Foaming Capacity Of SoapsLourdes Central School, Bejai, Mangalore Investigatory Project On Foaming Capacity Of Soaps Kenneth Lobo Class XII Contents Acknowledgements 3 Preface 4 Introduction 5 Commercial preparation 6 Introduction to experiment 9 Objective and theory 10 Procedure 11 Observation table 12 Result 13 Test for hardness 14 Bibliography 15 Acknowledgement I will treasure the knowledge imparted to me by Mrs. Anita Thomas, my grateful thanks to her for the able teaching and guidance. I thank Mr. Harsha Kumar, the Lab assistant for his cooperation. I also thank my parents and my friends for their constant support and cooperation. Preface Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleaning action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing action of soaps depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in grease and that of the -COONa or the -COOK part in water. Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves in grease while the polar -COONa part dissolves in water. In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as foam. The washing ability of soap depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in cleaning. The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the formation of micelle formation. The presence of such salts while the ionic end dissolves in water. Preparation of soap In cold-process and hot-process soap making. Therefore sodium carbonate is used in the treatment of hard water. Commercial production of soap The most popular soap making process today is the cold process method. emollients such as jojoba oil or Shea butter are added „at trace‟ (the point at which the saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken). The general formula of soap is Fatty end water soluble end CH3-(CH2) n – COONa Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a hydrophilic end. Applied to a soiled surface. leaving a naturally moisturizing soap and not pure detergent. an excess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali (super fatting). where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline solution. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. and in that the glycerin is not removed. Sodium Tallowate. is derived from rendered beef fat. so that they remain unreacted in the finished soap. which is able to dissolve non polar grease molecules. These salts thus make the soap inefficient in its cleaning action. soapy water effectively holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water. olive oil provides mildness in soap. Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that.makes the water hard and the water is called hard water. Fat in soap Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Soap can also be made of vegetable oils. Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline in a process known as saponification. This project aims at finding the foaming capacity of various soaps and the action of Ca and Mg salts on their foaming capacity. after most of the oils have saponified. heat may be required for saponification. The hydrophobic portion (made up of a long hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils. while coconut and palm oils provide hardness. An array of saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such as olive. usually. Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient temperature to ensure the liquification of the fat being used. such as palm oil. For example. coconut oil provides lots of lather. cocoa butter to provide different qualities. and the product is typically softer. which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. which dissolves in water. Often. coconut. palm. The resultant forms a round structure called micelle. Therefore. as well as a hydrophobic end. Introduction Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. Smaller amounts of unsaponifable oils and fats that do not yield soap are sometimes added for further benefits. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base. it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter by emulsification. . Sodium Carbonate when added to hard water reacts with Ca and Mg and precipitates them out. while some soapers use the historical hot process. a common ingredient in much soap. yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol. alkali and fat are boiled together at 80–100 °C until saponification occurs. Various soap samples are taken separately and their foaming capacity is observed. greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing action. The hot. 3. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during shaking disappears gradually. hot-processed soap can be used right away because the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at the higher temperatures used in hot-process soap making. using saponification charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin-friendly. and the excess liquid drained off. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1. After much stirring.Unlike cold-processed soap. 2. After saponification has occurred. test tube stand. 2. Excess unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or irritate skin. which is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali. stop watch. soft soap is then spooned into a mold. Once both substances have cooled to approximately 100-110°F (37-43°C). the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution by adding salt. Objective: To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.3. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap. and are no more than 10°F (~5. Then oils are heated. which the soap maker can determine by taste or by eye. Chemical Requirements: Five different soap samples. The test of soap on distilled water gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning capacity. “Trace” corresponds roughly to viscosity. Requirements: Five 100ml conical flasks. said to be having the best cleaning capacity. The alkali is dissolved in water. Hot-process soap making was used when the purity of alkali was unreliable. Introduction to the experiment Soap samples of various brands are taken and their foaming capacity is noticed. Cold process A cold-process soap maker first looks up the saponification value of the fats being used on a saponification chart.4. There are varying levels of trace. Put 16ml of water in each flask . or melted if they are solid at room temperature. add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water. The test requires to be done with distilled water as well as with tap water. This alkali-fat mixture is stirred until “trace”. Procedure: 1. tap water. Theory: The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its concentration. The soap with the maximum foaming capacity is thus. 100ml measuring cylinder. distilled water. Hot process In the hot-process method.5. Warm the contents to get a solution. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of different samples having the same concentration with same force for the same amount of time. Cold-process soap making requires exact measurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio. they may be combined. Not enough alkali and the soap are greasy. Essential and fragrance oils are added at light trace. Take five test tubes. and add 8 Gms of soap. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is determined. The second test with tap water tests the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts on their foaming capacities. five test tubes. the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding.5°C) apart. weighing machine. The water used does not contain salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+. 4. Test for hardness in water Test for Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts in the water supplied Test for Ca2+ in water H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No precipitate Test for Mg2+ in water H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)3PO4 No precipitate The tests show negative results for the presence of the salts causing hardness in water. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of 2mm of froth. The references of the sources are as follows: . 4. The tap water provided is soft and thus. of water added Time taken for disappearance of 2mm 11‟42” 3‟28” 5‟10” 15‟32” 9‟40” 1. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. 2. 3. highest cleaning capacity. in other words. Lux. of soap solution 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml 8ml Vol. the experimental results and values hold good for distilled water and tap water. 5. we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity. on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity. Dove Lux Tetmosol Santoor Cinthol 16ml 16ml 16ml 16ml 16ml Result The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order: Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux From this experiment. Observations: The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment Test Tube no Vol. BIBLIOGRAPHY Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and have been included in this investigatory project after editing.Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes. 5. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force. org www.com www.wikipedia.Books: Together With Lab Manual Chemistry-XII Comprehensive Chemistry – 12 Internet sources: www.google.com Structure of soap molecule and micelle formation .yahoo.