Chapter 4Energy for red blood cells and brain The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from ____________. fat protein glucose iron Type 1 diabetes characteristics Which of the following is not characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Arises most commonly in adulthood Associated with a tendency to develop ketosis Sometimes caused by viral infection Has a genetic link Limiting added sugar The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories. 10 15 20 25 The major source of glucose released to elevate a low blood glucose level is _______________. stored fat glycogen amino acids from muscle ketones Fiber in foods Which of the following foods would have the most fiber? Kidney beans English muffins made with enriched flour Orange juice Corn flakes Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers? They are mostly polysaccharides. The bonds between sugar units cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes. They cannot be absorbed by the small intestine. They are absorbed in the large intestine. Beneficial nondigestible carbohydrates Isolated nondigestible carbohydrates that are added to food because they have beneficial physiological effects in human beings are called phytochemicals. functional fiber. dietary supplements. amylopectin. Important disaccharides The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and _______________. lactose fructose dextrose galactose Monosaccharides Which of the following is not a monosaccharide? Galactose Fructose Lactose Glucose Symptoms of lactose intolerance The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are gas, abdominal pain, and distention. a rash, sneezing, and stuffy nose. a headache and chest pain. nausea and vomiting. The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from ____________. The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories. Isolated nondigestible carbohydrates that are added to food because they have beneficial physiological effects in human beings are called Chapter 5 Plant oil We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids, that corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day. 2 to 4 teaspoons 2 to 4 tablespoons 1/4 to 1/2 cups 3/4 to 1 cup Function of phospholipids Phospholipids are the main components of ________________________________________. lipoproteins. cell membranes. plaque. adipose cells. Triglyceride backbone The three-carbon structure to which fatty acids are attached in triglycerides is called glycerol. glucose. lipoprotein. sterol. Satiety value of triglycerides Triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because they are high in kilocalories. they are readily stored in adipose tissue. they provide bulk in foods. they require bile to be digested. Salad dressings Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________. fat replacers emulsifiers thickeners homogenizers Phospholipids and triglycerides Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways? A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid. Phospholipids do not contain glycerol. Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids. A compound containing nitrogen replaces at least one fatty acid. Results of hydrogenation Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat? High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cis fatty acids Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Trans fatty acids Lipoproteins with dietary fat _______________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that act to transport absorbed fat. Chylomicrons Very-low-density lipoproteins Low-density lipoproteins High-density lipoproteins Characteristics of fat cells All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body. the storage capacity for fat depends on both fat cell number and fat cell size. the number increases when storage capacity has reached its limit. the body's ability to store fat is limitless. We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids, that corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day. Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________. _______________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that act to transport absorbed fat. Chapter 6 Results of deficient protein intake Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake? His surgical wound will heal quickly and effectively, but he won't grow effectively. His surgical wound will not heal quickly and effectively, but he will grow effectively. The size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease. His surgical wound will heal effectively and he will grow normally because he can live off fat stores. Positive protein balance One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except growth. pregnancy. starvation. recovery from surgery. Anorexia nervosa Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of protein equilibrium. positive protein balance. negative protein balance. positive energy balance. Amino acid bonds In proteins, amino acids are joined by _______________ bonds. amino peptide proteolytic nitrogen Sickle cell anemia In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to defects in the membranes of these cells. changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin. poor use of glucose for energy. inability of the cells to make protein. Primary functions of protein All of the following are primary functions of protein except to repair tissues. support growth of new tissue. supply more than 40 percent of the kilocalories in the diet. maintain body tissues. Pepsin Which of the following is not true about pepsin? Amino acid chains are the digestive products of its action. Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment. Acid activates pepsin. Pepsin acts on food in the stomach. Many legumes, for example, are deficient in the essential amino-acid ________________ , while whereas grains are limited in _________________. methionine; lysine alanine; tyrosine lysine; alanine arginine; phenylalanine Food protein use Food proteins are used most efficiently when we are eating a very low kilocalorie diet. eat large quantities of protein even though our kilocalorie intake may be low. are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs. are eating enough fat even though carbohydrate intake may be low. Protein RDA calculation Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein? 10 grams 64 grams 80 grams 27 grams Protein RDA calculation Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein? 10 grams 64 grams 80 grams 27 grams Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake? His surgical wound will not heal quickly and effectively, but he will grow effectively. His surgical wound will heal effectively and he will grow normally because he can live off fat stores. Many legumes, for example, are deficient in the essential amino-acid ________________ , while whereas grains are limited in _________________. Chapter 7 Physical activity Physical activity contributes about 70 percent of total energy expenditure. is only counted as a significant contributor if it is a formal, regular exercise program. includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting. contributes very little to overall energy expenditure. Total energy expenditure All of the following contribute to total energy expenditure except basal metabolic rate. thermic effect of food. energy content of food. adaptive thermogenesis. Contributors to energy expenditure All of the following are true about contributors to energy expenditure except the thermic effect of food represents about 5 percent to 10 percent of total energy expenditure. physical activity accounts for 25 percent to 40 percent of total energy expenditure. basal metabolism accounts for 60 percent to 70 percent of total energy expenditure. fidgeting accounts for 40 percent of total energy expenditure. Physical activity for weight control When considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ___________________ than resistance activity. fat protein glycogen muscle Body fat and obesity in men When attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above ____ for men warrants an obesity diagnosis. 8% 20% 24% 30% Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating is called chain-breaking. stimulus control. contingency management. cognitive restructuring. Very-low-calorie diet A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), also known as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), allows a person ______________ kcal per day, often in liquid form. 200 to 400 400 to 800 800 to 1000 1200 to 1400 Self-help groups Two self-help groups that would be helpful with weight control efforts include Jenny Craig and Slim Fast. Nutri-System and Jenny Craig. Weight Watchers and Take Off Pounds Sensibly. Weight Watchers and Nutri-System. Amount of oxygen The method for determining energy expenditure in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is measured is called direct calorimetry. indirect calorimetry. thermocalorimetry. bomb calorimetry. Insulated chamber The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is direct calorimetry. indirect calorimetry. thermocalorimetry. bomb calorimetry. is only counted as a significant contributor if it is a formal, regular exercise program. the thermic effect of food represents about 5 percent to 10 percent of total energy expenditure. physical activity accounts for 25 percent to 40 percent of total energy expenditure. basal metabolism accounts for 60 percent to 70 percent of total energy expenditure. When considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ___________________ than resistance activity. When attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above ____ for men warrants an obesity diagnosis. A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), also known as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), allows a person ______________ kcal per day, often in liquid form. The method for determining energy expenditure in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is measured is called The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is Chapter 14 Energy for Short, Intense Exercise Which of the following supplies energy for quick bursts of intense activity lasting up to one minute? Phosphocreatine Aerobic glucose breakdown Lactic acid Caffeine Muscular Fitness A free-weight workout that includes 8 to 10 different exercises performed for many repetitions with low resistance is designed mainly to enhance range of motion. muscular endurance. muscular power. muscular strength. Calculation: Replenishing Lost Fluids During his wrestling workout, Damon loses about 4 pounds. He should consume ______ of water during or after his workout. 4 to 8 cups 8 to 12 cups 1 gallon or more 12 to 16 cups Carbohydrate Loading Carbohydrate loading involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods the day before an endurance event. involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition. involves a tapering in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake. does not increase glycogen stores to any significant degree. Processes of Glucose Breakdown The conversion of glucose to lactic acid is called aerobic glucose breakdown. anaerobic glucose breakdown. aerobic glycogen breakdown. anaerobic glycogen breakdown. Maintaining Glycogen To help maintain adequate glycogen stores, an endurance athlete should eat broccoli and cheese soup. bagels and oranges. peanut butter and apples. tuna sandwich and milk. Effective Ergogenic Aids Which of the following does NOT have a proven ergogenic effect according to your text? Creatine Carnitine Baking soda Caffeine Preventing Iron Deficiency To prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should do all of the following EXCEPT take high-dose iron supplements regularly. have her blood hemoglobin level checked regularly. consume plant sources of iron with a source of vitamin C. eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Utility of Carbohydrate Loading For which of the following activities would carbohydrate loading be warranted? Marathon Weight lifting Football 10-kilometer race Timing of Pre-Event Meal For a pre-event meal, foods such as bagels, muffins, and bread should be eaten ______ before an endurance event. 4 or more hours 1 hour 2 to 4 hours 30 minutes Which of the following supplies energy for quick bursts of intense activity lasting up to one minute? A free-weight workout that includes 8 to 10 different exercises performed for many repetitions with low resistance is designed mainly to enhance During his wrestling workout, Damon loses about 4 pounds. He should consume ______ of water during or after his workout. involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods the day before an endurance event. involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition. involves a tapering in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake. For a pre-event meal, foods such as bagels, muffins, and bread should be eaten ______ before an endurance event.