8 15.13 .5 9 10 9.00 70° 5 12.5 5 6 5. The angle that we measure is 25⁰.2 0. the lowest velocity that we calculated is 0. to determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point and the angle of the sun at different time affects the power generated by solar panels. The results of the experiment were very close to our expectation after the experiment was conducted for three days. This is because the position of the sun is at 80⁰ with velocity of 0. . The velocity of the solar car increases rapidly from 0800 to 1200 and decrease slightly from 1300 to 1500.10 m/s at 0800.25 0. From the results. Meanwhile. velocity vs hours 0. 81⁰ for Day 2 and 79⁰ for Day 3. we can prove that the power generated by solar panels is optimum at angle of 83⁰ for Day 1. We start this experiment at 0800 to 1500.The research is conducted to study the alternative energy that can replace existing energy sources. From the graph.1 0.15 velocity (m/s) 0. we can see that the peak time that the solar car obtained higher velocity is at 1200.22 m/s.05 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 hours Figure 1: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1) The figure 1 above shows our results for day 1. 1 0.2 0.05 0 7 8 9 10 11 hours 12 13 14 15 16 . We also had measure the angle is 81⁰.velocity vs time 0. The angle that we measured for day 2 is slightly different compared to day 1. On the other hand.05 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 hours Figure 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2) Figure 2 shows the output velocity for day 2.25 m/s with the peak time is 1200. the lowest velocity that we get is 0.2 velocity (m/s) 0. velocity vs hour 0. The highest velocity that we obtained is 0.25 0.3 0.11 m/s at 0800 with 27⁰.1 0.15 velocity(m/s) 0.15 0.25 0. there will be more contrast and light will be more intense compared to 0800-1100. the average temperature at noon for three days is 35⁰. In the morning and afternoon. Meanwhile. All three days have the same peak time at 1200.3 0.22 m/s.2 veolocity(m/s) speed 1 speed 2 0.22 m/s with position of the sun at 79⁰.Figure 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3) The same trend also occurs in day 3 regarding the output velocity. The highest output velocity is 0. From our observation. Figure 3 show the highest output velocity is 0. . The peak time for this output velocity is at 1200. On day 2. The light in the afternoon will have more or less. as time goes by. the lowest output velocity that we calculated is 0.1 0. This is because at 1200 light intensity increases. the sun is still under the horizon. the same characteristic as light we see in the morning.25 m/s. colour temperature changes (light becomes whiter).15 speed 3 0.09 m/s at 0800 with measured angle at 26⁰.05 0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hours Figure 4: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1.2 and 3) Figure 4 show the comparison of velocity at the peak time we can see that the average velocity between 3 days show the peak time approximately the same from 1200 to 1300. compare to the day 1 and day 2 that obtained only 0.25 0. contrast and light intensity decrease. The difference is that in the afternoon. velocity vs hour 0. At 1200. In solar car. Instead using rubber tire. heavy car. . the electrons make the solar car move. Then. In order to reduce the quantity of light reflected off the base. p-type layer). For weight and stiffness. These include chassis weight and stiffness. more electrons need to produce more current. we need to save the energy and stiffness is very important. The heavier the wheel. In our experiment. narrow and round. Wheel selection also very important as wheel support the chassis and allow the car to roll forward. We used foam board and balsa stick. The axle must be stiff. we determine the weather first for the three days by searching the weather forecast through the Malaysian Meteorological Department. Firstly. photons (light particles) bombard the upper surface. we use plastic tire that is lighter than rubber.In order to ensure that the experimental procedure going smoothly. more electrons need to be forced to move inside the panel. A car’s transmissions transfer the power from the motor to the wheel. the photons carry their energy down through the cell and the photon gives up their energy to electrons (in the lower. The disadvantage of using rubber tire is weight in tires is more difficult to move than weight in chasing. we used belt drive. The more of the sun’s rays hit the panel. Flowing around the circuit. a commonly chosen material as it has a light weight. There are several considerations that we must focus on before building the car. To produce current. This is how solar cell worked. axels. the more energy it takes to get the wheel turning. We decide to use brass rod with screw eyes to support the axle. obvious consideration is the car must have minimum weight as it is easier the motor to push the light car than a big. To produce current. the electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper n-type layer and escape out into the circuit. wheels selection. the more current will flow and more power produced. In this experiment. we tilt the solar panel towards the sun. solar power and transmission. when sunlight shines on the cell. Next. we suspend the solar panel in the middle of the column instead of close to the base. For these three days we get constant peak time that is at 1200. The sun is free and environmental friendly sources.25 m/s. In fine it can be said that to manage up with the increasing demand of fuel. we hope that this type of energy can be adapted by our country. Among these three days. supplied by an endless source of energy. 2 and 3 are 83⁰. Finally. FUTURE STUDY Since the solar panel and the other devices are working and giving the required output to drive the handmade car. This is because the solar energy is reasonable. It increases to 0. For day 2 the result is slightly different. this technology will increase our economy growth and at the same time reduce pollution when a great percentage of Malaysians turn their car into or get their own ‘Environment Friendly Solar Car’. it is necessary to change out demand into the solar energy. 81⁰ and 79⁰. efficient. the highest angle is 83⁰ that is day 1. the shorter the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point. Perhaps.22 m/s same as the result for day 3. .viii) CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK CONCLUSION We can conclude that solar energy is one of the alternative energy that can be replaced existing energy sources such as fuel. the highest output velocity that we calculated for day 1 is 0.that is sun. we can said that the greater the angle. The highest angle for day 1. We just need to make sure that we get the appropriate solar panel take the voltage-current-power rating accurately make the proper connection with the proper chip (IC) and others circuitry. Hence. it is quite expected that it is going to work when the circuit will be implemented on the actual car. In addition. Boxwell. pp. 7. J. Deo Prasad. A naturally ventilation Greenhouse for temperate vegetable production in the tropics. M. (2006). (2009). TPT. Retrieved December 25.pdf 8. Bailey. P. (2002). Study of solar energy operated hybrid mild cars: a review. Montero. Applied Energy. B. R. & Malvi. Twin cities Public Television. Singh. Model solar car racing...ix) REFERENCES 1. United Kingdom: Green stream publishing. Retrieved December 24.K.sciencebuddies.10. Retrieved December 25.org/dragonflytv/show/solarcar. (2009). 2012. Retrieved from http://ijset. from http://curriculumhub. (1999). 2012.578. (2012). pp. 2012.11.html .& Mark Snow. 86(9). 23. Kamaruddin.1016/j. I.shtml 9. Designing with Solar Power: A Source Book for Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV). Anand. Acta Horticulture. Sydney: University of New South Wales Faculty of Engineering Department.. Efficiency enhancement of stationary solar energy based power conversion system in Canada. Solar electricity handbook (6thed). C. London: Earth scan. “Solar car by Isaac and Anjali”. Solar Speedway. (2005). from http://pbskids. from http://www.apenergy. Harley.S. 3. 1405-1409. (2012). M.2008. R. & Gaur. 5. Sharan. M.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Energy_p013. 6. Build your own solar car. http://dx. & J..doi. (2012).com/ijset/publication/v1s4/p %20139148%20manoj%20published%20paper.pdf 4.032 2.com/twiki/pub/Main/SolarPowerAsARenewableResource/Solar_P owered_Car_Construction_Instructions_Pemina_Institute. x) APPENDIX Figure 5: The equipments used in this projects Figure 6: The track was marked off on a smooth flat side walk that at least 1 meter Figure 7: The plastic tires attached to the axle Figure 8: The position of the screw eyes were marked on the two balsa sticks . Figure 9: The string was pulled tight until it reaches the end of the stick’s shadow Figure 11: The two balsa sticks was glue to the foam board Figure 10: The protractor was used to measure the angle of the string from the surface of the ground Figure 12: Four tires were set in the position that attach to the axles . NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR : Signature of Supervisor: _________________________________ . We are conducting our investigations with honesty and integrity” SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT LEADER: ________________________ (ALYANI NATASHA BINT AMIN ) SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT MEMBER: 1. NORZALENA ABDUL HAMID : 4. NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD : 2. FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO : 3.Figure 13: The elastic band was stretched over the rear wheel and it was placed on the axle-mounted drive pulley Figure 14: a complete solar car xi) DECLARATION AND SIGNATURE “We are hereby declaring that the mini project is based on our original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledge. Received date: ____________________________ Returned date: ____________________________ .