iFishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail:
[email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr. Mizuki Matsunuma (the first editor of this book) and Mr. Masatoshi Meguro, were provided with the opportu- nity to survey marine fishes along the east coast of peninsular Malaysia at the Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Their faunal study succeeded through cooperative activities between Malaysian and Japanese ichthyologists, and resulted in this field guide, “Fishes of Terengganu – East coast of Ma- lay Peninsula, Malaysia”, that includes taxonomic accounts with color photographs of 441 species belonging to 276 genera of 108 families. This field guide could not have been com- pleted without the help of Prof. Noor Azhar bin Mohamed Shazili, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic and Internationalization) of UMT, Dr. Zainudin bin Bachok, Deputy Director of INOS, Mr. Yusri bin Yusuf, Lecturer of INOS and Mrs. Siti Tafzilmeriam bt. Sheikh Ab- dul Kadir, Research Officer of South China Sea Reference Center & Repository at INOS. Funds to publish this field guide were provided through grants from UMT and the National Museum of Nature and Science. Keiichi Matsuura Director of Department of Zoology National Museum of Nature and Science vi Preface This field guide to the fishes of Terengganu was intended to assist local fisheries bi- ologists in the identification of fishes in the coastal zone of Malaysia and the publication of this book is timely as there has always been a shortage of such guides in this region. and is another significant milestone in the long history of collaboration between the two institutions. as a number of new species were identified in the coastal zone. We hope this field guide will be useful in assisting scientists in fish identification in the Malaysian context. Our sincere gratitude also goes to scientists from University Malaysia Sabah and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for their chapter contributions. Universiti Ma- laysia Terengganu especially appreciates the effort of Prof. Noor Azhar bin Mohamed Shazili Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic and International Affairs) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu . and the support of the Institute of Oceanography and Envi- ronment. This publication is the culmination of collaborative efforts of scientists from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University. equipment and logistical support. Hiroyuki Motomura in leading the study in Malaysia from the very beginning. This effort would not have been possible without the support of Kagoshima University and their students who spent many months in Terengganu. This work shows that taxonomic studies of fishes in this region still have important contributions to be made. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu for providing the laboratories. Oceanography and Environment. B.my) (e-mail:
[email protected].. Kagoshima 890-0065. Faculty of Fisheries China Sea Reference Center & Repository. 4190-172 Wagu. Japan (e-mail: Food Science. Selangor D.ac.jp) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Japan (e-mail: k1139853@ Kuala Terengganu. 21030 Korimoto. Sheikh Abdul Kadir – South Biodiversity (Systematic Ichthyology).jp) (e-mail: sititafzil@ umt.jp) Hisashi Imamura – Laboratory of Marine Biology and Siti Tafzilmeriam bt. Japan Malaysia (e-mail: magfish05@yahoo. Institute of Oceanography and Environment. Japan (e-mail: imamura@fish. 43400 UPM Serdang.jp) Mohd Azmi bin Ambak – Department of Fisheries Sci- Hiroyuki Motomura – Kagoshima University Museum. 21030 motomura@kaum. Mie 517-0703. Tsukuba.my) kadai.. ence and Aquaculture. Institute of Sciences. Malaysia (e-mail: azizar. Malaysia (e-mail: ambak@umt. 1-21-24 Korimoto. Australia Photographers Masatoshi Meguro – The United Graduate School of Mizuki Matsunuma – See editors’ details Agricultural Sciences. Faculty of Agrotechnology and 1-21-30 Korimoto. Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Faculty of Mizuki Matsunuma – See editors’ details Agriculture. Malaysia ac. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences.ac. 21030 Kuala Terengganu. Selangor
[email protected]) Seishi Kimura – Fisheries Research Laboratory.jp) Kuala Terengganu. Japan (e-mail: matsuura@kahaku. Faculty of Science and Technology.my) Nathan. 21030 Kuala Terengganu. Malaysia (e-mail: mabel@ums. Hakodate.edu. Kagoshima University. ne.go. ngganu. Universiti Putra Malaysia. Japan Repository. Sabah.jp) . (e-mail: kimura-s@bio. 3-1-1 Minato-cho.edu. Universiti Malaysia Tere- Hokkaido 041-8611. Shima.edu. Griffith University. Taito-ku. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 1-21-24 national Affairs. vii Editors Mizuki Matsunuma – The United Graduate School of Noor Azhar bin Mohamed Shazili – Academic & Inter- Agricultural Sciences. Austra- Institute. National Museum of Nature and Science. mag@ukm. 4-1-1 Amakubo. E. Terengganu. Ibaraki 305-0005. lian Rivers Institute. Kagoshima 890-0065. 3-10-10 Shitaya. dation. Kagoshima 890-0065.mie-u. Kagoshima University. Tokyo 110-0004.jp) Authors (alphabetical order) Aziz Arshad – Department of Aquaculture. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto – Borneo Marine Research current address – Molecular Ecology Laboratory.ocn. my) Keiichi Matsuura – Department of Zoology. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.kagoshima-u. 43600 UKM Bangi.edu. Malaysia (e-mail: nazhar@umt. 88400 Kota Kinabalu. Nathan Campus.hokudai.edu. Malaysia (e-mail: yusriyusuf@umt. Universiti Koichi Shibukawa – Nagao Natural Environment Foun- Kebangsaan Malaysia. Japan (e-mail: fisheries_ kago_mm7190@hotmail. Mie Yusri bin Yusuf – South China Sea Reference Center & University. Terengganu.com) Keiichi Matsuura – See editors’ details Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar – Marine Ecosystem Research Hiroyuki Motomura – See editors’ details Centre.co.my). Queensland 4111. Hokkaido University. Mohamad Norizam.viii Mizuki Matsunuma. Sheikh Abdul Kadir. Mohd Azmi bin Ambak. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (on extreme right in front row) and Meii bt. National Museum of Nature and Science Masatoshi Meguro. Aziz bin Deraman. Research Officer of Institute of Oceanography and Envi- ronment (INOS). 2008 Left to right: Hiroyuki Motomura. Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Aca- demic and International Affairs) of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). PhD student of United Graduate School of Agricultural Keiichi Matsuura. Siti Tafzilmeriam bt. Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Student Affairs and Alumni) of UMT Boldfaced names: editors and/or authors of this book . lecturer of INOS (between Masatoshi and Siti) at Fish Taxonomy Workshop in Setiu Wetland. Kagoshima University (middle in front row). Professor of Kagoshima University Museum. Vice-Chancellor of UMT. Kagoshima University Zoology. Director of Department of Sciences. Noor Azhar bin Mohamed Shazili. UMT and Yahaya bin Ibrahim. PhD student of United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences. Profes- sor of Department of Fisheries Science and Aquaculture. .................................................................225 Synanceiidae..................93 Monacanthidae..............................................213 Fistulariidae............................................................................................................................................................................................................223 Aploactinidae......................................245 Echeneidae........109 Scyliorhinidae....................................................41 Pomacentridae..................................................16 Nemipteridae............................27 Monodactylidae....40 Cepolidae...........................86 Triacanthidae....44 Scaridae.............................146 Muraenesocidae..............................116 Carcharhinidae....................................233 Pseudochromidae..............................11 Lutjanidae......136 Elopidae.........................................................61 Sphyraenidae.........................151 Chirocentridae.......................................................................138 Megalopidae....................................................................210 Holocentridae...............72 Paralichthyidae...........................................22 Polynemidae............................21 Sparidae.....................................................................................227 Ambassidae.......................................................226 Platycephalidae....................................................................................................................................................................................58 Scatophagidae....55 Gobiidae..............................................................29 Toxotidae..............................................................................................................................................................................................97 Scientific Name Index....................................................................................................................... ix Contents Introduction................25 Mullidae...............................................................36 Pomacanthidae......................................................................68 Psettodidae........................................108 Stegostomatidae...........................................47 Pinguipedidae.................235 Priacanthidae.......................................24 Sciaenidae.......85 Cynoglossidae........238 Sillaginidae.....................................145 Ophichthidae.....................................................................218 Apistidae....................................................................................................132 Gymnuridae................................................................................240 Coryphaenidae............237 Apogonidae...........................................................................................................................................................................................157 Ariidae..........................98 Hemiscyllidae...........................................................................................................................................................................................1 Carangidae...................................................................................52 Blenniidae..........211 Syngnathidae......................................................................................................31 Drepaneidae..............................................................................................................................................................8 Menidae.................219 Scorpaenidae.....................181 Mugilidae....................................................................................................127 Dasyatidae.................135 Myliobatidae.................64 Scombridae.................................................................................................57 Ephippidae..............................................................................................247 ..........................................................................................................................217 Dactylopteridae..........................................56 Ptereleotridae....................................................................................149 Engraulidae.................87 Balistidae..........................180 Antennariidae..............................................96 Diodontidae...........................................................................................191 Belonidae.........................................................179 Ophidiidae...............................79 Soleidae............................................230 Latidae........................................................................................124 Rhynchobatidae....................................................................................189 Hemiramphidae.142 Albulidae...................................................................183 Exocoetidae.........................53 Callionymidae....................182 Atherinidae.....................................................................................................................................................................69 Citharidae.........................................................................................32 Chaetodontidae...232 Serranidae......................193 Aplocheilidae.......................................................63 Trichiuridae................................................26 Pempheridae.......................154 Chanidae.........................................................................................................................................................169 Synodontidae...............................................66 Stromateidae......................................................54 Eleotridae..............60 Acanthuridae............................................................59 Siganidae.153 Clupeidae.......119 Sphyrnidae..............................176 Carapidae.......121 Narkidae.........................................................................................................................147 Nettastomatidae.....................................................42 Labridae......................................................................................15 Haemulidae...................................................................10 Leiognathidae................................................................................................46 Champsodontidae........78 Samaridae.....................................................243 Rachycentridae.......................................................................................148 Pristigasteridae..............................................156 Plotosidae..................................................12 Caesionidae...........................................................................14 Gerreidae........................................30 Kyphosidae.............................................................................................................................................................................................................214 Centriscidae.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37 Terapontidae.......................................................220 Tetrarogidae...........95 Tetraodontidae...76 Bothidae.17 Lethrinidae.............................................................................48 Uranoscopidae..........................49 Tripterygiidae...... x . This is because it is strongly influenced by gun. several picto. 1 Introduction By Mizuki Matsunuma and Hiroyuki Motomura The South China Sea lies in the tropical zone of the the National Museum of Nature and Science (NSMT). Cendering. Terengganu. has rocky coasts. Dungun. The first survey. turbid- ity. 1981 (Labridae) are recorded for the first time in the east coast of the Malay Peninsula [the latter two species were reported by Matsunuma et al. This book is produced based on the above surveys and cover most of the diversity of coastal fishes occurring in marine and estuarine habitats. Universiti Malay- sia Terengganu and the Kagoshima University Museum to make them available for future scientific studies. Ran. small bottom trawl. Cendering. keling. As a result of the surveys. and commercial fishes available at fish markets and ports in Terengganu. a State of Malaysia.365 species of marine Surveys of fishes in Terengganu were made during two fishes from the South China Sea. mangroves.243 fish were obtained at Bidong Island. four species including Dasyatis parvonigra Last & White. coast of the Malay Peninsula and faced to the South China shallow water fishes found in tide pools were collected Sea. 441 marine and estuarine fish species of 108 families were recorded. these ecosystems are well devel- oped on islands. i. and gill nets were ers have wide estuaries with mud flats and mangroves. (2010) estimated 2. Iniistius trivitta- tus (Randall & Cornish.g. They make up around 13 % of over 3. carried out rial books of fishes in Malaysian waters were published. Recently. Ambak et al. mainly focused on Mohsin and Ambak (1996) reported 710 species of marine fishes inhabiting shallow coastal waters of coral or rocky fishes from Malaysian waters and adjacent seas. These riv. which are distant from the influences of river discharge. Collection Sites dall and Lim (2000) listed at least 3. Cast-net. The coastal environment of Terengganu is character. Asian continent. the Terengganu and Dungun rivers. here.e. Setiu. students and local government administrators. In also used for collecting in estuaries and mangroves. the Malay Peninsula and Borneo in the South China Sea. and estuaries. e. (2004) recorded 430 marine fish species from the the survey was made at several localities in Terengganu. and is known for both its high produc- tivity and the rich diversity of plants and animals. Dun- or coral reefs. 1846) (Sciaenidae). from September to November 2008. and siltation. off the southeast corner of the the Kagoshima University Museum (KAUM). grove-lined estuary were obtained in Setiu. including fishes. Anambas and Natuna islands on the Sunda Shelf between including Bidong Island. We carried out field surveys of fishes in Terengganu in 2008–2009 to produce a field guide for marine and estua- rine fishes of the area. Coral and rocky reef associated fishes More recently. Fishes occurring in man- species occurring in Malaysian waters. Fishes were also caught at the beaches and estuaries ized by having long sandy beaches with only a few rocky near Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and at Merang. Collection Sites . These marine and coastal habitats are a vital support for a vast variety of marine and estuarine biota. Among these. is located on the east located just south of Kuala Terengganu. Bidong and Redang islands. Adrim reefs. and Kemaman. Merang. We intend this book to be useful for the study and research of ichthyology and fishery science by researchers. (2011)]. The collection of fishes in et al. particular for coral reefs. Larimichthys crocea (Richardson. Species reported in this book are based on the collected specimens and are deposited in the South China Sea Natural History Museum at Institute of Oceanography.. 2008 (family Dasyatidae).. This project was supported by the International Train- ing Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS). 2000) and Leptojulis lambdastig- ma Randall & Ferraris. Fishes were collected mainly by us- the large amount of fresh water discharge from two large ing hand-net and fence-net while SCUBA diving or snor- rivers. and Kemaman. periods from 2008 to 2009. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). and western Pacific Ocean.365 fish species record- ed by Randall and Lim (2000) from the South China Sea. 1841). at the port or those of artisanal fisheries (mainly by traps.2 The second survey observed from December 2008 to Jan- uary 2009. 1783). Records of the Ze- bra Shark (Stegostomatidae). and the Blotched Fantail Stingray (Dasy. obvi- ously by trawlers. Species in families are arranged in alphabetical order by species name. hand lines. Bidong Island atidae). are based on photographs. Coral reefs around Bidong Island Fish market in Kuala Terengganu Mangroves at Setiu Fish landing port in Kuala Terengganu Cast netting in estuary at Setiu . Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMTF). Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle. Japan. these photographs are cataloged at the Fish Image Database of Kagoshima University Muse- um (KAUM–II). highlighted fishes in commercial catches. Specimens obtained during the surveys are deposited at the South China Sea Natural History Museum at Institute of Oceanography. The systematic arrangement of families generally fol- lows Nelson (2006). and gill nets) sold at local fish markets in Kuala Terengganu and Kampung Raja. respectively. Each species record was compiled from voucher specimens. On figure legends of photographs of fish specimens which were obtained at ports or fish markets during the second survey. sampling localities are shown as “off Terengganu”. Stegostoma fasciatum (Her- mann. “KT” and “KR” in parentheses in- dicates the specimens were obtained in Kuala Terengganu and Kampung Raja. Malaysia and the Kagoshima University Museum (KAUM). A small number of fishes captured around Redang Island were ob- tained from a fishing port at Kampung Raja. sumed to be total lengths. PLp – preanal lateral-line pores: number of pores along style. . first dorsal fin. lateral line behind gill opening to just above the anus. II. the caudal-fin base. D – number of dorsal-fin rays. In the case of the dorsal or anal LR – number of scales in longitudinal row: number of (sometimes pectoral or pelvic) fins containing spine and scales in longitudinal row from the dorsal end of the soft rays.. . TL – total length: greatest linear distance between most anteriorly projecting part of head with mouth DW – disc width: extremities of the left and right pectoral closed and farthest tip of caudal fin when caudal rays fins. For fin formulae. All unspecified lengths are as- DPC – number of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. of head to bottom of concave margin of caudal fin. two or more fins (i. ii. When present. Methods of measurements and counts generally follow LGR – number of gill rakers on lower limb. squeezed together.). respectively.e.).... Number of vertebrae includes the uro. or more gill rakers between the limbs are included in the lower limb counts. first dorsal fin second dorsal fin caudal fin anal fin subterminal notch gill slits tail pectoral fin pelvic fin spiracle venomous spine eye snout disc width Body parts of elasmobranchs . iii... 3 Methods of Measurements and Counts GR – number of gill rakers.)... the number of spinous LL – number of lateral line scales: number of scales on and soft fin rays are described by Roman numerals (I.. the one the dorsal midline from the origin of dorsal fin for- ward to occipital region. The unbranched soft rays are sometimes expressed in LLp – number of pored scales on lateral line: only the small Roman numerals (i.. When the dorsal (or anal) fin consists of MP – number of mandibular pores.. 3.) and Arabic numerals (1. Spinous fin rays are number of pored scales on lateral line is counted. Gill rakers on P2 – number of pelvic-fin rays.. FL – fork length: linear distance from most anterior point V – number of vertebrae... P1 – number of pectoral-fin rays. second dorsal fin. the first gill arch on the right side of the body are used for counting. generally called spines. roughly where BR – number of branchiostegal rays fold formed by bending caudal fin). dal fin base (posterior end of hypurals. ... Number of gill rakers on the upper and lower PDS – number of predorsal scales: number of scales on limbs are separated by a “+” sign. by a comma. lateral line from the scale behind the posttemporal to III... 2.. the number of spines and soft rays are separated opercular membrane to the caudal-fin base. rated by a “+” sign. Nakabo (2002). SL – standard length: linear distance from most anterior point of upper jaw (or snout) with mouth closed to cau- A – number of anal-fin rays. . each fin is separated by a “+” sign. Counts of abdominal and caudal vertebrae are sepa.. 4 lateral line spinous portion of dorsal fin opercle nape soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin eye caudal peduncle snout upper jaw lower jaw cheek caudal fin preopercle anal fin caudal-fin base pectoral fin pelvic fin Body parts of bony fish 1st dorsal fin 2nd dorsal fin scutes adipose eyelid lateral line finlets detached anal-fin spines Body parts of carangid upper limb gill raker lower limb gill filament Gill arches of carangid (left) and sparid (right) . Pages 1418–1422 in K. Rashid bin Omar. 8.. 2348: 40–56. A. No. and N. FAO species identification guide and Siti Tafsir Mazlina bt. 6: 355–378. ophidiid fish genus Sirembo with a new species from ta. and V. Che Rome. R. Vol. FAO species Merehojono. Syed Ahmad Rizal bin marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. P. Harith Nasutieon bin Abdul Rahman. 1986. References eds. Y. genus Apogonichthyoides Smith. The living hamad. E. We are grateful to the Carpenter. eds. 3. and Shuhei Nishida identification guide for fishery purposes. Mem. 8: 9–22. R. Adrim. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper. Hasan. The first editor and first photographer are Compagno. Marine fishes Dawson. Steene. sea turtles. Manaf. M. Azri bin Muhamad. Mohd Rusli bin Ngah and Mohd Rome. Aust. Hobart. Niem. K. The living marine resources of generous assistance during their stay in Terengganu. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae). 1978. ed catalogue of caesionid species known to date. 2010. Ghani. Jacksonville. L. The living identifications: Yukio Iwatsuki (University of Miyazaki). Ahmad Nazila identification guide for fishery purposes. 6. Nurhayati bt. R. W. New Callionymoidei). iv + 2791–3379 pp. H. A new species of wedgefish. Kasim bin Muda. 1999. Imran bin Mo. G. Vol. Pogonoski. An annotated and illustrat- We express our thanks to Yusuf Shuaib bin Ibrahim. Ichthyol. DeLoach. Last. Beitr. special support and cooperation. Jaafar. South the Americas). 2002. The living bin Ali. J.. G. bt. H. Z. This the Western Central Pacific. Zakaria. K. FAO species Asmadi bin Salleh. R. W. L. Ecosystems in Southeast Asia. E. bin Mohd. E. 1964. new family Mugiloididae. Niem. K. Che Wail.). dae). and G. Nek. A. Zakari bin Ismail. with description of Cantwell. Tetsuo Yoshino (formerly University of Ryukyus). Chen. 1949 (Apogonidae) Allen. Queensl. FAO. 1985. Abd. . vi + 230 pp. mammals. eds. Mus. 18: 239–280. Yusof. Vol. J. M. Mohd. Adnan bin Abd. I. Cohen. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). genus.. Cardinalfish of the Toxotidae). Rome. Tomohiro Yoshida. 1–2. West. v + 2069–2790 pp. 2010. 2004. eds. Rhynchobatidae). marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. G. 457 pp.. A (Biol. Florida. Carpenter Mohd Nordin. 22: 253–263. Sheikh Abdul Kadir and V. 1988. 32. 2010. C. Sci. Mergus ostei).-S. FAO. T. and J. Chen. vi + 1397–2068 pp. FAO. T. The living (Project Leader of JSPS Asian Core Program – Coastal marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Sasaki and Hiromitsu Endo (Kochi University). Nor. with comments on callionymid fish World Publications. Carpenter. Humann. E. M. White. FAO. Reef fishes identification. and P. Paramugil (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae). work was supported in part by “International Training chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophryni- Program to Protect Diversity of Bioresources in the Tropi. FAO species Eiji Suzuki (Kagoshima University). A review of the ence and Technology). and Z. Gota Ogihara. J. Hazrul bin Ahmad. A review of the archerfishes (family Fraser.-P. Carpenter. G. Johari Linophrynidae). classification. Mohd. Batoid fishes. Nur Fatiha bt. Revision of the Indo-Pacific genera and pp. x + 774 pp. Tn. 2001. 28 pls. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cific region. R. xi + 334 pp. Springs. FAO. E. Aqua. overview of mugilid systematics. Rhinidae (= deeply indebted to late Mohamad bin Taib. M. and C. H. A revision of the genus Parapercis.. R.. Allen. species of the dragonet family Callionymidae (Tele- Allen. Masahiro Yamashi. eds. Isa. Niem. v + 3381–4218 pp. Fusilier fishes of the world. 2004. and V. V. Tapsilah bt. Atsunobu Murase (Tokyo University of Marine Sci. 271 pp. Meii bt. Snappers with a description of a new species from the West-Pa- of the world. Pages 77–88 in P. Vol. Ivantsoff. H. Ghasemzadeh. 4. and Harutaka Australia. FAO species catalogue. E. Vol. Allen. J. Pac. R. V. Hata (KAUM). lutjanid species known to date. FAO species following persons for providing information on species identification guide for fishery purposes. Zootaxa. Indo-Pacific pipefishes (Red Sea to recorded from the Anambas and Natuna Islands. Cramer.. K. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. Aquat. sea snakes and marine Senou (Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural His. (645): 1–103. Compagno. Robins. eds. from the Western Pacific. Sharol bin Ali. K. P. Vol.. Zool. Tropical Pacific.. Stuttg. and M. Kunio 6. Suppl. tory). Lim. 1985. Z. R. vi + 208 Fricke. Joseph Anak Bidai. Damselfishes of the world. R. Last. M. Last. Publishers. Melle. Mat Alwi bin Omar. 3. Braunschweig. Norhayati bt. Kamarul Anuar bin Che Abdullah. Mat Batoid fishes. and Aarn. Mus. Siti Tafsil Raudah bt. FAO. from JSPS. Subarjo bin Carpenter. identification guide for fishery purposes. H. FAO species catalogue. Ambak. families Callionymidae and Draconettidae (Teleostei: 2003. 1983. Fricke. 1999. K. Mohamad Norizam.. Germany. Kamaruzaman bin Mohd Ariffin (the staff of UMT).. FAO. Vol. Abd. Rhynchobatus springeri (Rhynchobatoidei. Ser. 2001. Tan. 1991. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. pls. Ghaffar. Niem. R. Raffles Bull. H.. Rome. Hiroki Iwatsubo. Research Institute of the University of Tokyo) for their Rome. R. (11): 117–130. iv + 75 pp. chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Semawi. E. and V. Muhamad Shukri bin Shafie. H. and V. Biol. J. Rome. M. Mississippi. Annotated checklist of the dragonet Allen. cal Area” in Kagoshima University. Naturk. Noratikah marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. G. D. E. Sheikh Abdul Kadir for their for fishery purposes. Niem. Rec. Rhynchobatidae). Fishes of Malaysia. Rome. K. Ocean China Sea. Atmosphere and Ocean Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae).. Hiroshi estuarine crocodiles. H. R. and P. 1999. Historical Kuala Terengganu. 5. 5 Acknowledgements Carpenter. guide to marine organisms in seagrass beds of Lombok 54: 160–167. Res. Randall. A phylogenetic exploration of the Matsuura. Kimura. Res. K. K. 2001. Res. Perciformes). Yoshino. T. K. Fauna of Arabia. A review Last. Caira. Y. and illustrated catalogue of the grouper. Sillaginid fishes of the world (family Sillaginidae). Matsuura. and description of a new species. west coast of southern Thailand. Ikejima. Res. and S. Tokyo. R. Hidaka. Fahmi. Fish. Eubleekeria of Tokyo. The University of Tokyo. Victoria. Bull. pp. Jensen. P. 1–5.. 1: 123–233. S. J. with a redescription of G. P. W. Acanthopagrus pacificus from the western Pacific Markle. Leiognathus kupanensis D. dae and related taxa (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). F. 2000. vi + 244. No.6 Gill.. Iwatsuki. Colling- Rome. Ruiz-Carus. 1990. D. Kimura. Gazza rhombea. 1992. Yoshino. S. and K. S. K. Victoria. Ocean Research Institute. and J. 2008b. 2000. Mem. C. a new species of stingray (Myliobatoidei: Dasyati- complex.. 1–12. 20: 87–166. A. Ichthyol. E. of a new species from southern Japan.. J. and T. J. Systematics of the (Pisces. 2008a. FAO. cies. McKay. Randall. Yusuf.. and T. P. Equulites Fowler 1904. Cheilodipterus (Perciformes: Apogonidae) with Kimura. P. Sharks and rays of coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. B. Lim. Sci.. A new spe. 42: 36: 115–130. R. Iwatsuki.. Peristiwady. Second edition.. 47: Pacific cardinalfish genus Archamia (Perciformes: 1–12. Fish. J. Pogonoski. Ito. 14. pls. 2346: 29–41. and B. viii + 382 pp. E. S. Iwatsuki.. 1993. Pogonoski. Gon. H. or Indo-Pacific whiting species known to date. R. Qld. Sparidae). and W. W. 1–3. E. 2010. University of Tokyo. and J. Dunlap. M. J. Pages 264–277 in D. R. Hoese. Parts 1–3. Iwatsuki. search Institute. Collingwood. pls. Ichthyol. Pages Res. T. D. Ophichthidae. and Y. eds. S. S. and Smith 2005 (Perciformes: Gon. Y. C. A new species of ladyfish. Descriptions of new Australian chondrichthyans. Mus. G. McBride. D. O. Golani.. formes). 2011. V. 656 pp. 2003. atherinid fishes Atherinomorus forskalii. and S.. E. F.. Mus. Matsunuma. Yamashita. Motomura. of the Indo-Pacific bonefishes of the Albula argentea nov. 275–282 in P. Art Galleries N. Atherinomorus eds. 1901 and catalogue. Randall. Revision of the cardinalfish genus Leiognathidae). and J. CSIRO of the genus Nuchequula with descriptions of three new Publishing and the Australian Biological Resources species (Perciformes: Leiognathidae). E. and G. 1996. dae) from the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. R. First records of two labrid fishes. 2000. A. D. White. Fishes of Bitung. Identification lacunosus. Kailola.. Res. Divers. 2008c. Phylogeny of the family Platycephali. from Thailand and Malaysia. Last. CSIRO Publishing. Natl.. hind. complex (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) with the McCosker. 2004. T. and Y. J. R. group (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae). K.. P. J. CSIRO Iwatsuki. Dharmadi. 2006. W. Ichthyol. Stevens.. An northern tip of Sulawesi. Mus. Revision Zoological catalogue of Australia 35. Y. a valid genus of Leiognathidae (Perci. A. G. with description of a new species. Iwatsuki. White. 2003. eds. White. 52: 275–291. Borneo and the Philippines with Iniistius trivittatus and Leptojulis lambdastigma (Teleostei: generic review. Hobart. from Indonesia. 269–410. 2006. 1–59. Last. Spec. R. and U. 2008. . smelt Institute. Sharks and rays of Borneo... Imamura.). Ichthyol. Kume. Fowler 1904. Indonesia. Ichthyol. 59: 27–35. 53: 379-397. R. J. S.. Australia. 55: 204–205. Apogonidae). a senior synonym of Photo- chromidae).. Kimura. Gates. Nat. Chlopsis fierasfer Jordan & Snyder. F. R. 2010. 46: 657–676. E. Vol. 55: 202–203. sp. Field guide to Lombok Island. J. T. D. R. Olney. Fish. W. Ikejima. Bull. FAO species catalogue. Bowen. Tabuchi. FAO. Yoshino. Inoue. Indo. Kagoshima Univ. C. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper. Allen. M. Saurenchelys meteori Pac. Revision of the Indo-Pacific dottyback Kimura. with a description of a new species. F. Tsukamoto. M. and J. P. Sumadhiharga. K. E.. Rocha.. Redescriptions of the Indo-Pacific Matsuura. O. 2010.. Ichthyol. Klausewitz. Hoese. and Y. n. and J. and G. Terr. Elops (Elopiformes: Elopidae).. J. Zootaxa. The Saurida undosquamis Last. 16. with description K. and J. (22): species. Fishes of Libong catfish family Ariidae (Otophysi: Siluriformes). Yearsley. Indonesia. Ichthyol.. 1993. Ocean Re- Beagle (Rec. 2007. The Island. and K. Island.. 55: 22–42. J. Indo-Pac. Revision of the Indo. Rome. Johnson. 55: 53–64. Mar. Bray. subfamily Epinephelinae). Publishing. University Kimura. K. Tafzilmeriam S. Allen. rockcod. M. Manjaji-Matsumoto. Fac. J.. Motomura. Bray. viii + 449 pp. Naylor. J. 2005. Chenoweth. The Leiognathus splendens Ocean. eds. Y. 2009. S. and K. Groupers of the world (family Nettastoma elongatum Kotthaus.. Victoria. from the deep Red Sea and redescriptions of the type specimens of Saurenchelys cancrivora Peters. from the western Atlantic and P. Nakabo. Ichthyol. Paxton. Heemstra. Kimura. 304 pp.. W. A. FAO species 1865.. 18: 337–355.. Randall. N. Res. T. Tokyo. eds. Vol. Ser.. J. O.. 2008. Collingwood. An annotated stomatidae). Stevens. from the Indo-West Pacific. K. Kimura and Peristiwady. T. fish subfamily Pseudochrominae (Perciformes: Pseudo. vii + 78 Kimura.. of the genus Kimura. Mem. A new descriptions of five new species. 28 pls. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. 2005. Tokyo. S. vi+208 pp. Ocean Research annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago. 1917 (Perciformes: Leiognathidae). J. and Diagramma melanacrum new species of haemulid fish H. 1968 (Pisces: Netta- Serranidae. 31 pls. R. D. Dunlap. and Atherinomorus pinguis. Y. and T. achlamys Jordan & Starks. Iwatsuki. (1): 1–213. Study. 22. plagios Sparks. (35): 1–49. pls. P.. T. R. Zajonz. 2004. H. Dasyatis parvonigra sp. wood. pearlfishes (Pisces: Carapidae). Smithiana Monogr. Sci. T. Res. J. P. 141: 81–133. xix + 601 pp. 1988. K. P. Part 2. Third edition. sardines.. and wolf-herrings. J.. Rome. Part 1... J. J. Clarification of Aetobatus ocellatus Tokyo. Sci. and T. Queensl. Copeia. iv + xxxvi + 744 Sparks. Fourth edition. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. 707 pp.. FAO species catalogue. John Myliobatidae). 1997. Mus. tongue soles of the genus Cynoglossus Hamilton. Atmospheric Research Paper. vi + 87 pp. J. dwarf monocle Zool. Copeia. New York. and H. Universiti Pertanian Press.. Nakabo Mohsin. xiii + 305–579 pp. Tokai University Press. S. White. M. Lim. Revision of genera of the dragonets from the Philippines. Mus. 1790) (Rajiformes: Nelson. Crawford Whitehead. Ambak. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys White. Zool. 1985. systematics and phylogeny of rings. Nelson. C. 2007: 622–629. Linn. Suppl. E. Mem. Hayashi. Vol. 77–131. A systematic monograph of the Russell. Plotosus japonicus. Naylor. and M. P. E. Clupeoid fishes Randall. Wongratana. Pages 537–541 in T. Clupeidae. Tokyo. Mugilidae. 2005. species. K. breams. Chirocentridae. xii + pilchards. 1982.. English edition. K. Natl. University of Hawai’i Press. 7 Menon. House Publishing. Hoboken. Randall. shads. Buchanan (Pisces: Cynoglossidae). N. A. of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Photoplagios) Nakabo. W. T. No. and to the species.. T. T. Lab. R. Randall. 347–371. J. 2010. G. J.. (Kuhl. Ser. FAO species catalogue. A checklist of the Yoshino. J. M. Whitehead. Yokosuka City Mus. Nemipterid fishes of the world (threadfin breams. 1995. Rome. Soc. 37: 83–95. Serdang. FAO species catalogue. Rome. ed. sprats. P. shads. FAO. x + 303 pp. A. the family Champsodontidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Smithson. Pogonoski. Marine fishes ed. sardines. Wiley & Sons. K. fishes of the South China Sea. 7. (238): 1–129. J. 2004. whiptail breams. O. Reef and shore fishes of the South of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). R. 2008. 2006. Pages 141–164 in P. Caira. An annotated and Pacific. . 12. Raffles Bull. 41: 457–562. and J. xii + 600 p. Rept. 27: Thomson. Nat. J. xvi + 439 pp. A. Tokai University Press. K. Fishes of the world. and Pristigasteridae. CSIRO Marine Nemeth. (Pisces: Callionymidae). E. Nakabo. Sci.. 1996. sprats.. 2: 1–11. Kishimoto. 1990. FAO. FAO. P. Biol. J. The Mugilidae of the World. Senou. B. 2002. and M. P. An Mochizuki. and a comparison with Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen. anchovies and wolf-herrings. English edition. Fishes of the world. P. W. Hobart. Revision of the annotated and illustrated catalogue of nemipterid spe- leiognathid fishes of the genus Secutor. 7. Engraulididae. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn illustrated catalogue of the herrings. H. CSIRO Marine and John Wiley & Sons. Islands. Jensen. and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. with new cies known to date. S. 32. J. 1989. 1977. Suppl. with descriptions of three new species. A. 1823) as a valid species. and coral breams). Bathurst. 1994: Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). and P. Vol. J. 2000. Honolulu. Pub. 1994.. sharks and rays from Borneo. Contrib. and K. Anatomy. 1994. Japan. 2002. J. anchovies both Recent and fossil latid fishes.. A new species pp. Family Nemipteridae. D. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the her- Otero. Last. Chakrabarty. pilchards. lxi + vii + 1749 pp. Bull. Seto Mar. Last. Descriptions of new Nelson. Zool. a new eeltail catfish (Siluriformes: Plotosidae) from (8): 569–667. T. Vol. 2007. Systematics and distribution of fishes of and Atmospheric Research. T. monocle breams. G. S. eds. Coastal fishes of Oman. G. without free posterior pro- jection. second dorsal-fin height usually more than 5. situated behind and edged saddlemarkings. Body cylindrical.6% TL. without lateral ridges. numerous dark spots and faint bands and anal-fin base connected with lower monocuspid. usually with black. Ovipa.0 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). not blade-like. KAUM–I. Size: maximum length 74 cm. form shark) – eyes with weakly dif- first. not recorded from Borneo. Nostrils with bar. However. head and body with elaborate varie- below eyes. Feed on polychaetes.8 HEMISCYLLIIDAE Longtail Carpetsharks (Bamboosharks) By B. anal-fin base connected with caudal area: Hemiscylliidae is distinguished second dorsal fin located posterior to fin. first dorsal- fin height more than 6. brown. from the Arabian Sea to New Guinea. Chiloscyllium griseum Müller & Henle. cream ventrally. head cal. dark Color: adults dark gray to light (longer than head and body). caudal fin elongate. 5 Dec. head and trunk precaudal tail subterminal (located well anterior to eye). shark families in having an almost with lower lobe of caudal fin. Dorsal fins smaller than pelvic fins. tensely spotted. Similar families occurring in the ferentiated nictitating lower eyelids. with a strong subterminal notch. head and body with dorsal fin located anterior to anal fin. bars. mouth closer to eyes than snout tip. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Small sharks. 54. a long precaudal tail and body with light spots. inshore bottom dweller. from and Stegostomatidae – no circumnarial Two dorsal fins. with a deep notch between the from other Indo-Pacific orectolobiform anal fin. with 12 or 13 saddle markings in juveniles. and saddles. Orectolobidae – Eyes without nictitating eyelids. like. interspace between dorsal fins usually more than 9. the Remarks: occurring in tropical gated pattern. Ginglymostomatidae posterior 3 over the pectoral-fin base. caudal fin strongly asymmetri. well anterior to anal-fin origin. 1839 Gray Bambooshark Body elongated.3% TL. nasoral grooves and circumnar- ial grooves present. Five small gill slits. and trunk. moderately slender. Mouth small. 16868. teeth small. markings not outlined in black. Remarks: reef associated. without spines. subterminal notch bels. precaudal tail shorter than head to pelvic-fin base. anal-fin base not connected fins. elongated. Nostrils subter- minal on snout. cylindrical body. branched. maximum size to about 130 cm. second blotches. plain. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Scyliorhinidae (carcharhini- subequal and similar in shape as the rous.8% TL. and subtropical coastal areas. nasal barbels numerous. similar in both jaws. Juveniles more in. precaudal tail somewhat longer than head and trunk. marketed fresh. north to Japan. first Madagascar to Japan and Australia. second dorsal fin crustaceans and small fishes. blade- dorsal-fin origin above or posterior Bottom dwellers. grooves. Color: pale brown to gray brown dorsally. around 70 cm in most spiracles large species. Chiloscyllium griseum. lobe of caudal fin. 2008 . in some species. Spiracles large. without lateral ridges. moderately stout. from India to northern Australia. 41. 9 Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle. KAUM–I. with free posterior projec- tions. 1 m. Dorsal fins larger than pelvic fins. north to Japan. or as fillets in fish markets of Sabah. Remarks: inshore bottom dweller. Chiloscyllium punctatum. 16869. 1838 Brownbanded Bambooshark Body elongated. can survive out of water for a long period (half a day). Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific. 5 Dec. Nostrils subter- minal on snout. marketed fresh. Color: plain dark gray or with faint grayish bands. 2008 . posterior margins of dorsal fins straight or distinctly concave. very tenacious of life. mouth closer to eyes than snout tip. anal-fin base shorter than caudal-fin lobe between lower origin and subterminal notch. with dark trans- verse bands usually with a scattering of small dark spots in juveniles. Size: maximum length ca.0 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). dark brown South Africa to New Caledonia. notch but with the lower lobe hardly yellow bars.10 STEGOSTOMATIDAE Zebra Shark By Seishi Kimura and B. almost a dermal ridges half of total length. al- most terminal on the head. rounded. caudal fin very long. Rhinco-dontidae – head very wide and flattened. tricuspid. located well anterior to eye. almost as long as the body. body without lateral ridge. Oviparous. from fishes. blade-like. con- nected with mouth by nasoral grooves. located just pos- terior to the first and anterior to anal. 100 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). brown with numerous. anal fin present. 39. Two dorsal fins. with vertical ical and subtropical coastal areas. Spiracle similar in size to eye. caudal fin very long. Kimura & B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto This family is represented by a single species. see the following spe- spiracles large cies account. Ginglymo- stomatidae – spiracles much smaller than eyes. first dorsal-fin origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin. Body moderately stout with prominent ridges on dorsal sur- face and sides. Nostrils close to anterior margin of snout. with barbels. Mouth small. Feeds usually on mollusks and small developed. 2009 fin origin. ca. Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann. second dorsal fin smaller than the first. with a deep subterminal dark brown or blackish. teeth small. Hemiscylliidae – origin of second dorsal fin well ante- rior to origin of anal fin. 19 Jan. Stegostoma fasciatum. 1783) Zebra Shark A large shark. Manjaji-Matsumoto) spots. Remarks: occurring in trop- . north (S. head and body to Japan. without spines. Juveniles darker. mouth very wide. maximum size to about 235 cm. Similar families occurring in the area: Stegostomatidae is distin- guished from other Indo-Pacific very long caudal fin orectolobiform shark families in hav- ing a very long caudal fin. Color: adults yellowish Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. no circumnarial grooves and folds. M. KAUM–II. Eyes with- out nictitating eyelids. spots and reticulations. Mouth large. head and body dark gray with pale vertical lines. Nos- trils subterminal on snout. gill slits behind pectoral-fin origin. maximum size to about 70 cm. elongat- caudal fin strongly ed. Re- marks: a common. heteroceral depressed. ranging from shallow coastal waters to caudal pits on the caudal peduncle. head and body with numerous light gray and white spots. Bottom dwellers. tail very slender. located below eyes. 5 small gill slits. nasoral grooves present. anterior nasal flaps greatly expanded. Used for fishmeal. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Small sized sharks. with a single medial cusp and usually 1 or more cusplets on each side near with light or dark spots and dark slender body. often form shark families in having a small Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett.000 m. Dorsal fins large. inshore bottom dweller. blotches. numerous. eyes with weakly differentiated nictitating lower eyelids. subtropical areas. Caudal peduncle Similar families occurring in the eyelids. polychaetes. subterminal (located below mouth located beneath eyes without pits and keels eye). 17214. Body slender. Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pacific. off Terengganu (KT).8 cm TL mainly on bony fishes. caudal fin fishes. Color: head and body gray. Feed on Also distinguishable from the super- fin base. very slender. fin. Color: adults and adolescents with marbled appearance. Size: maximum length 70 cm. yellowish. and anal-fin base not con- without lateral keels or precaudal area: Scyliorhinidae is distinguished nected with lower lobe of caudal fin. labial furrows very long. first dorsal. 46. around 45 cm in first dorsal-fin origin behind pelvic-fin origin most species. oviparous. with a strong ster bait. often found in crevices and holes on rocky reefs. nostrils with or without nasoral or circum- narial grooves. reaching mouth. or black. (Hemiscylliidae) by the presence of strongly asymmetrical. black spots with pale margins along dorsal body. depths greater than 2. Head small. weakly differentiated nictitating lower subterminal notch. location of the last 2 the center of mouth. oil and lob. feed Atelomycterus marmoratus. without spines. KAUM–I. teeth very small. subequal in shape and size. 2009 or as fillets in fish markets of Sabah. mouth moderately caudal peduncle large. from other Indo-Pacific carcharhini- brown. snout short to moderately long. fin origin above or posterior to pelvic. the posterior 2 over the pectoral-fin Remarks: occurring in tropical and the posterior position of the first dorsal base. . 11 SCYLIORHINIDAE Catsharks By B. bars and saddles. marketed fresh. Juveniles darker. from Pakistan to New Guinea and southern China and Taiwan. angled rearwards. second dorsal-fin origin pos. saddles obso- lete. Two dorsal fins. pits. 10 Jan. 1830) Coral Catshark Body elongated. and the absence of keels or pre- both fins of similar shape. crustaceans and small ficially similar orectolobiform shark terior to anal-fin origin. Color: grayish. Sphyrnidae ately large. precaudal tail much shorter than head and trunk. weak lateral membrane keels on caudal peduncle in some genera. without spines.4 cm TL and meat but of limited value due to off Terengganu (KT). Lamnidae metrical. Manjaji-Matsumoto) . Mouth usually large. caudal fin strongly asym. spiracles large. (B. ond dorsal fin subequal to first dorsal with a single cusp and cusplets vari. Spiracles usually absent. Hemigaleidae equal. a strong subterminal notch. Upper teeth with strongly oblique cusp. nasoral grooves or circum- narial grooves. broadly parabolic. Dominant in tropical dulated. with large lateral keels. Used for its fins Carcharhinus dussumieri. slender. Nostrils without precaudal pits barbels. or: head and body gray. maximum size 7. from other Indo-Pacific carcharhini. and Indian Oceans. and eyelid. its origin anterior to that of the ably developed. Body cylindrical. area: Carcharhinidae is distinguished strong distal cusplets. – intestine with spiral valve. upright. long labial furrows. 1839) Whitecheek Shark Body moderately stout. rivers. from the Red Sea to northern Austra- lia. Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller & Henle. flanked on one side by strong serrated cusplets. M. spiracle above interspace between pectoral Similar families occurring in the present but minute. Viviparous. the absence of keels or precaudal pits small to medium sized gill slits. waters. the larger species are danger.5 m. anal fin moder. KAUM–I. yellowish. the posterior with developed nictitating lower tropic and temperate areas of Pacific. Remarks: a common demersal inshore species from close inshore to about 170 m depth. Five Atlantic. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto and Seishi Kimura Small to large sharks. margin. Triakidae last 1 to 3 behind pectoral-fin origin. tine with spiral valve. Intestine with uppers. lacking spiral valve. Typical predator. no cusplets. precau. and a well-defined lower lobe. upper teeth with cusplets. not falcate. feed on almost – dorsal margin of caudal fin not un- Two dorsal fins. Size: maximum length at least 94 cm. around 1–3 m in most spe. Scyliorhini- upper jaw smaller than lateral teeth ventrally. teeth small to large. spiracles. Marine. intes- first larger than the second or sub. the occasionally in freshwater lakes or on the caudal peduncle. white or pale yellow slightly smaller anal fin. scroll valve. anterior teeth in bluish dorsally. first dorsal-fin base located ous to people. 17084. upper teeth with and pelvic-fin bases. 45. Low interdorsal ridge usu- ally present. with an undulated dorsal acter combination of a long snout. (lamniform shark) – caudal peduncle total length. 28 Dec. – head hammer-shaped. Snout long. 2008 its small size. Eyes on sides of head. position of the first dorsal fin. Col. Distribution: tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific. lower teeth narrow. sometimes with prominent dae – head and body small. New Guinea and Japan. blade-like. much less than a half of form shark families in having a char. broad. First dorsal fin moderately tall.12 CARCHARHINIDAE Whaler Sharks (Requiem Sharks) By B. second dorsal fin tip black (usually covering about half of fin). Remarks: circumglobal in the the pectoral-fin origin. Head conical to depressed. location of the last 2 gill slits behind smaller teeth. the all aquatic animals. snout very short to long. and extending well behind dal pits well developed. lower teeth well differentiated from arched. or fin. and not separated from them by dark or light marking on fins. and sec- eyes. caudal fin eyes with nictitating strongly asymmetrical cies. precaudal pits absent. upright to oblique. Size: maximum length at least 142 cm. First dorsal fin large. finely ser- rated edges. first dorsal fin with a thick black tip. 13 Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard. Manjaji-Matsumoto) . its apex narrowly rounded. Snout very short. 2009 the Central Pacific Islands. living in lagoons and near fringes of reefs. and eastern Mediterranean. its inner margin less than twice the fin height. 17237. Color: yellow brown dorsally.8 cm TL Pacific. distinct pale stripe along each flank. (B. Viviparous. second dorsal fin high. 1824) Blacktip Reef Shark Body moderately stout. KAUM–I. Upper teeth with narrow oblique central cusp and low basal cusplets. Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pacific and Central Carcharhinus melanopterus. 14 Jan. Interdorsal ridge absent. its origin over inner margins of pectoral fins. broadly rounded. 55. M. caudal fin lower lobe with thick black tip. other fins often with smaller black tips. preoral length subequal to internarial space. from southeastern Africa to off Terengganu (KT). lower teeth narrow. Remarks: a common reef shark. 17006. Not other shark family expanded laterally. Re- marks: occurs over continental and insular shelves and adjacent deep water.tropical and warm temperate seas. Head broad. second dorsal fin short with long rear tip and weakly concave posterior margin. Head broad. crescent- shaped. has the characteristic hammer-shaped dinal ridges but with precaudal pits. Body elongate. potentially dangerous to humans. Similar families occurring in the Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith. 1834) Scalloped Hammerhead Body elongate. First dorsal fin tall. monocus- pid. the first high and pointed. 56. black ventrally. Upper teeth triangular.to large-sized sharks. head of the Sphyrnidae. KAUM–I. Color: gray to brassy. with the eyes at its outer edges. but also off Terengganu (KT). anterior margin arched. without longitu. 14 Dec. anteriorly up- right. eyes with well-developed nictitating lower eyelids. moderately falcate. eyes located at tips of lateral blades with a strong subterminal notch and a small. posteriorly oblique. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Medium. Distribution: cosmopolitan in all tropical and warm temperate seas. but well-defined lower lobe. Precaudal pit present. 2008 sharks and rays. indented at midline. Size: maximum length 350 cm. teeth blade-like. its anterior portion flattened dorsoventrally and widely expanded laterally in "hammer" form. feed mainly on Sphyrna lewini. pectoral fins tip gray. fin origin. caudal fin asymmetrical. Color: plain gray to oliva- ceous. its base much shorter than caudal fin and anterior to pelvic- head hammer-shaped. hammer-shaped. around 450 cm in most species. . Caudal peduncle not strongly flattened dorsoventrally or widely Remarks: cosmopolitan in coastal area: none. Viviparous.6 cm TL bony fishes and cephalopods. moderately slender. laterally compressed. to 275 m depth. maximum size to about 600 cm.14 SPHYRNIDAE Hammerhead Sharks By B. Two dorsal fins. Five pairs of gill openings on ventral side of disc. its length (measured to cloaca) much longer than tail. nasal curtain broader below. and Vietnam. deep labial thorns. mouth strongly out stinging spine (stings). 17198. Tail with. and caudal fins very white side bands on the tail and pos. Mouth small. dorsal surface either plain down to 330 m. Paired electric organs in the disc are capable of deliv- ering a moderate shock on direct contact. dorsal. trough-shaped small.7 cm DW off Terengganu (KR). without labial or with a few large dark spots or Similar families occurring in the folds or groove. Eyes bulging. ventrally. Occur on the intertidal and sub. snout tail. not embedded in skin. Nos- trils circular. fully fused with enlarged pelvic fins. teeth tricuspidate. 6. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Small batoids. Distribution: tropi- cal Indo-West Pacific. Color: dorsally plain brown. Body entirely naked above and terior pelvic bases. or electric nesia. 1831 Finless Sleeper Ray Disc greatly enlarged. narrower than trunk. Head and greatly enlarged pectoral fins fully fused to form a strongly flattened oval. supported by a broad. Large kidney-shaped electric to deep-water batoids confined to the groove present. transversely elliptical. 15 NARKIDAE Sleeper Rays By B. Caudal fins about as long as deep. No dorsal fins. from the Anda- man Sea off Myanmar to Singapore. pectoral disc fins (visible through skin). circular. 2009 . mouth strongly arched. Spiracle posterior to eye. 5 Jan. but mostly less than 15 cm. white or brownish shelf and upper slope on soft bottom disc longitudinally pear-shaped. Temera hardwickii. blotches. ventral surfaces of disc and pelvic fins with broad brownish mar- gins. paired white spots. pectoral brown dorsally. and area: Narcinidae – 2 dorsal fins. organs. rostral cartilage. shark- caudal fin large like. Color: brownish or reddish tidal zone to offshore on the outer Hypnidae – 2 dorsal fins. without dermal denticles or Remarks: a small group of inshore and shorter. snout longer. or pear-shaped disc. from South Africa to Japan and Indo. KAUM–I. tail stout. straight. maximum size no dorsal fin or a single dorsal fin 9–46 cm in total length. Temera hardwickii Gray. Size: maximum size dubiously reported to about 46 cm. without labial folds or groove. trunk short and stout. snout truncate. Torpedinidae – 2 dor- organs present at bases of pectoral temperate and tropical Indo-West Pacific sal fins. arched. Remarks: demersal on the continental shelf. Listed in Rhinobatidae by Nelson (1994). inshore to depths of at least 60 m. its origin slightly posterior to pelvic-fin origin. short. Size: maximum size 270 cm. and in Rhinidae by Compagno and Last (1999). Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pacific. shoulders. orbits. Rhinobatidae – pectoral fins orbits. or greenish dorsally. fins prized for the sharkfin trade. Spe- cies listing in Rhynchobatidae follows Last and Stevens (2009) and Compagno and Last (2010). white Similar families occurring in the fin origin. of trunk. 2008 .5 times height of second (in adults). Body covered with small dermal denticles. on back. brownish. saw.0 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). 41. nent knobs and depressions. with free rear tips posterior to pelvic- brown. marketed fresh. Head narrow and depressed. mouth with promi. spiracles with two skin folds on posterior margin. crustaceans and with origins in front of nostrils and Color: yellowish. trunk thick. Rhynchobatus australiae. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Large shark-like batoids. angular and supported by a stout rostral cartilage. lower lobe of caudal fin ventrally. dorsal surface with small area: Rhinidae – snout broadly rounded. including the Phil- ippines. maxi- mum size 270 cm. first dorsal fin less than 1. diagonal row of three equidistant white spots usually above black pectoral spot. dark spots on pectoral fins. shark-like. Ovoviviparous. snout eyes and spiracles dorsolateral on wedge-shape dorsal fins large. spot diffused-edged in juveniles (less than 60 cm). dorsal surface plain. 16870. small fishes. with- Remarks: a small group of inshore thorns present on dorsal surface on out spots or ocelli. Remarks: demersal on soft bottoms near the coast and sand patches on coral reefs. and midline of trunk and tail. constricted near tip. enlarged tropical batoids. Head and greatly pectoral fin ends anterior to pelvic fin enlarged pectoral fins fully fused to form a small pectoral disc. Feed on polychaetes. Color: disc gray or brown with inconspicuous white mar- gin. feeds on bottom cursta- ceans and molluscs. Five pairs of gill openings on ventral side of disc. snout moderately elongated. gray. from Taiwan to northern Australia. from tropical West snout.16 RHYNCHOBATIDAE Wedgefishes By B. adults with a faint (sometimes absent) black spot on each pectoral fin. and midline denticles present on dorsal surface on Africa. and the Indo-West Pacific. Pristidae – snout with a rostral to large white spots and sometimes no spiracular folds. no thorns around eyes. KAUM–I. 1939 Whitespotted Wedgefish Snout bottle-shaped. 5 Dec. Rhynchobatus australiae Whitley. falcate head. tail long and stout. enlarged or on tail. tail moderately long. with small posterior width). and greatly from disc enlarged pectoral fins fully fused to form a strongly flattened oval. or reticulations. tail beyond sting paler than anterior tail in adults. becoming much more slender beyond sting. no thorns on tail before sting. a long leaf-like caudal fin. marketed fresh. dorsal fins. pectoral apices angular. 5 Dec. Indonesia and Ma- laysia. eyes and spiracles dorsolateral on head. whip-like. a broad white segment near tail tip. low ventral skin fold on tail. or rhomboidal disc. Rajidae – tail very short (shorter than ½ disc rings. 2008 Dwarf Black Stingray Disc rhomboidal with somewhat angular apices. fins subdivided. tail long. dorsally and ventrally in young. Color: adults with disc dark brown to oliva- ceous dorsally. whip- like. slender. 2 m in head not projecting disc width. and tubercles on the dorsal surface of disc and tail. tail not whip-like. KAUM–I. and fresh-water habitat in tem. Myliobatidae – head distinct Remarks: occur in marine. thorns confined to central disc (single row on midline with short- er row either side) dorsally (in adults). Color: grayish brown or brownish green dorsally. maxi- mum size 5 m in total length. 17 DASYATIDAE Stingrays By B. tail moderately without dorsal or caudal fins depressed and or cylindrical. disc dark edged (not yellowish) ven- trally in young and adult. stinging spine (s) usually present ing spines (stings). and/or caudal fins. or blackish spots. 16871. Remarks: demersal on insular and continental shelves in 60–125 m. Head. Dasyatis parvonigra. Narcinidae – stout acute. tail with 1–4 sting. 2008 . Dis- tribution: known only from north- western Australia. thorns. long. circular. Similar families occurring in the nuridae – disc extremely broad (more paler ventrally. In most species. pelvic from disc. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Small to very large batoids. Head not projecting from disc. bluish. short. whitish. tail with dorsal and caudal fins. with than 1. trunk. 19. Gym- Dasyatis parvonigra Last & White. low dorsal skin fold on tail beyond sting.5 cm DW off Terengganu (KT). Body usually with denticles. Five pairs of gill openings on ventral finfold ventral side of disc. Size: maximum size 51 cm disc width.5 times as broad as long). perate and tropical areas worldwide. estua. young disc brownish. rine. a few species with area: Plesiobatidae – tail stout. Color: disc brown- ish dorsally. marketed fresh. Size: maximum size 290 cm disc width. Dasyatis zugei. 5 Dec. KAUM–I. Size: maximum size 85 cm disc width. sting situated ante- riorly on tail. granular denticles on central disc (absent in small juveniles).18 Dasyatis zugei (Müller & Henle. 23. feeds on bottom crustaceans. 16982. white ventrally. 1851) Whitespotted Whipray Disc quadrangular. the skin is valuable as leather. from India to eastern Indone- sia (Bali) and northwards to southern Japan. 12 Dec. tail lacking thorns. marketed fresh. Remarks: demersal on insular and continental shelves. cen- tral disc usually with 1–5 small thorns. Distribution: wide- spread in the Indo-West Pacific. Remarks: demersal on soft bottoms. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Color: disc with numer- ous white spots (rarely plain grayish brown) dorsally. long. 2008 Himantura gerrardi (Gray. viviparous. north to Taiwan. low ventral skin fold on tail. 15. whip- like. widely spaced. 1841) Sharpnose Stingray Disc with broadly rounded apices. from inshore to depths of at least 60 m. tail with alternating light and dark bands (rarely faint). row of small thorns on tail before sting in adults. 2008 . to depths of at least 40 m. KAUM–I. disc pale or dark edged ventrally. feeds primarily on small bottom crustaceans. tail relatively short. weak dorsal skin fold on tail beyond sting. from India to eastern Indonesia. tapering in thick- ness beyond sting. but also small fishes. gives birth to litters of 1–10 pups. tail long. Himantura gerrardi. a few small thorns along midline of disc dorsally.8 cm DW off Terengganu (KT). snout very elongate. no oral papillae in mouth. no skin folds on tail.7 cm DW off Terengganu (KT). 16872. marketed fresh. tail short.7 cm DW off Terengganu (KT).9 cm DW (tail cut off) Redang Island. feeds on molluscs. Used for its meat. sometimes with a yellowish gray posterior mar- gin. south to tropical Australia. tail base broad. tapering beyond sting. no skin folds on tail. dorsal surface almost smooth to gran- ular (denticles very small). 2009 . located posteriorly on tail. Color: disc and tail brownish or orangish dorsally. 18 Jan. and north to the Philippines and Viet Nam. whitish ventrally. extending to tail tip. bases nearly half eye diameter in length. not whip-like (end bulbous in adult fe- males). KAUM–I. from southern Africa to the Solomon Is- lands. Malaysia and Indonesia. tail thorns very elongate. disc with numerous bright blue spots. occurs in inshore to depths of at least 20 m. Remarks: demersal on insular and continental shelves. poly- chaetes and crustaceans. 17. ventral skin fold on tail relatively deep. fresh and dried. KAUM–I. 1775) Bluespotted Fantail Ray Disc oval. 2008 Taeniura lymma (Forsskål. 1841) Dwarf Whipray Disc almost oval. Remarks: dominant ray in coral reef habitats. Distribution: off Thailand. 19 Himantura walga (Müller & Henle. 17283. 22. snout broadly triangular. tail with blue stripe on each side be- fore sting. sting situated anteriorly on tail. 16922. Color: gray- ish or brownish dorsally (without a pattern). narrow band of flat denticles on central disc in adults. and is in demand locally. mid-disc thorns absent or rudi- mentary. Taeniura lymma. Size: maximum size 240 cm disc width. 10 Dec. and occasionally in coastal embayments. Himantura walga. Size: maximum size 350 cm disc width. 2 stings. Distribution: wide- spread in Indo-West Pacific. 130 cm DW off Terengganu (KT). 2008 . Taeniurops meyeni. from South Africa to Japan. including northern Australia. long. Size: maximum size 180 cm disc width. south to Micronesia. tail uniform black posterior to sting. a large sting. KAUM–II. 41. ca. feeds on bottom bivalves. located posterior- ly on tail. becoming much more slender beyond sting. extending to tail tip. Remarks: demer- sal on soft bottoms near coral reefs. deep ventral skin fold on tail. Distribution: widespread in Indo- West Pacific.20 Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle. dorsal sur- face almost smooth (denticles very small). crustaceans and small fishes. 17 Dec. tail relatively short. to offshore depths exceeding 400 m. 1841) Blotched Fantail Stingray Disc circular. Color: disc dark with white blotches and mottling (often faint). twice as wide as long and greatly enlarged pectoral fins ful- ly fused to form a laterally expanded. Feed on crustaceans and like tails without caudal fins. 15 Dec. pectoral discs nearly or quite twice as or variegated with light or dark spots shore shelf on soft bottom. rounded-rhomboidal toids. tail very thin and shorter ing spine (sting). Color: dorsal surface of disc and pelvic fins Remarks: occurring in all tropi. tail with 1 sting. tail short. about length. to depths wide as long and short slender whip- and reticulations. KAUM–I. located just behind than ½ disc width pelvic fins. trunk. dorsal surface either unspotted Range from the intertidal to the of. marketed fresh. no sting on tail. often in shallow inshore wa- ters and on sand banks. 2008 . Similar families occurring in Gymnura poecilura (Shaw.3 cm DW off Terengganu (KT). 26. no dorsal fin. precaudal tail moderate- ly depressed or cylindrical. 1804) Longtail Butterfly Ray Tail length about equal to snout-clo- aca length. Five pairs of gill open- ings on ventral side of disc. 4 m disc width. the area: no other batoids in the area brown. Remarks: demersal on the continental shelf. Color: disc with faint whitish spots (sometimes plain) dorsally. whip-like. absent in others. cal and subtropical continental seas. to depths of at least 30 m. except a few large species with fine denticles dorsally. 21 GYMNURIDAE Butterfly Rays By B.6 m in total pectoral disc. combine large rounded-rhomboidal trally. whitish ven. Size: maximum size 99 cm disc width. tail with small fishes. gray or greenish. In some species. Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pacific. Head. Body entirely naked. Gymnura poecilura. Ovoviviparous. 17014. rounded rhomboidal or diamond shaped disc. appears to prefer sandy habitats. from the Red Sea eastward to southern Japan and east- ern Indonesia. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Small to moderately large ba. maximum size 2. disc pale ventrally. with a pair of large of 110 m. white spots in some species. black and white stripes. 22 MYLIOBATIDAE Eagle Rays By B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto Medium to large sized batoids; maximum size 330 cm disc width. rostral fin tail slender, whip-like, Head with rostral or cephalic fins; without caudal fins eyes and spiracles present laterally eyes and spiracles lateraly on head on head. Five pairs of gill openings on ventral side of disc. Trunk fused with broad, wing-like pectoral fins, forming a large flattened rhomboi- dal disc. Body naked or with small denticles covering the dorsal surface. Tail slender, long, whip-like, with- out caudal fin. A single, small dorsal fin on tail base; one or more stings stinging spine (s) usually present dorsal fin in most species. Color: plain green, brown, gray or yellowish to black- Remarks: circumglobal in tem- 3 rows of laterally expanded medial ish dorsally, most species white ven- perate to tropical marine, coastal and plate-like teeth on jaws. Mobulidae trally; dorsal surface either unspot- offshore areas in Atlantic, Indian and – snout formed into paired elongated ted or variegated with light spots, Pacific Oceans. Viviparous. cephalic fins; teeth very small, not light transverse stripes, dark stripes Similar families occurring in the plate-like; internal gill arches with and reticulations, or small ocelli, no area: Rhinopteridae – snout notched large and complex filter plates. paired ocelli on pectoral bases. medially, formed as 2 rounded lobes; Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) Whitespotted Eagle Ray Snout moderately long, broadly rounded; spiracles dorsolateral on head; nasal curtain V-shaped; teeth in a single row in both jaws, chevron- shaped. Color: disc dark brown dor- sally, with numerous white spots; pale ventrally. Size: maximum size 330 cm disc width. Distribution: tropical and warm temperate seas of the Indo-West Pacific, from the Red Sea and South Africa to Hawaii, north to Japan, and south to Australia. Remarks: inshore and benthopelagic on continental shelves, in estuaries, near atolls and offshore in open water. Viviparous. Aetobatus ocellatus, KAUM–I. 17339, 43.6 cm DW off Terengganu (KT), 21 Jan. 2009 23 Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Banded Eagle Ray Fleshy ridge on side of head not con- nected to edge of disc; spiracles lateral on head; posterior margin of dorsal fin strongly angled, its origin slightly an- terior to or opposite pelvic-fin inser- tions; edge of nasal curtain near mouth almost straight. Color: disc yellowish dorsally, with 5 bluish bands (often faint); disc pale ventrally, posterior margin of pectoral fins and pelvic fins dark. Size: maximum size 72 cm disc width. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific, from India through Indonesia and northward to Japan. Remarks: bottom intertidal, and offshore to depths of at least 70 m; viviparous. Aetomylaeus nichofii, KAUM–I. 17338, 28.6 cm DW off Terengganu (KT), 21 Jan. 2009 24 ELOPIDAE Ladyfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (maxi- last dorsal-fin ray not elongate mum 100 cm, commonly 50 cm) fishes, slender and moderately com- pressed. Mouth large, terminal; jaws subequal; posterior tip of upper jaw extending posterior margin of eye; a lateral line present gular plate present between arms of lower jaw. Teeth small and granular. mouth terminal Branchiostegal rays numerous, ap- proximately 27–35. Fins without spines; a dorsal fin begins slightly Remarks: one genus (Elops) with number of lateral line scales, much behind midbody, with 20–25 rays, about six species, two of which distrib- number of branchiostegal rays. Clu- the last ray not elongate; anal fin uted in the Pacific Ocean. Coastal fish- peidae – lateral line absent; gular short with 13–18 rays, situated well es found in lagoons, bays, and estuar- plate absent; most species have scutes behind base of dorsal fin; pectoral ies; commonly travelling in schools in along midline of ventral. Megalopi- fins with 17–18 rays, set on side of open water; feeds on various fishes and dae (Megalops cyprinoides) – scales body, near ventral outline; pelvic fins crustaceans. Leptocephalus larva hav- much larger, about 30 to 40 in lateral abdominal with 12–16 rays, below ing developed caudal fin. Food fishes line; last ray of dorsal fin elongate origin of dorsal fin; caudal fin deeply used as fresh, dried or salted one; also and filamentous. Albulidae (Albula forked. Scales very small; usually known as sport fishes. spp.) – mouth inferior. Chanidae 95–120 in lateral line. Vertebrae 63– Similar families occurring in the (Chanos chanos) – mouth smaller, 79. Color: body silver, blue or green- area: Elopidae differs from other sim- gape not extending behind eye; gular ish gray dorsally; fins sometimes ilar families in having gular plate, no plate absent; branchiostegal rays few with a faint yellow tinge. scutes along midline of ventral, large (4 or 5). Elops hawaiiensis Regan, 1909 Hawaiian Ladyfish D 23–27; A 15–17; P1 17–18; P2 14–15; LL 93–100; BR 27–35; GR 7–8 + 13–15 = 20–23; V 68–70. Body elongate and slender. Mouth large and terminal; upper jaw extending beyond a vertical through posterior margin of eye; a gular plate present between arms of lower jaw. Scales very small. Elops hawaiiensis, UMTF 1046 (KAUM–I. 16452), 12.8 cm SL estuary near UMT, 28 Sept. 2008 Dorsal fin large; without elongated lobe. Caudal fin deeply forked. Color: silvery sides, darker dorsally; fins yel- lowish. Size: commonly 50 cm. Dis- tribution: widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific including the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks: found mainly in coastal waters; larvae to juveniles oc- curs estuaries, and mouth of river. Marketed fresh, dried, or salted. Elops hawaiiensis, KAUM–I. 16460, 26.9 cm SL estuary near UMT, 28 Sept. 2008 25 MEGALOPIDAE Tarpons By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to 2.4 last ray of dorsal m) fishes. Body moderately deep, fin elongate and filamentous compressed, deepest in middle, ta- pering toward both ends. Eye large. mouth terminal Mouth large, gape ending at level of posterior margin of eye; lower jaw lateral line present projects beyond snout; a gular plate present between arms of lower jaw. Teeth small, granular. Branchioste- gal rays numerous, 23–27. Gill rak- ers long and slender. Fins without cific. Coastal fishes found in lagoons, smaller, about 100 on lateral line; spines; a dorsal fin at midbody with bays, and estuaries; commonly travel- last dorsal-fin ray not elongate and 13–21 rays, last ray elongate and ling in schools in open water; feeds on filamentous. Albulidae (Albula spp.) filamentous; anal fin relatively long various fishes and crustaceans. Lepto- – mouth inferior; last dorsal-fin ray with 22–29 rays; pectoral fins set low cephalus larva having forked caudal not elongate and filamentous; scales on side of body near ventral margin; fin. Food fishes used as fresh, dried or smaller. Clupeidae – lateral line ab- pelvic fins abdominal with 10 or 11 salted one; also known as sport fishes. sent; gular plate absent; most spe- rays; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales Similar families occurring in the cies have scutes on midline of belly. large, about 40–50 in lateral line. area: Megalopidae differs from other Chanidae (Chanos chanos) – mouth Color: body silvery, bluish green similar families by having a gular smaller, gape not reaching beyond dorsally. plate, no scutes on ventral, fewer num- anterior part of eye; scales smaller; Remarks: one genus (Megalops), ber of lateral line scales, much num- last dorsal-fin ray not elongate and with two species are known from ber of branchiostegal rays, last dor- filamentous; gular plate absent; fewer worldwide, one of which (M. cypri- sal-fin ray elongate and filamentous. branchiostegal rays (4). noides) distributed in the Indo-Pa- Elopidae (Elops spp.) – scales much Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) Indo-Pacific Tarpon D 16–20; A 23–31; P1 10–11; P2 14– 15; LL 30–40; BR 23–27; GR 7–8 + 13–15 = 20–23; V 66–70. Body mod- erately deep and compressed. Mouth large and terminal; lower jaw projects beyond snout; a gular plate present be- tween arms of lower jaw. Scales large. Dorsal fin large; with elongated lobe. Caudal fin deeply forked. Color: body Megalops cyprinoides, KAUM–I. 16463, 10.5 cm SL silvery, darker dorsally; dorsal and estuary near UMT, 29 Sept. 2008 caudal fins dark yellowish. Size: 80 cm SL. Distribution: Indo-Pacific, in- cluding the Red Sea, from the east coast of Africa to the Society Islands, north to southern Japan. Remarks: marketed fresh. Megalops cyprinoides, KAUM–I. 17054, 26.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 18 Dec. 2008 26 ALBULIDAE Bonefishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized fishes (up to 80 cm) with body slender, moder- ately elongate, slightly compressed. Eye large. Snout conical, project- ing well beyond lower jaw. Mouth lateral line present small, inferior, gape not reaching anterior margin of eye; a small gular plate present between arms of lower jaw, but small and inconspicuous. mouth inferior Teeth small, granular, in patches on jaws and on roof and floor of mouth. forked. Scales small, 66–84 in lateral Similar families occurring in Branchiostegal rays about 10–15. line. Color: bluish green dorsally, the area: Elopidae – mouth terminal; Gill rakers rudimentary, consisting often with several faint saddles of gular plate well developed; branchio- of small patches of minute, villi- slightly darker color; silvery on sides, stegal rays 27–35; upper jaw extend- form teeth. All fins without spines; a with several faint, narrow, longitudi- ing beyond mid-eye. Megalopidae – dorsal fin situated at midbody, with nal lines; belly white. mouth supraterminal; gular plate well 16–21 rays, last ray filamentous in Remarks: occurring usually in developed; branchiostegal rays 23– Albula nemoptera; anal fin short with shallow coastal waters on sandy or 27; upper jaw extending beyond mid- 7–9 rays, located well behind dorsal muddy bottoms, rarely found in brack- eye; scales larger. Sillaginidae – two fin; pectoral fins set low on side of ish and freshwater. One genus, Albula, dorsal fins, first with IX–XII spines; body, near ventral outline; pelvic fins with about six species including sever- anal fin base long with II spines and abdominal, located under posterior al undescribed species. Food fish mar- 15–27 soft rays. part of dorsal fin; caudal fin deeply keted fresh; also known as sport fishes. Albula argentea (Forster, 1801) Pacific Bonefish D 16–17; A 7–8; P1 16–18; P2 9–10; LL 62–72; BR 12–15; GR 7–11 + 10– 12 = 17–22; V 65–73. Body slender. Snout long, conical; mouth inferior, lower jaw in ventral view pointed; posterior tip of upper jaw not reaching to front margin of eye. Tip of pelvic fin Albula argentea, KAUM–I. 16854, 30.0 cm SL reaching anterior edge of anus. Villi- off Terengganu (KT), 5 Dec. 2008 form teeth in small patches on pre- maxilla and dentary; molariform teeth in broad bands on parasphenoid, basi- branchials and mesopterygoid; anteri- lobe white; first pelvic-fin ray white; Malayan region east to the Society Is- or end of tooth bands on mesoptery- anal fin white; base of pectoral and lands and Marquesas. Remarks: ac- goids almost corresponds to that of pelvic fins slightly yellow; a vivid yel- cording to Hidaka et al. (2008), Albula tooth band on parasphenoid. Scales low line on preopercle from end of forsteri Valenciennes, 1847 is junior cycloid. Color: head and body bright maxilla; anterior margin of snout synonym of A. argentea. Found in silver; posterior margin of caudal fin black. Size: 80 cm. Distribution: coastal waters, bay, and mouth of riv- black; posterior tip of lower caudal west and south Pacific, from the Indo- er. Marketed fresh, dried, or salted. usually with well devel. round or slit-like. oped pores on head and body. pectoral and caudal fins Remarks: ophichthyids occur in a anterior nostril tubular. from area: Muraenidae – Posterior nostril uniform light or dark to various pat. realm. PLp 68–74. or bars. usual. 79. Gill opening midlateral to completely ventral. Color: highly variable. Snout pointed. dae – throat not swollen. vomer teeth present.0 cm TL dy bottom of coastal waters and mouth off Terengganu (KT). point- ed. (2006). teeth of upper and lower jaws small and sharp. Ophichthus evermanni Jordan & Richardson. Dorsal fin begins just behind tip of pectoral fin. Scales Similar families occurring in the absent. Ophichthus lithinus. Muraenesoci- ly darker dorsally than ventrally. stripes. Inhabits mud. V 151. (M. 1908) Evermann's Snake Eel P1 14. those on maxilla arranged in 1–2 rows. near tip of present or absent or absent snout. Lateral line 700–800 m or more. about 30 poorly defined brown saddles along head and body. pectoral fin well developed. Remarks: according to McCosker et al. when absent. confluent with dorsal and estuaries to coral reefs to the midwater anal fins. on lip. Color: head and body cream. pectoral fin anal fin present Anterior nostril tubular. from Australia north to southern Japan. a posterior nostril low on head. KAUM–I. 27 OPHICHTHIDAE Snake Eels and Worm Eels By Mizuki Matsunuma and Hisashi Imamura Marine fishes. above or before eye. Teeth variable in form. but most occur in complete. white ventrally. from the shore to depths of ten hard and pointed. Body snake-like or worm-like. Posterior nostril low on head. lithinus. Size: maximum length about 90 cm. 17256. tip of tail of. 17 Jan. Mouth moderate to large. or opening inside of mouth. Eye usually small throat swollen and just above mouth. when caudal fin wide variety of habitats from muddy of snout present. 2009 of river. simple pore or in a tube. less than 200 m. Mouth moderately large. anal. Ophichthus lithinus (Jordan & Richardson. terminal or inferior. Matsunuma) . or opening inside of mouth terns of spots. Distribution: West Pa- cific. near tip present or absent. high on head. some species in or dorsal fin present or absent occasionally entering freshwater. 1909 is junior synonym of O. on lip. Throat swollen. from fang-like to conical to molariform to villiform. more or less rounded in cross section. Body ex- tremely elongate. sensory pores on head spotted brown. Dorsal. tip tail finless. V 153–162. pectoral fin well developed. including the Red Sea. (M. tip tail finless. Australia north to southern Japan. Matsunuma) Pisodonophis cancrivorus.28 Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson. Remarks: inhabits coastal waters of muddy bottom. 1848) Longfin Snake Eel P1 13–14. Mouth moderately large. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Dorsal fin be- gins above pectoral fin. Body extremely elongate. 51. Color: head and body yellowish brown. 31 Dec. teeth of upper and lower jaws. 17126. 2008 . pointed. dorsal and anal fins dark brown. PLp 55–60. from the east coast of Africa east to French Polynesia. Size: maximum length about 100 cm.8 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). and vomer villiform. forming wide bands. darker dorsally. KAUM–I. Gill opening a Remarks: muraenesocids are found on head. vertical fins usually slightly. bedded scales. oblique slit in front of and be.2 cm TL 145–159. Body mod. mouth slit behind posterior margin of ly brown. compressed along tail. fin. 29 MURAENESOCIDAE Pike Congers By Mizuki Matsunuma Median to large sized (up to more than 1 m) marine fishes. vomer teeth in 2 divergent rows. median northern Australia north to Japan. gill rows on vomer. 49. vomer fins blackish marginally. mouth terminal erately elongate. lower jaw projecting tril tubular. inhabit primarily Chlopsidae – gill opening a small 2 sides nearly meet on ventral mid. Snout relatively blunt. 80 cm. or: brown or silver gray to black. canines flanked on each side by a row pore per segment. anal fins well developed. on sand or mud bottoms. a median frontal pore mately mid-eye level. projects some. sharp. typically in 3 a complex or branching system of vomer typically inconspicuous. from the Red Sea to Indonesia. pectoral fins length of gill opening. 16898. throat swollen. but usually opening through without a conspicuous notch. PLp 40–47. Commonly hole. no distinct patterns or but tail tip pointed in most genera. V Muraenesox cinereus. pores in lateral line and on head depths of about 100 m. opening in front of eye at approxi. with a median row of multiple pores rather than a single openings not meeting across midline. Lateral line area: Congridae – underside of snout complete. gill opening a small hole. prominent. Head moderate to moderately elongate. lighter ventrally. line. cific. Teeth large. end of oped. on side of snout just be. posterior nostril a simple edged in black. Body moderately elongate. mouth large. 2008 head broader. lighter ventrally. not cusps. gape ends behind posterior margin of eye. Eye well developed. Scales absent. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- well pointed. teeth almost canine like. multiserial on jaws. black. lips without fleshy flanges. interorbital width about 8 times in head length. gill openings of the ters of worldwide. markings. pectoral fin marks: inhabits coastal waters to with a median series of compressed. in tropical and subtropical coastal wa. interspace much smaller than collected with bottom trawls. Pectoral and caudal fins devel. Snout moderate to acute. 6 Dec. lateral line reduced. Color: head and body uniform. Ophichthidae – no caudal fin hind tip. Re- eye. Dorsal and Similar families occurring in the present or absent. KAUM–I. teeth on Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål 1775) Daggertooth Pike Conger D before anus 66–78. mouth extends large gill opening what beyond tip of lower jaw. Anguillidae – body covered with em- of much smaller teeth. . low pectoral fins. Muraenidae – no pectoral large. off Terengganu (KT). anus before mid-body. Col. tips of lower jaw with en- larged teeth that fit into a notch in underside of snout when mouth closed. Mouth beyond eye large. Feeds on ben- strong canine teeth with 1 or 2 basal white. Size: maximum length about thic fishes and crustaceans. Anterior nos. either in front of Remarks: six genera with about pectoral fins well developed. Chlopsis fierasfer Jordan & Snyder. 1864 Slender Sorcerer PLp 29–39. anterior nostril than to eye. premaxilloethmoid. area: Congridae – posterior nostril lo. sent. Snout and jaws elongate. Body extremely elongated. posterior nostril riorly. . 1901 is ju- nior synonym of S. snout projects a variable distance beyond tip of lower jaw. Body elongate jaws very elongate. fins well developed. confluent with caudal but no commercial importance. on top of head. Distribution: West Pacific. anus located under or behind gill opening. tail brackish. vomer and ptery- Saurenchelys cancrivora. tip of lower jaw fits into depression behind inter- maxillary tooth patch. of teeth on upper jaw separated from larged but no species in the area has without markings. cancrivora. fins present. Found in moderate to deep fin absent with pointed tail tip. multiserial on jaws area. 17036. closer to Saurenchelys cancrivora Peters. KAUM–I. Mouth large. or on top 38 species. Dorsal and anal water. lighter ventrally. caudal eye. on lip. often edged in black. Scales ab. inner row and vomer. end of maxilla extending beyond posterior margin of eye. no fleshy flange on upper or lower lip. 2008 Color: body semi-translucent. tail slender. Serrivomeridae – pectoral fins present. Mouth large. conical. Pectoral fins ab.30 NETTASTOMATIDAE Duckbill Eels By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to 1 pectoral fins absent m) snake-like marine fishes. gape extends to about rear margin of eye. a nar- row silver band on head from snout to opercle. Ophichthidae – variable in position. anus before mid-body. 24. Eye well developed. off Terengganu (KT). Posterior nostril front of eye at mid- eye level. Teeth general- ly small. some vomerine teeth en. Lateral line complete. Nemichthyidae – pecto- fin. 17 Dec. Col- lected with bottom trawls. groove. Teeth small conical on both jaw. Dorsal fin behind gill opening. Remarks: according to Klausewitz and Zajoz (2000). dorsal and anal fins outer rows by a longitudinal toothless large fangs. attenuate. head slender.5 cm TL goid. Head slender. shortly behind pectoral fins. V 211. Collected with bottom trawls. Color: brown. or of body behind head. Size: maximum length about 70 cm. tail very long. Anterior nostril tubular. some teeth vis- ible when mouth closed. sent in all species occurring in the cated far forward on snout. dorsal fin begins over or slightly Similar families occurring in the ral fins present. Muraenesocidae – pectoral near tip of snout. present. especially poste. 31 PRISTIGASTERIDAE Longfin Herrings By Seishi Kimura and Mizuki Matsunuma Moderate to large fishes (maxi- mum length 55 cm SL, usually 20–25 cm SL), with compressed, elongated lateral line absent or deep body. Mouth usually superior mouth usually or terminal in some species; upper superior jaw with 2 supramaxillae; lower jaw articulation under eye; teeth on jaws pelvic-fin insertion small or minute, canines only in a before dorsal-fin origin western Atlantic species, Chirocen- lower jaw trodon bleekerianus. Eyelids with articulation under eye more than 30 anal-fin rays broad vertical opening in middle. Branchiostegals 6. Fins without complete series of scutes along abdomen spines; dorsal fin single, short (ab- sent in Indo-West Pacific species, ing estuaries, and a few species re- abdominal scutes; gular plate present; Raconda russeliana), situated near stricted to freshwater. Food fishes numerous branchiostegal rays (more midpoint of body; anal fin long, 30– used as fresh, dried, or salted ones. than 20). Albulidae – lateral line pres- 92 rays; pectoral fins moderate or Similar families occurring in the ent; no abdominal scutes; gular plate large; pelvic fins with 6 or 7 rays, area: Pristigasteridae differs from present. Chirocentridae – body high- situated before dorsal fin origin, but other similar families in having lower ly compressed and elongate; no ab- absent in some genera; caudal fin jaw articulation under eye, pelvic fins dominal scutes; jaws with developed forked. Body covered with cycloid inserting before dorsal-fin origin, long fanglike canine teeth. Clupeidae – scales; a complete series of scutes anal fin with more than 30 rays, a pelvic fins inserting just below dorsal along abdomen; lateral line absent. complete series of scutes along abdo- fin origin; anal fin short with less than Color: bluish green dorsally, blight men, and no lateral line. Elopidae – 28 rays. Engraulidae – snout pig-like silver laterally and ventrally. lateral line present; no abdominal and projecting; jaw articulation well Remarks: schooling fishes scutes; gular plate present; numerous behind eye. Chanidae – lateral line found in coastal areas of tropical and branchiostegal rays (more than 20). present; no abdominal scutes; bran- subtropical seas; some species enter- Megalopidae – lateral line present, no chiostegal rays few (4 or 5). Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829) Tardoore A 51–60; P1 12–14; LGR 22–28. Body elongate and strongly com- pressed, moderately deep (body depth 27–33% SL); abdomen concave in front, with 29 to 35 sharply-keeled scutes. Mouth directed obliquely up- Opisthopterus tardoore, KAUM–I. 16996, 12.4 cm SL ward; upper jaw short, not reaching off Terengganu (KT), 14 Dec. 2008 posteriorly to vertical through mid- eye; no toothed hypomaxilla between posterior tip of premaxilla and blade long; pelvic fin absent. Color: body bution: tropical Indo-West Pacific, of maxilla. Pectoral fins relatively silver, yellowish brown dorsally; dor- from the Gulf of Oman to Indonesia. long (length 21–26% SL; usually sal and anal fins translucent, with yel- Remarks: found in coastal waters and about equal with or greater than head low margin; caudal fin pale yellow. estuaries. Marketed fresh, dried, or length); dorsal fin very small; anal fin Size: maximum length 18 cm. Distri- boiled. (M. Matsunuma) 32 ENGRAULIDAE Anchovies By Mizuki Matsunuma and Seishi Kimura Small to medium-sized fishes (mostly less than 20 cm, some larger) with silver-colored, fusiform or slen- der body. Mouth inferior; snout pro- snout projecting lateral line absent jecting beyond tip of lower jaw; jaw articulation well behind eye; upper jaw with 2 supra-maxillae; teeth on 6–7 pelvic-fin rays jaws absent or minute, rarely with ca- nines. Fins without spines; dorsal fin mouth inferior short and single, situated near mid- point of body, far forward in Coilia; upper jaw extending beyond hind margin of eye anal fin mostly short, less than 25 rays, but long in some (to over 100 rays); pectoral fins set low on body; es used as fresh, dried, or salted ones, scutes; jaw articulation below eye; pelvic fins abdominal usually with 7 taken by beach seine and other variety jaws with developed fang-like canine rays; caudal fin deeply forked, but of nets. Regionally some species have teeth. Clupeidae – snout not pig-like small and pointed in some. Body great contribution to local catches. and projecting; jaw articulation ante- covered with cycloid scales; scutes Similar families occurring in the rior to below eye. Pristigasteridae – often present along abdomen; lateral area: Engraulidae differs from other snout not pig-like and projecting; line absent. clupeoid families in having projecting lower jaw projecting; jaw articulation Remarks: schooling fishes found and pig-like snout, slender lower jaw, anterior to vertical below eye. in marine coastal areas, mostly feed- and jaw articulation well behind eye. ing on small planktonic animals and Chirocentridae – body highly com- plants. Small but important food fish- pressed and elongate; no abdominal Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848 Gold-spotted Grenadier Anchovy A 80 or more; P1 9–11; P2 7; LGR 23–26. Body tapering, abdomen rounded anterior to pelvic fins; abdo- men with 5 or 6 prepelvic and 7–9 postpelvic keeled scutes, 12–15 in to- tal number; a small predorsal spine- like scute present. Maxilla short; two Coilia dussumieri, KAUM–I. 16993, 14.1 cm SL supramaxillae present. Teeth in jaws off Terengganu (KT), 14 Dec. 2008 small. Dorsal fin far forward, begin- ning in first third of body length; anal fin long; posteriormost fin ray joined to caudal fin; caudal fin very small, ex- tremely pointed; pectoral fins long and filamentous, reaching posteriorly at least to anal-fin origin. Light organs present along flanks and abdomen. Color: body yellowish silver, brown- ish dorsally; flanks and abdomen with longitudinal rows of golden or pearly Coilia dussumieri, UMTF 1870, 13.3 cm SL spots (light organs) Size: commonly off Terengganu (KT), 24 Dec. 2008 13–17 cm, maximum 20 cm. Distri- bution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific, from India to the Gulf Marketed fresh, dried, dried-salted or of Thailand and Indonesia. Remarks: made into fish sauce or fish balls. occurs inshore waters and estuaries. (M. Matsunuma) 33 Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940) Devis' anchovy D 15; A 18–20; P1 15; P2 7; LGR 20–27. Body elongate; abdomen slightly rounded, with 3–6 (usually 5) needle-like prepelvic scutes; no post- pelvic scutes and no predorsal scutes; posterior tip of maxilla pointed, reach- Encrasicholina devisi, KAUM–I. 16932, 7.8 cm SL ing to subopercle; isthmus muscle off Terengganu (KT), 11 Dec. 2008 short, preceded by a small bony plate on urohyal between gill membrane; initial 3 dorsal and anal fin rays un- branched; anal-fin origin slightly pos- terior to a vertical through end of dor- sal-fin base. Color: in life, body with golden hue; a broad bright silvery to brassy stripe on side, with a thin blue line above; dorsal part of body blue- gray. Size: maximum length 9.5 cm. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific from Gulf of Aden east to Samoa; northern Australia north to Taiwan. Remarks: schooling fish found in coastal waters. Marketed fresh or dried; also used as a Setipinna taty, KAUM–I. 16994, 12.5 cm SL baitfish for tuna. off Terengganu (KT), 14 Dec. 2008 (M. Matsunuma) Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, 1848) Scaly Hairfin Anchovy A 48–60; P2 7; LGR 17–21 (usually 18–20). Body deep and strongly com- pressed; abdomen with complete se- ries of keeled scutes from isthmus to anus; 20–29 (usually 22–27) prepelvic and 9–14 (usually 11 or 12) postpelvic scutes, 32–40 (usually 33–39) in total number; a predorsal spine-like scute Stolephorus andhraensis, KAUM–I. 17284, 8.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 19 Jan. 2009 present. Mouth nearly horizontal, jaws slender; first supramaxilla absent; sec- ond supramaxilla relatively small, donesia. Remarks: schooling fish beyond posterior border of preopercle; rounded. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to found in coastal waters, often entering posterior border of preopercle con- mid-body midpoint, slightly anterior estuaries. Marketed fresh or dried. cave. Isthmus muscle reaching to and to vertical through anal-fin origin; anal (M. Matsunuma) beyond gill membrane. Anal fin short, fin long; pectoral fin with first fin ray its origin situated below middle of filamentous, its tip reaching posterior- Stolephorus andhraensis dorsal fin base; caudal fin large and ly to base of 23rd to posteriormost Babu Rao, 1966 forked. Scales cycloid; longitudinal anal-fin ray; caudal fin well forked, scale rows about 37–39. Color: body upper lobe truncated. Scales cycloid, Andhra Anchovy semi-translucent, with a broad silver present on dorsal and anal fins; longi- D 13–14; A 19–20; LGR 20–21. stripe midlaterally; caudal fin dusky. tudinal scale rows about 40–48. Col- Body slender, somewhat compressed; Size: maximum ca. 5 cm SL. Distri- or: body yellowish silver, brown dor- abdomen with 6–7 (usually 6) small bution: eastern coast of India, Anda- sally; fins pale to deep yellow, caudal needlelike prepelvic scutes, but no man Sea coast of Thailand, Singapore, fin with black margin. Size: common- postpelvic scutes; pelvic scute without Gulf of Papua, and northern and north- ly 10 cm, maximum length 14 cm. spine; no predorsal spine-like scute; eastern Australia. Remarks: school- Distribution: Western Central Pacif- pelvic scute without spine. Posterior ing fish found in coastal waters. ic, from Gulf of Thailand south to In- tip of maxilla pointed, extending to or (S. Kimura) 34 Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg, 1933 Bagan Anchovy A 21–22; LGR 20–23. Body slender, somewhat compressed; abdomen with 6–7 (usually 6) small needle-like pre- pelvic scutes, but no postpelvic scutes; pelvic scute with spine; a small pre- dorsal spine-like scute present. Poste- rior tip of maxilla pointed, extending to or beyond posterior border of pre- opercle; posterior border of preopercle Stolephorus baganensis, KAUM–I. 17116, 9.3 cm SL rounded, indented near maxilla tip. off Terengganu (KT), 31 Dec. 2008 Isthmus muscle reaching to and be- yond gill membrane. A few small teeth somewhat present on upper edge of hyoid bones. Anal fin short, its origin situated below middle of dorsal fin base; caudal fin large and forked. Scales cycloid; longitudinal scale rows about 34–36. Color: body semi- translucent, with a broad silver stripe midlaterally; a double pigment line on dorsum posterior to dorsal fin. Size: maximum length about 9 cm. Distri- Stolephorus indicus, KAUM–I. 16822, 14.0 cm SL bution: eastern Indian Ocean and off Terengganu (KT), 5 Dec. 2008 western Pacific. Remarks: schooling fish found in coastal waters. (M. Matsunuma) Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) Indian Anchovy D 15–17; A 19–21; P1 15–17; P2 7; LGR 20–28. Body slender, round in cross-section; abdomen with 3–5 small needle-like prepelvic scutes, but no postpelvic scutes; pelvic scute without spine; no predorsal spine-like Thryssa dussumieri, KAUM–I. 17020, 8.8 cm SL scute; posterior tip of maxilla pointed, off Terengganu (KT), 16 Dec. 2008 extending to or slightly beyond ante- rior border of preopercle; posterior coastal waters, often entering estuar- base in adults. Anal fin long, its origin border of preopercle convex and ies. (M. Matsunuma) situated posterior to dorsal-fin base; rounded. Isthmus muscle tapering and upper pectoral-fin ray not extended as reaching to gill membrane. Pelvic fins Thryssa dussumieri a filament. Scales cycloid; longitudi- inserting well before vertical through (Valenciennes, 1848) nal scale rows 36–40. Color: body dorsal fin origin; anal fin short, its ori- silvery white, grayish brown dorsally; gin situated at vertical through middle Dussumier's Thryssa a dark blotch posterior to upper part of of dorsal fin base; caudal fin large and A 32–40 (usually 34–39); P2 7; LGR gill opening, usually joined to a dark forked. Scales cycloid; longitudinal 17–19. Body somewhat deep, com- saddle on nape; dorsal and caudal fins scale rows about 40. Color: body pressed; abdomen with 15–16 prepel- yellowish; caudal fin with broad black translucent, yellowish dorsally, with a vic and 6–9 (usually 7–8) postpelvic margin. Size: maximum length 11 cm. broad silver stripe midlaterally; head keeled scutes, 21–24 (usually 22–23) Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, from silver. Size: commonly 12 cm, maxi- in total number; a small predorsal the coast of Pakistan to Indonesia, mum length 15 cm. Distribution: spine-like scute present. Teeth in jaws north to Taiwan. Remarks: schooling widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, small or minute, not canine-like. Max- fish found in inshore waters and estu- including the Red Sea, from the east illa very long, reaching posteriorly to a aries. Marketed fresh, dried and dried- coast of Africa to Samoa and Tahiti. point at least halfway along length of salted. (M. Matsunuma) Remarks: schooling fish found in pectoral fin and nearly to pelvic-fin 35 Thryssa mystax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Moustached Thryssa A 32–40 (usually 35–38); P2 7; LGR 14–16. Body somewhat deep, com- pressed; abdomen with 17–19 prepel- vic and 8–13 (usually 11) postpelvic keeled scutes, 24–32 (usually 28–30) in total number; a small predorsal spine-like scute present. Teeth in jaws small or minute, not canine-like. Max- illa long, reaching or almost reaching posteriorly to base of first pectoral-fin Thryssa mystax, KAUM–I. 16988, 13.0 cm SL ray. Anal fin long, its origin posterior off Terengganu (KT), 14 Dec. 2008 to vertical through end of dorsal-fin base; upper pectoral-fin ray not ex- tended as a filament. Scales cycloid; longitudinal scale rows 41–46. Color: body silvery white, brownish dorsally; a dark blotch of wavy lines posterior to upper part of gill opening; dorsal- fin tip black; upper, lower, and poste- rior margins of caudal fin black. Size: maximum length 16 cm. Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific, from the west coast of India to Indonesia, north to Gulf of Thailand. Remarks: school- ing fish found in inshore waters and Thryssa mystax, UMTF 1865, 11.9 cm SL estuaries. Marketed fresh, dried and off Terengganu (KT), 24 Dec. 2008 dried-salted. (M. Matsunuma) Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782) Longjaw Thryssa D 12; A 32–39 (usually 35–38); P2 7; LGR 10–12. Body somewhat deep, compressed; abdomen with 16–18 prepelvic and 9–10 postpelvic keeled scutes, 25–28 in total number; a small predorsal spine-like scute present. Teeth in jaws small or minute, not ca- nine-like. Maxilla very long, reaching posteriorly at least to tip of pectoral Thryssa setirostris, KAUM–I. 17021, 10.6 cm SL fins, usually to pelvic-fin base, or even off Terengganu (KT), 16 Dec. 2008 to anal-fin origin. Anal fin long, its origin at or posterior to vertical through end of dorsal-fin base; upper der posterior to upper part of gill Oman east to Vanuatu, northern Aus- pectoral-fin ray not extended as a fila- opening; dorsal and caudal fins dusky tralia north to Taiwan. Remarks: ment. Scales cycloid; longitudinal to deep yellow, margins charcoal; anal schooling fish mostly found in close scale rows 41–46 (usually 41–44). fin deep yellow or white; pectoral and inshore, entering bays and estuaries. Color: body silvery white, brownish pelvic fins pale yellow. Size: maxi- Marketed fresh, dried and dried-salted. dorsally; a diffuse patch of horizontal mum length 18 cm. Distribution: In- (M. Matsunuma) wavy gray or charcoal lines on shoul- do-West Pacific, from the Gulf of blight sil. etc. caeca. Marketed SL. with eyelids completely covering eyes. 11–13% SL. KAUM–I. spiral valve present in intes. A 29–36. Feeds on small fish- mum 1 m SL. strongly compressed. belly sharp. scutes nal. in inshore waters. Color: Similar families occurring in origin just above anal-fin origin.0 cm SL toral fin short. Gill rakers 17–22. A single genus. lateral line absent. from South Clupeidae – no fang-like teeth. pelvic fins small. Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål. 16 Dec. Size: maxi. Feeds on usually present on belly. 17023. No spinous fin rays. Remarks: occurring in coastal Engraulidae. commonly 30–50 cm es. Chirocentrus dorab. no pelvic scutes. squids. dorsal-fin with 16–19 rays. Color: dark blue. black South Africa to Solomon Is. north to marking on the upper part of dorsal southern Japan. anal ver laterally and ventrally.. directed upward. . both jaws with large canine teeth anterioly. Distribution: widely distributed fresh. pec. silvery ventrally. cloid. and ly forked. Scales small cy. its tine. 2008 large. caudal fin deep. Mouth off Terengganu (KT). Chirocentrus. Pristigasteridae.36 CHIROCENTRIDAE Wolf Herrings By Seishi Kimura Medium to large-sized silvery 2 fang-like teeth on fishes. with two species. P1 13–16. P2 6. Remarks: occurring fin. 1775) Dorab Wolf-herring D 16–18. maximum size about 1 m SL. Total vertebrae 69–75. GR 1–4 + 10–16. with 6–7 rays. fin with 30–35 rays. a series of canine teeth on lower jaw. 25. its dark bluish green dorsally. abdomi. Africa to Japan and Australia. crustaceans. in Indo-West Pacific from Red Sea and green dorsally. Eyes rela- tively small. No pyloric fishes. lateral line present. the area: Elopidae and Chanidae – base shorter than anal-fin base. Scales cy- cloid. Body elongate. caudal fin blackish. Two fang- lateral line absent like teeth on upper jaw. upper jaw Body elongate and strongly com- pressed. no scutes on belly branchiostegal rays 8. very small. area of Indo-West Pacific. no fanglike teeth. dried. or salted ones. Color: dark blue-green do-West Pacific. nu. lateral line absent. pectoral fins set used as fresh. and also Fiji. Megalopidae – lateral line present. gu- forked. gular plate pres- less than 28 rays. Distribution: In. short anal fin fin origin. jaws with cally blue-green dorsally. jaw articulation well fins. LGR 26–31. caudal fin deeply of nets. lar plate present. anal. 17.developed fang-like canine teeth. Marketed fresh. Amblygaster clupeoides Bleeker. margin with 2 outgrowths. situated near midpoint of body. pelvic fins inserting ing anterior to vertical through dorsal spots along flanks. second (posterior) Amblygaster clupeoides. 17040. and caudal along abdomen. no ab. P1 17. without bony radiat. Engraulidae – snout pig-like of dorsal. anal fin short plants. A 18. bran- in marine coastal areas. upper jaw mostly with 2 supra- maxillae.present. Chanidae – lateral line Remarks: schooling fishes found dominal scutes. with variable darker markings tion before vertical through eye. Body moderately slender. KAUM–I. spot at dorsal-fin below short dorsal fin. no abdominal scutes. silvery on similar families in having jaw articula. ing on small planktonic animals and 20). 37 CLUPEIDAE Herrings (Sardines) By Seishi Kimura and Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium-sized fishes (mostly 10 to 20 cm. gular plate present. Size: commonly to 15 cm. 2008 of maxilla not reaching posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of eye. Similar families occurring in the body highly compressed and elon- men. Small but important food fishes no abdominal scutes. dorsal fin single.6 cm SL supramaxilla symmetrical. a median series of predorsal mum length 18 cm. pectoral. Albulidae – lateral with 8 or 9 rays.behind eye. P2 8. somewhat cylindrical. teeth on jaws mostly absent or minute. branchiostegal rays usually 5–10 sometimes with canines. dorsal fin black. and no lateral line. no blackish of India to Indonesia. numerous branchiostegal rays low on body. silvery ventrally. no abdominal scutes. posterior tip off Terengganu (KT).merous branchiostegal rays (more than chiostegal rays few (4 or 5). Shoulder girdle (cleithrum) behind gill opening. and dark pigmentation on part less than 28 rays. belly rounded with 16–19 (usually 17) prepelvic and 11–14 (usu- ally 13) postpelvic somewhat weak scutes. Mouth terminal or somewhat superior except for members of Do. a black blotch Remarks: schooling fish found in ing striae. flanks. 2 supra- maxillae present. Upper jaw rounded without dis- tinct median notch or cleft. compressed or oval in cross- section. a series of scutes along abdo. 17 Dec. lateral line absent rosomatinae with mouth fully inferi- or. Matsunuma) scales present. (M. 1849 Bleeker's Smoothbelly Sardinella D 18. no abdominal scutes. Elopidae – lateral line present. and projecting. spots laterally on trunk. jaw articulation always anterior to vertical below eye. Fins with. some exceeding 50 cm) with silver-colored fusiform body. 8–9 pelvic-fin rays out spines. maxi. a series of scutes rays. dorsally. cloid. Color: typi. mostly Pristigasteridae – pelvic fins insert- including spot behind gill cover. or dried-salted. dried. from southern coasts . Chirocentridae – scales. Scales cy. 2 supramaxillae. anal fin long more than 30 origin. Opercle smooth. ish. Body covered with cycloid great contribution to local catches. pelvic fins abdominal taken by beach seine and other variety (more than 20).area: Clupeidae differs from other gate. coastal waters. mostly feed. Regionally some species have line present. ent. KAUM–I. Shoulder gir- dle (cleithrum) margin without fleshy outgrowths. Size: com- monly to 20 cm. Last dorsal-fin ray not fil- amentous. off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: found in D 18–21. maximum 23 cm SL. silvery bution: widely distributed in Indo. inshore waters and estuaries. a me- dian series of predorsal scales present. A 19–20. pelagic. P2 8. LGR 33–43. 17041. Amblygaster sirm. belly bution: Indo-West Pacific. A 15–19. off Terengganu (KT). P1 15–16. tonic crustaceans and small fishes. upper operculum to caudal-fin base. Marketed drical. 17130. cylin. north to Japan. Size: maximum ca. 2008 without bony radiating striae. 24 Dec. 15. A 15–17. Col- or: dark blue-green dorsally. inshore fish. Body very deep. 1 Jan. 2009 occiput to nape yellowish or gold. Distri. KAUM–I. Col- Size: maximum ca. with a narrow lateral band of West Pacific from the Persian Gulf to Slender Rainbow Sardine silvery gray and gold extending from New Caledonia. 18 cm SL. Body elongated. almost oval. Distribution: widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea and Madagascar to Kiribati and Fiji. 17 Dec. Scales cycloid with dentic- ulation along posterior margin. V 41–43. 11. silvery ventrally. Mouth inferior. P1 14–15. without bony striae. 2008 dried-salted. Feeds on plank- (S. 1792) Spotted Sardinella D 17–19. 28). Kimura) . KAUM–I. or dried-salted.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). belly keeled with scutes (ca. Dussumieria elopsoides tiny radiating striae posteriorly. Remarks: schooling fish found in coastal waters.38 Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum. Upper jaw with 2 supramax- illae. V 41–43. upper jaw with a distinct median notch. Distri- zoo. Marketed fresh.and phytoplanktons. 17057. 20 cm SL. P2 8.5 cm SL illae symmetrical. 10 Jan. P2 8. 17201. Body slender. Bleeker. KAUM–I. feeds on LGR 21–32.8 cm SL planktons. (S. 1849 or: dark blue-green dorsally. Opercle smooth. P1 16–17. Premaxillae rectangular. rounded without prepelvic or postpel. Shoul- der girdle (cleithrum) margin with 2 outgrowths. Kimura) vic scutes. dried. or dried-salted. feeds on copepods and other zoo. 2009 10 cm SL). somewhat cylindrical. strongly com- pressed (40–50% SL in specimens > Dussumieria elopsoides. Opercle smooth. dried. belly rounded with 16–17 prepelvic and 13–15 post- pelvic somewhat weak scutes (29–32 in total). 18). Kimura) Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton. a large black spot behind gill opening.and phyto- Anodontostoma chacunda. Remarks: fresh. darker dorsally. Longest lower gill rakers shorter than corre- sponding gill filaments. or off Terengganu (KT). 13. a series of 10–20 blackish spots laterally on trunk. the second (posterior) supramax. ventrally. slender (16–22% SL). LGR 54–96. 16. branchiostegal rays numerous (13– Marketed fresh. 1822) Chacunda Gizzard Shad D 17–19. Scales cycloid. a median series of predorsal scales present. dried.8 cm SL Color: body silvery. Scales cycloid with numerous (S. Dussumieria elopsoides. 27–31 (usually 28–30) in total number. of dorsal and caudal fins blackish. off Terengganu (KT). longitudinal scale rows usually tribution: Indo-West Pacific. Color: body sil. Body somewhat deep (27–37% SL). Remarks: schooling fish found (Valenciennes. 11. abdomen with sharply-keeled 15–17 prepelvic and 12–14 postpelvic scutes. mostly 29. Shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin without fleshy out- growths. off Terengganu (KT). Size: maximum ca.0 cm SL D 18. Size: commonly pressed. 20 Jan. Matsunuma) Size: commonly 10 cm. dorsal fin pale yellow. Scales cycloid. Upper jaw rounded. Mouth terminal. 16995. P2 8.3 cm SL bony radiating striae. Distribution: widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific from the Persian Gulf to northeastern Australia. Marketed fresh. 39 Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes. upper jaw with a distinct median notch. White Sardinella rays enlarged. abdomen keeled with prepelvic 41–43. A 18–19. blue-green dorsally. 2009 Body very deep and strongly com- pressed. P1 14–15. but variable from slender to rations and somewhat produced poste- 15–18 cm. a dark spot at dorsal- estuaries. vertical (M. %SL). maximum 14 shaped. Scales cycloid with denticulation along posterior mar- gin. center. not meeting at . tips planktons. without distinct median notch or cleft. orscute with ascending arms. pramaxilla symmetrical and paddle- (M. Sardinella albella. 14 Dec. Matsunuma) D 17–19. dried-salted. posterior border of cific. in total). 8–14. without bony striae. LGR 27–40. (S. in- shore waters. cm SL. KAUM–I. Opercle smooth. P2 8. Color: body silvery. A 20–22. Opercle smooth. 17297. 1847) White Sardine D 16. LGR 100–175. north to Vietnam and Philippines. Second su. maximum 25 cm SL. striae discontinuous. A 18–19. dried. 1847) gill opening with 2 fleshy outgrowths. P1 12–13.scutes 29–33 (usually 30–32). inner edges of caudal fin broadly dark- ish. Shoulder girdle off Terengganu (KT).and phyto. occiput to nape yellowish or gold. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- Sardinella albella ating bony striae. Dis. 7. 15. 2009 (cleithrum) margin without fleshy out- growths. feeds on zoo. 20 Jan. KAUM–I.6 cm SL ter of scale present. posterior part with a few perfo- behind gill opening. Body somewhat com. Kimura) Hilsa kelee (Cuvier. opercle smooth without radi. those on inner arches curled outward. Color: body semi-translucent with broad silvery midlateral stripe. 10 cm SL. blue- marks: found in inshore waters and and postpelvic scutes. total number of green dorsally. a black spotLGR 41–68. 17291. 2008 very. Mar- Anal fin short with 2 posteriormost keted fresh. P2 7. 1829) Kelee Shad Hilsa kelee. dried and dried-salted. compressed. without Escualosa thoracata. vertical striae overlapping at cen. Re. Gill rak- ers fine and numerous. KAUM–I. Frontoparietal striae (on top of head) numerous. Last dorsal- fin ray not filamentous. 2 supramaxilla present. pelvic fin origin. in reef-associated coastal waters. belly strongly keeled with 17–19 (mostly 18) prepel- vic and 10–12 (mostly 11) postpelvic scutes (28–30. Remarks: schooling fish found in coastal. moderately deep (body depth 25–40 riorly. Eye covered by adipose tis- sue. toral fins in 2 parts. pelvic scute with ascending arms. dried-salted and/or boiled. posterior off Terengganu (KR). posterior part dorsal and caudal fins blackish. 30–40 in lateral line. scutes usually present long unattached rays. pec- Chanos chanos (Forsskål. Polynemidae – mouth much smaller. total number of scutes 32–34. Mugilidae – 2 chiostegal rays (only 4 in Chanos). A 17–21. scales large. with in Indo-West Pacific from East Afri- teriormost rays enlarged. anal fin short. GR 147–160 + 107–165. dried. Scales 70–100 cm SL. Clupeidae – size along belly. Mouth small. LGR 45–60. 2009 border of gill opening with 2 fleshy outgrowths. with scale dorsally. usually 6 or 7 bran. Body elon- gate. Remarks: schooling fish not meeting at center. Important food fish. last dorsal-fin ray filamentous. 13. anal. 13. pectoral fins set high on no lateral line.2 cm SL out radiating bony striae. KAUM–I. no teeth on jaws Similar families occurring in the area: Megalopidae – a bony gular plate present between arms of lower lateral line present jaw. Anal fin short with 2 pos. Color: silver later. Color: SL. terminal. and caudal fins Remarks: occurring in marine and flaps at base in adults. pectoral and pel. Elopidae – mouth much larger. caudal fin ally and ventrally. Body moderately slender (body depth 25–40% SL). close to caudal fin. 2008 ated on about midpoint of body. dried. moderately compressed. P2 8. Marketed with numerous small perforations. P1 14–17. longitudinal scale rows 43–47. Scales cy. a 4 branchiostegal rays bony gular plate present between arms of lower jaw. A 9–11. no bony gular plate between arms of lower Chanos chanos. lower jaw with small tubercle at tip. Size: found in coastal waters. . no scutes along velly. LL 75–91. large. a thin golden midlateral line. 17174. 1775) Milkfish D 13–17.40 Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker. Size: commonly brackish waters. spot at dorsal-fin origin. Matsunuma) CHANIDAE Milkfish By Mizuki Matsunuma This family represented by a single species.5 cm SL jaw. Sec- ond supramaxilla symmetrical and paddle-shaped. vertical striae discontinuous. subterminal. and small and smooth. large and deeply forked. P2 9–11. fitting into a notch in upper jaw. lower part with dorsal fins. Sardinella gibbosa. Branchiostegal rays 4. olive-green or blue tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific. opercle smooth with. canned. north cloid. maximum 17 cm fresh. 16451. a dark can coasts to eastern Australia. Dorsal situ- estuary near UMT. Distribution: widely distributed (M. without teeth. 5 Jan. Distribution: widely distributed in smoked. body. dorsal. abdomen keeled with prepelvic and postpelvic scutes. margins of to Taiwan. blue-green dorsally. commonly 15 cm. maximum 1. no lateral line. see the following species ac- mouth terminal count. vic fins with axillary scales. KAUM–I. body silvery. with dark margin.5 m SL. 1849) Goldstripe Sardinella D 17–20. 2 dorsal fins. marketed fresh. 28 Sept. anal fin not confluent capable of producing painful sting. (Siluridae. Plotosus lineatus. Size: commonly 20 cm. whitish ventrally. extending onto head. 10–12. brack. reaching to or slightly beyond posterior margin of eye. of which 2 extending onto head. in ma. anal fin short and not confluent Palate with teeth. except on up. extend the fin anteriorly other catfish families in having a tween widely separated anterior and to at least vertical line at anal-fin ori. 1 pair be. with no pungent serrated spine at an- ing edge. Ariidae Teeth present on jaws. or black. maxi. ent. P1 I. sal adipose fin absent. adipose fin pres- per jaw of some fresh-water species. Each ser- rica to Samoa. KAUM–I. and anal fins. often molariform.5 cm SL opening directed anteriorly. Juveniles forming dense rate spine of dorsal and pectoral fins north to southern Japan. A 68–80. Body somewhat elongate. often entering occurring in small schools. northern Australia estuaries. anal fin long and continuous with ous. thus forming a second dorsal fin caudal fin confluent with dorsal pro- mouth and 2 pairs on lower jaw. series of procurrent caudal-fin rays Similar families occurring in water species. nasal barbel absent. Color: body – caudal fin forked. 2008 mum 30 cm. dor. 4. nasal and maxillary barbels short. adults solitary or venomous and highly dangerous. . Remarks: ballshaped schools. Lateral line complete. molariform teeth sometimes found in side of body.4 cm SL brown. without scales or bony plates. 17010. Body elongate. sometimes with light stripes along with caudal fin. 1787) Striped Eel Catfish D I. but marketed mostly fresh and lo- rounded or pointed caudal fin. gill mem- Bidong Island. origin of dor- sal procurrent caudal fin inserting ver- tical above pelvic-fin base.found in coastal waters. Clariidae and Hetero- located just posterior of head. and marine waters of tropical and pneustidae) – dorsal and pectoral fins with a pungent serrated spine at lead. tan. Australia and New Guinea. tapering posteriorly. Mouth surrounded consists of elongate rays which. 2008 branes narrowly attached across isth- mus. current caudal. dendritic organ (marine species). 2 or 3narrow pale-yellow longitudinal stripes on body. dendritic organ yellowish Plotosus lineatus. brown. barbels dark brown. dorsal cally may be important. with caudal fin. found in all marine. that is continuous with caudal fin. A dendritic organ. Color: head and body dark brown. 1 pair at corner of gin. Other freshwater catfish families lower jaw. each ish. rine species. Venom. lighter ventrally. P2 10–13. and some fresh. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. the area: Plotosidae differs from all with barbels in 4 pairs. off Terengganu (KT). 26. fin spines venomous and ic. Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg. UMTF 1355 (KAUM–I. no scales running along middle of body and extending nearly to caudal-fin base. some up to second dorsal. body depth more than 15% SL. 16658). 15 Dec. from the Red Sea and east coast of Af. ante- rior nostril situated dorsal to upper lip. caudal and anal fins confluent 100 cm) catfishes. subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacif. GR 6–8 + 20–23 = 27–31. DPC 89–111. freshwater species restricted to terior edge. located along ven- tral midline of body just anterior to 4 pairs of berbels anal-fin origin and posterior to anus. 13 Oct. and posterior nostrils. 41 PLOTOSIDAE Eeltail Catfishes (Eel Catfishes) By Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium-sized (com- monly less than 40cm. 20. Dorsal and pectoral fins Remarks: found in fresh. located well Arius maculatus. . naked body. Dorsal fin fin with a black spots in some species. 16925. robust. Body naked. nasal barbells 14–36 soft rays. adipose fin just above anal fin pressed. usually fin confluent with long-based anal ent prior to dorsal spine. and no spine followed by 7 branched rays. Body elongated. usually serrated Remarks: occurring in tropical above anal fin. Color: body dark. caudal fin short anal-fin base deeply forked no nasal barbels. with a dorso- median grove. lateral line bifurcates behind caudal fin base. P2 6. free vertebrae 41–44. head depressed but tail com. no dorsal fin spine. two. freshwater areas of the world. jaw teeth small. Remarks: inhabits cm. 1792) Spotted Catfish D I. inner gill off Terengganu (KT). no adipose fin. Bony shield dorsally on head usually visible. adipose fin spine. Food fish. Omnivorous. Siluridae and pectoral fins low on the sides of body feed on crustaceans. 1–3 pairs of berbels palatal teeth on small or large patch- es. river estuaries. Plotosidae – caudal very small spinelet or buckler pres. or three pairs of barbells present around the mouth. snout rounded. and nasal barbells. Gulf of coastal waters and estuaries. usually serrated dorsal and attached isthmus anteriorly. and Java. Pangasidae vic fins abdominal with 6 branched Similar families occurring in the (freshwater) – long-based anal fin. short-based anal fin. spine and 7–13 branched rays. adipose fin just with a long. KAUM–I. Borneo. deeply forked caudal fin. all fins somewhat brownish. dorsomedian head groove narrower and deeper posteriorly. eggs in its mouth cavity. mollusks. Body elongated. usually sal barbells present. Males incubating the fertilized barbells present. Color: body silvery. Thailand. head de- pressed. on a sin- gle pair of oval patches.3 cm SL posterior to upper oral valve. P1 I. 7. brownish green dorsally. palatal teeth small conical with blunt tip or molariform. GR 5–7 + 11–14. rays. a to temperate marine. fin. gill membranes joined together developed. long-based anal fin. silvery ventrally. head shield and supraoccipi- tal process weakly striated and granu- lated. anal fin with found in coastal and estuarine habitats. brown. ish dorsally. robust. branchiostegal rays 5–7. Pacific coasts of Peninsular adipose fin pale with a prominent dark Thailand and Malaysia. extending posteriorly to nuchal bone. caudal fin deeply abundant in mangrove areas and large present. adipose fin present just above area: Ariidae is distinguished from anal fin.8 m. and Clariidae (both freshwater) – nasal with a usually long and serrated fishes. one. A 19–23. having a long. compressed. 9–10. pel. 10 Dec. mouth terminal or inferior.42 ARIIDAE Sea Catfishes By Seishi Kimura Medium to large sized marine and freshwater catfishes. Size: maximum length 50 matra. Su- marking. lateral line well other Indo-Pacific catfish families in Arius maculatus (Thunberg. Bagridae (freshwater) – na- forked with 15 (7 + 8) principal rays. maximum dorsal-fin spine usually serrated size about 1. snout pointed or no scales rounded anterior and posterior nos- trils close together. 2008 rakers present on all gill arches. ar- ranged into narrow or broad bands. Distribution: Vietnam. estuarine. 15. adipose fin distally black- D I. 10. GR palatal teeth granular or conical with ish or with a black marking. tips sharp. KAUM–I. P1 I. brownish dorsally. Hexanematichtys sagor. KAUM–I. caudal fin lobes somewhat long. 40. several golden green vertical stripes on body. adipose fin small.9 cm SL Plicofollis dussumieri off Terengganu (KT). A 14–18. inner gill rakers absent on the an- terior 2 gill arches. Body elongated. lateral line bifurcates behind caudal fin base. A 14–19. strap. Remarks: inhabits coastal waters and estuaries. pectoral-fin spine longer than dorsal-fin spine. all . compressed. posterior patch elon. head broad. 43 Hexanematichthys sagor (Hamilton. ed posteriorly. anterior patch tion: Indian Ocean. Color: body silvery. 19. 15 Dec. 7. Remarks: in- distinctly deeper anterior to supraoc. adipose fin pale. blue-brownish dorsally. depressed. Color: body silvery. P1 I. dorso- median head groove short and shallow. inner patches on both sides off Terengganu (KT). 7–8. 17013. 17072. P2 6. supraoccipital process body silvery. Distribution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. Body elongated. inner gill rakers absent Borneo. from Pakistan to Borneo and Java. fins dusky. Size: maximum length 130 cm SL. head shield and su. its apex con- vex. Size: maxi- mum length 45 cm SL. supraoccipital hemispherical in adults. 10. tudinally arranged. free vertebrae 38–45. V 53–55. 11 Dec. V-shaped posteriorly. slender. P2 6. small and oval. Distribu- Head depressed. inner gill rakers absent on the anterior 2 gill arches. 2008 (Valenciennes. 11. 1822) Sagor Sea Catfish D I. on 3 pairs of patch- es.0 cm SL valve. brownish dorsally. head shield and supraoccipi- tal process finely granulated. P2 6. Pacific coast of praoccipital process weakly granulat. 11–13. 14. maximum length 75 cm. P1 I. KAUM–I. and Sumatra. 27 Dec. compressed. Color: habits coastal waters and estuaries. Plicofollis dussumieri. on 2 pairs of patches. UMTF 1071 (KAUM–I. barbels flattened. GR 12–18. 16679). GR 4–5 + 8–10. 7. 2008 (Rüppell. palatal teeth minute. Body elongated. off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: inhab- its coastal waters. on 2 pairs of patches longi. compressed. 1840) Blacktip Sea Catfish triangular with sharp median keel. dorsomedian groove gate. A 16–19. tips sharp. Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia. adipose fin with a black marking. located just posterior to upper oral Netuma thalassina. 21 Oct. 2008 like. cipital process. palatal teeth conical. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. blunt tips. north to Philippines and southern China. head de- pressed. 2008 separated. 1837) Giant Sea Catfish D I. 16969. dorsomedian head groove short. from East Africa to eastern Australia. slender. on the anterior 2 gill arches. Size: 14–16. inner patches smaller Hexanematichthys sagor.7 cm SL Netuma thalassina Kemaman.0 cm SL than outer. head shield striated. branchiostegal rays rays. Remarks: found in coastal waters of sandy mud bottom. Marketed extensively as a relish with curry. caudal fin forked. palatine teeth arranged ventrally. PDS 16–19. Body elongate. hind tip of upper jaw extending well beyond hind mar- gin of eye. Bathysauridae – head depressed posterior to dorsal fin base. Size: maximum 40 cm SL. dorsal fin located about ings. Pectoral fin short. Outer. fins blackish. numerous needle. hind tip of upper jaw not or nous fin rays. present. P2 9. Pecto- ral fin very long. teeth on jaws and 7–18 anal-fin rays like teeth on jaws and palatines. pelvic fins close together. 27. with black pigments dor- sally. (M. pelvic fin rays 8. P1 13–16. present. keted fresh. Remarks: found in shallow coast- mouth closed. hind tip of upper jaw not ex- the posterior half of body and along Similar families occurring in the tending beyond center of eye. commonly 20–40 cm. A 13–15. mouth large. Color: body cream. P1 10–12. lateral line. 8–17 Remarks: occurring in tropical to conspicuously. 2009 dorsal and pelvic fins large. KAUM–I.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 20 Jan. Peritoneum either pale with sev. 9–15 rays. rays. Distribution: widely distributed in and caudal peduncle somewhat de. lateral line extending as a median lobe of caudal fin. (S. upper margin of fishes. a single supramaxilla numerous needle-like small or absent. bands in 3 or 4 rows anteriorly. 8–13. KAUM–I. – a single elongate supramaxilla fin. lower jaw longer than upper jaw. most ray of pelvic fin subequal to in. well compressed. A 10–11. brown or reddish with variable mark. Matsunuma) Saurida tumbil (Bloch. coral. of eye. 15 Jan. Body slender. silvery white lia. Scales restricted to posteri- or half of body. terior tip not or only just reaching to the Indo-West Pacific from east coast pressed. and squids. palatines branchiostegal rays 12–18. Body subcylindrical. 2009 Greater Lizardfish D 11–13. its pos.44 SYNODONTIDAE Lizardfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma and Seishi Kimura Small to medium-sized marine 9–18 dorsal-fin rays fishes. Mouth large. anal fin eral black spots. Cycloid scales present at least on Feed on small fishes and crustaceans. Color: body of Africa. palatine teeth on the outer caudal fin without any marking. Distribution: widely dis- tributed in Indo-West Pacific from In- dia to Solomon Islands.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Mar- mouth. P2 9. its posterior tip ex- tending beyond origin of dorsal fin. pectoral fin and lower lobe al sandy or muddy bottoms. Head nermost ray. pose fin with a black marking. adi. No spi. 1822) Bombay Duck D 10–13. 17241. numerous small insertion of pelvic fin. mouth large adipose fin present cylindrical. 1795) Saurida tumbil. Color: body usually area: Aulopidae – two supramaxillae Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton. Harpadon nehereus. mouth large. adipose fin present or absent. and moderately elongat- ed. or black. 8–9 usually found on rocky. Feeds on in two bands on each side of roof of of caudal fin dusky. 19 principal temperate marine and estuarine areas. Red Sea to eastern Austra- teeth exposed on side of jaws when light brown dorsally. maximum length about 25 cm SL. maximum size about 70 cm. Kimura) . crustaceans. adipose fin present above anal or muddy bottoms in shallow waters. north to southern Japan. 17293. elongate. V 56–61. 7. Chlorophthalmidae rays. Size: LL 59–65. slightly extending beyond hind margin midpoint of body. sandy. base longer than dorsal fin base. Matsunuma) . pec.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). divided dorsally into 3 or 4 D 11–14. its pos- terior tip not reaching a line between origins of pelvic and dorsal fins. north to Gulf of Thailand. UMTF 1360 (KAUM–I. silvery white ven- trally. Remarks: found in shallow shorter than innermost ray. elongate. mouth large. Size: maximum elongate. anteriormost palatine teeth longer than more poste- rior teeth. numerous small teeth exposed on side of jaws when mouth closed. KAUM–I. 24. P1 11–13. Head and caudal peduncle somewhat de- pressed. 2009 bands in only 2 rows anteriorly. P2 8. pectoral fin short. a large black spot diamond-shaped patches at level of the at upper end of gill opening. anal fin seas except for Eastern Pacific. 16. palatine teeth arranged in two bands on each side of roof of Saurida undosquamis. PDS 18–21. mouth caudal fin yellow. 2008 Ocean and West Pacific from Arabian Gulf to northern and southwestern Australia. Head somewhat depressed. 28 Dec. (M. peritoneal spots. marks: found in shallows to 400 m on (M. LL 49–55. caudal peduncle slightly compressed. 14. P1 12–13. 11 Jan. Distribution: cir- Pacific from northern Australia to Tai. Body fusiform. palatine with a row of teeth. vic fin with a yellow stripe basally. with about 8 brown saddle-like Trachinocephalus myops nating narrow dark-edged pale blue patches extending laterally. 17094. snout very short. A 9–10. PLS 55–57. adipose fin with a black marking. Re- coastal sandy or muddy bottoms. Pectoral fin short. Distribution: eastern Indian off Terengganu (KT). pel- separate finger-like branches. 9–11 LL 51–61. 17242. 1981) Tectus Lizardfish Synodus tectus. length 25 cm SL. Outermost ray of pelvic fin distinctly cumglobal in tropical and subtropical wan. Color: body with alter. P2 8. Color: body Bidong Island. a black spot on upper edge Bluntnose Lizardfish yellow stripe on dorsal fin. pectoral fin and lower lobe of caudal fin dusky. mouth large. anal fin base shorter than dorsal fin base. V 54–55. 2009 D 13–14. Size: maximum length 17 cm SL. Body fu- siform. Size: maximum length about 28 cm Synodus tectus. Matsunuma) Synodus tectus (Cressey. KAUM–I. V 54–56. about 5 lateral line. Remarks: found in shallow coastal sandy or muddy bottoms. Col- or: body light brown dorsally. Matsunuma) toral fin short. its posterior tip not reaching a line between origins of Trachinocephalus myops.7 cm SL mouth. forming (Forster. UMTF 1891. 16. A 10–11. Outer- most ray of pelvic fin subequal to in- nermost ray.4 cm SL SL. palatine teeth on the outer off Terengganu (KT). silvery white ventrally. V 50–53. 15 Jan. P1 13–14. Outermost ray of pelvic fin distinctly shorter than innermost ray. adipose of opercle. A 13–18. 1801) and yellow stripes. elongate. 1848) Brushtooth Lizardfish D 10–13. Distribution: West large. sandy bottom. and anal fins with yellow margin. 2008 light brown dorsally. 16572). P2 9. 45 Saurida undosquamis (Richardson. 13 Oct. upper margin of caudal fin with 6–16 black dots. PDS 13–15. Body subcylindrical. (M.6 cm SL pelvic and dorsal fins. hyomandibula with large foramen. Supramaxilla mouth terminal absent. highly modified first dorsal fin ray in larvae. 5 Jan. 1846) Silver Pearlfish P1 17–21. no scales Scapula and coracoid fused. off Terengganu (KR). P2 0. and northern very. often with strong teeth. head depth slightly greater than body depth. V 116–128. compressed. Swimbladder without ridges an intrinsic constriction. in most species when adults. movable. connected to caudal fin to caudal fin. KAUM–I. Scales absent. Body Encheliophis homei. 2009 terior to vertical through at pectoral fin base. side of jaws with some blackish Australia north to southern Japan. 5 Jan. dorsal fin rays shorter anus below pectoral fins than opposing anal fin rays. free-living adults in some species. from Madagascar translucent. east to Society Islands. eries. primarily holothurians (sea cu. Body elongate and compressed or subcy- lindrical. cheek and abdomen sil. 10. its length subequal Encheliophis homei. Eye diameter subequal to dorsal fin long. 17186. the area: Ophidiidae – body scales parent to brownish. KAUM–I. Usually pe. Size: maximum length 19 marks: commensal in sea cucumbers. connected anal fin long. Anus located be. villiform teeth on jaws. brates. No spines on opercle. ray. or without lagic in larvae and benthic in adults. Mouth moderate. Color: semitrans. maxilla free from cheek. Dorsal and anal fins long. Pelvic fin with a soft ray. moderately deep waters. but no importance to fisheries. pectoral fin relatively long. Distribution: widely distributed (M. Anus located an.6 cm SL to upper jaw length. A bycatch in some sea cucumber fish- Encheliophis homei (Richardson. 10. anus located behind posteri- Remarks: occurs in shallow to cumbers). 2009 elongate. 17187. Re- pigment. upper distal radial of pectoral fins enlarged.5 cm SL off Terengganu (KR). Dorsal fin origin posterior to anal fin origin. Similar families occurring in low pectoral fins. Mouth terminal. present.46 CARAPIDAE Pearlfishes By Hiroyuki Motomura and Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium-sized fishes. without fangs. connected to caudal fin snout length in adults. Color: body in the Indo-Pacific. cm. Matsunuma) . commensals in body cavity of inverte. rarely reaching 50 cm TL. or tip of pectoral fin. Body relatively elongate. A well developed spine on opercle usually present. more than 7 long gill rakers on ante- cept in species with prolonged pecto. Gadidae and eye-spots. eyes well developed. snout bluntly round- ed. Macrouridae – pelvic ral fins. sev- eral brown blotch on dorsal and caudal fins. and South and East China Sea. anus placed below pectoral fins. Distribution: Indo. Anterior nostril placed midway between upper lip spine on opercle and posterior nostril. 2009 pelvic fins closed to each other. Gulf of Thailand. No spines on preopercle.Western Australia. connecting over the pre- dorsal and head to the other side. Scale cycloid. including the Red Sea. Dorsal and Sirembo jerdoni. Supramaxilla present. Dorsal and anal fins long. from each other. lateral line present or absent. Teeth usually small. KAUM–I. fin rays longer than opposing dorsal-fin Moridae – pelvic fins well separated Remarks: most of species oc. 5 Jan. 14. with horizontal or vertical bars and area: Carapidae – scales absent.2 cm SL anal fins long. tance. some Similar families occurring in the fins well separated from each other. Col- or: body silvery white. not reaching posterior margin of opercle. anal. 2008 West Pacific. 1888) Brownbanded Cuskeel D 89–95.8 cm SL monly 10 cm SL. Usually no commercial impor. P2 1. Color: very variable. oblique bands on head and an- terior body. locat- ed below level of posterior margin of eye. anal fin with a brown stripe ba- sally. Bay of Bengal. reaching 200 cm. mediately above upper lip. Very seldom less than 7 long gill rakers on anterior gill arch. A 64–68. joined to caudal fin. off Terengganu (KT). rays. joined to caudal fin. not joined to caudal fin. the Bythitidae – anterior nostril placed im. Scales present. 10. spine on opercle short. few shallow water species are cryp. 47 OPHIDIIDAE Cusk Eels By Mizuki Matsunuma Median to large-sized marine fishes. and blunt- tipped. Size: com. anus usually posterior to pectoral fins Pelvic fin rays 0–2. tic. densely distributed. 17028. with 3–4 broad. P1 22–24. blackish marginally. KAUM–I. with more than 2 rays. but not attenuate. rior gill arch. 17 Dec. Body mod- erately elongate. . off Terengganu (KR). dorsal and anal fins curs pelagically at great depths. Anus placed posterior to pectoral fins ex. 17170. Remarks: found in moderate to deep waters at depths of 57–99 m. Philippines. Dorsal fin rays normally pelvic fin rays 0–2 longer than opposing anal fin rays. very seldom Sirembo jerdoni (Day. Sirembo jerdoni. compressed. or brown. Color: body red. 12–13. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. deep. Caudal pelvic fin I. Pecto- ral-fin rays unbranched.4 cm SL Bidong Island. KAUM–I. Body Remarks: most species inhabiting a single. changing color es longer than themselves. Similar families occurring in the variable. floating on water surface. orange. Gill opening. 5. and also from islands of the eastern Atlantic. base of the spine be- hind upper jaw symphysis. large. buoyant gelatinous covered with loose skin. Released eggs embedded in with I spine and 5 soft rays. naked or on bottom in shallow waters. pink. largest dorsal fin III. often closely matching that Feeds on fishes. first spine free from rest of fin. 1817) Spotfin Frogfish D I + I + I. tan. with a small oblique to vertical pore. Antennarius nummifer (Cuvier.48 ANTENNARIIDAE Frogfishes By Hiroyuki Motomura Small to moderate fishes. leg-like. Remarks: usu- ally found on reefs in shallow waters to a depth of 293 m. 10–16 species attaining to over 50 cm. Gill opening below pectoral- fin base. strongly hind pectoral-fin base. sometimes large fish. from east coast of Africa east to the Hawaiian and Mar- quesas Islands. First dorsal-fin spine with a fleshy tentacle. strongly oblique to ver- tical. mouth large. 6–10 anal-fin rays Anal fin with 6–10 soft rays. clinging in floating algae. Color: extremely cies pelagic. C 9. 16629. Antennarius nummifer. Pelvic fin within a few weeks in some species. globose. subequal in length to second dorsalfin spine. elongate. 5 fin rounded. also canni. curring in shore waters in the area. . villiform teeth on jaws and palatines. com- pressed. slightly compressed. area: families with an esca not oc- of surroundings. with a large black spot at dor. one spe. Body short. mass. most esca species less than 20 cm. Dorsal fin with III spines and 10–16 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 6–14 rays. P2 I. 1. Size: maximum length 13 cm. illicium short. below or be. nearly always with a well-devel- oped terminal bait (esca). second and third spines covered by thick skin. 13 Oct. Body globose. spinous portion of fin widely separated from soft-rayed 6–14 pectoral-fin rays portion. Mouth large. 2008 sal-fin base. balistic. Posterior end of dorsal fin not broadly connected by membrane to caudal peduncle. A 7–8. with denticles. P1 10–11. yellow. second spine without membrane posteriorly. dusky longitudi- nal stripes on body. Head width subequal to depth. Scales cycloid or ctenoid. Siti Tafzilmeriam S. Frequently schooling. (2004). fins transparent.0 cm SL posed when mouth closed. 26 Dec. commonly to 25 cm TL. Shibukawa & S. Chelon subviridis. Size: 40 cm SL. LR 27–33. seines. Head subcy- lindrical. Ghasemzadeh et al. Marketed fresh and salted. Many spe. flattened dorsally. 19. with I spine and 5 rays. hind tip of maxilla ex. salted or boiled. pectoral fins high on Remarks: fast swimming fishes. 16788). lateral line absent. with III–VIII flexible spines. emarginate or nearly often enter freshwater areas and la. darkened dor- sally. Generic as- side of body. 2008 dorsal and anal fins pointed but not falcate. 3–6 indistinct. Second off Terengganu (KT). P1 14–17. Color: head and by various nets (e.. caudal fin bluish with dusky narrow margin. darkened and gill nets) and usually marketed with I spine and usually 9–10 soft dorsally.g. may be also marketed. and Seishi Kimura Medium to large sized (up to 100 IV first dorsal fin spines. roe rays. UMTF 1025 (KAUM–I. anal-fin spine. eyes often partly covered lateral line absent by well-developed adipose eyelid. fre- quently enters lower reaches of streams. the anterior three close together at base. frozen. Pyloric caeca 4–6. compressed posteri- orly. first dorsal fin with IV pun. (K. 8–9. no elongate scale (axillary scale) above pectoral-fin base. caught three spines separate at base. live bait in tuna fishing. Two dorsal fins well separated from one another. 1836) Greenback Mullet D IV + 8–10. cast nets. pelvic fins subabdomi. caudal fin emarginate. and mangrove swamps. 2 Nov. A III. a single toral and pelvic fins. Feed on area: Atherinidae – first dorsal fin moderately large. 17064. Body 3 close together at base subcylindrical. 2008 . K. 49 MUGILIDAE Mullets By Koichi Shibukawa. anterior scales usually present at base of pec. dusky or fresh. fin lunate. Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes. flattened dorsally in many species. 11. mouth moderately small. Body moderately robust (depth usually 22–26% of SL). Similar families occurring in the truncate. cies are important to fisheries. anal fins with II–III spines and yellowish. inhabits coastal waters (usually to signment follows Senou (2002) and nal. Scales ctenoid. goons.9 cm SL Merang. teeth minute or absent. Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters. the anteriror cm) moderately slender fishes. often used as 7–12 soft rays. estuaries. KAUM–I. caudal depths of 20 m) including estuaries. com- pressed posteriorly. enlarged axillary detritus or small organisms. adipose eyelid weakly developed posteriorly. Color: head and body silvery. not covering iris. second dorsal fin body more or less silvery. terminal or inferior. A. Dis- tribution: Indo-Pacific. II–III anal-fin spines gent spines. Tafzilmeriam) Chelon subviridis. Color: head and body sil- very.). 2009 truncate. caudal fin off Terengganu (KT). P1 15–17. 2008 Delicate Mullet D IV + 8. 2008 in beaches and estuaries. 7. LR 25–29. Tafzilmeriam) Moolgarda delicata (Alleyne & Macleay.8 cm SL pointed but not falcate. 1825) Squaretail Mullet D IV + 7–9. Kimura) Moolgarda delicata. 28 Sept. 9. pyloric caeca not branching. 8. Size: 60 cm SL. Head wider than deep. com. darkened dorsally. Marketed fresh and salted. pectoral fin entirely black. (K. UMTF 1314 (KAUM–I. commonly to 35 cm TL. P1 15–18. 16684). Second dorsal and anal fins Ellochelon vaigiensis. 2008 . Remarks: occurring estuary near UMT. Shibukawa & S. shading silvery on side and ventrally. 24. a dark blue spot at origin of pectoral fin. Scales ctenoid. A III. 4. Although Thomson (1997) treated this nominal name as a synonym of Valamugil seheli (Forsskål. posterior end of maxilla concealed when mouth closed.1 cm SL Kemaman.50 Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard. caudal fin forked. compressed posteriorly. Color: greenish or brownish gray dorsally. up to 23 in about 2 bunches. 8. 21 Oct. Size: about 13 cm SL. (S. the former is consid- ered as valid species (H. adipose eyelid covering none of iris. 16454). snout rounded. Distribution: Moolgarda delicata. flattened dorsally. dusky longitudinal stripes on body. Body moderately robust (depth usually 20–27% of SL).6 cm SL western Pacific. no elongate scale (axillary scale) above pectoral-fin base. adipose eyelid poorly developed. posterior margin of caudal fin black. UMTF 1229 (KAUM–I. hind tip of maxilla exposed when mouth closed. 1775). 16789). Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters. Senou pers. 17314. and enters estuaries. LR 34–36. mouth small and terminal. 20 Jan. Pyloric caeca much divided. 2 Nov. A III. anal and caudal fins yellowish. 5–6 indis- tinct. Distribu- tion: Indo-Pacific.1 cm SL Merang. 1877) Ellochelon vaigiensis. KAUM–I. Body elongate. UMTF 1293 (KAUM–I. scales cycloid with crenulated membranous edge. caudal fin emarginate.0 cm SL with a digitated membranous posterior off Terengganu. Second dorsal and anal fins long. A III. 1836) Longfinned Mullet D IV + 8–10. Caudal fin emarginate. 2008 margin. Remarks: found in coastal wa- ters and estuaries. P1 15–18. 4. Tafzilmeriam) Oedalechilus labiosus (Valenciennes. 9. 51 Moolgarda perusii (Valenciennes. adipose eyefold absent. 2008 splitting it into upper and lower lobes. Color: greenish dorsally. 16669). Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. ridges small and ap- pear as papillae on upper lobe. Size: maximum 25 cm TL. UMTF 1217 (KAUM–I. Scales Moolgarda perusii. commonly to 20 cm TL. Body moderately robust (depth 24–35 % SL). Color: body olive dorsally. flanks and abdomen silvery. upper lip with deep longitudinal fold near its ventral edge. Pyloric caeca 3–4. extending over iris. ridges on lower lobe better developed. 12 Oct. 7. 9. KAUM–I. LR 33–37. Body moderately deep.0 cm SL Bidong Island. and seines. 20 Oct. Pyloric caeca 5–7. pectoral fins with dark spot dorsally at origin.7 cm SL Kemaman. A III. 2008 . Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters. fins greenish or yellowish. Tafzilmeriam) Oedalechilus labiosus. Moolgarda perusii. (S. 16623). Head deeper than wide and dorsally flattened. Size: maximum 40 cm SL. silvery ventrally. 1836) Hornlip Mullet D IV + 8–9. upper and lower lips form folds tucked under preorbital at corners of mouth. Caught with gill nets. UMTF 1230 (KAUM–I. P1 15–17. 28 Dec. compressed posteriorly. these lobes fringed with ridges of horny epidermis. 17106. commonly to 15 cm TL. Scales cycloid or weakly ctenoid. but not fal- cate. hind tip of maxilla concealed when mouth closed. Distribution: Indo-Pa- cific. LR 31–34. lift nets. adipose eyefold developed. Head relatively flattened dorsally. 15. thoracic and abdominal scales more distinctly ctenoid. (S. coral reefs and in har- bors. a small gold spot on opercle. 2 dorsal fins. mouth terminal sal fins well separated. deep. Two dor. Remarks: sus. premaxilla. the center of the fourth scale row at broad (ca. more numerous midlateral scales (40– from East Africa to Tonga.5 scale width) silvery lon. II or ish brown dorsally. anterior 3 sent. and A. anus near or usually be- yond pelvic-fin tips. 7–13. Body slender cylindri- cal or somewhat compressed with round belly. A. pinguis differ from the re. tering estuaries. LR 40–44. III anal fin spines. A I. crenolepis. 12–16. A. Eyes large. morus is characterized by having a Although A. 5. A. A. relatively large. the low- gitudinal band on side. hind tip of upper jaw not extending to posterior margin of eye. specimens) stripe on the side of body. usually found in extending beyond posterior margin fins high on the sides of body with beaches and seagrass areas. nomorus (A. pinguis. A. up- per jaw reaching to or slightly beyond Atherinomorus lacunosus. are distributed in the West Pacific er margin reaching to the ventral end mum length about 14 cm SL. upper margin of the dentary almost flat distally. pinguis in general morphology. a A. Phallostethidae – a broad silvery (black in preserved hind pelvic fin base. the area: Atherinidae is distinguished dorsal fin with IV spines. anus located be. Atherinomorus end- occurring in beaches. duodecimalis. pelvic fins abdominal to entangling filaments on chorion. Similar families occurring in with keeled belly. Eggs with of eye. KAUM–I. and A. A. Seven species of Atheri. Color: body greenish or green. regina) level of the anal fin origin vs. rachtensis has 33–35 midlateral scales. interorbital lateral line absent area flat. first anus anterior. dorsal-fin spines separated each other Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster. silvery ventrally. 1. coasts of Southeast Asian countries. in fins. commonly 5–10 cm. Distri. 7. mouth small and terminal. distinct tubercle at the posterior end. caudal fin forked. bercle at the posterior end of dentary. 9–11. Size: maxi. the second dor- sal and anal fins with a single spine Remarks: occurring in tropical at base.52 ATHERINIDAE Silversides By Seishi Kimura Small to medium sized marine and freshwater fishes. V 20– 25 + 18–22 = 41–45. pectoral freshwater areas. Scales cy. 23 Sept. A to temperate marine. Mugilidae – first cloid. of the third scale row in the later) and bution: almost entire Indo-Pacific. 16376. located under head. 38–41). P1 15–18. but sometime crenulated. no spines 10–19 rays. a single dorsal fin. from the following similar families in spines close together at base. 2008 pil. Of these. lacuno. and a single anal fin spine. having round belly. endrachtensis. without a short and blunt ascending process and bles A. estuarine. sometimes en. lateral line ab. aetholpis. later in having a wider midlateral band ally entire. Isonidae – body compressed subabdominal with I. mouth large. 8–21). maximum size III–VIII first dorsal-fin spines. 44 vs.3 cm SL a vertical through front margin of pu- Dungun. (the lower margin reaching to almost Color: body greenish tan dorsally. endrachtensis. The genus Atherino. lacunosus. the first with I anal-fin spine III to VIII flexible spines separated each other at base. ascending process of premaxilla short and broad. followed by soft rays (D2 I. 1801) Wide-banded Hardyhead Silverside D IV–VII + I. Body rather stout. a low and wide lateral process of the the former is distinguished from the posterior margin of lateral scales usu. maining four species by lacking a tu. and Engraulidae – hind tip of upper jaw I. their bases separated about 20 cm in the area. LGR 18–24. lacunosus closely resem- . 9 cm SL ascending process of premaxilla short Cendering. LL 38–40. pectoral fins high in adults. 28 Dec. caudal fin deeply forked. species. Young stages (to Remarks: inhabits surface waters but not fused into a single plate. P1 14–17. Color: body greenish tan West Pacific. Atherinomorus pinguis. cylindrical. green to blue dorsally. fin well forked. GR 6–8 + 19–21 = 25–28. Color: dark dorsally. length of lower lobe lobe dusky. but not fin entirely dark to black. ring in beaches. A I. 12–16. its posterior tip extending silver. but not pale laterally and ventrally. upper margin of dentary crenulated. lateral line low sent or very small. 17095. pale stripes. strikingly long. teeth on jaws ab. 16. posterior margin of lateral Size: maximum length about 14 cm estuaries. P2 6. of open ocean as well as neritic and spines absent. Mouth small. Mouth small and terminal. 2008 and broad. a broad (1 scale width or northern Australia. snout blunt. Head short. Scale large. much longer than upper jaw. 9–11. PDS 16–20. Fin about 10 cm) quite different in appear. Lateral line with pectoral Cheilopogon katoptron. Cheilopogon katoptron (Bleeker. Remarks: occur- at the posterior end. single fins short to medium length. their bases shorter. LR 38–41. sometimes entering notched. deep. scales usually entire. Color: body Distribution: western Pacific from . forming a single plate. beyond pelvic fin origin. and area: Hemiramphidae – pectoral on sides. spots and bars often developed. pectoral fin Remarks: pelagic in nearshore sur- reaching end of anal fin base. 53 Atherinomorus pinguis (Lacepède. upper jaw reaching to or slightly beyond a vertical through front margin of pupil. dorsal northern Australia north to Viet Nam. 1803) Narrow-banded Hardyhead Silverside D IV–VI + I. color patterns variable. 16523). fins in some species with dark spots or gate. cycloid. lateral line pres. upper pharyngeals of third arch its lower lobe longer than the upper. never spread to open sea. lower caudal fin face waters. its origin just off Terengganu (KT). dorsal fin often higher than Similar families occurring in the short and opposed. caudal with large black area. equally far back on body. mouth large. Distribution: widely in Indo- EXOCOETIDAE Flyingfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to about 40 cm) pectoral fins extremely long marine fishes. dorsal and anal fins set ance from adults. cylin- drical. P1 12–14. longer than upper lobe. Dorsal fin large. UMTF 1070 (KAUM–I. pectoral fin rela- tively short. body more elon- all. from East Africa to almost flat. 2008 above anal fin origin. Important food fish. upper pharyngeal bones of third gill arches close together. KAUM–I. always ex. flattened ventrally in some species. with pectoral fins inshore areas. anus usually just anterior to pelvic-fin tips. except and greatly enlarged in many. LGR 19–23 V 20– 23 + 19–20 = 39–43. 6 Oct. Body elongate. Gill rakers well developed. with black pigment.1 cm SL branch. but sometime SL. dorsal fin in some species fused. Body rather stout. 1866) Indonesian Flyingfish D 13–14. Body elongate. mouth small shorter than eye in all Western Cen- tral Pacific species. 9. preopercle less) silvery longitudinal band on side. upper jaw protrusible. pectoral in some genera. never tending beyond dorsal-fin origin. without a distinct tubercle dorsally. Size: maximum 18 cm SL. jaws of equal size. or paired chin barbels conspicuous in reaching dorsal-fin origin. lower jaw pelvic fins abdominal in position. many species. A 9–10. ent on lower body. Fiji. A 10–13. gill rakers body silvery. no black spot on pelvic Queensland. fin Size: maximum 10 cm SL. 10 Dec. pectoral fins relatively stripe with black upper margin on lat. dried salted. whereas upper jaw short and ated or deeply forked. Body elongate and compressed. waters. often with fish. Omnivorous. caudal fin beak dark with a bright red fleshy tip. fins hyaline. Exocoetidae fin usually short. upper jaw short off Terengganu (KT). projecting far large scales beyond upper jaw. caught of small teeth on jaws. West Pacific. Remarks: found in when folded forward. Body elongate. whereas some in freshwaters. no vertical bars on body side. teeth on jaws no- ticeable (conspicuous to the touch). Lateral line with pectoral branch. pectoral chiefly found in marine and brackish elongate. 1847) African Sailfin Flyingfish D 9–11. eyes large. ral fins with pale oblique cross band. coastal waters. beak-like (broken in photo- Hemiramphus archipelagicus. from Red Sea and East HEMIRAMPHIDAE Halfbeaks By Koichi Shibukawa and Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium sized (up to 45 pectoral fin short cm) elongate fishes with long. area: Belonidae – usually both jaws behind dorsal and anal fins. length of lower no dark spots. without scale. tip of by seine and gill nets. Marketed fresh and rounded forked. not reaching posterior nasal pit erally. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. like. bution: widely distributed in Indo. with 7–14 soft rays.54 Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes. darkened dorsally. P2 6. GR 6–8 + 19–24 = 25–32. sally. Distribution: anterior lobe. its poste. cycloid. north to southern Japan. dorsal fin many species. no isolated finlets Remarks: surface-swimming fishes. with 6 rays. waters. off Terengganu (KT). with 8–25 soft rays. dark bluish dorsally. some freshwa- 0–78. scale small.1 cm SL (upper jaw broken) graphed specimen). pectoral fin long. a dark mum about 23 cm SL. 9. with an uppermost ray unbranched. Color: body silvery fin lobe with some yellow. cylindri- cal. feed on floating sea- Hemiramphus archipelagicus Collette & Parin. Color: head and monly esteemed as food fish. Large species com- triangular. lateral line running lower jaw extremely long along ventral margin of body with a branch to origin of pectoral fin. grass pieces. upper jaw short elin-like lower jaw. never spread to the open sea. PDS 23–26. caudal fin rounded. Size: maxi- absent. Africa to Marshall. P1 10–13. truncate. preor- bital ridge (bony ridge behind nostril) than upper lobe. lobe much longer than upper lobe. sub- cyrindrical. both jaws of equal length. Lower jaw greatly pro- longed. 16. several rows ately large. anal fin with blackish markings. 2008 rior tip reaching end of anal fin base. Similar families occurring in the 8–19 soft rays. Mouth small and terminal. green to blue dor.7 cm SL fin origin. pecto. 17080. emargin. Dorsal and anal fins positioned lower jaw tinged with red or orange in ter species often treated as aquarium at posterior part of body. dorsal fin uniformly pale. Central Pacific. insects. Scales moder. western Indian Ocean and western short. 2008 and triangular. and small fishes. Dor- sal fin large. lower lobe longer caudal fin dusky yellow. Remarks: pelagic in neritic surface Color: body silver. Dorsal fin without developed white. – pectoral fin very large. jaws short. A 10–12. pelvic fins abdominal. Distri. 27 Dec. Lower jaw usually long and javelin. (M. 1978 Jumping Halfbeak D 12–15. Body elongate. 16924. crustaceans. Matsunuma) . P1 12–14. and caudal fin well forked. its origin well before anal Parexocoetus mento. jav. tip of dorsal. or blue on back and silvery white on Similar families occurring in the tion. pectoral fins short lower sides and belly. male. 6th anal ray of males greatly thickened and elongated. fishes. caught by casting or trolling pelvic fins in thoracic position. Ablennes hians. subcyrindrical. A 10–13. Distribution: wide- rakers absent. 4. usually. becoming Zenarchopterus dunckeri. Many species are important for a beak. with 6 rays. lateral line running Remarks: mostly found in marine. Setiu. Scales lower jaw frequently red or orange. Base of dorsal fin longer than anal-fin base. 1926 Duncker's River Garfish D 10–12. Sphyraenidae – then along ventral margin of body. 16751).9 cm SL silvery white ventrally. No spines in fins. UMTF 1492 (KAUM–I. lateral line without pectoral branch.cially mangrove area. caudal fin or dark blue stripe along sides. feeds on small terrestrial Remarks: found in estuaries. with both jaws extremely long both jaws extended into long beaks filled with sharp teeth. mum 120 cm TL. . tip of lower jaw red. keted fresh. nasal papilla elongate and pointed. 5 Dec. tip of er jaw prolonged or neither jaw pro- variable. a dusky area: Hemiramphidae – only the low- with usually 10–20 rays. indistinct dark blue stripe along sides. A 24–28. KAUM–I. anal fin with 12–39 rays. Col- or: light brown dorsally. no longitudi. feeding largely on small jaws pointed but not prolonged into Color: these fishes live at the sur. cycloid. Shibukawa) BELONIDAE Needlefishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to 2 m) 11–43 dorsal-fin soft rays elongate fishes. 30 Oct. Mar- origin. 4th and/or 5th dorsal ray(s) elon- gated. Remarks: gin of dorsal fin posterior to anal fin about 12–14 prominent dark vertical found in offshore surface waters. gill ger than upper lobe. perate waters in worldwide. lower lobe much lon. Dorsal and anal fins very white. Carnivorous. nostrils in a small scales pit anterior to eyes.7 cm SL jaw much prolonged. 2008 nal black line on dorsal midline of up- per jaw. 30 Oct. bluish green dorsally. the first spiny. longed and lacking the needle-sharp small.insects. Surface swim- tion: Andaman Sea and West Pacific. dorsal and pectoral fin short 12–39 anal-fin soft rays anal fins posterior in position. for this mode of life by being green surface or near-surface lures. Setiu. V 87–93. face and are protectively colored fisheries. P1 10. 1846) Flat Needlefish D 23–26. 43. 2008 per jaw wider than long. an ly distributed in tropical to warmtem- with high falcate lobes anteriorly. caudal fin nearly rounded. V 37–42. Size: 12. ming fish. off Terengganu (KT).5 cm SL. Size: maxi- studded with small sharp teeth. 16880. teeth that stud the upper and lower down from pectoral-fin origin and but some species occur in freshwater. Body elongate. jaws of needlefishes. pel- vic fins located in abdominal posi. 2008 dal peduncle keel. caudal fin bars on sides. 55 Zenarchopterus dunckeri Mohr. (K. P1 13–15.6 cm SL greatly compressed laterally. Distribu. rounded to forked. 2 dorsal fins. jaws greatly elongate. ori. espe. PDS 340–430. Body elongate. Body elongate. 6. Lower Zenarchopterus dunckeri. Color: body sil. no cau. Ablennes hians (Valenciennes. javelin-like. dorsal fin single with 11–43 rays. scales and bones green. pectoral fin falcate. reaching beyond caudal base. up. deeply forked. female. UMTF 1491 (KAUM–I. 16750). A 15–16. Scales cycloid. and anal fins black. APLOCHEILIDAE Asian Rivulines By Koichi Shibukawa Small sized (up to 10 cm SL). anterior lobes of dorsal pectoral branch. found in fresh. A 15–18. lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw. A 19–22. P1 10–12. a distinct lateral keel green dorsally. P1 14. a dark blue stripe along tion: Indo-West Pacific. falcate (rather than rounded). Anus mouth protrusible just before origin of anal fin. Eyes large. origin of in tropical to warm temperate waters dorsal fin posterior to anal fin origin. 71. Eyes large. whitish ventrally. 1822) Blue Panchax D 7–8. non-protrusible. Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton. 3. V 59–65. Color: highly Similar families occurring in the emarginate. Remarks:on caudal peduncle. anal fins with 15–19 soft rays. Phallostethidae – fins abdominal. P1 13–15. 16383). studded with sharp teeth. studded with sharp teeth. small waters.56 Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt. length of anal-fin base lon. pelvic fins absent. no markings on body sides. located at posterior part of body. worldwide. pro- trusible. sian Archipelago. appearing characteristic area: Adrianichthyidae – pectoral fin base rather short. grayish to greenish dor. mouth ter- minal. a distinct jet-black spot Asia from Pakistan to the Indo-Malay. estuary near UMT. Dorsal and anal fins with rela. . except for the eastern Pa- Hound Needlefish pectoral fin rounded. 1821) tively high lobes anteriorly. Distribution: widely distributed (Péron & Lesueur. off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: found in plants. gill rakers absent. cau. small first dorsal fin present in many dal fin rounded. with 6 soft rays. 17 Jan. Body elongate. 17261. LR 30–34. pelvic Remarks: surface-swimming school. Poeciliidae – anal-fin variable. Remarks: found in coastal and D 21–25. V 82–86. 30. ing fish. ponds.8 cm SL lateral line with pectoral branch. ori- gin of dorsal fin posterior to anal fin origin.or brackish. 2008 greatly elongate. with 7–20 soft rays. Size: 6 cm SL. edge of scale Distribution: South and Southeast estuaries and around wetland. Marketed fresh. Body moderately slender and com- pressed. lateral line absent. long anal-fin base ger than dorsal-fin base. Base of anal fin much longer Aplocheilus panchax. Single dorsal fin. caudal fin black. caudal fin well cific. Color: body Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus. 2009 sally. mouth small. Distribu- belly rounded. PDS forked. gill rakers scales and bones green. Color: light grayish brown dorsal- ly. single dorsal fin caudal fin rounded slender and compressed fishes. lateral line with body sides. caudal fin rounded or truncate. UMTF 1106 (KAUM–I. Body elongate. 2008 ed. found in coastal areas and mangrove. KAUM–I. Color: body silver. Size: 40 cm SL. with 14–21 soft rays.9 cm SL than dorsal-fin base. 2 Nov. PDS 100–130. no caudal peduncle keel. lower lobe longer than upper offshore waters areas. caudal fin to moderately large. Strongylura strongylura. Dorsal and anal fins with moderate lobes anteriorly. Size: 120 cm Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus absent. pectoral fins pattern in each species.ditches and creeks with dense water at base of dorsal fin. dal fin with a prominent round black lobe. species. jaws greatly elongate. 16792. SL. bel- ly rounded.0 cm SL silvery white. dark bluish spot basally. pockets dusky. mouth rounded. 1823) Spottail Needlefish D 12–15. protrusible. 23 Sept. KAUM–I. jaws Merang. pectoral fin not falcate. cau- 271–340. Caudal fin round. Oviparous. Feeds on large zoo. cific. anal fin with IV spines. rest of caudal fin donia and New South Wales of Austra- elongate brown spot beneath soft por. nasal fossa without spinules. in combination the third stoutest and often longest. ment somewhat present on opercular and spines on head. a triangular streak of brownish red on cheek. 1775) Redcoat D XI. and soft portions of dorsal and anal lia. 8–10. first suborbital bone with 1 or 2 short lateral spines near upper margin. fins with the large eyes. Remarks: mostly found in shallow the presence of IV anal spines and 7 pelvic fins with I spine and 7 soft coastal waters. from other fish families occurring in 25–56 pored scales. Body ovate to mod. deeply notched erately elongate. A IV. 2 supramaxillae. caudal fin forked with yellow or white markings. Body moderately deep. cm SL. GR 6–8 + 9–12. with IX–XIII anal fin with IV spines stout spines and 12–17 soft rays. deeply notched between spinous and soft portions or between last 2 dorsal forming longitudinal bands. found in protected habitats of shallow above base of soft portion of anal fin. P1 13–15. UMTF 1362 (KAUM–I. black pig. upper and lower edges of cau. 12–14. readily distinguishes rays. snout short and blunt. pelvic fin spine white with red mem. no dark spot on pecto. Large and very rough ctenoid plankton. Last dorsal fin spine shortest. cheek with 5 oblique rows of scales. ral fin axil. base on spinous portion of dorsal fin. area: none. 16575). palatines. often lighter or silvery white. corner of preopercle with a sharp spine. Remarks: tion of dorsal fin and a roundish blotch fins yellowish. edges of external bones large eye of head serrate or with spines. pelvic soft rays. reddish or pink. small villiform teeth in bands in jaws and on roof of mouth (on vomer.5. 15. scale on body sides with venomous. eye very large. benthic invertebrates. with 18 or 19 principal caudal rays. membrane or as markings in fins. Color: usually centron having the preopercular spine the area. 14 Oct. 2008 and brownish red. Scale rows above lateral line to middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin 2. the very long and 7–16 soft rays. mouth moderately large. large ctenoid scales terminal or with lower jaw project- ing. second anal fin spine very strong. LL 34–38. dorsal profile of head convex. thus Similar families occurring in the Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål. The serrate bony edges fin spines. Head with ridges and mucous channels dorsally. north to southern Japan.2 cm SL with alternate stripes of silvery white Bidong Island. 57 HOLOCENTRIDAE Soldierfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to 45 cm SL) marine fishes. and for pelvic fin with some species on ectopterygoids). and the squirrelfishes and soldierfishes scales. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- brane. lateral line complete with small fishes. I spine and 7 soft ray Dorsal fin base long. Size: maximum length 32 waters. often a con- centration of pigment forming an dal fin brownish red. caudal fin forked with slightly rounded tips. Some species of Sargo. from the Red Sea to New Cale- . Color: body Sargocentron rubrum. compressed. red. KAUM–I. Gill coral-reef species sometimes colorful Similar families occurring in openings reduced to a pore in the with white. by sucking into a tubular forked with a distinct elongate fila- line. Trunk rings Halicampus brocki. tuarine waters. Body slender and Bidong Island. caudal with 15–60 soft rays.58 SYNGNATHIDAE Pipefishes (Seahorses) By Mizuki Matsunuma Usually small fishes (4–50 cm TL). without scales. a single dorsal fin. 13 Oct. reaching 80 cm TL. 5. with large stellate bony ferred habitat. generally adapted to the pre. cies. snout. dal fin small. 1953) Brock's Pipefish D 21–23. 2 separate dorsal fins. 2008 elongate. if present. but some have gray. species living on sea. followed by or absent. brown.3 cm SL continuous. Mostly no plates. and snout. other fins variously present with colorful patterns. 1849 trunk usually dusky brown. not essentially concave in estuary near UMT. marks: found in lower reach of river. preferably micro. fins usu. Body typically slender and elon- 1 dorsal fin with 15–60 soft rays caudal fin present gate. Head either along same axis as rest of body (subfamily Syngnathinae). UMTF 1456 (KAUM–I. No lateral crustaceans.0 in head length). caudal fin body. and Marshall Islands. No spines in fins. superior trunk and tail Indo-West Pacific. P1 13–16. or bent in ventral di. encased in a se. lateral snout ridge with 1–2 spines.4–3. dorsal-fin origin on first tail ring. Color: pale to tan. anal fin small. tail rings 36–42. with 2–3 short ridges. Distribution: ridges discontinuous. ground color with various patterns. the area: Aulostomidae – larger. Distribution: side and ventral of trunk rings. distinct sepa- absent. Males have a brood pouch in ment. pelvic fin ally transparent. Branchiostegal and black stripes and bands. Some species habitats. 16630). 2008 lateral profile. fin well developed. keels estuary. superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous. Color: variable with the spe. small anal fin pelvic fin absent rection from main body axis (sub- family Hippocampinae). . Solenostomidae – body short. A 4. Caudal fin small. usually dark brown near median ridge. snot relatively long (2. toothless. Trunk rings fin usually hyaline. some are found in es. which the eggs are laid and where they compressed. snout and subor. located at tip of snout. posterior end of Africa east to Solomon Islands. body depressed rather than ally with 10–23 rays. Snout gen- erally long and tubular. Remarks: inhabits rock or present on some or most scutella. head. lateral trunk ridge deflected downward. caudal fin. body com- rays 1–3. A 2–3. often with 10 rays. and coral rubble usually or minor importance as food. 12 cm. sand. ern Japan. head Hippichthys (Hippichthys) heptagonus without distinctive markings. Re- from Western Australia to the Mariana inferior trunk and tail ridges continuous. Body slender length about 15 cm SL. Hippichthys (Hippichthys) heptagonus. Size: maximum with diffuse dark bars on lower part of 14–15. orange. opercular membrane. grass. with minute prickles develop dermal appendages along planktonic fauna. Cau- with simple or branched dermal flaps coral habitats. Size: and elongate. used as medicine in Asian markets. blue. 16548. mouth small. marine species found in various cm TL. on head. usually Remarks: usually live in coastal a normal second dorsal fin. ventral of blotched or mottled. and only a few in fresh ent.3 cm SL 14. pectoral fins usu. marine waters. eastern eastern Indian Ocean and west Pacific. 12. Fistulariidae – larger. P1 11–14. from east coast of maximum ca. green. typically with 10 rays. tube-like snout or absent ries of bony rings. yellow. infre- with 10–11 diffuse pale bars crossing Belly Pipefish quently with faint transverse bars. shading to bital often with 3 brown bars. over 100 with 8–10 rays. inferior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous. 30 Sept. caudal fin sometimes pressed and scaly. lateral line pres- with 2–6 rays. north to south. and mangroves. or black species are for the aquarium fishes or Halicampus brocki (Herald. water. are fertilized and incubated. and linear row of scutes. Feed on minute benthic and compressed. rate dorsal fin spines. Australia north to southern Japan. tail rings 33–37. typically Color: variably tan to dark brown. median dorsal snout ridge dis. lateral trunk ridge confluent with inferior tail ridge. often D 23–30. dorsal dorsum and upper part of body. Bleeker. 59 Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857) Double-ended Pipefish D 24–32; A 4; P1 15–19. Trunk rings 21–24; tail rings 55–63. Body slender and very elongate; snout relatively long (1.5–2.0 in head length), smooth dorsally; superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous; inferior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous, lateral trunk ridge confluent with inferior tail ridge; dorsal-fin origin on trunk rings. Cau- dal fin small, typically with 9 rays. Color: body variably near white to Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus, UMTF 1178 (KAUM–I. 16577), ca. 27 cm SL (tail tip broken) Bidong Island, 30 Sept. 2008 almost black, spotted or mottled; somewhat with 12–13 pale bars cross- distributed in Indo-West Pacific, from pan. Remarks: found in shallow ing dorsum and side of tail. Size: max- the Red Sea and East Africa to New coastal of sandy, reef or grass bottoms imum ca. 40 cm. Distribution: widely Caledonia, Australia to southern Ja- in depths of 1.6–42 m. FISTULARIIDAE Cornetfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Large elongate marine fishes, tube-like snout slightly depressed body reaching 2 m TL. Body extremely elongate and slightly depressed. Mouth small, with a long tubular no barbel snout; teeth in jaws small. Dorsal and anal fins short based and op- posite, with 14–17 soft rays; pecto- forked caudal fin ral fins with 13–17 soft rays; pelvic with a long filament fins small and abdominal, with 6 soft rays. Lateral line arched, running spinules in some species; a row of with trawls. anteriorly along back, then bending elongate bony plates may be present Similar families occurring in downward on side and continuing along dorsal and ventral midlines of the area: Aulostomidae – no caudal posteriorly onto an elongate filament body just anterior to dorsal and / or fin filament; barbel present on lower produced by the middle 2 caudal-fin anal fin. Color: red to orange-brown jaw; distinct separate spines ante- rays; lateral line composed of tube- above and silvery below or brownish rior to soft dorsal fin. Syngnathidae shaped ossifications that gradually olive above, lighter below, with a se- – smaller; body covered with armor; take the form of long bony shields ries of blue spots on back and snout. anal fin reduced or absent. sometimes bearing sharp spines. Remarks: no importance in com- Body covered with rows of small mercial fisheries, but usually caught Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803 Red Cornetfish D 14–16; A 14–15; P1 15–17. Body extremely elongate, slightly depressed; snout prolonged and tubular, posttem- Fistularia petimba, KAUM–I. 16899, 39.0 cm SL poral ridge with large well developed off Terengganu (KT), 6 Dec. 2008 antrorse serrations. A row of elongate bony plates embedded in skin along brown dorsally, silver laterally and marks: found in coastal waters over midline of back anterior to dorsal fin; ventrally; median fins orangish. Size: soft bottoms, usually at depths greater posterior lateral line ossifications end- commonly 100 cm, maximum 200 cm than 10 m. Marketed fresh, dried salt- ing in a sharp spine. Caudal fin forked TL. Distribution: widely distributed ed, or smoked; also reduced to fish- with long whip-like tail filament. Col- in Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacif- meal. or: head and body red to orange- ic oceans, including Hawaii. Re- 60 CENTRISCIDAE Shrimpfishes (Snipefishes) By Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar Small fishes (14–30 cm TL); 1st dorsal-fin spine body elongate, strongly compressed, tube-like snout thin, translucent bony casing at end of body and blade-like. Head elongate; snout long, slender, and tubular; mouth small, toothless, located at tip of snout. Two dorsal fins; first dorsal- soft dorsal fin fin spine long and sharp, located at sharp ventral edge hindmost end of body; all other spi- anal fin caudal fin nous and soft portions of dorsal fins on ventral surface of body; caudal fin through eye. jaw; body compressed rather than de- small, on ventral surface; pelvic fins Remarks: two genera with 4 spe- pressed; distinct separate spines an- small, with 4 soft rays, originating at cies. Found in coastal waters; feed terior to soft dorsal fin. Syngnathidae or behind midbody. Body enclosed mainly on small animals of the de- – smaller; body covered with armor; in a flattened, transparent, bony cas- mersal zooplankton, especially crus- anal fin reduced or absent; no caudal ing with sharp ventral edge. Lateral taceans. No importance in commer- fin filament. Belonidae – no caudal line absent. Color: variable with the cial fisheries, but usually caught with fin filament; mouth large, both jaws species; either silvery or yellowish trawls. produced into slender beak, lower brown to pale green on back, silvery Similar families occurring in jaw longer, with single series of dis- on sides; dusky to conspicuous later- the area: Aulostomidae – no caudal tinct canines. al streak running length of body and fin filament; barbel present on lower Centriscus scutatus Linnaeus, 1758 Serrate Razorfish D III–V-10–12; A 11–13; P1 10–11; P2 I, 3–5. Body encased in an armor of Centriscus scutatus, KAUM–I. 17308, 14.9 cm SL thin, translucent plates. First dorsal- off Terengganu (KT), 20 Jan. 2009 fin spine fused with body armor plate, without a movable spinous ray at its end. Interorbital space with a groove continued to crown of head; sutures of lateral plates serrated; postorbital part of head 1 / 2 or more distance of opercu- lum from base of pectoral fins. Color: body silvery, with a dusky lateral streak; 7 or 8 silvery crossbars on ven- tral plates. Size: maximum total length about 14 cm. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Remarks: found in seagrass Centriscus scutatus, KAUM–I. 17272, 8.8 cm SL beds and coral reefs; feed on minute off Terengganu (KT), 18 Jan. 2009 crustaceans in the zooplankton. No commercial importance, but caught with trawls. 61 DACTYLOPTERIDAE Flying Gurnards By Hiroyuki Motomura Moderate sized fishes. Body elon- gate, not strongly compressed; head first 2 dorsal-fin spines detached from fin large, heavily armored; eyes large; interorbital remarkably wide. Pre- opercle with a prominent elongate pectoral fin very spine. Gill opening restricted, fused long, wing-like to isthmus. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of dorsal fin separated by a head armored deep notch; first or anterior 2 spines separated from remainder of fin; dor- sal fin with VII or VIII total spines and 8 or 9 soft rays. Anal fin with- out spines and with 6 or 7 soft rays. Caudal fin emarginate. Pectoral fins remarkably large, horizontal, divided into 2 portions; anterior portion with Swimbladder divided into 2 halves. Remarks: found on sandy bottom 5–7 short rays, posterior portion with Color: variable, from brownish to in tropical and subtropical waters. 25–31 long rays, tip reaching to cau- reddish, usually with spots or blotch- Similar families occurring in the dal fin base in adults. Pelvic fins with es. Upper surface of pectoral fin usu- area: Triglidae – lower pectoral fin I spine and 4 soft rays. Body scales ally bluish, with some markings char- rays free. scute-like, forming prominent keels. acterized for each species. Dactyloptena gilberti Snyder, 1909 Flateared Helmet Gurnard D I + I + V + I, 8; A 6–7; P1 28–32; P2 I, 4. Body moderately elongate. Second dorsal fin spine separated from third to seventh spines. Interor- bital space extremely wide, its width 18–23% of standard length. Granular projections on snout arranged in a row; snout wide and rounded. Post- temporal spine well developed, but flat against body. Color: pectoral fin with numerous dark spots and a large Dactyloptena gilberti, KAUM–I. 17179, 11.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KR), 5 Jan. 2009 black blotch on middle of ray; blue spots and lines inside the middle black blotch and posterior margin of fin. Size: maximum total length 22 cm. Distribution: distributed in the Indo- West Pacific, from the Arabian Penin- sula to Japan, but not southern South- east Asia or Australia. Remarks: generally found on mud-sand bottom at depths of 20–71 m. 62 Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) Oriental Helmet Gurnard D I + I + V + I, 8; A 6–7; P1 27–30; P2 I, 4–5. Body moderately elongate. Second dorsal fin spine separated from third to seventh spines. Interor- bital space wide, its width 13–15% of standard length. Snout wide and somewhat pointed. Preopercular spine not extending further posteriorly than posttemporal spine. Color: pectoral fin with numerous dark spots scattered on entire fin, except for white ray tips; margin of middle portion of ray black with numerous short blue lines in adults. A large dark ocellus on pectoral Dactyloptena orientalis, KAUM–I. 17140, 15.6 cm SL fin in juveniles. Size: maximum total off Terengganu (KT), 1 Jan. 2009 length 40 cm. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea to the Hawaii and Tuamotu Archi- pelago. Remarks: generally found on sand bottom in shallow coastal waters. 63 APISTIDAE Bearded Waspfishes By Hiroyuki Motomura Moderate sized fishes. Body elongate, moderately compressed. Dorsal fin with VIII–XV spines and 7–10 soft rays; spines strong, ven- lacrimal bone omous. Anal fin with III spines and highly mobile 6–8 soft rays. Caudal fin rounded. Pectoral fins long, greater than head length; lower 1–3 rays detached or separated from upper part of fin. Pel- vic fins with I spine and 5 soft rays. Lacrimal bone highly mobile. Depth of second suborbital bone subequal to length of the bone; second sub- orbital bone broadly connected to 1–3 free pectoral-fin rays preopercle. Preopercular spines well developed. Color: head and body muddy bottom in river mouth and in- area: families with free pectoral fin silver, yellowish, brownish or gray- shore waters; body partially buried un- rays and the mobile lacrimal bone ish, not strongly mottled with spots der the soft substrate. Dorsal, anal, and not occurring in the area. or blotches. pelvic fin spines venomous. Remarks: found on sandy or Similar families occurring in the Apistus carinatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Ocellated Waspfish D XIV–XV, 8–10; A III, 7–8; P1 11– 12; P2 I, 5. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Lateral surface of head densely covered with numerous den- ticulations. Interorbital space 10.0– 16.6 in head length. Ventralmost pec- toral-fin ray separate from rest of fin. Color: body brownish dorsally, whit- ish ventrally. Spinous portion of dor- sal fin with a large black blotch poste- riorly; soft-rayed portion grayish, Apistus carinatus, KAUM–I. 17184, 8.9 cm SL reticulated, with white margin. Inside off Terengganu (KR), 5 Jan. 2009 and outside of pectoral fin yellowish and blackish respectively. Pelvic fin whitish to grayish. Anal fin grayish, with black band submarginally, white band marginally. Color pattern of cau- dal fin similar to that of soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin. Size: maximum standard length 12.5 cm. Distribu- tion: widely distributed in the Indo- West Pacific, from South Africa to Ja- pan and Australia. Remarks: taken over fine sandy bottom at depths of less than 60 m. Apistus carinatus, KAUM–I. 17274, 4.3 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 18 Jan. 2009 moderately compressed. Dorsal fin with VIII–XVIII spines and 3–14 soft rays. VIII–XVIII. eyes and mouth small to large. All species with a suborbital ridge. 1981 Curvedspine Scorpionfish D XII. Caudal fin rounded or freshwater in some species. direct- ed posteroventrally. Interorbital region scaled. 17168. Serranidae – no sub- blackish to reddish. P1 19. Size: maximum standard length 14 cm. Lateral line with 4–54 pored Well camouflaged and ambush preda. Motomura) . or semipelagic occurring offshore in spines. Remarks: found on or near bot. 3–14 head moderate to large. entering into highly depressed. from tors. Distribution: distributed in the eastern Indian and Neomerinthe procurva. tom from inshore shallow waters to the area: Platycephalidae – head cies. Color: body color variable. Pectoral fins usually large. from India to off Terengganu (KR). Lateral lacrimal spine present. venomous in most spe. the ridge with spines in some species. 5. 6. two dorsal fins well separat- Pelvic fins with I spine and 4 or 5 depths of 200–800 m in some species. extending anal fin with II–IV. caudal fin rounded or truncate chiostegal rays 7. head with comparative- scales. Color: highly variable. 3–15 numerous tentacles on head and backward across cheek body in some species. Gill rakers usually short to moderate. Body oblong. anal. ventral margin of 3–15 soft rays. Neomerinthe procurva Chen. KAUM–I. with spi- nous points on each raker. A III. rarely 6. P2 I. Numer- ous spines on head in most species. Anal fin with II–IV spines and depths of about 1200 m. unbranched. Three suborbital spines. feeding mainly on arthropods ly blunt spines. suborbital ridge. Bran. 5 Jan. Aploactinidae – fin rays usually soft rays. (H. extending backward across cheek and usually firmly bound to preopercle. 10. Remarks: usually taken by trawl. 2009 Japan. no depth data available. dorsal fin usually single with Body usually weakly compressed. and pelvic orbital ridge attaching to preopercle.5 cm SL western Pacific Oceans. species. and variously blotched dorsally. pelagic lacrimal smooth. Ovoviviparous or viviparous. usually with spots and fishes. Numerous coni- cal or villiform teeth on jaws. without distinct truncate. barred or mottled color fin spines venomous in most species. large canine teeth in jaws in many patterns in most species.64 SCORPAENIDAE Scorpionfishes By Hiroyuki Motomura and Mizuki Matsunuma Small to relatively large fishes. Posterior lacrimal spine well developed. Dorsal. ed. Similar families occurring in spines strong. blackish to reddish. No median ridge on lateral surface of maxilla. or blotches. 5. numerous small white spots on inner surface of pectoral fin and pelvic fin membrane. 4. LR 69–86. 1829) Painted Scorpionfish D XII. each membrane reaching ray tip. 1 Jan. 2008 low waters. ventral surface of mandible and chest without markings. 5. Su. Color: body marks: occurs in shallow rocky and 8–10. (H. KAUM–I.2 cm SL nearly to base of fin. nearly flat. All pectoral-fin off Terengganu (KT). 16507. Axil of pectoral fins with Scorpaenopsis neglecta width 3.8–4. P2 I. Size: maximum standard Heckel. Size: maximum standard length 12. Color: body red with about 12 dark reddish bars. 9. Body oblong. 8.7–2. Remarks: found on Scorpaenopsis neglecta. 5. giving a humpback appear. KAUM–I. Ocean. A III. ventrally or anteroventraly in young. Motomura) Pterois russelii Bennett. GR 4–5 + into two or more spines. 5. Interorbital ridges poorly developed. Longest dor- sal-fin spines subequal to body depth. not encircling a depres- sion. P2 I. Upper posttemporal spine sim. P1 16–18. and caudal fin pale red. LR 43–49. broadly separat- ed from suborbital ridge. length 18. membranes of spinous portion incised Pterois russelii. Body oblong. A III. eye high set. moderately compressed. pectoral fin rays with narrow black to reddish brown bands. 5. 17127. soft-rayed portion of dorsal and anal fins. 7–8. ranging from India east to Ja- D XII. Disribution: distributed in Southeast Asia and north- ern Australia. Coronal and tympanic spines absent. 1837 diameter 1. 13. strongly mottled coral reefs. Distribution: eastern praorbital and suborbital ridges ser. P1 16–19. Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Yellowfin Scorpionfish rated. 65 Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier. com- pressed. Posterior lacrimal spine directed anteriorly in adults. Cendering. with yellowish to reddish and grayish . spines absent be- low eye. 6 Oct. A III.3 cm.3 cm. 5.1 cm SL oped. (H. Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. KAUM–I. 1831 Plaintail Firefish D XIII. its blotches. 9.0 in snout length. Motomura) arched.4 in head length. Color: body usually Cendering. Indonesia and Australia. without markings. Matsunuma) ance. Size: maximum length about 20 cm SL. First and second suborbital ridges fused. LR 42–45. mottled with poorly defined blackish blotches. 6 Oct. (M. membranes of upper rays strongly incised nearly to base of ray. Re- LLp 20–22.0 cm SL sandy bottoms among corals in shal. Interorbital space broad. P1 12–14. Orbit black spots. P2 I. Occipital pit very weakly devel- Parascorpaena picta. 16506. Nape and anterior body highly color highly variable. 2009 rays unbranched. form- ing a single ridge with two spines be- hind level of orbit. 10–11. 2008 brownish. Scales cycloid. Upper opercular spine divided pan. ple. Remarks: common in nearshore waters on reefs and over rocky bottoms. one species lives in freshwater riv. Anterior dorsal proximal pterygi- ophores sutured to neurocranium and supracarinalis anterior absent. Posterior margin of maxilla extending a vertical through middle of eye. body and fins. Cottapistus cottoides (Linnaeus. the area: Aploactinidae – fin rays ish to reddish. . 4.5 cm SL on head. Distribution: widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean. LR 64–68. off Terengganu (KR). strongly compressed. from China to Australia. 1758) Yellow Waspfish D XIV–XV. from black. GR 18–21. 5. prickly scales. No scales on anterior part of trunk above opercle. dorsal fin origin body naked or with cycloid scales Body usually strongly compressed. exceeding or- bit diameter. Synan- terns in most species. P2 I. usually above eye head moderate to large. 17161. A III. with modified. usually with spots or ers. Suborbital stay usually not forming wide connection to preoper- cle. body depth 34– 42% of standard length. Interorbital space wide. Col- or: usually brownish dorsally. 5–6. barred or mottled color pat.66 TETRAROGIDAE Waspfishes By Hiroyuki Motomura Small to medium-sized fishes. except for pel. Size: maximum standard length 9. eyes and mouth small to large. Ventralmost pectoral fin rays not de- tached or separated. ceiidae – skin at gill opening broadly Remarks: found on bottom from ily Scorpaenidae. 2009 vic fin. Body covered blotches. 5–6. KAUM–I.2 cm. inshore shallow waters to deep waters. ily was formerly included in the fam. Numerous conical or villiform teeth on jaws. Lacrimal bone highly mobile. with numerous dark spots Cottapistus cottoides. Caudal fin rounded. Similar families occurring in Color: highly variable. Body oblong. This fam. Skinny sensory ca- nal between pterotic and preopercle absent. venomous in most species. whitish ventrally. Re- marks: occurs on sandy bottoms in shallow waters to 24 m depth. Dorsal. 5 Jan. connected to isthmus. and pelvic fin spines usually unbranched. anal. Remarks: occurs on sandy bottoms or among corals in shallow waters to 90 m depth.0 cm SL hind eye. KAUM–I. Lacri- mal with two spines. 16812. KAUM–I. Color: highly variable. from Zanzibar and Seychelles east to New Caledonia. and pectoral.6 cm. P1 14–16. without elongate outer rays. Re- marks: found on sandy and broken shell bottoms. compressed. 3–5. except for lateral line. 2008 Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. Body oblong. 6. first spine more than half length of second spine. 2. Body oblong. 11 Dec. A III. 2008 . Size: maximum standard length 5. Eye small. Caudal fin translucent with an indis- tinct vertical dark band. 2 Nov. A III. Anterior three spines forming a nearly separate fin. Head profile rounded. 16949. off Terengganu (KT).8 cm. 5–9. Head profile pointed. orbit diameter Merang. Soft-rayed portions of dorsal and anal fins with a broad black band. Caudal fin rounded.8 cm SL maximum standard length 6. KAUM–I. pelvic.5 cm SL Setiu. Vespicula trachinoides (Cuvier. 16767. 2008 6–9% of standard length. from Myan- mar to China and Indonesia. Lacrimal with two spines. 31 Oct. 67 Richardsonichthys leucogaster (Richardson. Size: Richardsonichthys leucogaster. 2. Distribution: distributed in the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. dorsal fin origin well be- Vespicula trachinoides. not strongly com- pressed. but ventral body. Dorsal fin origin over posterior one- third of eye. Caudal fin rounded. anal and caudal fins usually reddish. Uppermost pre- opercular spine strongly developed. 1829) Goblinfish D XIII–XVI. 3–4. Color: body mottled with black and greenish yellow blotches. 3. Body entirely without scales. 1848) Whitebellied Rougefish D XII–XIV. Vespicula trachinoides. posterior margin of caudal fin clear. 2008 spines deeply concaved. Size: maximum length (Richardson. reddish brown. 7–9. Distri- bution: Indo-West Pacific. lowermost small. Acanthosphex leurynnis (Jordan & Seale. 1845) most small. Gulf of Thailand and Australia. First dorsal spine stout and strong. Snout often prominent. KAUM–I. 13. Preopercle having 4 spines. off Terengganu (KR). first (but some without scales). Body usually compressed. Pelvic fin with 1 spine etation or rocks. having or lacking brown spots. about 10 cm. Dorsal fin with Body scales modified to prickly scales Similar family occurring in 9–16 spines and 7–16 soft rays. and Peristrominous. 4. brown to dark brown. 16628. cific. fin with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Vomerine teeth present or absent. pectoral fin with dark band posteriorly. South China Sea. of the spinous dorsal. Upper and lower jaws with small conical teeth. 2. All fin rays 5–16 soft rays. 6–8. Mouth moderate to large. Gill rakers usually small or moderate. Body elongate and com. . body usually brown. P2 I. Most species well unbranched. Head and body with prick.2 cm SL benthic species.les covered by skin. Head and body lacking scales. P2 I. 13. Remarks: Aploactis aspera. from southern Japan to South Dusky Velvetfish Dorsal fin origin above posterior mar. Lacrimal with 2 strong spines. Color: body pale sandy bottoms. Palatine always lacking tooth. 0–6 on upper limb of all fin rays unbranched first gill arch and 3–11 on lower.1 cm. Tetrarogidae – anterior isthmus lack- membrane connection with the rest Remarks: aploactinids usually ing fleshy extension. except in Adventor Lateral line with 9–16 tube-like scales. Anterior isthmus with fleshy exten. 13 Oct. A I. ed. lower. tube-like scales Eye small to relatively large. Acanthosphex leurynnis. Remarks: occurring in shallow LLp 14. With no commercial eye or almost so. Body notably com- pressed. gin of eye. usually above eye prickly body scales lateral like with 9–16 Head usually with knoblike lumps.2 cm SL Membrane between 3rd and 4th dorsal Bidong Island. P1 13. tralia. Size: maximum standard length about 2. Dorsal fin origin above and usually 2 or 3 soft rays (rarely 1). Color: body and head brownish or creamish. camouflaged. China Sea. 1905) Wasp-spine Velvetfish D III. KAUM–I. New Caledonia and Aus- D XIII. including southeast India. P1 9–10. with small white Aploactis aspera Preopercle having 5 spines. 1. inhabiting inshore. Dorsal fin origin above near middle of eye. and dark spots. 5 Jan.68 APLOACTINIDAE Velvetfishes By Hisashi Imamura Small marine fishes usually un. 17189. Lacrimal with 2 blunt spines. 1 on base of caudal fin). except for tube- like lateral line scales. 2. known from the shallow sea bottom. pressed. dorsal-fin origin der 5 cm. Gill membrane broadly united to isthmus. either elevated or largely without or greenish. Color: the area: Scorpaenidae – pectoral 3–5 spines usually appear segregat. ally with 0–5 weak or blunt spines and often found between or under veg- sion in most species. Vomerine teeth present. LLp 9 (10 in total. A I–II. Vomerine teeth present. Distribution: West Pa- Gill membrane free from isthmus. 2009 seagrass and soft bottom. importance. IX–X. Anal fin usu. uppermost pec- toral fin ray not filamentous in adults. 1848 Threefinger Scorpionfish D XII–XIV. its width equal to 1. Remarks: occurs in coastal waters. fin spines highly venomous in most opening not broadly connected to Remarks: found on bottom from species. moderately compressed. from blackish to red- dish. usually with spots or blotches. barred or mottled color patterns in most species. anal. prickly scales. KAUM–I. 17196. Lower pectoral fin rays free in some species.3 off Terengganu (KT). 5 Jan. 2009 cm. In- terorbital space wide. Color: highly variable. Inside of pectoral fin with various color markings. . Dorsal. 8–9. 69 SYNANCEIIDAE Stonefishes By Hiroyuki Motomura Small to large-sized fishes. without exposed scales. and pelvic fin shape variable. head moderate to spines usually venomous large. Aploactinidae – body cov- inshore shallow waters to relatively Similar families occurring in ered with modified.6 cm SL Size: maximum standard length 10. Body oblong. Color: body yellowish to brownish. Head and body. P1 12. eyes and mouth small to large. Head relatively small. Skin at gill openings broadly con. head and body apparently naked nected to isthmus. except for lateral pectoral fin base usually long line. from the Red Sea east to China and the Philippines. with a yellow to reddish marking on shoulder. isthmus. 8. anal. deep waters. and pelvic the area: Scorpaenidae – skin at gill Choridactylus multibarbus Richardson.5 times orbit diameter. sur- rounded by black or brown pigment Choridactylus multibarbus and usually with white specks in axil. Three lower pectoral fin rays free and detached from remainder of fin. No teeth on vomer and palatines. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. GR 9–11. A II. Suborbital stay becoming wider posteriorly. Body dorsal. Inside of pectoral fin with about five oblong white areas. 8–9. A highly venomous species. moderately com- pressed. Color: body brown KAUM–I. 5 Jan. 7–9. A II. 2008 ner surface of pectoral fin with a broad band medially. Interspinous membrane from fourth rewards less than one fourth spine height. 1769) Bearded Ghoulfish D XV–XVII. Orbit only slightly elevated. 16574). without spots. In. GR 9–11. from Japan to Australia and Vanuatu. Orbit only slightly elevated. 1835) Longsnout Stinger D XVII–XVIII. 14. 17233. remaining parts of fin blackish with numerous whitish spots and lines. Bidong Island. 2009 or grayish brown dorsally. Size: maximum standard length 14. Body oblong. Head relatively small. Lower pectoral fin rays free and de- tached from remainder of fin. Inimicus didactylus (Pallas. Remarks: occurs on sandy or mud-sand bottom less than 50 m depth. 9. Inner surface of pectoral fin without distinctive pattern. Head usually with minute black spots.3 cm. Color: body color variable. Head relatively small. GR 8–11. Inter- spinous membrane from fourth re- wards less than one-third spine height. 8–9. from the Philippines south to northern Austra- lia.5 cm. 10–12. A II. Body oblong. Snout length usually equal to or longer than postor- bital length. Distri- bution: distributed in the Andaman Sea and the western Pacific. 11–13. paler ven- trally. moderately com- pressed. Distribution: distrib- uted in the western Pacific Ocean. no fila. Size: max- imum standard length 19. Lower pectoral fin rays free and detached from remainder of fin.6 cm SL Setiu. . A highly venomous species. Inimicus didactylus mentous upper pectoral fin rays in UMTF 1344 (KAUM–I. Snout length longer than postorbital length. 12 Oct. A highly venomous species.70 Inimicus cuvieri (Gray.7 cm SL adults. no filamentous upper pectoral Inimicus cuvieri fin rays in adults. mostly solid brown. Remarks: occurs on sandy or sandy- mud bottom less than 80 m depth. Body oblong. GR 7–10. Posterior tip of pectoral fin reaching a vertical through middle of anal fin base. A highly venomous species.1 cm SL grayish brown dorsally. paler ventral. Distri- bution: widely distributed in the trop- ical western Pacific Ocean. moderately com- pressed. Head relatively small. A II. 17160. no filamentous upper pectoral fin Inimicus sinensis rays in adults. white or yellow spots. without bands. forming a broad marginal band. 9–11. 5 Jan. 7. 11–13. Lower pectoral fin rays free and detached from remainder of fin. without dark markings.8 cm SL irregular bands between rays. first dorsal fin spine shorter than second spine. Snout length equal to or longer than postorbital length. Inner surface of pecto- ral fin reddish brown with yellowish Minous pictus KAUM–I. GR 13–17. Color: body reddish brown without distinct bands or spots. Orbit only slightly elevated. Distribution: distributed in the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Body oblong. Minous pictus Günther. 2009 becoming wider posteriorly. Interspinous membrane from fourth rewards less than one-fourth spine height. 1833) Spotted Stonefish D XVII–XVIII. 1880 Painted Stinger D X–XII. A II. Remarks: occurs on sandy or mud-sand bottom. Dorsal fin spines moder- ately strong. Size: maxi- mum standard length 12 cm. Caudal fin pale. Size: maximum standard length 15 cm. moderately compressed. Posterior lacrimal spine much longer than anterior lacrimal spine. 71 Inimicus sinensis (Valenciennes. from Sri Lan- ka to China and Australia. Remarks: occurs in depths of 27–90 m. Color: body brown or KAUM–I. the band off Terengganu (KR). 2009 ly. 8. 17236. 11–13. 7–9. . Setiu. Inner surface of pectoral fin dark with various sized. 5 Jan. Two dorsal fins well separated. first above and pale below. Pelvic from less than 300 m. with a se- ries of small brownish spots along body sides. Size: maximum length about 19 cm. P2 I. gray or to upper jaw. and Elates ransonnettii. 1st and 2nd dorsal. KAUM–I. Head moderately depressed. Iris lappet absent. P1 19–22. Eye without oc.2 cm SL caudal fins with dark spots. relatively short or mere stubs. most found at and lateral line with bony plates. 18 Jan. upper lobe with an elongate ray. Remarks: taken from sandy and muddy bottoms in 5–53 m depths. vomer and palatine. spine short 2nd dorsal fin with Body elongate. the dark colors ae – lower jaw shorter than or equal short. lower by cycloid. 2008 pale. Caudal fin concaved posteriorly. Holpichthyidae – 10–15 soft rays. Color: usually dark area: Plectrogeniidae and Bembrid- 1st dorsal fin with VI–X spines. more than 100 scales. a 1st dorsal-fin few attaining to 70cm or greater. Elates ransonnettii. usually armed by head depressed many spines and ridges. sand. Snout prominent. Interoper- cular flap absent. Malaysia and Australia. no spines present. Gill anal fin with10–15 soft rays rakers few. Gill membrane free from isth. Body slender and elongate. LLp 83–107. 13. KAUM–I. 17277. Cheek region lack- ing skinny sensory tubes. 16902. lower jaw longer than lower jaw longer upper.72 PLATYCEPHALIDAE Flatheads by Hisashi Imamura Small to large marine fishes. Parabembridae – anal to second. Lat. Teeth present on upper and lower jaws. fin with 3 spine. less than 100 m and inhabiting on the Percophidae – head without spines eral line complete. Distribution: widespread in West Pacific. 1st dorsal-fin with VI–X spines usually ranging from 7 to 50 cm. Upper surface Many species excellent for eating. 14. Elates ransonnettii (Steindachner. 5. Teeth on vomer in 2 separate patches. off Terengganu (KT). including Philippines. second dorsal fin with black. Preoper. Mouth large. . Indone- sia. anal fin off Terengganu (KT). 2009 ular flaps. A 12–14 (usually 13). Color: body and head pale brown. 6 Dec. rocky shore and coral reef. Anal fin with 10–15 Remarks: platycephalids known head and body extremely depressed soft rays. Eye small to relatively large. Lateral line scales with single opening to exterior. Head moderately or 10–15 soft rays strongly depressed.3 cm SL cle with 1 long spine. fin with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. 1876) Dwarf Flathead D VI + 12–14 (usually 13). with about 30 to mud. isolated or scarcely connected with various shades of brown. of body covered by ctenoid scales and Similar family occurring in the mus. and ridges. P2 I. Suborbital with a clear or pale area in center. 11 Dec. P2 I. commonly to 20 cm. Lateral line scales with 1 or brown above. including southern Arabian Sea.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). anal fin white Inegocia japonica. specimens or entirely in larger speci. Size: maximum length about 30 cm. Sub- orbital ridge with 2 spines. Malaysia. 1829) Japanese Flathead D I-VIII or IX + 11–13. 1st and 2nd dorsal. West Pacific. 2nd dorsal fin with small dark spots. 1829) sory tubes. Body elongate. A 11–13 (usually 12). 1758) Rough Flathead D I-VIII or I-VII-I + 11–13 (usually 12). whitish below. Body elon- gate. Taiwan and southern Philippines. Re- northern Australia and to southern Ja. Teeth on vomer in 2 separate Grammoplites scaber. 14. Preopercle Size: maximum length about 25 cm. pectoral fin spotted on upper half. Interopercular flap absent. 73 Grammoplites scaber (Linnaeus. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. caudal fin dusky. Size: maximum length about 25 with 3 spines. pectoral fin dark brown. uppermost longest. 17074. with about 5 dark bands crossing dor- vic and caudal fins with dark spots. 17222. Iris lappet simple or slightly bilobed. reaching nearly to or just past opercu. P1 19–22. off Terengganu (KT). Cheek region lacking skinny sensory tubes. Bay of Bengal. 2008 spots.7 cm SL on vomer in 2 separate patches. Eye with- out ocular flaps. Hong Kong. Head moderately depressed. 11 Jan. southern Japan and Australia. Cheek region lacking skinny sen- Lateral line scales with 2 openings to (Cuvier. 2009 like interopercular flap present. Eye without ocular flaps. Color: body and head brownish above. LLp 50–54. KAUM–I. Body elongate. pel. with about 6 dark bands crossing dorsal surface in some.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 11 Jan. 17.8 cm SL or with a submarginal row of dark off Terengganu (KT). ranging from Sri Lanka to lar margin. P1 19–21. LLp 51–55. including Gulf of Oman. Finger-like interopercular flap pres- . Gulf of Thailand. A 11–12 (usually 12). Distribution: widespread in Indo- cm. D I-VIII or IX + 11–12 (usually 11). bottom at depths of 18–130 m. Indonesia. Iris lappet simple and broad. some with a row of dark spots along upper edge. marks: occurring in muddy or sandy pan. dusky on lower. head brownish above. LLp 51–55. P2 I. Head sal surface. Kumococius rodericensis ent. 5. Lateral line scales with spine and single opening to exterior. Color: body and obscure dark bands crossing dorsal sur. Distribution: widespread in Indo. whitish below. sandy bottom to depths of 85 m. KAUM–I. A 11–13. 2009 55 m depth. 1st dorsal and pelvic fins dusky. 5. Iris lappet cirrose. Remarks: occurring in muddy or Teeth on vomer in 2 separate patches. Head moderately depressed. West Pacific. P1 19–22. Subor- bital ridge with 4–5 spines. 16966. ob- scure or absent in others. 17. ridge with many spines. anal fin dusky posteriorly in smaller moderately depressed. 5. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. Eye without ocular flaps. with 6 Spiny Flathead opening to exterior. Teeth Kumococius rodericensis. face. Finger. pectoral. 17221. 16. 27 Dec. Remarks: taken by trawls over mud and sand in about Inegocia japonica. Inegocia japonica (Cuvier. whit- ish below. Pectoral fin concaved pos- exterior. Cheek region lacking skinny sensory tubes. Color: body and head grayish teriorly. mens. 2008 patches. 28 Oct. A 10–12. cau. Head moderately depressed. Color: body and head light brown above. 1829) or. Lateral line scales with single opening to exterior. A 13. Distribution: widespread in Indo- separate patches.3 cm SL attaining to at least about 45 cm SL. Head strongly depressed. LLp 47–54. caudal fin spine. P1 20. 2008 single band. Color: body D I-VIII or IX + 10–12.74 Platycephalus cultellatus Richardson. 6. Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus. 12. Vietnam and Malaysia. LLp 68–82. 16832. Eye without ocular flaps. 1st below. anal fin pale. off Terengganu (KT). many brownish spots.9 cm SL elongated lobe. KAUM–I. pectoral and pelvic fins light brown with brown spots. P2 I. irregular brownish spots. dorsal fins with small dark spots. and 2nd dorsal. Lateral Japan and Korea are doubtful. Remarks: occurring in absent. Records from mud and sand to a depth of ca. lacking the antrorse cm. Iris lappet simple elongated lobe. Size: Platycephalus indicus. 16999. Preopercle with 2 spines. Cheek re- gion lacking skinny sensory tubes. Cheek region with well devel- shallow coastal waters. Single short spine between first and second dorsal fins present or absent. 1758) Bartail Flathead D I-VII–VIII + 13. . P2 I. P1 18–20. Lateral line (Cuvier. Re. with one or more spines. Setiu. Body elongate. 5. anal fin pale. Distribution: widespread in In. A 13. whitish below. Iris do-West Pacific. Teeth on Platycephalus cultellatus. 5 Dec. Finger-like in. 2008 Distribution: South China Sea. present. LLp 67. Teeth on vomer in 2 eastern Mediterranean is migrant. 14 Dec. Eye without ocular flaps.0 cm SL vomer in single band. Body elon- many small spots. Interopercular flap marks: occurring in muddy or sandy West Pacific. Eye without ocular flaps. Body elongate. KAUM–I. Single short spine between first and second dorsal Rogadius tuberculatus line scales with two opening to exteri- fins present or absent. Size: maximum length about 50 ish except for upper. Two to 6 preocular spines dal fin with 2 horizontal dark bands. cm. Spines on dorsal surface of head obscure in adults. in- cluding that on middle of the fin. 5. pectoral and pelvic brown bands dorsally. 1846 D I-VII + 13. Teeth on vomer in off Terengganu (KT). Head strongly depressed. pelvic fin with roughly serrated. whitish below. Finger-like interopercular flap present. 2008 teropercular flap present. with many irregular brownish bands. P1 Color: body and head covered by and head light brown above. dorsal fins with Dorsal surface of head with spines and fins with dark spots. Size: maximum length about 15 lappet scalloped. Population in the dusky. whitish 19–22. Cheek region lacking skinny sensory tubes. includ- ing Canton. oped skinny sensory tubes. P2 I. Lower half of preopercle fin. Scales on anterior portion of body scales with single opening to exterior. Iris lappet simple Rogadius tuberculatus. 16733. body with several indistinct gate. pectoral fin tubercles. 5. Spines on dorsal surface of head obscure. caudal fin with 4 horizontal blackish bands. KAUM–I. Suborbital ridge with fine ser- single yellow blotch near middle of posterior portion of pectoral fin black- rations. 80 m. Preopercle with 2 spines. 25. caudal fin with ranging from Red Sea to southern Ja- lobe. es in middle and a series of blackish Islands. with several small brown blotch. Eye without ocular flaps. alternating white and brown spots on widespread in Indo-West Pacific. Distribution: vomer in 2 separate patches. com- monly to 18 cm. about 5–7 brown bands crossing back. Thysanophrys chiltonae. 1869) Largespined Flathead D I-VIII + 11–12 (usually 12). 2009 D I-VII–VIII + 11–12 (usually 11). 2009 cular flap present. Cheek region par- tially covered by skinny sensory tubes. Cheek region completely cov. Distribution: wide- spread in Indo-West Pacific. Suborbital ridge with many spines. ing Malaysia. 15. low. A 12–13 (usually 12). with black blotches. Interoper. 2009 caudal fin with yellowish marking. prominent blackish blotch near base. 5. off Terengganu (KT). A 12. pelvic grayish. Lateral 2–3 dark bands. Teeth on Suggrundus macracanthus. UMTF 1890. 15. LLp 50–54. KAUM–I. crenate in juveniles. rows of small white spots separating pan and to Marquesas Islands. Head moderately depressed. P2 I. 11 Jan. 21. Iris 1st dorsal fin with a large black sub.8 cm SL Longsnout Flathead off Terengganu (KT). whitish below.1 cm SL a few dark streaks on posterior rays. 2nd dorsal fin with commonly to 16 cm. 5. and Mariana and Marshall Color: body light tan mottled with nu. pectoral fin white be. Eye without ocular flaps. off Terengganu (KT). Size: maximum length about 26 cm. KAUM–I. Body elongate. with blotches above. Size: maximum length about 22 cm. 11 Jan. 11 Jan. Australia. anal fin pale. lappet with short branches. Iris lappet bilobed in adults. with about 7 obscure dark bands crossing dorsal surface in some. pectoral fin grayish below. 17220. with dark spots above. pelvic fin with a adjacent to coral reefs to a depth of ca. 1st dorsal fin dusky. forming a broad rays. Teeth on marginal blotch. Color: body and head brown above. clar margin incised. Body elongate. Indonesia. 38 m. Remarks: inhabits sand area merous white spots. Suborbital ridge with many spines. 75 Suggrundus macracanthus (Bleeker. LLp 50–55. Uppermost preopercular spine beyond the posterior margin of opercle. white below. Head moderately de- pressed. anal fin pale. Remarks: occurring in muddy or sandy bottom to depths to 132 m. northern line scales with 2 openings to exterior. includ- ered by skinny sensory tubes. 17219. 1966 Thysanophrys chiltonae. P2 I. 2nd dorsal fin with small brown spots. . Interoper. P1 20–23. ranging from southern India and Sri Lanka to Taiwan and to Coral Sea.1 cm SL vomer in 2 separate patches. Thysanophrys chiltonae Schultz. P1 19–22. Lat- eral line scales with 2 openings to ex- terior. . usually crustaceans. oblong and compressed fishes. 9–10. 7–11 deeply notched before last spine. respectively. 4. Body deep. with VII or VIII spines and 7–11 soft head and belly. LR 27–28. with silvery ing aggregations. lateral line interrupted at midway. branchiostegals 6. Color: body semitransparent. and mar. often soft rays. anterior and posterior series with 11-13 and 9-13 scales. 27 Oct. caudal fin tinged with yellow or yellowish orange. Dorsal fin single. A III. UMTF 1513 (KAUM–I.76 AMBASSIDAE Perchlets (Glassfishes) By Koichi Shibukawa Small to moderate sized (up to 12 cm). dorsal fins hyaline. es- pecially mangroves. Single supraor- bital spine (posteriorly-directed spine at dorsoposterior margin of orbit). Ambassis interrupta Bleeker. some rays. brackish estuaries. lower jaw subequal or pro- jecting beyond upper jaw. and fishes. fins hyaline. usually form. pelvic fin I.5 cm SL Size: 9 cm SL. and Similar families occurring in ous. freshwater species treated as popular Scales cycloid. pectoral fin with 11–17 soft dorsal and caudal fins. Color: sub. Ambassis interrupta. 7–11 Lateral line continuous or interrupted at midway. Head compressed. villiform teeth on jaws and roof of buccal cavity. aquarium fish. compressed. eyes no opercular spines forked caudal fin large. beige dorsally. single dorsal fin with VII–VIII. shallow coastal water. head and belly silvery. moderately large and Remarks: found in freshwaters. round of eye. 5. snout. cycloid scales gins of preopercle and interopercle). nar- rowly margined dusky posteriorly. 9–10. and feed on small dorsal fins. hind margin of preopercle smooth. Remarks: found in brackish estuaries and tidal creeks. 1853 Longspined Perchlet D VII + I. 16705). tinged with yel. anal fin with III spines and 8–11 with black streaks and/or blotches on nor importance in fisheries. spines or serrations on various parts of head (e. II anal-fin spines. thin. insects. low in some species. P1 14– 16. 2 scale rows on cheek. exclusive of 2nd spine and membrane between 2nd and 3rd spines of first dorsal fin blackish. and usually easy to be decidu. Setiu. no opercular spine. Mi- rays. LL 11–13 + 9–13. Vertebratae 24–25. marketed as dried and salted. anal fin with III. caudal fin forked.g. . 2008 West Pacific. the area: Apogonidae – two separate translucent or opaque. Distribution: Indo. mangroves. head and belly silvery. . 28 Sept. hind margin of preoper- cle smooth. Body deep. 16445. 1846 Vachell's Glass Perchlet D VII + I. UMTF 1126 (KAUM–I. A III.3 cm SL tion: Eastern Indian Ocean and West Cendering. 9. Some or more (most frequently 3–5) supraorbital spines (posteriorly-directed spines at dorsoposterior margin of orbit). dorsal fins hyaline. 10. A single supraorbital spine (posteriorly-directed spine at dorso- posterior margin of orbit). hind Ambassis vachellii. dorsal fins hyaline.2 cm SL and ventral margins of preopercle with estuary near UMT. exclusive of membrane between 2nd and 3rd spines of first dorsal fin blackish. anterior and poste- rior series with 10–13 and 12–14 scales. compressed. Re- marks: found in bays. Ambassis vachellii Richardson. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. respectively. P1 14–16. brackish estu- aries and tidal creeks. 1822) Scalloped Perchlet D VII + I. 2 scale rows on cheek. 2008 Ambassis urotaenia Bleeker. LL 10–13 + 12–14. head and belly silvery. LR 27–28. Body oblong. single scale row on cheek. especially mangroves. KAUM–I. lateral line inter- rupted at midway. compressed. 4. 9. head and 3rd spines of first dorsal fin black. A III. Size: 5 cm SL. hind and ventral margins of preopercle serrate. especially man- Ambassis nalua. Color: body semitransparent. especially mangroves. LL 27–29. 16503). lat- eral line continuous with 26–27 tubed scales. 27 Oct. 2 or more scale rows on cheek. 77 Ambassis nalua (Hamilton. LR 27–29. ish. P1 16. A III. caudal fin often tinged with yel. P1 15–17. 16701). 9–10. 6. 9. Body ob- long. 2008 serrate. Remarks: found and belly silvery. 6 Oct.5 cm SL. 4. brackish estuaries and tidal exclusive of membrane between 2nd low.Indo-West Pacific. Size: 5. UMTF 1511 (KAUM–I. Distribution: creeks. 2008 Pacific. 10–11. Remarks: found in brackish estuaries and tidal creeks. Ambassis urotaenia. Single supraorbital spine (posteriorly- directed spine at dorsoposterior mar- gin of orbit). Color: body semitransparent. exclusive of 2nd spine and membrane between 2nd and 3rd spines of first dorsal fin blackish. 1852 Bleeker's Perchlet D VII + I.4 cm SL groves. LR 26–27. Color: body semitransparent. Setiu. Size: 9. dorsal fins hyaline. Distribu. compressed. lateral line continuous.in bays.5 cm SL. dusky longitudinal streak on each cau- dal-fin lobe. lateral line extending preopercle serrated. Branchiostegal rays 7. 12 Jan. with VII–IX spines and 10–14 11 + 14 = 25. but not completely caudal. anterior and posterior nos- trils close together near eye. with characteristic red reflection. V 25. Pelvic fin with axillary to brown. 30 Oct. fish. 7–8. P1 17– 18. vomer. Pecto. relatively close to tip of snout and dorsal profile. a ning of lateral line. posterior tip of maxilla extend- ing beyond eye. just above fin base. if separated. elongate. Dorsal fin deeply in- cised before last dorsal-fin spine. and I spine and 5 soft rays. LLp 54–57. covering bases of habitats. Body elongate. soft dorsal. Caudal fin rounded. ju- veniles brown to grayish brown with 3 white stripes on head and scattered white patches on body sides. 10–11. Dor. marine and estuarine to fresh-water sal fin deeply incised between spiny Scales large. dorsal profile behind eyes concave or convex. 23. caudal fin rounded. Snout rounded. A III. without large flat spines or serrations. UMTF 1898. near begin. Anal fin with III spines and Color: adults greenish or silvery gray opercle with 3 flat spines. Lates calcarifer (Bloch. opercle with small flat spine. lower edge of preopercle with 3 or 4 (rarely more) large flat triangu- lar spines. 11. Preopercle with serrated posterior or ventral mar- gins and a stout flat spine at angle. Feeds on fishes and some crustaceans.7 cm SL Setiu. Remarks: found in coastal marine and estuarine waters. soft rays. Body moderately deep. UMTF 1518 (KAUM–I. 2008 . mouth large. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. with one or eral-line scales 45–50. ctenoid. juveniles with stripes. lat. and compressed. Vertebrae area: Serranidae – preopercle usually them. compressed. Eyes me- dium sized. eyes brown to golden. eyes not extending onto caudal fin. 2009 anal fin spine longest. north to China. Teeth small.5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). in villiform bands on upper scale. serrated supracleithrum exposed. lateral line extending onto caudal fin. 3rd Lates calcarifer. Color: silver with olive-gray or gray- blue bakes. LGR 16–17. lateral line 7–9 soft rays. Size: maximum over 2 m TL. stout flat spine at angle onto caudal fin Mouth large. and palatines ral fin with 16 or 17 rays and spiny flap Remarks: occurring in coastal (may be present on tongue). Important and popular food and soft portions. from the Persian Gulf to Pap- ua New Guinea and northern Austra- lia. Scales firmly fixed. and anal fins. dorsal profile of head concave anteriorly. extending onto Similar families occurring in the two isolated spines present between caudal fin in 1 or 3 series. Lates calcarifer. 16749). separated or. 1790) Barramundi D VII–IX. snout and jaws pointed. and lower jaws.78 LATIDAE Lates By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to 2 m dorsal fins not completely separated TL) percoid fishes. almost horizontal. ctenoid. – no teeth on vomer or palatines. pelvic mainly on fishes. P1 16–17. in depths less than 200 m. Sparidae – jaws may be notched. anal fin with III occur on continental or insular shelves teeth. Color: variable opercle with a single flat spine. or lunate terior margin of preopercle nearly always serrate or with 1–4 spines. Teeth on pala- tines. no teeth on vo- with 12–15 branched rays. 14. P2 I. Body moderately elongate. usually ctenoid posed when mouth closed. 16987. nearly plain. Dorsal fin single or entated fishes. Fairy Basslets) By Yusri Yusuf and Hiroyuki Motomura Body variable in shape. with 7 bran. preopercle smooth. tion: widely distributed in the Indo. 2008 brown. no chiostegal rays. ctenoid protogynous hermaphrodites. 15–17. tends to rear margin of caudal fin.6 in head length. GR 7–9 + 14–17. several distinct. Remarks: usually found on silty dead (H. or the caudal fin less than ½ length of mid. Motomura & Y. Lutjanidae – no spines on opercle. usually with 7 or 8 dark bars on body. no molar or incisiform teeth. Lobotidae – no caudal fin rounded to lunate in shape daceous. terminal. 1790) Chocolate Hind D IX. truncate. maximum length 26 cm. scaly small to moderate. from east coast of Africa reefs in protected waters in depths of 4 . Kuhliidae – rear fins with I spine and 5 soft rays. small teeth present on vomer anal fin with III spines and palatines of most species. 8. Most species are points. spots. 13 Dec. slender teeth in jaws. Longest pelvic-fin soft ray length 1. 3 opercular spines rounded. Acropomatidae – rear edge of complete lateral line. Color: Cephalopholis boenak.3–1. Pectoral fin middle rays lon- gest. and mer or palatines. usually well developed. no cephalopods.2 cm SL body dark brown. crustaceans. branchiostegal rays 6. vertical or diagonal bars. most species with incisiform and/or molariform and 9–25 soft rays. Black spot between upper and middle opercular spines.7– 2. No sclaes on max- illa. southern Japan and northern Australia. sheath at bases of dorsal and anal (or secondarily cycloid). scaly canines along lower jaw. no axillary scales on body. from single dorsal fin with VII–XIII spines deep-bodied to elongate and little caudal fin usually compressed to notably compressed. Distribu. KAUM–I. Mouth large.7 in SL. body depth less than head length. while the smaller ones edge of opercle froming only 2 flat scaly axillary pelvic process. usually found on coral spines on opercle. sharp spines. Common in the area. lower jaw scales usually projecting. Caudal fin rounded. 2. 79 SERRANIDAE Groupers (Sea Basses. opercle forming 2 flat points. adherent. Size: east to New Caledonia.6–3. LLp 46–51. lowest point developed as a cluster of dle caudal fin rays. pos. Opercu. its length 1. canines usually present at front of jaw and sometimes at side. the larger species feeding spines on opercle. Remarks: benthic or bottom-ori. Dorsal-fin membranes distinctly incised between spines. often dark reddish off Terengganu (KT). spaced with patterns of light or dark stripes. with IV–XIII spines reefs or rocky substrata. A III. no spines on opercle. bands of small. Scales feed on zooplankton. Yusuf) West Pacific. edge of (rarely II) spines and 6–24 soft rays. Head length 2. Opercle bearing 3 flat spines.3–2. including to 64 m. Feeds mainly on crustaceans. extending on the area: Latidae – lateral line ex. maxilla ex. 5. Haemulidae lar membrane separate. or axillary process at base of pelvic fins Cephalopholis boenak (Bloch. All are pre.2 in head length.0 in SL. A single Similar families occurring in fins. scales on abdomen ctenoid. proximal part of each scale darker than posterior part. Color: dark brown. and ventral part of Cephalopholis formosa. Indo-Pacific. extending past eye. 27 Dec. Body ally pale reddish to yellowish brown. fin membranes distinctly incised be. caudal fin well rounded. somewhat blue spots extending onto fins. A III.7 in head length for specimens of (H. 9. UMTF 1357 (KAUM–I.7 cm SL eastern Indian Ocean and western Pa- off Terengganu (KT). Color: dark brown to yellowish brown. Tomato Hind 1. Head length 2. 13 Oct. A III.5–2.7 in SL. Body depth 2. 7–8.8 in SL. somewhat with indistinct dark bars on body. Pec. Cau- dal fin rounded. pectoral fins short. 2.9–2.5–2. 18 Dec. lower edge fleshy.6 in head length. depth range 10–30 m. its length. 1.8 in head length. P1 16–18 . pelvic fin length 1. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. finely ser. depth range 2–20 m. 15–17. Cephalopholis boenak. 17050. Distribution: widely distributed in the Cephalopholis sonnerati tween spines. body and fins. 17073. Snout largely scaled. its depth 2. and caudal fins usually with a grayish blue margin. Caudal fin rounded.5 in SL. 2008 cific. anal. maxilla naked. Size: maximum length about 34 cm. 16646). KAUM–I. Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters with silty bottoms. P1 18–20. 2008 interopercle smooth or finely serrate. Body moderate. Remarks: usually found (Valenciennes. rocky or silty reefs. subopercle and off Terengganu (KT). Yusuf) Cephalopholis microprion (Bleeker. on coral reefs in lagoon and outer reef. Yusuf) D IX. P2 I. head including jaws and anterior part of body with numerous small dark- edged blue spots. A III. GR 7–9 + 14–17. 14–16. 20. Yusuf) and fins. Cephalopholis microprion. maxilla partially scaled. 13.9 in SL. 15–40 cm length. Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters with dead coral. its length 1. interorbital area flat or slightly con- cave.4–1.5– depths of 10 to 150 m.7 cm SL head and chest with small dark blue Bidong Island. LLp 66–80. Dorsal- (Y. Distribution: tropical Cephalopholis sonnerati. 8. or subequal to head length. GR 7–9 + 14–16. KAUM–I.3–2.80 Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw. Color: body gener- . (Y. 1. preopercle rounded.2 cm SL rate. but have small relatively deep. 14–16. Often confused with 5. LLp 47–51. Size: maximum length 57 cm. LLp 45–51. subequal to longest pelvic-fin ray. Pec- toral fin usually reaching past vertical at anus. head length 2. lips. with irregu- lar dark blue lines on head. Motomura & Y. Size: maximum length about 24 cm. body depth greater than with small brownish red or dark brown blue spots on anterior part of body. GR 7–10 + 15–18. snout. 1828) toral fin middle rays longest.6–1. 2008 spots. 15.5–2.1 in head length. P1 14–16.7 in spots on head and fainter spots on body SL. upper edge of operculum very convex. 1852) Freckled Hind D IX. soft dorsal. 1812) Bluelined Grouper D IX.3–2. 15–17. with a few axillary scales in adults. off Terengganu (KT). 5. GR 8 + 14–16.5–3. Areolate Grouper Scales on body ctenoid. KAUM–I. 2. Body deep. A III. P1 17–18. KAUM–I. 2008 Remarks: found in coral reefs and ad- jacent habitats in depths of 5–50 m. 2009 gest.5 cm SL rounded. dead coral. 1775) pectoral fins relatively long. mainly along the edges of the bars. close-set roundish to polygonal brown Epinephelus areolatus nile. first 2 extending into spinous portion of dor- sal fin. depth 2. 12–13. (H. compressed. rocky reefs. 10. 81 Diploprion bifasciatum Cuvier. Motomura & Y. fifth dark bar at base of cau- dal fin. Yusuf) . Size: maximum length 50 cm. its length equal to longest pelvic- fin ray. 7–8. moderately elongate. Preopercular. Dorsal-fin membranes slightly incised between spines. Se- crete skin toxin under stress. body depth less than head length. pectoral fin (Forsskål. GR 8–10 + 14–16. (H. 8. 17230. 5 Dec.3 in body and fins pale gray. to yellowish brown spots. Posterior tip of depressed pelvic fin extending beyond anal fin origin. (Y.8 in pale. third and fourth bars extending into soft-rayed portions of dorsal and anal fins. P2 I. 13–16. Color: body yellow with a black bar through eye and a broad one in middle of body continuing onto pos- terior two thirds of spinous portion of dorsal fin. Lateral body scales ctenoid. subopercular and in- teropercular margins serrated. caudal fin head length. Posteroventral preopercular margin with 3–6 enlarged serrae. 1857) Banded Grouper D XI. Distribution: eastern In- dian Ocean and central western Pacific. P1 18–19.4 in SL. 5. Pectoral fin middle rays lon. Head length 2. Body with very small scales. 2008 130 m. 1828 Barred Soapfish D VIII. maxilla Pacific. LLp 71–76: GR 9–10 + 20–22. body depth greater than head length. with distinct white straight margin. 16889. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific.4 in SL. 34. 1. 1. P2 I.1–2. with numerous depth range 6–200m. P1 17–19. not deep- ly embedded. Scales mainly ctenoid. LLp 47–52. Yusuf) SL. Size: 40 cm. Caudal fin rounded. Remarks: usually found in LLp 49–53. except for tho. 12. Small black spots on dorsal parts of body bars. Distribution: Indo-West D XI. KAUM–I. A III. 15–16.8–3. truncate or emarginate in adults. Remarks: usually found on offshore Epinephelus areolatus. or alcyonarians. Size: maximum length 25 Diploprion bifasciatum. longer than pelvic fins. 6 Dec. Color: head.0–2. rax and ventrally on abdomen. with small dark spots. off Terengganu (KT). 16842. Color: body pale gray. 2.3 cm SL cm. A II. Motomura & Y.7–2. Body moderately elongate. with 5 broad dark brown bars. Caudal fin Epinephelus amblycephalus. Yusuf) Epinephelus amblycephalus (Bleeker. Caudal fin slightly convex in juve. 12 Jan.7 cm SL coral and rocky reefs in depths of 80– off Terengganu (KT).5–1.0 in SL.3 in head length. its length 1.82 Epinephelus bleekeri (Vaillant. depth to 50m. LLp 49–53. 1822) to whitish ventrally.oblique. Scales on body of adults in a broad ctenoid zone along side of body. prominent black streak on maxillary groove. Epinephelus bleekeri. with numerous pil. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. GR 8–10 + 14–17. but is not known from well developed coral reefs. Scales on body Remarks: found in coral or rocky ctenoid. Juveniles dark gray Epinephelus coioides body gray-brownish dorsally. and dorsal fin scattered with large whitish spots. Body elon. GR 9–11 + 15–18. KAUM–I. Size: maximum length 76 cm. GR 7–10 + 14–17.5 in SL. 2008 base of dorsal fin. 6 Oct. dorsal. Pre- opercle with 2–9 enlarged serrate at the angle. head pointed.9–3. and medi- Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. (Hamilton. thorax.7 in SL.8 cm SL series of indistinct dark blotches at Cendering. 58–65.4 cm SL erately elongate. P1 17–19. body. A III. preoper. A III. Distri- bution: Indo-West Pacific. Yusuf) Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Bloch. 7.0–3. P1 18–20. LLp an fins. and one on caudal peduncle. 11. finely serrate. 15–17. opercular spines inconspicu- ous. 2008 SL. KAUM–I. Size: maximum length 95 cle with enlarged serrae at angle. dark bars which bifurcate depth range 2–65 m. Important commercial fish and adults branched. a Epinephelus coioides. D XI. its depth 3. (Y. LLp 51–61. (Y. UMTF 1218 (KAUM–I.4 cm SL sal fin. 6 Oct. 16511. dorsal profile nearly straight. 8–9. covered with prominent pu. Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus. and upper third of caudal fin. A III. dor. maxilla with very small scales.1 in head length. Yusuf) .0–3. Caudal fin truncate to slightly convex. with numerous small or- ange-yellow spots on head. anterior lateral line scales of reefs. irregular. 8. off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: occurs on silty coastal reef areas. 16985. with white margin. Body elongate.4 in Cendering. 2008 lower two-thirds of caudal fin dark purplish gray. marks: found in rocky or coral areas. Re. dal fin rounded.5–2. Cau. its depth 2. caudal and pectoral fins with a very narrow white margins. 16–18.cm. pectoral fins large and fleshy. (Y. 16512). Size: maximum length 60 cm. and numerous pale spots. Color: adults brownish gray. 8. Color: brownish to pur- plish gray. preopercle rounded. body. and ven- trally on abdomen. P1 17–19. Caudal fin rounded. 14.size white spots and smaller white small brownish orange or reddish dots. a patch of small scales on maxilla. Yusuf) gate. shading to black. Orange-spotted Grouper brown spots on head. its depth 3. Body mod. Color: head and reared in cage culture in Malaysia. body with 5 faint. Scales on body cte- noid except for nape.ventrally. posterior head. Marketed fresh. 1790) White-spotted Grouper D XI. body. 13–16. 1878) Duskytail Grouper D XI. cycloid elsewhere. 13 Dec. P1 18–20. Size: maximum length about 40 2. 17151. and fins with numerous cm. Fins reddish Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Lateral body scales dis- tinctly ctenoid. preopercle round.2 in SL. often with 5 or 6 faint dark bars. Body moderately elongate. 1828) Cloudy Grouper D XI. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. bution: Indo-Pacific. Color: Cendering. Size: maximum length about 43 cm. Epinephelus fasciatus. Head length 2. Preopercular margin finely serrated. dark bars at side of jaws. GR 6–8 + 15–17. maxilla extends well posteri. depth range 1–20 m. Remarks: found (Forsskål.5 cm SL orange. (H. with axillary scales.6 in SL. GR 10–12 + 18–21. reared in cage culture in Malaysia. or slightly concave.0 in head length. with numerous axillary scales. A III. 2009 moderately elongate. 2008 ish brown. P1 17–19. inner teeth of 60 m. 1775) or to eye. Three dark streaks across opercle. 2 and rocky reefs. A III. KAUM–I. Pectoral fin mid- dle rays longest. body depth less than head length.1 cm SL 5. Remarks: inhabits in coral reef area. 15–17. Motomura & Y. Head length 2. 8. off Terengganu (KT). P2 I. finely serrated. small black saddle Remarks: inhabits in shallow coral ed. upper edge of oper. Pectoral fin uniform.0 cm SL ctenoid. Yusuf) . 83 Epinephelus erythrurus (Valenciennes. Yusuf) of preorbital deeply indented below Size: maximum length 95 cm. culum distinctly convex. Yusuf) Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål. Important commercial fish and Brown-marbled Grouper about twice longer than outer teeth. 16 Sept. Posteroventral preopercular margin serrated. LLp 49–75. Motomura & Y. black. Caudal fin slightly to moderately rounded.4–2. 18.8–3. 18 Dec. interorbital margin flat head. (H. 8. 15–17. 14–15. body. Caudal fin rounded. canines inconspicuous. 4 Jan. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific.7 in SL. 16333. P2 I. usually with irregular pale spots and blotches. 2. harbors and estuaries. Lateral body scales distinctly Epinephelus erythrurus. yellowish brown.5. Me- dian and pelvic fins mottled.3–2. its length longer than longest pelvicfin ray length. 8. D XI. 1775) Blacktip Grouper D XI. small brown spots. P2 I.3–2. spot on rear half of caudal peduncle. pale reddish yellow to scarlet. body depth less than head length. P1 18–20.9 in SL.6–2. anterior edge or 3 faint. nape and dorsoposterior part of head densely covered with minute axil- lary scales.3 in SL. LLp 53–62. head length tical series of dark brown blotches. Body off Terengganu (KR).5–2. A III. depths range 3–160 m. 8. Color: pale (Y. 1. Dorsal-fin membranes not incised or moderately incised between spines. KAUM–I. KAUM–I.8–3. with irregular 5 ver- terspinous membranes of dorsal fin Body depth 2.5 in SL. Distri- Epinephelus fuscoguttatus nostrils. pale yellowish green or green. 5. 2008 body olive to reddish brown. 19. 17053. Dorsal- fin membranes distinctly incised be- tween spines. 2. Color: body greenish gray. GR 8–9 + 14–17. midlateral part of lower jaw in shallow coral or rocky reefs to depths with 3 or 4 rows of teeth. outer triangular part of in. Pectoral fin middle rays lon- gest. LLp 52–58. 16–18. GR 7–8 + 13–15. and caudal fins hyaline grayish yellow. orange-red.7–3. with 2–4 large spines. GR 6–8 + 14–16. may be present on body. pectoral fins grayish or dusky be related to its habit of sitting on the fin rounded.6 cm SL of pelvic fins with white line and off Terengganu (KT). 1828) body pale brownish gray. Scales the head sometimes pale reddish tact with the bottom. (Y. Distribution: western Pacific. on thorax. A III. 2009 (Valenciennes. canines at front of jaws well de. inshore silty reefs.2 in SL. (Y. 17144. P1 16–19. pelvic fins not reaching or just reach- ing anus. 1904 Bridled Grouper D IX. Yusuf) on body ctenoid except anterodorsally brown. Body depth 2.0 cm SL Epinephelus quoyanus off Terengganu (KR). midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of teeth. LLp 54–60. GR 7–9 + 14–16. 17. Remarks: usually found on depth 2.0 cm SL adults. A III. maxilla naked or with a few very small scales. dorsal head profile dis- tinctly convex. body and fins. shading to whitish or pale pink ventrally. Distri. 2009 veloped.2 in SL. KAUM–I. faint dark brown stripe from eve to end of operculum. 15. preopercle with 2–4 caudal. 8–9. (Y. Body depth 2. Color: body whitish. anterodorsal head the edges of the dark bars. with nu- merous large dark brown to black spots on head. serrae at corner of pre- opercle enlarged. 14–15. Color: head and and western Pacific. 17153. Caudal fin rounded. P2 I. upper edge of operculum approximately straight. 1830) Longfin Grouper D XI.7–3. A III. and some faint bution: the Andaman Sea and western LLp 46–51. 9. lower edge of maxilla with a step-like bend in Epinephelus heniochus. pelvic fins not reaching to anus. Remarks: often found on soft bottom. less than 50 m. off Terengganu (KT). 2008 blackish submarginal band. P1 16–18. Yusuf) Epinephelus quoyanus.84 Epinephelus heniochus Fowler. Body small brown spots are often visible on Pacific.8–3. with 5 dark found on silty sand or muddy bottoms Sixbar Grouper brown bars. Yusuf) . Size: maximum length about above lateral line. LLp 48–52. preopercle angular. The profile convex. 5. Remarks: usually (Valenciennes. scattered with pale spots at depths of 10–80 m. Caudal spots. D XI. Distribution: the Andaman Sea Epinephelus sexfasciatus men. 14–16. 6 Dec. pectoral fins not fleshy. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. depth range 40–235 m. 8.2 in SL. 4 Jan. interorbital area slightly convex. and anal fins with dark brown enlarged fleshy pectoral fins appear to greatly enlarged serrae at angle. rather than rocky areas. maxilla usually reaching to or slightly past a vertical at rear edge of eye. dorsal. 16888. soft dorsal. chest with 2 dark brown bands joining be- low pectoral fin bases. jaws and ventral parts of substrate. 8. 1 Jan. another darker stripe from lower edge of eye to subopercle and a third from edge of preorbital to in- teropercle. Scales on body ctenoid. ventral edge of anal and caudal fins and leading edge Epinephelus sexfasciatus. with its pectoral fins in con. Size: max- imum length 43 cm. P1 17–19. maxilla naked. 28 cm. pectoral. and abdo. Color: head and body pale brown dorsally. Size: maximum length about 40 cm. Body elon- gate. spots. stripe extending from snout tip to an. matic in some species. 5. ings. base of fin long. P1 17–20. 3. inserted below or in front of beyond posterior margin of orbit posteriorly truncated or multiple pectoral fin. 1849 Dusky Dottyback D III. caudal fins without scaly sheaths. disjunct. dorsal and anal gray with irregular pale blue mark. dorsal and anal fins with weakly to strongly developed scaly sheaths. Mouth moderate.2 cm SL Bidong Island. some species. Re- marks: found on reef habitats at depths of 1–30 m. more spines. caudal pedun- cle and fin sometimes abruptly pale. duncular scales 19–20. Color: blu. 13–14. 16564). and spines. species. 1870 Yellowbelly Dottyback Pseudochromis ransonneti. LLp 23–36 + 4–13. disjunct. Body moderately elongate IV or fewer spines and compressed. the area: Opistognathidae and Plesi- modified. Size: 4 cm SL. KAUM–I. Serranidae – opercle usually variable with stripes. maxilla not ex- tending beyond posterior margin of orbit. Remarks: found in coral and rocky ate. 2008 and at least anterior part of body. Color: highly on fishes. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and West Pacific. a dark gray to dark blue SL. moderately compressed. pinkish or yellow indistinct yellow stripes. terior edge of eye. Matsunuma) . 5. posterior margin of ish gray dorsally. ful in most species. Branchiostegal rays 6. weakly protrusible. circumpeduncular scales usually 20. 23–24. 13–15. circumpe. anal fin bluish gray with 3 or 4 peduncle short. Lateral line disjunct. ventrally. Sequental hermaphrodite in with 3 spines. blotches worms. molluscs. color. Of commercial impor. (M. posteriorly trun. tance in aquarium trade in colorful Pseudochromis fuscus Müller & Troschel. Feeds opidae – dorsal fin with IX or more cated or multiple. dorsal fin bluish reefs at depths of 1–20 m. (M. Bidong Island. Caudal fin rounded to truncate or emarginate. Caudal fin rounded to emargin. Similar families occurring in posterior ceratohyal.4 cm SL D III. relatively deep. Size: 6 cm maxilla below pupil. preferring coral and rocky reefs. 14 Oct. rays. 14 Oct. P2 I. 85 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE Dottybacks By Mizuki Matsunuma and Hiroyuki Motomura Small to moderate fishes. P1 17–19. 6. dorsal fin with VII or or nearly plain in each species. A III. A III. crustaceans. pelvic fin (absent in some species) with one spine and 3–5 soft maxilla not extending lateral line modefied. Distribution: western Pacific. Dorsal fin with IV or fewer spines and 21–74 soft rays. Matsunuma) Pseudochromis ransonneti Steindachner. up to dorsal fin with 45 cm. 2008 P2 I. posterior margin of maxilla be- low pupil. 16571. UMTF 1336 (KAUM–I. Lateral line disjunct. caudal peduncle short. sexually dichro. usually with blue spots on nape Pseudochromis fuscus. Body elon- gate. lower lip incom. 25–28. with a single ray articulating with Remarks: occurs in shallow inter. lower lip interrupted at symphysis. LLp 25–32 + 6–14. plete. Lateral line tidal areas to depths of about 100 m. Color: bright yellow to dark gray. up- per part of body and dorsal fin some- times abruptly yellow. rough. toral fin with 17–21 rays. III silvery blotches or. or black. Anal fin with III spines and 10–16 soft rays. Eye extremely large (about 1/2 head length). or deeper.8 cm SL low or yellowish brown spots. some species with dark a spine and usually 7 soft rays and lunate. soft-rayed portion of fin relatively short to long and ver-white bars. Size: maximum length 35 cm. A III. emarginate. margin with spines. Marketed fresh. anterior profile slightly asymmetrical. Not important in fin with IV spines. single dorsal fin with X. the area: Holocentridae – opercular spines and 22 or more soft rays. 15 Dec. broadly reefs or rock formations but occasion. 13–14. 13. Remarks: found in around the sandy and rocky shore or open sandy bottom. 17011. ovate and compressed. KAUM–I. spinous and caudal fin not forked soft-rayed portions of fin continuous. 10–16 pointed. caudal fin deeply forked. occasionally yellowish in fin with IV spines.86 PRIACANTHIDAE Bigeyes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to 36 cm) ma. protruding lower jaw tip above midline of body. 7–13 rays. dried. Color: head and body southeast Asian waters. rays. Scales modified. with 16 principal rays. not attached to belly by membrane. IV or V spines and 8 or 9 soft generally reddish. Caudal fin generally truncate. being off Terengganu (KT). base. Branchiostegal rays 6. Color: pinkish silver. 2008 equal to 1/ 2 of pupil diameter. Body relatively deep. soft-rayed connected to belly portion broadly rounded to broadly by membrane anal fin with III. Distribu- tion: widespread in the Indo-West Pa- cific. with X spines and 11–15 soft rays. dorsal. Total gill rakers on first gill arch 17– 32. anal and pelvic fins with numerous rusty yel. 12–14. with extremely adherent. and as fish balls. Body deep. or some species. anal fin with very long base. in some species. sometimes with Similar families occurring in rays. spinous and soft Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier. Dorsal fin single. Head and body mostly covered most fisheries but some species occa. LLp 72–82. laterally com- pressed. Pelvic fins Remarks: occurring near coral caudal fin deeply forked with 18–19 with I spine and 5 soft rays. Priacanthus macracanthus. . spots or speckling on fin membranes. Pec. occasionally a pattern of red and sil. fins reddish to dusky portions of dorsal fin separated. pelvic fin with fins. P1 18–19. 11–15 rine fishes. anal broadly rounded to broadly pointed. with posterior field elevated as a separate flange with spi- nules both on surface and posterior edge. fins pinkish. sionally common in trawl catches of Pempheridae – dorsal-fin with short spiny scales. Berycidae – dorsal fin with attached to belly by membrane and ally in more open areas at depths of short base. salted. pelvic fin relatively short to long. eye very large Weak spine on posterior opercle and prominent to remnant spine at angle of preopercle. pelvic fin with Caudal fin rounded. reddish dorsally. 1829 Brownspot Bigeye D X. only IV–VII spines. One strong spine at angle of preoper- cle. upturned mouth. anal positioned in advance of pectoral 5–400 m. 14. usually ctenoid ton. Similar families occurring in the rays. which is smaller than pupil cm SL. with narrow yellow stripe on back. 8. Remarks: chiefly inhabit marine area: Ambassidae – a single dorsal fin emarginate. small black spot (much Bidong Island. large eye a single opercular spine. 2008 Size: maximum length 29 cm. LLp 72–82. 13–14. lateral line continuous. 12–14. Re. Scales usual- ly ctenoid. fins pinkish. Apogon cavitensis (Jordan & Seale. Distribution: western Pacific marks: found in silty coastal reefs to diameter. Scales modified. P1 18–19. Snout mod- erately pointed.20 m. incom. oblique with variable dentition. Distri.8 cm SL ple to inky black spots in membrane. 13 Oct. but also found in fresh but deeply notched. KAUM–I. fins subtranslucent. (M. Body ob- long. 5 Dec. pel- vic fins with numerous mall deep pur. scales plete or absent in some groups. lateral line well developed. LL 24. Matsunuma) . Eyes large. caudal fin forked. bution: the Andaman Sea and West the sandy and rocky shore or open APOGONIDAE Cardinalfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma and Koichi Shibukawa Small sized (up to about 20 cm) 2 dorsal fins compressed and oblong or moderately elongate fishes. stripes. Color: pinkish sil- ver. A strong spine at angle of preopercle. A II. UMTF 1222 (KAUM–I. vertical or groups. ton with a single spine) and 8–18 soft diagonal bars. coastal waters. mouth large. 1907) Caviti Cardinalfish D VII + I. but cycloid in some groups and absent in Gymnapogon and Pax. Caudal fin trun- cate but becoming very lunate in some males. reticulation. 16841. moderately deep and compressed. reddish dorsally. spots. 5. or nearly plain. III anal-fin spines. or: variable with patterns of colored and brackish water areas in some anal fin with II spines (except for Pax. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. 2008 smaller than pupil) on front middle of caudal fin. Size: 8 from Australia to Philippines. Remarks: found in around sandy bottom. No enlarged canin- oid teeth on jaws. truncate. or rounded. off Terengganu (KT). laterally compressed. Two large mouth separated dorsal fins. Body moderately deep. 9. scales ofmid- lateral region with elevated posterior field reduced and lacking spinules in larger specimens. Color: head and body pinkish. caudal fin emarginate. yellow to bronze stripe with silvery white margins on Apogon cavitensis. 16633). Col. Base of anal fin sub- equal to base of second dorsal fin in length. 4. 87 Priacanthus tayenus Richardson.2 cm SL mid-laterally. the first with VI–VIII spines and the second with anal fin with II spines one spine and 8–14 soft rays (except for Paxton having a single dorsal fin). Priacanthus tayenus. A III.Pacific. 1846 Purplespot D X. pelvic fin I. 0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 17223. caudal fin emarginate. 13 Oct. KAUM–I. Color: body pinkish. P1 15–16 (usu- ally 16).1 cm SL stripes on body sides. (M. second dorsal and anal fins with an indistinct reddish brown stripe basally. with two black stripes on body sides. A II. Bidong Island. caudal fin emar- ginate. fins subtranslucent with pinkish rays. a large black spot (about size of eye) at caudal-fin base. GR 2–4 + 10–14. mod- erately deep and compressed. Size: 5 cm SL. 9. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. lateral line well developed. 9. 1852 Candystripe Cardinalfish D VII + I. KAUM–I. A II. lateral line well devel- oped. 13 Oct. KAUM–I. moderately deep and compressed. Body oblong. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. 8. P1 14–15. with about 7 longitudinal yellowish brown Apogon endekataenia. from the east coast of Africa to eastern Australia north to southern Japan. 11 Jan. extending posteriorly to caudal- fin base. Remarks: found in coral and rocky reefs. (M. Snout moderately pointed. Body oblong. Matsunuma) Apogon fasciatus. Matsunuma) Apogon fasciatus (White. Apogon endekataenia. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. 16634.88 Apogon endekataenia Bleeker. Size: 11 cm SL. the upper stripe extending from snout to the dorsal portion of the caudal-fin base. fins semi- translucent to pinkish. Distribution: western Pa- cific from Australia to southern Japan. 2008 ed. 8. 5. 2008 dle stripe) posteriorly reaching to cau- dal-fin base. fifth stripe (mid. Remarks: found in coastal waters at depths of 2–128 m. extending poste- riorly to caudal-fin base. Bidong Island. LL 27–28. No en- larged caninoid teeth on jaws. Posterior margin of preopercle weakly serrated. 3. 1790) Broadbanded Cardinalfish D VII + I. Color: body pale white. 6. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. LL 24–25. Snout mod- erately pointed.9 cm SL Posterior margin of preopercle serrat. 16637. 2009 . lower stripe (middle stripe) without exten- sional bar on lower margin. the lower stripe from snout ex- tending onto caudal-fin margin. GR 2 + 10. length. caudal fin reddish. off Terengganu (KT). LL 24–25. lateral Apogon lineatus. 4. Shibukawa) Apogon lineatus Temminck & Schlegel.2 cm SL dorsally. es- pecially mangrove areas. darker dorsally. Base of anal fin sub. Belonging to subgenus Apogon nigrocincta.8 cm SL line well developed. a dark bar on cheek. A II. P1 14. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. Size: 8 cm SL. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. 9. 2009 Apogon nigrocincta teeth on jaws.Matsunuma) off Terengganu (KT). Distribu- tion: Western Central Pacific. 1–3 + 6–7. Matsunuma) cle serrated. 8. A II. Body deep. extending posteriorly to tip of lower jaw extending upper jaw SL. LL 24. from sally. Size: 12 cm SL. GR 2–3 + 11–12. 2008 distinct. 8. 89 Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker. Color: second dorsal and anal fins with nar- GR 3 + 14. Remarks: inhabits estuaries. LL 27. a Setiu. (K. 8. 7. dark bar on caudal fin base. 1912) equal to base of second dorsal fin in first dorsal fin reddish brown to black. KAUM–I. Snout moderately to anterior margin of eye. 1852 Humpbacked Cardinalfish D VI + I. on middle. a vertical Pacific. Color: head and body gray Apogon hyalosoma. lateral line well brown to black stripe on snout. second dorsal fin and caudal fins dusky with darker dis- tal margin. 1842 Indian Perch D VII + I. UMTF 1501 (KAUM–I. moderately body plain light purplish brown. lateral line well developed. Distribution: Western Central caudal-fin base. Snout blunt. large (about size of eye) black spot at caudal-fin base. 27 Oct. caudal fin rounded. A II. KAUM–I. dorsal profile of head distinctly concaved. or slightly emarginate. becoming silvery ventrally. forming hump-back appearance. Size: 9 cm developed. exclusive of anterodorsal margin of first dorsal fin black. caudal fin emarginate. (M. anterior distal margin of (Smith & Radcliffe. 2008 riorly to caudal-fin base. 9. compressed.4 cm SL Jaydia. No enlarged caninoid black spot (much smaller than pupil) . Re- marks: found in sandy mud bottom of coastal waters. with small rocky reefs. Body oblong. row reddish brown to black stripe ba- deep and compressed. Remarks: found in coral and pointed. 16696). distal third to half of first dorsal fin black. Posterior margin of preoper. extending poste. P1 14–16 (usu- ally 15). Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. caudal fin emar- ginate. Posterior margin of preopercle serrat- ed. 9. 6 Dec. Body oblong. No en- larged caninoid teeth on jaws. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. P1 14. Snout moderately pointed. (M. 16881. extending posteriorly to caudal-fin base. 7–11 narrow dark brown bars on body sides. D VII + I. fins transpar- ent. moderately deep. 8. Color: body pinkish to yellowish white. 17267. Distribution: Western Central Pa- cific. 18 Jan. Body oblong. lower stripe (middle stripe) with about 5–9 narrow vertical bars on lower edge. erately deep and compressed. 16560). pinkish to reddish. 6.7 cm SL small blackish gray spots. caudal length. Body oblong. Posterior margin of preopercle serrat- ed. P1 15–16 (usu- ally 15). Size: 11 cm SL. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. one cle. Apogon pleuron. P1 14. sec- ond dorsal fin with some series of Apogon seminigracaudus. anterior nasal pore without fin lobe and the other fins pink to red.equal to base of second dorsal fin in Japan.8 cm SL the upper stripe extending from snout off Terengganu (KT).to Fiji and Tonga. caudal fin emarginate. 31 Dec. 2005 D VII + I. Belonging to scale (plus 1/2 sometimes) between duncle increasing posteriorly. Color: head and body gray. Remarks: found in coastal waters at depths of 3–91 m. Matsunuma) peduncle relatively long and low. (M. upper caudal- pointed. becom- subgenus Jaydia. extending posteriorly to cau- dal-fin base. lateral line well de- veloped. shading to sil- very gray ventrally. UMTF 1413 (KAUM–I. extending red gill filaments visual through oper- marks: found in inshore areas with posteriorly to caudal-fin base.Size: 5 cm SL. Shibukawa) lateral line and base of third spine of ing black at caudal-fin base and onto first dorsal fin. mod. 8. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws.90 Apogon pleuron Fraser. 11 Dec. extending posteriorly to caudal- fin base. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and West Central Pacific. several faint hori- zontal wavy lines on side of body. Color: body silt. 8. teeth on jaws. moderately deep and compressed. KAUM–I. Size: 5 cm SL. 9. . caudal fin forked. the lower stripe from snout extending onto caudal-fin margin. (K. distal edge Bidong Island. gill chamber and first gill arch dusky. 8. Snout moderately pointed. Posterior margin of pre.0 cm SL 27–29. (M. 1828 Pearly-finned Cardinalfish D VII + I. 16928. 9. blackish pigment on caudal pe- sandy or muddy bottom. north to southern GR 4–5 + 13–15. Distribution: West Greenfield. Snout moderately point- ed. GR 3–5 + 13–17. KAUM–I. 2008 to dorsal portion of caudal-fin base. 1. Remarks: found in reefs on sand. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. LL 24. Apogon seminigracaudus posterior flap. dis- tal part of first dorsal fin dusky. lat. Color: body pinkish. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. 2008 and compressed. caudal fin truncate. 8. lateral line well devel- oped. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. Base of anal fin sub. Matsunuma) Apogon poecilopterus Cuvier. from the Gulf of Thailand east D VII + I. Posterior margin of preopercle smooth. Re- eral line well developed. 2008 of caudal fin dusky. Snout moderately lower caudal-fin lobe. and algae. A II. 13 Oct. moderately deep off Terengganu (KT). A II. LL Apogon poecilopterus. with two black stripes on body sides.semitransparent. darkened dorsally. A II. Body oblong. 9. No enlarged caninoid Pacific. P1 14-17. 17121. 2007 opercle serrated. LL 24–25. 1849) Archamia fucata. 5. (M. No enlarged Apogonichthyoides niger. moderately deep. KAUM–I. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Distribution: West Central Pacific. 15–17. 17203. Posterior margin of pre- opercle serrated. LL 25. 9. 6. (M. Body oblong. 10 Jan. Color: body silvery white. Scaly sheath developed around 7 cm SL. 4–6 indistinct dark bars on body sides. Re- marks: found in sandy mud bottoms at depths of 50–80 m. Size: 12 cm SL. KAUM–I. 12. 16647. GR 2 + 8. deep and compressed. Remarks: Fraser and Allen (2010) placed this species in ge- nus Apogonichthyoides. 2009 dorsal fin black. ginate. extending posteriorly to caudal fin base. anal fin white with a black stripe on basally. posterior tip of pelvic fin extending beyond anal fin origin when depressed. A II. Color: head and body dusky gray.7 cm SL Orangelined Cardinalfish Bidong Island. a black stripe on middle. yellowish basally. 8. 2nd dorsal fin white. eye pale yellow. Base of anal fin sub- equal to base of second dorsal fin in length. moderately deep and enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. previously treated as synonym of Apogon.3 cm SL caninoid teeth on jaws. 1883) D VII + I. 9. KAUM–I. extending posteriorly to caudal dorsal fin in length. Color: body translu. Base of anal off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: inhabits coral and rocky tral corner) of preopercle serrated. 13 Oct. 1854 Flagfin Cardinalfish D VII + I. 20–23 compressed. Size: fin base. ex- tending posteriorly to caudal-fin base. LLp 26. caudal fin rounded. 2008 D VII. 17296. fins largely transparent. darker dorsally. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. 20 Jan. 2009 fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. of anal fin longer than base of second narrow. LLp 25. base of anal fin. P1 16–17. Matsunuma) Apogonichthyoides niger (Döderlein. curved oblique orange lines oped. P1 15. P1 13–15. Shibukawa) . (K. lateral line well devel. A II. lateral line well devel- oped. Apogon truncatus. Matsunuma) Archamia fucata (Canton. Body oblong. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. caudal fin slightly emar- ginate. 8. GR 1 + 10. 91 Apogon truncatus Bleeker. 9. No cent gray with a large black spot (near reefs. Body oblong. A II. on body. with black stripe marginally. Snout moderately pointed. caudal fin with black margin. caudal fin emar.4 cm SL a dark bar on cheek. Size: 10 cm SL. Posterior margin (at least posteroven. darkish dorsally. Belonging to subgenus Jaydia. Base eye-sized) at caudal fin base. white submarginally. distal half of 1st off Terengganu (KT). lateral line well developed. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. Snout blunt. Snout blunt. 3rd stripe chus. erately pointed. No enlarged caninoid on whitish interspace on cheek and Ostorhinchus cyanosoma teeth on jaws. 2008 dorsal fin in length. Indo-Pacific.short and extends from dorsal margin of Apogon. 9. Re. Size: 8 cm Ostorhinchus cyanosoma. P1 14. 16410). Matsunuma) . lateral line well devel- oped. com- pressed. (M. 4th (middle stripe) stripe reaching ed as subgenus of Apogon. a small black spot (smaller than pupil) encircled by yellow at caudal-fin base. LL 28. Bidong Island. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 4. 12 Oct. UMTF 1057 (KAUM–I. Remarks: inhabits caudal fin emarginate. caudal fin emar- ginate. Color: body with 4–5 broad dusky longitudinal stripes (distinctly narrower than paler interspaces).92 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier. genus Ostorhinchus. 4. Some enlarged. Snout moderately pointed. Snout mod. Color: head rocky or coral reefs. A II. Snout moderately pointed. LL 24. Color: head and body pale with 6 longitudinal dark brown stripes with various widths. moderately deep and Dungun. 16596). anterodorsal part of first dorsal fin tinged with black. P1 12–13. (K. 2008 marks: inhabits rocky or coral reefs. P1 15. a dusky rounded spot (larger than pupil) at caudal-fin base. Ostorhinchus cooki. Pos- terior margin of preopercle serrated (maybe near smooth in large speci- men). low stripes with various. Size: 8 cm SL. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. 1853) to base of second dorsal fin in length. 8. placed this species in genus Ostorhin- D VII + I. Posterior margin of pre. erately deep and compressed. fins subtranslucent or a little tinged with red. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. 1828 Five-lined Cardinalfish D VI + I. a narrow stripe (K. Size: 10 cm SL. Distribution: (Bleeker. 3rd stripe short and extends from dorsal margin of eye to. Shibukawa) Ostorhinchus cooki Macleay. or slightly beyond. 8. fang-like ca- nines on jaws. UMTF 1012 (KAUM–I. or slightly beyond. a vertical through origin of second dorsal fin. Re- marks: inhabits coral reefs. Randall (2005) Yellow-striped Cardinalfish and body pale with 6 longitudinal yel. Base of Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. 24 Sept. LL 26–28. previously treat- riorly to caudal-fin base. Posterior margin of preopercle serrat- ed.3 cm SL SL.8 cm SL anal fin subequal to base of second Bidong Island. 4. previously treated as subgenus GR 6–7 + 15–16. 9. mod. 13 Oct. through origin of second dorsal fin. KAUM–I. extending posteriorly to caudal- fin base. Shibukawa) opercle serrated. onto caudal fin margin. A II. lateral of eye to. 2008 compressed. extending poste. 9. Body oblong. caudal fin emarginate. A II. 8. 16632.7 cm SL Body oblong. Base of anal fin subequal flank. 1881 Cook's Cardinalfish D VII + I. but canines absent around lower-jaw symphysis. Body relatively elongate. extending posteriorly to caudal-fin base. lateral line well developed. a vertical Randall (2005) placed this species in line well developed. Randall (2005) placed this species in subgenus of Apogon.cm. 18–20. lateral line slightly arched. pelvic fin Remarks: found in coastal inshore yellowish. GR 2 + 10. caudal fin emarginate. highly complex with various exten. schooling fishes. mouth large 16–27 soft rays. pectoral fin base. the second with I spine and green. Color: silvery to sandy gray or area: Branchiostegidae – a single spines. 9. spinous dor- caudal fin emarginate. Matsunuma) SILLAGINIDAE Sillagos (Smelts. off Terengganu (KT). 93 Pristicon trimaculatus (Cuvier. 14–27 none on palatines. previously treated as (M. extending posteriorly to caudal-fin base. Teeth villiform. 18 Dec. with fleshy lips.3 cm SL posterior extension. LL 67–72. A II. 26 Dec. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. not thickened club- like structure. brackish estuaries and shallow coastal sal fin. First pel- vic-fin ray normal. Color: body dark reddish brown with 3 dark saddle bands below dorsal fins. cific. P1 14. Remarks: found in coastal reefs. Similar families occurring in the Sillago aeolus Jordan & Evermann. Body elongate. Pinguipedidae – II weak spines and 14–27 soft rays. caudal fin dusky. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. . lower part 1 opercular spine of preopercle horizontal. compressed. end of upper jaw sliding below preor. Snout long and conical. Body deep. Color: body sil. KAUM–I. 10. pelvic fin base in advance of Swimbladder absent or vestigial to waters. Opercle with small sharp spine. Whitings) By Mizuki Matsunuma Moderate-sized (up to 70 cm) 2 dorsal fins elongate perciform fishes. dorsal profile of head almost straight. in broad bands. 2008 cm SL. anal fin long. small teeth on roof of mouth small terminal mouth restricted to anterior part of vomer. 2008 very. no divided Sillago aeolus. 17060. 1902 Oriental Sillago D XI + I. covered with ctenoid scales. sometimes with black spots on continuous dorsal fin. the first with 9–12 slender sions. with body and pectoral fin base. Base of anal fin subequal to base of second dorsal fin in length. a small black spot on opercle. caudal fin slightly forked with rounded tips. terminal. 1828) Cheekbar Cardinalfish D VI + I. 17046. dorsal fin spines short. Snout moderately pointed. Two separate dor- sal fins. lateral line well developed. 15. Swimblad- der with 3 rudimentary anterolateral extensions instead of 4. ctenoid scales bital bone. anal fin with II. Size: 12 off Terengganu (KT). LL 25–26. Distribution: West Central Pa. Remarks: bottom-dwelling. A II. subcylindrical. a small Pristicon trimaculatus. No enlarged caninoid teeth on jaws. found in inshore sal fin sometimes joined to soft dor- ctenoid. KAUM–I. 8. gate blotches on body sides. Mouth small. with scattered dark brown elon. Scales small. genus Pristicon. 17–19.5 cm SL black spot at caudal-fin base. Size: 30 waters. pelvic fin yellow. Body elongate. brownish dorsally. 1775) orly. First pelvic-fin ray normal. Sillago ingenuua. 26 Dec. 1985 Bay Sillago D XI + I. covered with ctenoid scales. KAUM–I. First pel- vic-fin ray normal. A II. distal margin of anal fin yellowish. 2 posterior tapering extensions of bladder with a short median anterior the swimbladder project into caudal extension and about 5 small pointed Silver Sillago region. minate on each side of the basioccipital. KAUM–I. 22–23. 17061. caudal fin dusky. Sillago ingenuua McKay. Marketed fresh. 17062. 20–23. Body elongate. brown- ish dorsally. 19. caudal fin brown- ish distally. Body elongate. Remarks: found in in- Pacific. Swim. truncate to almost rounded. LL dorsally. no mark. caudal fin truncate. First pel- vic-fin ray modified into a laterally compressed thickened club-like struc- ture. 1983 Asian Sillago D XI + I. KAUM–I. 66–72. Color: body D XI + I. West Pacific. 2008 forwards and the anterolateral ones recurved backwards up to 1/2 length of swimbladder. no markings on body sides. caudal fin relatively small. caudal fin relatively Sillago sihama 2 lateral extensions commence anteri- large. Distribution: Indo- tion: eastern Indian Ocean and West bladder with 2 anterior extensions ex. Distribu. cheek Sillago sihama. the middle one projecting Sillago asiatica. 2008 Bleeker. not thickened club- like structure. Remarks: found in inshore tending forward and diverging to ter. 16. LL 66–70. 2008 fins yellowish. Color: body silvery. 17.1 cm SL Sillago chondropus beach near UMT. UMTF 1346 (KAUM–I. Swimbladder with 3 anterior ex- tensions. Size: 35 cm. Distribution: West Central Pacific. 21–23. subcylindrical. Color: body silvery. 16545). Size: 16 cm. 26 Dec. Size: 30 cm. coastal waters. Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters. 20–21.94 Sillago asiatica McKay. 16678. Marketed fresh. covered with ctenoid scales. Body elongate. Sillago chondropus. moderately emarginate. 15. subcylindrical. subcylindrical. 1849 Clubfoot Sillago D XI–XII + I. Size: 20 cm. no duct-like process from the ventral surface to the urogen- ital aperture. 20–21. ish. 21–23. 21 Oct. dorsal fins brown.7 cm SL head yellowish. somewhat with an indis- tinct pale midlateral band. subcylindrical. A II. Remarks: found in inshore waters. shore coastal waters.8 cm SL covered with ctenoid scales. not thickened club- like structure. A II. A II. silvery. brownish anterolateral projections. LL 66–73. caudal fin fin broadly yellow. 17. 2008 vic-fin ray normal.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). slightly forked with rounded tips. . Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. Swim. Color: body silvery. 8 Oct. LL 67–70. 19. First pel- Kemaman. Swimbladder reduced in size. (Forsskål. a single posterior ex- tension. pectoral and pelvic off Terengganu (KT). distal margin of anal ings on body sides. upper and lower margins of caudal fin dark brown to almost black. head profile becom- ing vertical with development of a bony crest with growth. greatest body depth in adults less than 25% SL. Color: fin and 1. con- tinuing almost to caudal fin. anal fin con. caudal fin silvery with a golden Marketed fresh. Lateral line curved upward above pectoral fins. Scales small fishes and crustaceans associat. life. caudal fin deeply forked. Color: in life very ed with floating weed. adult males develop a bony crest on front of head. Tooth patch on tongue small and oval. 1758 Common Dolphinfish D 55–67.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). or more rows on and be. caudal fin deeply forked. Body elongate and com- pressed. No other fishes have Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus. but also approaching the coast. wide in tropical and subtropical seas. Size: commonly 1 m. and 1 row of dark spots or pale. golden blotches running below dorsal sheen. pectoral fins waters. pelvic fins Remarks: pelagic fishes. KAUM–I. after death fading to gray with a larly. maxi- . extending from above eyes almost to caudal fin. latter with a white edge. dal fin deeply forked. in males. 2.1 m) marine dorsal fin begins fishes. no sharp variable. A 25–30. en sheen. Body elongate. Dorsal and anal fins very long. with many fine teeth in bands. 45. compressed. Taken by both body almost to caudal fin. Dorsal fin long. and pelvic fins blues. anal-fin origin at or before midpoint of body. 10 Jan. mum about 2 m. the Remarks: pelagic. P1 17–20. inhabiting open green tinge. extending from anus almost to caudal fin. Feed on dorsal fin from nape almost to caudal fitting into a groove on body. Distribution: world- back brilliant metallic blue-green in low lateral line. 95 CORYPHAENIDAE Dolphinfishes (“dolphins”) By Mizuki Matsunuma Large sized (up to 2. numerous small. black spots Similar families occurring in well developed. a combination of characters such as fin or caudal peduncle. LL 200–300. anal fin from about midpoint of small and cycloid. 17213. 2009 cave. pectoral and pelvic fins large. on head and body. some scattered irregu. sides with golden hues and commercial and recreational fisheries spines in dorsal and anal fins. Coryphaena hippurus. or finlets. sides silvery with a gold. specimens less the area: none. without any keels on than 15 cm have dark vertical bars. dorsal and anal fins black. dorsal-fin almost to caudal fin pelvic fin developed origin on nape. on nape Mouth large. cau- back brilliant metallic greens and wherever they occur. fin. without dorsal and anal fins sharp spines. KAUM–I. Sucking disc present. Remarks: sively more emarginate with growth. anal-fin soft rays 22–28 Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus. P2 I. Distribution: circumglobal in . body depth 5. Body elongate. dorsal-fin spines isolated cies account. Head broad and de- pressed. not connected by a off Terengganu (KT). 22–28. subcy- lindrical. with a pale gray cept for the eastern Pacific. Occurs more in conti- bedded in thick skin. ly in estuaries. slightly wavy anteriorly. 5. grayish ventrally. whitish to tropical to warm temperate seas. 14 Dec. but also found over shal- Pectoral fins pointed. see the following spe. Color: body m. small scales embedded Carangidae – II detached spines in in thick skin front of anal fin. 27. dark stripe on lower side of trunk. ex- Caudal fin truncate in young. sucking disc absent. grayish to blackish dorsally. lateral line Size: maximum total length about 2 nental than insular waters.6–8. 16991. 26–33. em. Dorsal Rachycentron canadum. Scales small. becoming more to upper caudal peduncle and a faint low coral and rocky reefs. A II–III. 1766) Cobia D VII–IX. dorsal-fin soft rays 26–33 head broad and Similar families occurring in depressed the area: Echeneidae – dorsal fin spines absent.0 cm SL fin spines short. progres. longest dorsal fin soft rays shorter than longest anal fin soft rays. P1 21–22. stripe from front of snout through eye semipelagic. occasional- falcate with growth. 2008 membrane.96 RACHYCENTRIDAE Cobia By Hiroyuki Motomura This family is represented by a single species.0 in stan- dard length. except for Pacific coast of . a transversely laminated. lack- ing spines. with a white-edged length about 1 m. America. Distribution: cir. Body elongate. Suck- ing disc large. KAUM–I. depressed. 8–11 branchiostegal. cetaceans. grayish to black. A 31–41.2 cm SL Caudal fin lanceolate in young. No commercial importance. Pectoral fin with 18–32 rays. Dorsal fin with 18–45 soft rays. Caudal fin slightly forked. P1 21–24. ate seas. Echeneis naucrates. Opercle without spines. 14 Dec. Remarks: attaching tempo- lower lobes longer than middle rays. 97 ECHENEIDAE Remoras By Hiroyuki Motomura Medium-sized (up to 90 cm). Pec. to a host and food scraps dropped by Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus. 23. dorsal and anal fins without spines dorsal and anal fin bases long. emarginate. found free-swimming and occurring black stripe from tip of lower jaw to cumglobal in tropical to warm temper. Color: body to whitish. in inshore waters. 5. with elongate median caudal Remarks: attaching to other fisheries along with other fishes and fin filament in juveniles of some spe. off Terengganu (KT). cies. Scales small. cycloid. whales. elongate and fusiform fishes. usually toward certain hosts in some species. with light and the host. fishes. body depth 8–14 in standard length. but some species are taken in coastal adults. with upper and gins of fins whitish in juveniles. toral fins blackish. Color: body brown. No swimbladder. 2008 dle rays elongate and filamentous. P2 I. Upper and lower mar. Often gray to blackish. sold in local markets. Size: maximum standard sharks. sometimes whitish. LGR 11–16. Anal fin with 18–41. Head oval-shaped cephalic disc with transverse laminae wide. Pelvic fins grayish rarily to a wide variety of hosts such as Pectoral fins pointed. sea turtles and ships. al- most truncate in adults. mid. or dolphins with a sucking disc on Similar families occurring in Pelvic fin with I spine and 5 soft head. a great preference or specificity the area: no other family of fishes rays. 17004. rays. with 18–28 laminae. Feeds on parasitic copepods attached head. or slightly rounded in dark longitudinal stripes on trunk. 1758 Sharksucker D 34–42. sea turtles. oval-shaped cephalic small cycloid scales disc. has a sucking disc on dorsally on the embedded in skin. caudal fin base. caudal fin forked Adipose eyelid developed in some species. lowish fins in some species. off Terengganu (KT). 10 Jan. usually along at least posterior lat- extending beyond a vertical through Remarks: occurring in tropical eral line. scales minute and embedded where present. strongly compressed.8 cm SL grayish dorsally. Distribution: world. 2009 trally. cycloid scales or absent in some species. Scales sometimes freshwater areas. but reduced in Similar families occurring in the lateral line. Trevallies) By Seishi Kimura Medium to large sized marine fishes. Size: maximum length curring in coastal waters. silvery white ven. Two dor- sal fins. 5. no some species. Body deep. completely embedded in adults in duncle. darker (brownish or 2 detached anal fin spines (sometimes a lateral keel of scutes at caudal pe- greenish) dorsally. Almost scutes in the lateral line. Remarks: oc- of dorsal fin. Color: body silvery bluish or Alectis ciliaris. 17–44 ranging from elongate and fusiform to deep and strongly compressed. 16. paler ventrally. the following similar families in having in body shape. 5 chevron-shaped blackish bands on body in juveniles. 1787) African Pompano D IV–VII (embedded) + I. fila- mentous in juveniles. anal anal fin with III. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch. estuarine. but the former lacking or: body silvery. several genera). pectoral fin usually long. the first with IV–VIII spines (obsolete or embedded in adult of some species) and the second with one spine and 17–44 soft rays. Col. . 17210. diamond shaped in juvenile. 2 dorsal fins Body shape extremely variable. no de- present and prominent on the lateral tance. the ante- rior two (rarely only one) detached anterior 2 anal-fin from the rest of the fin (becoming spines detached embedded in adults of some spe- cies). and 15–39 soft rays. IV–VIII I. feeds mainly about 150 cm. scutes all species having commercial impor. caudal dark bars or spots on body. GR 4–6 + 12–17 = 18–22. Stromateid genus Pampus some species and absent in some area: Carangidae is distinguished from very similar to Parastromateus niger genera. anterior soft rays of dorsal and anal fins very long. profile of forehead to nape rounded.on fishes and crustaceans. 15–17. Centrolophidae and Lactari- second dorsal-fin origin except for to temperate marine.98 CARANGIDAE Jacks (Scads. and/or yel. A II (embedded) + I. jaw teeth small. maximum size about 2 m. Vertebral counts 24–27. Scombridae small cycloid in most species. – dorsal-fin spines IX–XXVII. pelvic fin I. becoming more elongated with growth. body superficially naked. tached anal fin spine. a black botch at base of anterior soft portion wide in tropical seas. villiform. KAUM–I. pelvic fins elon- gated in juveniles. no scutes in the line in most species. and idae – no detached anal fin spine. and enlarged scutes fin forked. 15–39 fin usually with III spines. straight part of lateral line with scutes (8–30) only posteri- orly. V 10 + 14. 18–20. well developed on posterior half of first dorsal fin black. body superfi- cially naked. silvery white ventrally. a single row of small slender length about 25 cm. V 10 + 14.3 cm SL East Africa to Hawaii. off Terengganu (KT). feeds mainly on fishes. 50 cycloid scales + 0–2 scutes). compressed. Remarks: occurring in in- D VIII + I. KAUM–I. 9. straight part of lateral line with scutes (6–13) only posteriorly. 11 Jan. snout pointed. Distri- bution: widely in Indo-Pacific. 1830) Indian Threadfish D V–VI (embedded) + I. Re- marks: occurring in coastal waters. Color: body silvery blue dorsally. 23–26. feeds mainly on shrimps GR 7–9 + 17–24 = 24–30. 23–26. a distinct black spot on upper margin of opercle. dark bands on body in juve- niles. Alectis indicus. 15–17. Distribu- tion: widely in Indo-West Pacific. KAUM–I. 1775) Shrimp Scad D VIII + I. north to south. north to southern Japan. dorsal and or: body silvery blue or green dorsal- feeds mainly on crustaceans and small ventral profiles almost equally con. strongly compressed. 14.0 cm SL GR 10–14 + 25–33 = 35–47. becoming more elongated with growth. vex. compressed. 2008 ern Japan. 9. profile of forehead to nape somewhat angular. Size: maximum length about 40 cm.1 cm SL ish or grayish dorsally. filamentous in juveniles. snout rounded. Color: body silvery green. Alepes djedaba. Distribution: In- (Swainson. 27 Dec. diamond shaped in juvenile. Body deep. and crustaceans. straight part of lat- eral line almost entirely with scutes (39–51 following 0–3 cycloid scales). 6 Dec. from Alepes melanoptera.and copepods. A II (embedded) + I. straight do-West Pacific. from the Persian Gulf part of lateral line almost entirely with to western Indonesia. adipose eyelid well developed on posterior half of eye. 18–20. a large fishes. 17215. anterior soft rays of dorsal and anal fins very long. dorsal and ventral profiles almost equally convex. Body deep. . adipose eyelid black spot on upper margin of opercle. from East Africa to New Guinea. 2008 14. 99 Alectis indicus (Rüppell. scales minute and em- bedded where present. Alepes djedaba (Forsskål. north to south- Blackfin Scad scutes (49–69 following 0–4 cycloid ern China. 16906. scales). longer than curved part (31–36 cy- cloid scales + 0–3 scutes). longer than curved part (31– shore waters. A II + I. 1839) curved teeth on both jaws. Body oblong. 17077.ly. a single row of small slender teeth on both jaws. anal fin yellowish. GR 7–11 + 21–26 = 29–37. Size: maxi- mum length about 160 cm. A II + I. V 10 + 14. south to Australia. KAUM–I. squids. 18–21. Remarks: occur- ring in coastal waters. Size: maximum Alepes melanoptera eye. Col. 2009 ventrally. pelvic fins elongated in juveniles. silvery white ventrally. silvery white off Terengganu (KT). V 10 + off Terengganu (KT). 18–21. Re- marks: occurring in shallow waters. KAUM–I. 23–27. Col- or: body silvery blue or green dorsal- ly. off Terengganu (KT). Body oblong. A II + I. 17003. lower jaw with a single series of small teeth. north to southern Japan. 1833) oped and completely covering eye ex. longer than curved part (42– 50 cycloid scales + 0–2 scutes). last rays of dorsal and anal about 30 cm. A II + I. Col- or: body bluish green dorsally. 2009 scales).100 Alepes vari (Cuvier. longer than curved part. V 10 + 14. 10. 11. upper jaw with a narrow band of small teeth. Atropus atropos (Bloch & Schneider. 14 Dec. A II + I. straight part of lateral line almost entirely with Alepes vari. Size: maximum length D VIII + I. central rays of second dorsal and anal fins produced into filaments in adult male. snout scutes (36–49). . dorsally. V 10 + fins about twice as long as penultimate Indo-Pacific. V 10 + 14. part. Body deep. 19 Jan. silvery white ventrally. from East Africa to Ha- 14. a deep mid. 10 Jan. adipose eyelid well developed on posterior half of eye. dorsal and ventral profiles almost equally con- vex. shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin dal fin yellow. GR 9–12 + 23–27 = 32–38. shorter than curved Atule mate pointed. Size: maximum length about 50 cm. snout pointed. from Red Sea to northern Aus- tralia. Remarks: occurring Atule mate. KAUM–I. cau- Yellowtail Scad pil.0 cm SL scutes (48–69 following 0–7 cycloid off Terengganu (KT). black spot posteriorly on opercle. ovate. 20–23. 17287.5 cm SL ventral groove on belly. nape strongly convex. 32. feeds mainly on shrimps and copepods. GR 8–11 + 19–23 = 29–34. silvery white ventrally. Body elongate oval. of lateral line almost entirely with at depths to about 50 m. 18–21. moderately rays and more separated. adipose eyelid not developed. pelvic fins black. Distribution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. 1833) Herring Scad D VIII + I. straight part waii. feeds mainly on shrimps and fishes. Distribution: widely in GR 10–13 + 24–31 = 36–44. 1801) Cleftbelly Trevally D VIII + I. 19–22. north to southern Japan. dorsal and ventral pro. 17202. KAUM–I. accommodat. a single row of small slender curved teeth on both jaws. adipose eyelid well devel.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). smooth. compressed. a cept for a vertical slit centered on pu. from Ara- bian Gulf to Philippines. Distri- bution: Indo-West Pacific. Size: maximum length about 50 cm. 2008 in shallow waters. 22–25. Remarks: occurring in schools compressed. 2009 ing pelvic fins and anal-fin spines. silvery ventrally. 17–18. Color: body silvery olive-green (Cuvier. strongly compressed. pelvic fins long. straight part of lateral line entirely with scutes (31–37). files almost equally convex. a diffuse dark spot on upper margin of opercle. Atropus atropos. silvery white ventrally. a few yellow spots sometimes laterally on body. Body ovate. with 16–20 week scutes posteri- orly. 24–27. becoming elongate and subcy- lindrical with growth. 101 Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Rüppell. Carangoides gymnostethus. GR 7–9 + 19–22 = 27–31. Size: maximum length about 40 cm. 16907. dorsal profile more strongly convex than ventral profile. Remarks: occurring in deep coastal waters. 17251. 1833) Bludger D VIII + I. feeds mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. 16. silvery white ventrally. be- coming shorter with growth: straight part of lateral line shorter than curved part. Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier. 28 Dec. off Terengganu (KT). off Terengganu (KT). north to southern Japan. anterior second dorsal. KAUM–I. V 10 + 14. 1830) Coastal Trevally D VIII + I. dorsal profile of head and nape gently convex. Color: body silvery greenish tan dorsally.8 cm SL numerous small yellow spots laterally. Color: body silvery blue-gray dorsally. Distribution: widely in Indo- West Pacific. A II + I. with 21–37 week scutes posteri- orly. GR 5–8 + 15–19 = 21–27. Remarks: occurring in offshore reefs. strongly compressed. with Carangoides coeruleopinnatus. V 10 + 14– 15. 2009 dark blotch usually on upper margin of opercle.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Body ovate. 6 Dec. KAUM–I. 2008 ing to pectoral fin base. Size: maximum length about 80 cm.6 cm SL pelvic fins. lateral naked area extend. breast naked ventrally beyond insertion of Carangoides gymnostethus.and anal-fin rays elon- gated. lobes of sec- ond dorsal and anal fins falcate. from East Africa to Fiji. breast widely na- ked to pectoral-fin base and behind insertion of pelvic fins. 16–20. 11. but naked area not extending above pectoral-fin base. 17105. 28–32. KAUM–I. compressed in young. Distribution: widely in Indo-Pacific. rarely scaled area present between pectoral-fin base and breast. 16. north to southern Japan. from East Africa to New Caledonia. 17 Jan. 20–23. deep. straight part of lateral line shorter than curved part. 2008 . A II + I. filamentous in juveniles. 9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: occurring in coastal waters. GR 6–11 + 14–17 = 20–27. V 10 + 14. breast widely naked to pectoral fin base and behind insertion of pelvic fins. Carangoides malabaricus. V 10 + 14. 16910. Carangoides hedlandensis. 2008 Body ovate. Color: body silvery blue-gray or green-gray dor- sally. with 19–36 week scutes posteriorly. a black spot on upper margin of opercle. Distribution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. from South Africa to Samoa. 1801) Malabar Trevally D VIII + I. with 17–29 week scutes posteriorly. straight part of lateral line shorter than curved part. Size: maximum length about 30 cm. strongly compressed. KAUM–I. strongly compressed.0 cm SL GR 7–12 + 21–27 = 32–38. second dorsal. 24.102 Carangoides hedlandensis (Whitley. 17–19. KAUM–I. but na- ked area not extending above pectoral fin base. 2009 . naked area of breast very wide. dark or black blotch on upper margin of opercle. with “bump” on interorbital space. Color: body silvery blue- gray dorsally. extending dorsally beyond pectoral fin base and posteri- orly beyond insertion of pelvic fins. 11. dor- sal contour of forehead convex. silvery white ventrally. A II + I. silvery white ventrally. 1934) Bumpnose Trevally D VIII + I. straight part of lateral line shorter than curved part. Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider. north to south- ern Japan. 16–18. Distribution: widely in Indo-Pacific.and anal-fin soft rays produced into filaments in adult males. cau- dal fin yellowish. Remarks: occurring in coastal waters. 19–22. A II + I. dorsal profile more strongly convex than ventral profile. 17250. 20–23. Size: maximum length about 60 cm. usually extending to anal-fin origin. north to southern Ja- pan. 6 Dec. 17 Jan. from South Africa to northern Australia. off Terengganu (KT). Body deep. widely in Indo-Wesxt Pacific. rounded and produced below.3 cm SL D VIII + I. Distribution: widely in Decapterus russelli (cleithrum) margin with 2 small papil- Indo-Pacific. adi- pose eyelid developed on posterior half of eye. shoulder girdle inshore waters up to 100 m depth. 2008 + 1. straight part of lateral line almost en- tirely with scutes (27–36). A II + I. 2008 on opercle. adipose eyelid well developed and completely covering eye except for a vertical slit centered on pupil. KAUM–I. V 10 + 14. slender.5 cm SL opercular spot. a single detached finlet in dorsal and anal fins. predorsal scaled area not reaching to level of center of eye. (Rüppell. silvery ventrally. from and anal fins. small black Caranx sexfasciatus.D VIII + I. north dorsal scaled area not reaching to level to southern Japan. 24–28 40). straight part of lateral Gulf of California to Peru. GR 10–12 + 34–38 = 43–50. 17286. Decapterus russelli. Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker. Size: maximum completely covering eye except for a length about 30 cm SL. shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin with 2 small papil- lae. 1825 Bigeye Trevally D VIII + I. Size: maximum length about 120 cm. Body elongate. silvery white ventrally. pre. Color: body bluish gray + 14. 17001. Remarks: inhabits of center of eye. and eastern Pacific Ocean. 1830) lae. A II + I. a black spot posteriorly off Terengganu (KT). Remarks: Indian Scad line usually entirely with scutes (30– pelagic species. 24. 103 Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard. 1851 Shortfin Scad Decapterus macrosoma. 19–22. sil.dorsally. Re- marks: found in coastal waters. anal and caudal fins off Terengganu (KT). 19 Jan. Size: maximum length about 35 cm. 14–17. posteri. slender. cylindri. 14 Dec. 32–38 +1. dorsal pro- file moderately convex anteriorly. a single detached finlet in dorsal waii. adipose eyelid well developed and posteriorly on opercle. posterior end of upper jaw extending to or beyond posterior mar- gin of eye. Body elongate. Body oblong.East Africa to eastern Australia. 13. A II + I. Color: body blue-gray dorsally. a black spot cal. posteri- or end of maxilla slightly concave above. GR 6–8 + 15–19 = 21–25. 14. from East Africa to Ha. . feeds mainly on plank. GR 10–14 + 30–39 = 41–53. 27–32 + 1. V 10 anteriorly. compressed. V 10 + 15. ventral profile slightly convex. breast completely scaled. but rarely a few cycloid scales tonic crustaceans and larval fishes. juve- niles occurring in brackish waters. 17103. scutes dark or black. from or end of maxilla almost truncate. straight part of lateral line with scutes (24–40) posteriorly. Dis- tribution: widely in Indo-Pacific and tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Distribution: vertical slit centered on pupil. KAUM–I. feeds mainly on fishes and crusta- ceans. 26–30 off Terengganu (KT). 28 Dec. + 1.5 cm SL very ventrally. cylindri- cal. Color: body silvery yellowish-green dorsally. 2009 yellowish. KAUM–I. Color: body silvery yellow with 7–11 black vertical bands. V 10 + 14. feeds mainly on crusta. several detached fin. usually alternating broad and narrow in juveniles and young adults. Body elongate. Color: dark olive-green dor- sally. from Mexico to Peru. mouth small. straight ceans and small fishes. caudal fin tips black. a large black spot pressed. white ventrally. 17. upper jaw not extending to anterior margin of eye in adult. 15– 20 + 2. straight part of lateral line with scutes (17–26) posteriorly. Color: body + 6–8. V 10 + 14. a single isolated anal-fin spine covered by skin in adults. Size: maxi- mum length about 120 m. Remarks: pelagic. 5 Dec. a few feeble teeth on lower jaw in juveniles. scutes on caudal peduncle D VIII + I. 18–21. breast completely scaled. V silvery brownish-green dorsally. GR 8–11 + 18–22 = 26–32. and tropical eastern Pacific off Terengganu (KT). caudal peduncle depressed. north to der girdle (cleithrum) margin smooth southern Japan. posteriorly on opercle. A II + I. Body elongated and almost fusiform. 1825) Rainbow Runner D V–VI + I. 16973. vertical slit centered on pupil. Gnathanodon speciosus. KAUM–I. 16846. shorter than curved part. Size: maximum length 180 cm. both jaws without teeth off Terengganu (KT). no scutes. Size: maxi- adipose eyelid well developed and mum length about 80 cm. without papillae. sil- 10 + 14. a detached 2-rayed finlet in dorsal Elagatis bipinnulata. shoul. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål. 23–28+2. much longer than Torpedo Scad curved part. snout pointed. 16. lips fleshy and re- markably thick. KAUM–I. caudal and pelvic fins yellowish. 1775) Golden Trevally D VII–VIII + I. 2 narrow light blue stripes along body. somewhat deep. Megalaspis cordyla lets in dorsal and anal fins. Re- marks: occurs in deep lagoon and seaward reefs. A (I) + I. 8–10 forming a lateral keel. Body oblong. 2008 in adults. including Megalaspis cordyla. A II + I.6 cm SL compressed. Distribu- tion: widely in Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Tuamotu Islands. 2008 Ocean. GR 7–9 + 19–22 = 27–30.104 Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard. Distribu- tion: widespread circumtropical spe- cies. feeds on crustaceans and fishes. (Linnaeus. . caudal peduncle grooves pres- ent. very white ventrally. 16. all fins yel- low. 18 Dec. schooling fish. 1758) part of lateral line entirely with large scutes (51–59). the first band oblique through eye. 9–11 + 7–9. KAUM–I. feeds mainly on fishes. 12 Dec. 2008 and anal fins. 17052. villiform teeth bands on jaws. 15– 17. Remarks: pelagic species. GR 9–11 + 25–26. Distribu- completely covering eye except for a tion: widely in Indo-West Pacific. from East Africa to Fiji.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). yellow laterally. somewhat com.2 cm SL Hawaii. 16909. rhomboidal. spinous portion of dorsal fin and detached anal-fin spines embedded. mouth small. Body deep. Distribution: widely in D VI–VII + I. Size: maximum length Barred Queenfish adults. dorsal and anal profiles equally much convex. silvery white ventrally. dle-like scales. 16–19. A II + I. 2008 scales. terminal. from East Africa to Fiji. south to Body slender. lobe of second dor- rows separated by a shallow groove in sal fin black.0 cm SL body covered with broadly lanceolate off Terengganu (KT). KAUM–I. Size: maximum length about 120 cm. KAUM–I. 13. Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède. no scutes along lateral north to southern Japan. 1795) Black Pomfret D IV–V + I. Remarks: inhabits coastal waters with muddy bottom. Color: body blue-greenish gray northern Australia. 27 Dec. sized. no caudal peduncle groove. 1801 Talang Queenfish D VI–VII + I. V 10 + 16. a sin- gle row of small conical teeth on both jaws. KAUM–I. Distri- bution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. body covered with slender. teeth in both rows almost same about 60 cm. Re- marks: inhabit shallow coastal waters to offshore areas. A II + I. 1832) of eye in adults. 35–39. with a series of 6–8 dusky roundish blotches dorsolaterally in adults. feeds on zoo- plankton. not seen in adults. posterior tip of upper jaw ex- tending well beyond a vertical through posterior margin of eye in adults. straight part of lateral line much shorter than curved part. strongly compressed. 19–21. dorsal and caudal fins uniformly dusky. 19–21. Parastromateus niger. GR 5–7 + 13–16. 5 Dec. Indo.Pacific. A II + I. with 8–19 week scutes. feeds on mainly fishes. from East Africa to Australia. 11. 2008 from East Africa to northern Australia. 40–45. 18–22. Scomberoides commersonnianus. two rows of small conical teeth and 1–2 symphyseal canines on lower jaw. line. GR 4–7 + 17–20 = 21–26. strong- ly compressed. nee. no scutes along lateral line. . V 10 + 16. anal and pelvic fins whitish in young. strongly compressed.9 cm SL fishes. off Terengganu (KT). Dis- tribution: widely in Indo-West Pacif- ic. somewhat deep. pres- ent at jugular anterior to pectoral-fin base in juvenile. 17076. Remarks: found in posterior tip of upper jaw not reaching dorsally. Body oblong. pelvic fins absent in young and adults (> 10 cm FL). dentary with 2 teeth laterally in adults. silvery white ventrally. V 10 + 14. GR 0–3 + 7–12 = 8–15. feeds on mainly Scomberoides tol. Color: body dark brown or black uniformly. 6 Dec. Color: body blue-greenish gray dor- sally. 105 Parastromateus niger (Bloch.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). with coastal waters. 2008 Scomberoides tol to a vertical through posterior margin a series of 5–8 oblong dark blotches (Cuvier. 26. Size: maximum length about 75 cm. 16877. Size: maximum (Cuvier. Color: body blue-green dorsally. 21–23. with a narrow yellow longitudi- nal stripe from border of opercle to caudal peduncle. dorsal and anal fins without detached finlets. Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch. V 10 + small scutes. from Persian Gulf to Yellowstripes Scad part of lateral line with 13–25 cycloid eastern Australia. Color: body blue- green dorsally. East Atlantic (Portugal). straight part of lateral line al- most entirely covered by relatively small scutes (29–42). low stripe from upper margin of eye to a single row of minute teeth on lower caudal peduncle. adipose eyelid well developed and completely covering eye except for a vertical slit centered on pupil. A II + I. shoul- der girdle (cleithrum) margin with up- per (small) and lower (large) papillae. V 10 + 14. eye very large. 1833) Oxeye Scad D VIII + I. 24–27. off Terengganu (KT). dorsal and anal fins without detached finlets. A II + I. Distribution: In- and anal fins without finlets. Body oblong. with a broad longitudinal yel- planktonic and benthic invertebrates. 23–25. off Terengganu (KT). straight part of lateral Selar boops. shoulder girdle (cleithrum) mar. silvery white ven- trally. 11 Dec. 13. Distribution: off Terengganu (KT). KAUM–I.1 cm SL line almost entirely covered by rela. almost the same length as curved part. from Pakistan to Solo- mon Islands. 24–26.blue-green dorsally. straight do-West Pacific. adi. compressed. GR 8–12 + 25–29. Remarks: found mainly in shallow inshore waters. Remarks: feeds mainly on planktonic or benthic crustaceans. Body elongated and compressed. 5 Dec. 11. 16843. Remarks: inhabits D VIII + I. 1833) gin smooth without papillae. 14. longer than curved part. 11. 6 Dec. no teeth on upper jaw. silvery white ven- . shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin with upper (small) and lower (large) papillae. 16893. with a narrow yellow longitudinal stripe from border of opercle to caudal peduncle. Size: maximum length about 25 cm FL.prominent black spot. Size: maximum Selaroides leptolepis. 1793) Bieye Scad Selar crumenophthalmus. 2008 GR 9–12 + 27–31. adipose eyelid well developed. eye very large. Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. Color: body metallic than 50 m. 20–23. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. A II + I. V 10 + 14. silvery white ventrally. feeds on pose eyelid well developed on poste.106 Selar boops (Cuvier. completely covering eye except for a vertical slit centered on pupil. dorsal length about 22 cm.6 cm SL length about 70 cm. 19–21. 16948.7 cm SL D VIII + I. scales followed by 24–29 relatively soft bottom area at depths shallower GR 10–14 + 27–32 = 40–46. Body elongated and compressed. upper opercle with a Selaroides leptolepis jaw.trally. 2008 tively large scutes (37–46). 2008 worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. rior half of eye. straight part of lateral line almost entirely with 24–39 scutes. silvery white ventrally. GR 4–10. strongly compressed. KAUM–I. Body elon- gate. feeds on benthic fishes. 8.6 cm SL dorsal profile strongly convex in off Terengganu (KT). Ulua mentalis (Cuvier. reaching to a vertical through posteri- or margin of eye.6 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 30–37.1 cm SL body dark brown. 17157. Color: body silvery blue-green dor- sally. 21–22. V 10 + 14. or in a irregular row or a narrow band in juveniles. Color: Seriolina nigrofasciata. juveniles with 7–8 dark bands laterally. 2009 adults. Size: maximum length 1 m. breast widely naked to pectoral fin base and insertion of pelvic fins. 1829) Blackbanded Trevally D VII–VIII + I. tips of dorsal and anal fin lobes whitish. 15– 18. paler below. forming a broad band. with off Terengganu (KR). slightly compressed. crusta- ceans and cephalopods. 1833) Whitemouth Jack D VIII + I. Size: maximum length about 70 cm. 11 Jan. Distribution: widely in Indo- West Pacific. no scutes. GR 23–27 + 51–61 = 74–86. north to southern Japan. Seriolina nigrofasciata. from South Africa to northeastern Australia. gill rakers on first gill arch consisting mostly of rudiments. north to southern Japan. A II + I. posterior 2 or 3 spines in first dorsal fin and detached anal fin spines usu- ally embedded. 2009 5–7 black oblique bands dorsolateral- ly. Body deep. 20. A II + I. Re- marks: found mainly in offshore reefs. teeth on both jaws small. 27. caudal peduncle with fleshy lateral keel and dorsal and ventral grooves. Distribution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. 4 Jan. V 11 + 13. posterior tip of upper jaw broadly rounded. teeth on both jaws minute. 17114. 31 Dec. 107 Seriolina nigrofasciata (Rüppell. Remarks: occurring in shallow coastal waters. from East Africa to Aus- tralia. 2008 . UMTF 1889. KAUM–I. pointed in a single row in adults. Ulua mentalis. 17–18. and low poste- riorly. dark slaty-blue spots above and below lat- eral line. maximum 30 cm. A 30–33. Caudal fin deeply forked. 16946. No other fishes have a combination of characters such as body very deep. Mouth small. Australia north to Japan. invisible to the na- ked eye. villiform bands in jaws. pelvic fins with a trace of blue. body very deep extremely compressed. flexible and rudimental dorsal fin spines. Body very deep. and compressed sal and anal fin bases. Dorsal fin long-based. . 5. GR 6–8 + 23–25.1 cm SL fins hyaline or slightly dusky. Anal fin long-based. first 2 soft rays fused and greatly elongated. Marketed fresh and dried. breast sharp-edged. uniformly very low. P1 15. 11 Dec. Size: off Terengganu (KT). commencing at point of insertion of pelvic fins. thin. extremely long pelvic fin. pelvic fin long Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific from the east coast of Africa east to Melane- sia. long dor. sometimes a few additional spots above and below these rows. 10. almost triangular. extremely com- pressed. almost triangular. other Mene maculata. spines thin and flexible. Pectoral fins shorter than head length. the first 2 caudal fin forked soft rays fused.108 MENIDAE Moonfish By Mizuki Matsunuma This family is represented by a single species. protrusible. see the following spe- cies account. KAUM–I. covered with minute scales. 2008 commonly 20 cm. P2 I. Color: upper sides deep metallic blue. remainder silvery. Re- marks: found in coastal waters to depths of 200 m. with a row of round to ovoid. Similar families occurring in the area: none. 1801) Moonfish D III–IV + 40–45. almost vertical. Pelvic fins inserted slightly in front of pectoral fins. 8. 2008 12 cm SL. GR 5–6 + 13–16 = 18–22. breast naked below a line from lower tip of opercle to pelvic fin insertion. pecu- liar dark irregular ring marks and oblique wavy dark lines dorsolaterally Equulites laterofenestra. Equulites laterofenestra (Sparks & Chakrabarty. Size: maximum length about off Terengganu (KT). Head usually naked (cheek scales present in some spe- cies) with bony ridges on dorsal surface. 31 Dec. from the following similar families anal fins well developed. head scaled. 16. Distribution: West Pacific from Philippines to Indonesia. Color: body brownish silver dorsally. Carangidae – 2 dorsal fins. on body. lacking a distinct notch.4 cm SL on body. 2007) D VIII. Color: body generally (2008a. Re- marks: this species is distinguishable from very similar congeners. c). ventral profile of lower jaw slightly concave or almost straight. stercorarius by having a naked area on lower breast and pecu- liar ring marks dorsolaterally on body. scaly spots on body. brilliant silvery-white ventrally. in having strongly protrusible mouth. 14. Scales temperate marine and estuarine areas. b. protrusible with VII–IX spines (usually VIII) anal fin with III. strongly compressed. cheek naked. . A single mouth highly dorsal fin. highly pro- trusible. species). second dorsal fin spine somewhat elongated. 14–17 about 25 cm. leu- ciscus and E. yellow vertical fin mar. maximum size single dorsal fin with VII–IX. Gerre- silver. dark vertical bars or yellow Similar families occurring in the idae – scales large. LL 69–77. a black blotch on top area: Leiognathidae is distinguished sheath along the bases of dorsal and of dorsal fin. 5. V 10 + 14. KAUM–I. A III. gins in some species. mouth not highly protrusible. and small cycloid scales small cycloid easily shed. no pseudobranchiae. mouth small. 17110. body depth 31–39% SL. except head usually naked forked caudal fin a few species. Remarks: occurring in tropical to naked head (except cheek in some dal fin forked. 109 LEIOGNATHIDAE Slipmouths (Ponyfishes) By Seishi Kimura Small to medium-sized marine and brackish fishes. mouth protruding downwards. gill membranes united with isthmus. Body somewhat elongate. anal fin usually with III spines and 13–15 (usually 14) soft rays. com- pressed. P1 17–19. ovate. Vertebral The generic names follow Kimura et al. cau. Body slimy and deep. Unique light organ encircling the posterior part of esophagus. counts 22–24. 13–14 and 15–17 (usually 16) soft rays. pelvic fin I. E. a median bony ridge (crest) on nape. ventral profile of lower jaw slightly concave or almost straight. anal and caudal fins yellowish. cheek naked. small slender teeth on both jaws. Distribution: widely in Indo- West Pacific. feeds on small crustaceans and tinctly elongated. feeds on small crustaceans and polychaetes. ventral profile of lower Equulites oblongus. a few yellow off Terengganu (KT). Size: waters. Size: maximum length about 12 cm SL. Body oblong. from East Africa to Aus- tralia. Color: body brown. breast completely scaled laterally with narrow naked area ventrally. ish silver dorsally. 6.7 cm SL jaw slightly concave. KAUM–I. filamentous. GR 5–7 + 12–15 = 17–22. Color: body brownish silver dorsally. maximum length about 10 cm SL. Distribution: widely in Indo-West white ventrally. LL 55–68.7 cm SL solaterally on body. Body oblong. body depth 35–46% SL. dorsal profile more strongly convex than ventral profile. 2009 spots sometimes laterally on body. P1 16–19. . sec- ond anal fin spine also elongated in adults. from Mauritius to Australia. 2008 teeth on both jaws. compressed. second dorsal fin spine distinctly elongated. polychaetes. KAUM–I. 1860) Whipfin Ponyfish D VIII. brilliant silvery. 1835) Oblong Ponyfish D VIII. compressed. mouth protruding downwards. A III. A III. LL 52–63. 16. small slender off Terengganu (KT). 18 Jan.110 Equulites leuciscus (Günther. P1 16–19. 14.and anal-fin spines not dis. northward to southern Japan. irregular oblique dark Pacific. Equulites oblongus (Valenciennes. dorsal and ventral profiles similarly convex. Remarks: usually found in shallow waters. irregular oblique dark lines dor- Equulites leuciscus. V 10 + 14. second lines dorsolaterally on body. dorsal. 15–16 (usually 16). somewhat elongate. 5 Dec. 17266. cheek naked. 16861. V 10 + 14. body depth 35–47% SL. brilliant silvery-white ven- trally. Remarks: usually found in shallow dorsal. 13–14 (usually 14). breast completely scaled laterally with narrow naked area ventrally. mouth pro- truding downwards. GR 4–6 + 12–15 = 17–20. 11. 16. Eubleekeria jonesi. breast. 14–15 (usually 14). China. lateral line scales promi- nent yellow but easily fade out. dark ir. Size: maximum length about 14 cm SL. GR 5–6 + 11–14 = 16–20. LL 58– 61. black blotch on snout. ventral profile of lower jaw al- most straight. GR 5–7 + 21–24 = 24–31. Malaysia. Eubleekeria jonesi (James. KAUM–I. Equulites stercorarius. Remarks: usually found in muddy bottoms in shallow waters. Body elongate. 14. from Mauritius to Indonesia. 2008 completely scaled.8 cm SL both jaws. Color: head and body almost uniformly silvery-white. and Indone- sia. 2008 . 9. breast almost off Terengganu (KT). P1 16–18. cheek naked. Distri- bution: found in Philippines. Size: maximum length about 12 cm. northward to Hainan Island. south to Austra- lia. strongly compressed. dorsal and anal fins with yellow bands. KAUM–I. 5 Dec. Remarks: inhabits soft bottom area at depths shallower than 50 m. cheek. KAUM–I. distal half of fin membranes between second and fifth spines of dorsal fin with a somewhat pale black blotch. silvery-white ven- trally. V 10 + 14. Color: body brownish dorsally.9 cm SL regular oblique lines indistinctly on off Terengganu (KT). 16864. mouth protruding down- wards. Body deep. 8. profile of lower jaw almost straight. lower margin of eye located above level of mouth gape. 1907) Slender Ponyfish D VIII. and belly completely scaled. a single row of small slender teeth on jaws. LL 50–61. 5 Dec. 5 Dec. A III. A III. P1 16–19. semicircular naked area on nape. 2008 dorsolateral body surface. small slender teeth on Eubleekeria jonesi. Thailand. 111 Equulites stercorarius (Evermann & Seale.and anal-fin pterygi- ophores embedded. ovate. 16. Viet- nam. tip of snout dark.3 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). moderately compressed. dorsal and ven- tral profiles similarly convex. 7. 16865. 16860. 1971) Yellowlined Ponyfish D VIII. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. body depth 30–36% SL. retrorse spines of dorsal. mouth pro- truding downwards. LL 52–69. Yamashita & Iwatsuki. 17163. LGR 13–17. A III. Distri- bution: widely in Indo-West Pacific. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. caudal fin yellow- ish with faintly black margin. proximal contact only with orbit. mouth protruding forwards. 5 Dec. V 10 + 14. strongly compressed in adults. 11. poral. with distinct canine teeth on both jaws. Indo-West Pacific. Col- or: body bluish silver dorsally. Remarks: usually found in sandy or anal fin when appressed. 1795) Toothpony D VIII. Col. P1 15–18. 14. not down- wards. northward to southern Japan. LL 56–66. 13–14 (usually 14). a long nar- row anterodorsal extension of subocu- lar silvery region. P1 14–19. north to southern Japan. LGR 13–18. 16. 16. a long narrow anterodorsal body not reaching to a vertical through length about 18 cm SL. Distribution: extension of subocular silvery region. 2000 Rhomboid Toothpony D VIII. Size: maximum length about 16 cm. not downwards. from Pakistan to proximal contact only with orbit. scaled area liant silvery-white ventrally. oblong in juveniles. from East Africa to northern Australia. . Gazza rhombea Kimura. 5 Jan. rhomboid. Vanuatu. pel. Body oval. Body Gazza rhombea. anal fin muddy bottoms in coastal and brack- of anterior dorsolateral surface of yellowish distally. some- what elongated. bril- liant silvery-white ventrally. 16858. breast completely naked. 2009 (photo by Seishi Kimura) deep. vic-fin tips not reaching to origin of or: body bluish silver dorsally. 8.112 Gazza minuta (Bloch. Remarks: feeds on benthic animals and small fishes. compressed. dorsal and ventral profiles similarly convex. bril. scaled area of anterior dorso- lateral surface of body extending ante- riorly beyond a vertical through Gazza minuta. anal fin yellowish distally. off Terengganu (KT).8 cm SL posterior tip of sensory canal on tem. mouth protruding for- wards. with distinct canine teeth on both jaws. posterior tip of sensory canal on tem. breast completely naked. Size: maximum ish waters.5 cm SL (preserved specimen) off Terengganu (KR). A III. V 10 + 14. 2008 poral. pelvic-fin tips not reaching to origin of anal fin when ap- pressed. and belly completely naked. retrorse spines of dorsal and anal-fin pterygiophores strong and exposed. 16729). a narrow band of small. not reaching to the base of fifth soft ray when fin appressed. Remarks: inhabits shallow coastal areas. LL 54–68. breast naked. sec- ond anal-fin spine not elongated. 8. Body deep. Nuchequula longicornis Kimura. GR 5–6 + 16–17 = 22–23. Size: maximum length about 80 cm SL. P1 19– 22. brilliant silvery white ventrally. A III. Nuchequula longicornis. 1775) Common Ponyfish D VII–VIII. dorsolateral Leiognathus equulus. second dorsal. 14. and small fishes. 2008 lines. hump-back shaped. breast. 9. from East Africa to Fiji. small slender teeth on both jaws. 2008 . profile of lower jaw strongly concave. Color: body blue-grayish silver dorsally. dorsal and ventral pro. LL 54–58. from Gulf of Thailand to Java. but not filamentous. sparse. GR 4–7 + 13–18 = 19– 24. Color: body al- most uniformly silver. 13–14 (usually 14). 28 Oct. A III. 16920. Setiu. V 10 + 14. cheek naked. villiform teeth in both jaws. Body extremely deep. extending beyond the base of fifth soft ray when fin appressed.and anal-fin spines slightly elongated. 16–17 (usually VIII. mouth protruding downwards. 2008 Longspine Ponyfish D VIII. KAUM–I. 11. usually entering into estuaries. supraorbital ridge serrated. 2008 ing downward. small crustaceans. 16–17 (usually 16). slender projec- tions on the upper oral valve. feeds chiefly on poly- chaetes. 10 Dec. Size: maximum length about 30 cm. slender. Leiognathus equulus. a yellow marking on the abdomen between base of pec- toral fin and origin of anal fin. second dorsal-fin spine elon- gated. UMTF 1497 (KAUM–I. 5 Dec.4 cm SL files equally convex. mouth protrud. cheek. Distribution: widely in Indo- West Pacific. north to southern Japan and south to northern Australia. compressed. 16). KAUM–I. a distinct dark blotch on the nape. V 10 + 14. 113 Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål. 16862. minute. no naked area on nape. oval. P1 18–19. Kimura & Ikejima.3 cm SL body with 17–22 narrow dark vertical off Terengganu (KT).9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). compressed. Distribution: West Pacific. ventral profile of lower jaw almost straight or slightly concave. Size: maximum length about 10 cm. spinous portion of dorsal fin dark orange to yellow distally. 2009 and breast naked.1 cm SL of lower jaw slightly concave. 1835) Orangefin Ponyfish D VIII. Gulf of Thailand. V 10 + 14. Secutor hanedai Mochizuki & Hayashi. cheek off Terengganu (KT). Java. A III. P1 15–19. Distribution: western and eastern coasts of Malay Peninsula. 2009 ally on body. Body rounded. Sumatra. Body oblong. 18 Jan. KAUM–I. ventral profile more strongly convex than dorsal pro- file. V 10 + 14. ven- tral profile similarly convex as. and Borneo. 18 Jan. GR 5–7 + 17–20 = 22–26.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Color: body silvery brownish green dorsally. cheek naked. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. KAUM–I. lateral line incom- plete. brilliant silvery-white ventrally. strongly compressed. 14. Color: body brownish silver dorsally. from Red Sea to New Caledonia. 14. a single row of small conical teeth in both jaws. 17276. mouth protruding upwards. compressed. Size: maximum length about 10 cm SL. or more strongly convex than ventral profile. breast almost complete- ly scaled laterally with narrow naked area ventrally. 9 or 10 vertical series of dark bars or blotches dorsolaterally on body. Photopectoralis bindus. scale rows above and below lateral line 16–22 and 42–53. min- ute teeth on both jaws. 17263. irregular oblique dark lines and/or dark vermiculation dorsolater. LL 51–88. respectively. number of scale pockets along lateral line to caudal-fin base 60–70. north to southern Japan. KAUM–I. 5. Remarks: usually found in muddy bottoms in shallow waters. 7. disc-like. 1989 Haneda’s Ponyfish D VIII. mouth protruding forwards. Remarks: usually found in muddy bottoms of coastal in- shore waters.5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 15–16 (usually 16). 3. Secutor hanedai. GR 4–7 + 16–20 = 21–27. brilliant silvery-white ven- trally. P1 15–18. 17275. 18 Jan. ventral profile Secutor hanedai. 2009 . A III.114 Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes. 16. an- terior anal fin yellowish distally. from Gulf of Thailand to New Guinea. 17265.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). scale rows above Secutor indicius. Secutor indicius. Remarks: usually found in muddy bottoms in shallow waters. 18 Jan. breast naked ventrally. 16857. compressed. about 15 irregular vertical dark markings consisted of dots and dashes dorsolaterally on body. 8. number of scale pockets along lateral line to cau- dal-fin base 87–111. Body oblong. ventral profile more strongly convex than dorsal profile. 5 Dec. respectively. somewhat elongated. 8.14. Distribution: West Pacific Ocean. Size: maximum length about 10 cm.7 cm SL and below lateral line 18–22 and 39– off Terengganu (KT). brilliant silvery- white ventrally. A III. 115 Secutor indicius Monkolprasit. cheek naked. KAUM–I. Color: body silvery brownish dorsally. 1973 Dots-and-dashes Ponyfish D VIII. KAUM–I. V 10 + 14. north to southern Japan. P1 16–18. 16. lateral line incomplete. minute teeth on both jaws. 2009 . ventral profile of lower jaw concave. 2008 48. LGR 20–21. mouth protruding upwards. soft Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14). K. Color: high. or other patterns. A. branchiostegal rays 6. Haemulidae – fin usually 7. A III. 16722). Branchiostegal rays 7. inshore areas to depths of about 500 Lethrinidae – opercular membranes Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål. anal fin with III spines and 7–11 soft rays. 8. 10–19 pressed. pectoral fin hyaline. often with blotches.5–3. GR 6–8 + 9–12. premax- illa usually moderately protrusible. P2 I. Re- scales usually with dark centers and deep water frequently overall reddish. lacrimal. rays of dorsal fin 9. snout. preopercle scaled mouth terminal and fairly large. Eye usually moderate. soft rays of anal ly variable. the area: Caesionidae – mouth small.116 LUTJANIDAE Snappers By Siti Tafzilmeriam S. or rarely with Setiu. Size: 120 cm. niles and young adults occur in pearance. Scale rows on back more or less parallel to lateral line. and lower jaw naked. Jaws usually with more or less distinct canines. wider than eye diameter. incisi- ciated fishes. Dis. caudal fin shape variable m. with X–XII spines and 10– snout and lacrimal naked anal fin with III. broadly united to each other. UMTF 1519 (KAUM–I. Preorbital bone rela- tively broad. ctenoid. system opening under chin. caudal fin emarginated to nearly truncate. mol. 16. yellow to blue. Juve- white margins. its depth 2. opercular margin typically smooth. 13–14. P1 16–17. mainly from red through teeth small and minute. Remarks: mostly bottom-asso. marks: a euryhaline species. LLp 44–48. preopercular notch and knob poorly developed. Lateral line complete. usually teeth in jaws variable-conical. grading to reddish on sides and ventral parts. Typical perch-like fishes. 7–11 19 soft rays. cular margin typically smooth. supramaxilla absent. and 1 or 2 blue mangrove estuaries and in the lower and anal fins dark brown becoming lines across cheek. Nemipteridae – preoper- developed. branchiostegal rays 6. . body symmetrical and moderately com. pterygoids usually toothless. juveniles with a series of about 8 whit. Color: gener- ally greenish brown on back. or molariform. pectoral fin rays 14–19. reaches of freshwater streams. vomer and palatines usually with teeth. paler towards base. Active predators. Dor- sal fin single. dorsal fin 9 or 10. pelvic ish bars crossing sides. lusks. ctenoid scales Cheek and operculum scaly. 28 Oct. Sparidae – preopercular margin typi- lines. continuous or slightly notched. preoperculomandibular canal lateral cally smooth. oblong in shape (size to 160 cm). scales present on snout and lacrimal. pelvic fins with I spine and 5 soft rays. pre- frequently truncate. Posterior profile of dorsal and anal fins rounded. mainly over reefs or rocky out. Scales moderate to rather turnal. mostly noc. premaxillae extremely protrusible. 1775) Mangrove Red Snapper D X. and fishes. lunate. single dorsal fin with X–XII. branchiostegal rays 6. feeding on crustaceans.1 in standard length. or parallel below spinous part of dorsal fin and sometimes rising Lutjanus argentimaculatus. emarginated or crops. soft rays of small. 5.9 cm SL obliquely posteriorly. form. giving a reticulated ap. Body moderately deep. 2008 entirely oblique rows. no teeth on vomer Pelvic axillary process usually well Similar families occurring in or palatines. specimens from tribution: Indo-West Pacific. occurring from shallow no teeth on vomer and palatines. 8–9. a Lutjanus fulviflamma. 12. Scale rows on back rising obliquely of dorsal fin. A III. Vomerine tooth patch crescentic lower parts. Vomerine tooth patch trian. or triangular. Remarks: inhabits offshore coral reefs. Remarks: inhabits coast- al waters around coral reef areas. its depth 2. LLp 46–49. fins yellowish. 16 Dec. 12 Oct. 2008 gular. UMTF 1010 (KAUM–I. off Terengganu (KT). with a medial posterior exten- sion.5 cm SL prominent black spot at level of lateral Cendering. lower sides whitish or light brown. 1801) Malabar Blood Snapper D XI.3 times in standard length. Body fusiform. P1 16–17. slender.6 to 2. 12–14. A III.5 cm SL I. 12–14. Size: 35 cm. 5. P2 I. GR 6–7 + 9–12. depth range 12–100 m. juveniles cm. Col- or: upper back golden brown. its depth 2. and similar lines running obliquely above lateral line. 6 Oct. P2 I. Scale rows on back ris- ing obliquely above lateral line.4 cm SL diameter. 17019. 6 or 7 yellow stripes on sides. Scale rows on back rising obliquely above lateral line. LLp 48–50. lighter on pearly white anterior border. Juve- niles sometimes found in estuary. a broad yellow to brownish stripe from eye to caudal-fin base.8 times in standard length. Preoper. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate. or black from upper jaw to beginning offshore reefs. Color: back and upper sides red- dish brown. 2008 line below base of anterior part of soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin. P1 16–17. 12. KAUM–I. GR 6–8 + 17–19. sides red or red-orange. Size: 30 cm. Preopercular notch and knob poorly developed. above lateral line. fins reddish. Color: back and band across caudal peduncle with a cular notch and knob poorly devel. much less than eye Lutjanus lutjanus. its depth 2. 16504. Caudal fin truncate. Lutjanus lutjanus (Bloch.9 to 3. 16639). P2 Lutjanus malabaricus.9 times in standard length. Bidong Island.2 to 2. 7. KAUM–I. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginated. 8. A III. whitish to yellow on bel- ly. 5. yellow horizontal lines (1 per scale row) on lower half of body. 1790) Bigeye Snapper D X–XII. and a prominent black . GR 4–7 + 12–14. Size: 100 oped. Body moderately deep to somewhat slender. P1 16–17. 5. oblique band of brown Remarks: inhabits both coastal and rior extension. LLp 46–50. Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider. without a medial poste. 11. 2008 Body relatively deep. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 8. with a broad. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. fins yel- lowish. Preorbital bone very narrow. 117 Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. 1775) Blackspot Snapper D X. 13–15. P1 16–17. A III. fins yellow- D X. narrow brown lines. 5. 12–13. Distribution: Indo- I. preorbital width Lutjanus russellii. 2 Nov. GR 6–7 + 7–11. P1 15–16. juveniles. Body moderately deep to somewhat slender. 16974. whitish with about 4 black stripes on sides. preoper. 1790) Five-lined Snapper D X. 16796). with 5 blue stripes on side. 11 Dec.8 cm SL about equal to.8 in standard length. Size: 40 cm. 12. or slightly less than eye Merang. on lateral line below the anterior portion of soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin. P2 oped. sometimes faint. rows on back rising obliquely above West Pacific. Preorbital width stripe on side from eye to upper half of about equal to eye diameter. 5. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emar- ginate. P2 I. on off Terengganu (KT). Lutjanus vitta. and a round black spot on upper back. pink to whitish ventrally with a silvery sheen. preopercu- lar notch and knob well developed. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. 8–9. LLp 49–51. Body moderately deep. 1849) Russell's Snapper D X. 7. Size: 38 cm.Remarks: juveniles are often found in mangrove areas. 1 per scale row. Remarks: inhabits sheltered lagoons and ex- posed outer slope coral reefs at depth range of 2–40 m. KAUM–I. 12 Dec. 8. 2008 Lutjanus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard. P2 I. its depth 2. fins yellowish. Caudal fin truncate or slight- ly emarginate. 2008 side below soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin.118 Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch. LLp 47–50. Caudal fin emarginated. 2008 diameter.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). its depth 2.6-2. Scale rows on back rising obliquely above lateral line. UMTF 1043 (KAUM–I. GR 6–7 + 9–12. 8. about the size of eye or larger. a round black Lutjanus quinquelineatus. 10. GR 7–8 + 13–15. with a dark brown to blackish . a large black spot. A III.3–2. LLp 47–50. Color: generally whitish vicinity of coral reefs.9 in standard length. caudal peduncle. 16941. slender.5 cm SL spot. P1 16–17. adults usually with 6–8 narrow golden brown stripes on sides. Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker. 4 originating from behind eye and the other originating from cheek below eye. Color: body generally bright yellow. KAUM–I. Dis- tribution: Indo-Pacific. Brownstripe Snapper cular notch and knob poorly devel. 14.6 to 3 times in or pink. Marketed fresh. on sides. A III. 5. Preorbital width usu- ally less than eye diameter. Scale rows on back ris- ing obliquely above lateral line. Anterodorsal profile of head steeply to moderately sloped. its depth 2. Remarks: inhabits the Body moderately deep to relatively lateral line. Size: 45 cm. Col- or: body brownish dorsally. 1824) standard length. Scales ish. 1791) Redbelly Yellowtail Fusilier D X. Body oblong to fusiform. 16984. weakly ctenoid. posterior portion of back. dorsal fin yellow posteriorly Pacific. pelvic fin with I spine and 5 soft rays. guish from Caesionidae on the basis of body. weakly ctenoid scales tion variously reduced. scale rows to Caesionidae and difficult to distin. caudal plankton. caudal fin much less deeply forked. P1 17–20. and lack. longitudinal axis from tip of snout to middle of caudal fin passing through center of eye. Color: head and off Terengganu (KT). the dor- sal fin with about 1/2 of its greatest spinous height covered with scales. depths of 60 m. axil of pectoral fins black. Feed by picking zoo. . 4–5 scales on cheek. A III. 9 dorsal and 7 moderate to small. 9–13 spines and 8–22 soft rays. 8–22 rine fishes. those Emmelichthyidae – superficially simi- gitudinal blackish streak in middle of lutjanid genera with the horizontal lar but caught in deep water. vo- mer and palatines. and caudal fin yellow. scales on dorsal and anal fins. or the pectoral fin with 16–24 rays. Size: maximum axil and upper base of pectoral fin length 50 cm. blotch on tips of lobes. fewer than 9 anal fin rays. occur near the surface to upward. Dorsal fin with X–XV slender weak anal fin with III. small or min- ute conical teeth. pelvic and eas to the depth of 60 m. anal fin with III spines and 9–13 soft rays. pinkish ventrally.5 cm SL ent at dorsal midline. Scale rows above lateral line 7–9. Mouth small and highly protrusible. Body fairly deep and com- pressed. dorsal and anal fins scaly. – eye always above horizontal axis on body running horizontally. forked caudal fin moderately compressed. Remarks: inhabits coastal ar- and grayish blue anteriorly. but fin generally shorter than base of species. 13 Dec. anal fins reddish. Eye moderately large. Lethrinidae lateral line scales 45–88. coral reefs. with blackish horizontal axis of the body. Distribution: Indo-West black. 14–16. no Caesio cuning (Bloch. ing a strongly forked caudal fin. base of soft part of dorsal sal and anal fins with scales in most of any single external character. vomer. the eye well above the usually enlarged canines in front ther without markings. 8–10 anal fin soft rays. Nemipteridae – eye above horizontal lobes. A single postmaxillary pro- cess. or with a lon. its diam- eter longer than snout length. and palatines with or without teeth. upper cau- dal peduncle. 119 CAESIONIDAE Fusiliers By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to 50 cm) ma- single dorsal fin with X–XV. a deeper body. 10. Caesio cuning. supratemporal band of scales confluent at dorsal midline. Branchiostegal rays 7. Scales Similar families occurring in axis in most species. predorsal scales 20– 26. of jaws. LL 45–51. the area: Lutjanidae – closely allied or 8 anal fins soft rays. 2008 body bluish white. Color: sides with or without most members of Lutjanidae having spinous part. premaxilla. Major importance in coral. maxilla each lobe. Denti. caudal fin ei. passing near the center of eye either fully scaly. 10–12. fin distinctly forked. supratemporal band of scales conflu. with pointed reef fisheries. KAUM–I. dorsal fin with IX spines Remarks: found mostly on having scale rows running obliquely and usually 12 soft rays. dor. small conical teeth in jaws. longitudinal stripes. sometimes lateral molars. tips of caudal-fin processes. caudal fin lobes with Remarks: schooling fish found in scales below lateral line to origin of black tips. cheek with 4–5 scale cm. scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 15–18. small conical teeth in jaws. white to pinkish ventrally. a less conspicuous yellow stripe Body fusiform. small conical teeth in jaws. the lower run- its length. Body slender. fusi- form. elongate. 1864) dinal stripes laterally. sil- very white ventrally. 7. 2 to 3 scales wide anterior. 1830) Mottled Fusilier D XII–XV. 2008 Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier. . KAUM–I. upper peduncular scales usually marks: schooling fish found in coastal 12–13. caudal fin tan to pinkish. predorsal scales usually 23–26. areas. sal fin where it crosses and usually line. tapering to 1 scale in width on cau. Body fusiform. Scales above lateral line to ori- gin of dorsal fin 9–11. 16989. straight. from behind eye to base of ning from behind upper orbit about 1 caudal fin. dorsal fin slight.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). LL 68–80. 14. 1830) Goldband Fusilier D X–XI. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. tan stripe about 1 scale wide from orbit to caudal fin. with 2 yellow longitu- directly below lateral line for most of (Bleeker. Two postmaxillary of caudal peduncle. Re- row. Distribution: western Pacific. caudal peduncle. primarily around coral reefs. and usually interrupted stripes of same color. lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 9–11. keted fresh and dried salted.120 Dipterygonotus balteatus (Valenciennes. pre. a bright yellow band Pterocaesio digramma white ventrally. upper stripe 1–2 ly dusky distally. 14–16. Doublelined Fusilier scale below the lateral line to a vertical ly. dorsal and anal fins scaly. Size: maximum length 30 coral reefs. 11–12. Color: body brownish bronze dorsally. 14 Dec. scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 14–16. LL 66–75. small conical teeth on dentary and vo- mer. 17226. passes above lateral line for the length along dorsal midline. above and parallel to this stripe 2 thin. 17169. KAUM–I. scales below dorsal profile foremost lobes black. 2009 covered with scales. and moderately compressed. and moderately com- pressed. 14–16 (usually 15). ately compressed. D X. 2009 dorsal scales usually 29–34. 11– at about middle of soft portion of dor- dal peduncle where it is above lateral 12 (usually 12). Dipterygonotus balteatus. LL 64–69. and palatines. 12. and pala- tines. above lateral line. A III. dorsal and anal fins scaly. with a thin. P1 17–19. 9–11. KAUM–I. vomer. premaxilla and palatines without teeth. Color: body light blue to brownish dorsally. Col. Mar- or: body blue to greenish dorsally. Scales above of length of body. off Terengganu (KR). elongate. A III. anal fin 17–18. and moder. Re- marks: feeds on zooplankton. 5 Jan. dorsal and anal fins without scales. A III. Size: maximum length 14 cm. P1 20–22. Scales above lateral line to ori- gin of dorsal fin 7–9. Two postmaxillary processes. ending dorsally on cm.9 cm SL usually 6–9 scale rows on cheek. 8–11. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 12 Jan. elongate. P1 17–20. irregular.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Two postmaxillary processes. Mar- keted fresh. Size: maximum length 21 vomer. dorsal fin with about 1/2 of its greatest spinous height Pterocaesio digramma. Pterocaesio chrysozona. Gerres erythrourus (Bloch. second anal-fin spine robust. Lutjanidae. Feed mainly on benthic animals.8 cm SL western India to Micronesia. moderately large. Color: body generally brilliant silver. scaly sheath depth variable. Caught by bottom set nets and bottom trawls. scaly sheath along bases of dorsal and anal fins. Re. Body deep. mouth highly caudal fin deeply forked. Tafzilmeriam) . Sparidae – mouth not highly pro- eas. with IX–X spines and 9–17 soft rays. the area: Gerreidae is distinguished along the bases of dorsal and anal Remarks: occurring in tropical from the following similar families fins. anterodorsal profile almost straight. Small to medium sized marine and brackish fishes. brush-like. 121 GERREIDAE Mojarras By Seishi Kimura and Siti Tafzilmeriam S. A single dorsal fin. deeply forked. 5. Haemulidae. bril- liant silver ventrally. Dorsal. in having strongly protrusible mouth. Size: maximum length about 37 cm. GR 4–5 + 8–9. and scaly sheath some species. Vertebral counts 24. oblong to rhom- boidal. 11.and anal-fin spines strong. tips broadly rounded. nearly the same in length of anal-fin base. often 4–11 indis- tinct vertical narrow dark bars on side of body. (S. Scales thin. 1791) Deepbody Silverbiddy D IX. protrusible cycloid. 10. with indistinct dark longitudinal stripes along scale rows above and 4–6 rows immediately below lateral line. Body compressed. teeth on jaws head scaled small. but de. maximum size about 40 cm. scaled head. P1 15–16. KAUM–I. anal and pelvic fins yellow. with dark vertical bars or spots on body in Similar families occurring in scales on body. 16879. moderately large cycloid trusible. Kimura & S. 5 Dec. LL 35– 38. second dorsal-fin spine longer than the third. 7. A III. Juve- niles often observed in estuarine wa- ters. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. 2008 marks: inhabits soft bottom. Head scaled. Color: body brownish silver dorsally. com- pressed. caudal fin short. off Terengganu (KT). scaly sheath ciduous. anal fin usually with II–IV spines and 6–18 soft rays. mouth small. A. pelvic fin I. gill membrane free large cycloid scales from isthmus. Marketed fresh or dried and salted. K. lacking a distinct notch. and to temperate marine and estuarine ar. from Gerres erythrourus. caudal fin deeply forked highly protrusible. 8 cm SL fin with a blackish margin. 3. caudal fin deeply forked. Size: maximum length about 12 cm SL. 1830 Saddleback Silverbiddy D IX. 2008 imum length about 32 cm. with vertical rows of indistinct dark ovoid spots laterally in adults and sub- adults. Re- marks: found in estuaries. 2008 scale rows between 5th dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line. extending down sides to midline. 16732). Preoper- cle with 3 scale rows. Gerres limbatus. 7. anterodorsal pro- file somewhat convex. caudal Gerres filamentosus. compressed. Caught mainly by beach seines and bottom trawls. becom. 16801). Second dorsal- fin spine very long and filamentous. (S. P1 15.122 Gerres filamentosus Cuvier. commonly less than 10 cm. Body relatively deep and then. Tafzilmeriam) Gerres limbatus Cuvier. Size: max. Color: body silvery with 4 or 5 diffuse. Remarks: in- habits sandy or muddy bottoms in coastal areas to depths of at least 50m. 2nd dorsal-fin spine slightly shorter than 3rd dorsal-fin spine. 28 Oct.0 cm SL ing slender with growth. UMTF 1175 (KAUM–I. Pelvic and anal fins pale yellow. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and West Central Pacific. Marketed fresh or dried. off Terengganu (KT). 7 ½–9 ½ scales below. LL 43– 46 (usually 44–45). lobes pointed. usually 4 ½ scales above lateral line. Distribu- tion: widely distributed in tropical Indo-Pacific. (S. 2008 . lower reaches of coastal rivers. sometimes used in making fish crackers. GR 4–6 + 8. 2nd anal-fin spine more robust than 3rd. Color: body brownish sil- ver dorsally. Usually 2 ½ Setiu. third longest. 10. 1829 Whipfin Mojarra D IX. brilliant silver ventrally. LLp 34–36. 5 Dec.7 cm SL Merang. 7. Kimura & S. A III. KAUM–I. 8. reaching slightly beyond base of last dorsal-fin ray. 10. A III. all fins tinged with tan.Tafzilmeriam) Gerres limbatus. from eastern coast of Africa to Micronesia. UMTF 1527 (KAUM–I. P1 15–16. dark saddle patches main- ly along back in life. 17. Body deep. anal-fin spines gener- ally robust. 2 Nov. 4½–5½ scales between 5th dorsal fin spine base and lateral line. 16878. Usually 4 ½ scale rows be- tween 5th dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line. not reaching to anal-fin origin. bottoms to depths of 70 m. 10. Remarks: (S. 2008 2. P1 17. (S. anal and pelvic fins yellowish.4 cm SL vertical bands laterally. and anal fins yellowish. Pentaprion longimanus. Scales mostly absent on premaxillary groove. A III. especially soft bottom area at depths shallower than 30 m. pectoral fins caudal peduncle. A III. 17087. Body relatively slender and com- pressed. Col- or: body silvery with usually 6–10 (rarely up to 14 as faint bands in larger specimens) indistinct vertical dark bands on body.5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Second dorsal-fin spine not elongated. Posterior tip of maxilla extending beyond anterior margin of eye. 16963. 12–14. 5 ½ or 6 ½ scales above lateral line. 9.8 times in standard length. Distri. commonly used for fishmeal. 2008 and caudal fins with black margins.1 cm SL ovoid.fresh. fins dusky yellow. 1854 Longspined Silverybiddy D IX. Anal-fin base longer than base of soft-rayed with a mirror-like stripe from snout to inhabits inshore areas on muddy-sand portion of dorsal fin. LLp 41–44. 7. 6 Oct. 28 Dec. 16509. pelvic. 9 ½ or 10 ½ scales below. 1775) Common Silverbiddy D IX. Caudal fin deeply forked. 12–15. KAUM–I. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Color: body silvery. Tafzilmeriam) Gerres macracanthus. sometime with faint dark Gerres oyena. 2nd and 3rd anal-fin spines short. Size: maximum total length 20 cm. P1 15. GR 3–6 + 8–9 (usually 8). pectoral fins short. Body oblong. KAUM–I. Remarks: found in coastal waters to depths of at least 30 m. 1850) Longfin Silverbiddy D IX–X. Kimura & S. Remarks: inhabits inshore. Color: body silvery bution: Indo-West Pacific. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. a row of small dusky spots on dorsal-fin membrane near base. A V–VI. pointed lobes. compressed. 7. pectoral. (S. anterodor- sal profile convex. Size: maximum length about 25 cm. Body compressed. Tafzilmeriam) . 11 Dec. 2008 Gerres oyena (Forsskål. scale rows above lateral line 4. tip of dorsal Cendering. caudal fin deeply forked with Size: maximum length 20 cm. 6. 11.5– off Terengganu (KT). 123 Gerres macracanthus Bleeker. moderately deep. LL 35–40. 10. Marketed long. Second dorsal-fin spine elongated and filament. Tafzilmeriam) Pentaprion longimanus (Cantor. LLp 44–48. KAUM–I. its depth 2. P1 15–17. margin not serrated. teeth conical. – suborbital area naked. Distribu. 11–26 eral line continuous. thrinidae – no scales on preopercle. (2001) regarded it as a valid sub- species. 16901. feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Color: highly variable. mar. Sparidae pearing characteristic pattern (e. juvenile with broad longitudinal black bands on body. subadult pale gray with numerous bright yellow or dusky spots or lines on head. Lat. rounded in juveniles. Head almost entirely scaled. body and fins. Diagramma picta picta. Ne- Scales small and ctenoid. Carnivorous. ap. large adult silvery gray. oblong and compressed fishes. GR 17–23. maximum 100 cm. Koichi Shibukawa and Mizuki Matsunuma Medium-sized (up to 120 cm). keted fresh or salted. caught margin of lacrimal exposed. Profile of snout steep. 20–26. forming narrow band in each jaw. P1 16–18. Nocturnal. Vertebrae feed on small benthic invertebrates or mipteridae – no pores on chin. lips fleshy. teeth on thick lips outermost row of jaws enlarged. palatine usually toothed. area: Lutjanidae – suborbital area na- Diagramma picta picta (Thunberg. branchiostegals 7. 7–9 not canine-like. mouth small head scaled or moderate in size. 12. lower jaw without longitudinal groove at midline. with or without dusky spots. hind 26–27. chin with six pores. subterminal. opercle with a ctenoid scales single spine. A single dorsal fin 2nd anal-fin with IX–XV strong spines (second chin with spine strong spine usually very strong) and 11–26 pores soft rays. lips thick in Plectorhinchus. by spear. hind margin of lacrimal not exposed. Remarks: off Terengganu (KT). dorsal fin with 9–10 soft rays. chin and tip of snout. Size: commonly 45 cm. (K. juveniles strikingly Similar families occurring in the differ from adult in color. but anal fin with III. Shibukawa) . bays. A III. 7. single dorsal fin with IX–XV. 6 Dec. 2008 inhabits rocky and coral reefs and sandy bottoms.. ated in adults. KAUM–I. anal fin with III spines and 6–18 soft rays. LLp 55–74. down to about 80 m. preopercular banded and spotted) in each species. forming small aggregations by day and dis- persing at night for feeding.g. and estuaries. Johnson et al. Le- rays.3 cm SL tion: Indo-West Pacific. and various nets. fishes. line. caudal fin truncate or emargin.124 HAEMULIDAE Sweetlips (Grunts) By Hiroyuki Motomura. Body deep and compressed. in many species. 1792) Yellow-spotted Slatey D IX–X. Esteemed as food fish. chin with distinct pores. palatine toothless. with I spine and 5 soft Remarks: inhabit coastal waters ked. Color: varying much by size. including reefs. exclusive of lips. pelvic fin below base of pectoral fin. Kemaman. Re- marks: found in coastal inshore wa- ters in open bays and estuaries. 10. 7. northern Australia north to southern Japan. rounded to trun- cate in adults. P1 16–18. (M. Australia.5 cm SL lighter below. greatly swollen with age. Body deep. Juveniles with body pale brownish. Chin with 2 pores and a median pit. body silvery with dark blotches on dorsal fin and numerous scattered dark brown to blackish spots on body side. 2008 south to New South Wales. a dark spot on gill cover. KAUM–I. 1775) Silver Grunt D XII. Chin with 6 pores. no median pit. 5 scales between lat- eral line and dorsal-fin origin. Color: body dark gray. 15–17. Matsunuma) Pomadasys argenteus. 17058. Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. 2009 . 125 Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède. Centers of scales paler than edges. P2 I. from South Africa east to the Plectorhinchus gibbosus. UMTF 1011 (KAUM–I. P1 16–18. greatly swollen with age. (H. A III. 5. maximum 60 cm. dorsal fin with dusky mem- branes. compressed. Body deep. GR 8–10 + 18–20. 21 Oct. No distinct spots or blotches on fins. 5. Lip fleshy. Circumpeduncular scales 21 or 22. LLp 46–55. 17252. Mar- keted fresh. Color: in adults. Caudal fin emarginate. Plectorhinchus gibbosus. KAUM–I. head blunt.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 17 Jan. 38. and southern Japan off Terengganu (KT). 13. com- pressed. back with irregular lon. not cover- ing barbels or papillae. young penetrating estuarine habitats. Remarks: generally found in silty reef areas. 7–8. 1802) Harlequin Sweetlip D XIII–XIV.7 cm SL Samoa Islands. Motomura) Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea to Melanesia. P2 I. Size: maximum about 75 cm. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. LLp 47–49. Size: commonly 40 cm. 24 Dec. A III. 16672). Lip fleshy. 13–14. 2008 gitudinal streaks on alternate scale rows. spots less distinct with growth. Body moderately elongate. Re- marks: inhabits turbid inshore waters with sandy to muddy bottoms to Pomadasys kaakan. Chin with two pores and a median pit. membrane distally between third and man Sea. 5 Dec. (H. 14 Dec. compressed.7 cm SL three broken black blotches on upper off Terengganu (KT). 5. 16. four small faintly sixth to seventh dorsal-fin spines. Body moderately elongate. compressed. P2 I. Pomadasys unimaculatus. P2 I. 7–8. Size: maximum length 59. Motomura) off Terengganu (KT). 1830) Javelin Grunt D XII. A III. Size: inshore waters on sandy and muddy dark semicircular patches on upper half maximum length about 25 cm. Pomadasys maculatus. GR 3–4 + 12–13. 5. 15. largely covered by lacrimal in Indian Ocean population. 11. Distri. 2008 body silver with a large dark brown blotch across nape. A III. Color: off Terengganu (KT). Mid- dle and posterior portion of maxilla largely covered by lacrimal laterally. GR 5–6 + 13–15. extending down. Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. No blotches or spots on fins. 17085.bottoms. A large dark red blotch on bution: the South China Sea and Anda- . Motomura) Pomadasys unimaculatus Tian. Size: maximum length about 80 cm. 13–14. 16835. 13–14.126 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier. 1793) Saddle Grunt D XII. 2008 half of trunk. 28 Dec. Chin with two pores and a median pit. extend- ing downward to below lateral line. KAUM–I. Color: body silver with a large black blotch across nape. third row along lat- eral line. Color: body silver with six to ten ver- tical series of blackish spots or double spots in four rows. (H.3 cm. Motomura) of trunk. P1 16–17.2 cm SL depths of 75 m. Pos- terior portion of maxilla slightly cov- ered or not covered by lacrimal later- ally in western Pacific population. Remarks: occurs in coastal ward to lateral line. KAUM–I. LLp 47–50. KAUM–I. 7. P1 17–18. 1982 Red Patched Grunter D XII. (H. 7. 2008 Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch. GR 5–6 + 13–14. LLp 50–52. A large dark blotch on membrane centrally between second and seventh dorsal-fin spines. 5. 17000. Caudal fin emarginate.1 cm SL Caudal fin slightly emarginate. com- pressed. P2 I. LLp 43–50. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Body moderately elongate. 13–15. P1 17. Chin with two pores and a median pit. A III. Remarks: occurs in coastal inshore waters in open bay and estuaries to depths of less than 110 m. Remarks: usually occurs per of pectoral fin base to middle of on sandy or muddy bottoms at depths . Size: tween 45 and 90 m. Asian countries and northwestern (H. pointed 5 soft rays. Head single dorsal fin with X. Color: body pinkish dor. second from behind up. body depth 2. Single dorsal fin with X spines and 9 soft rays. or upper jaw slightly beyond lower jaw. Pectoral fin not reaching a vertical through anal fin caudal-fin base. and cepha- sally. of pelvic fin. first below lateral Japan. suborbital spine absent. operculum scaled. 7–8 elongate. Southeast cods. a pair of elongate. maximum 20 cm SL. teemed as food fish in many species. Upper lobe of caudal fin falcate or Nemipterus bathybius. membranes between dorsal-fin spines not strongly incised. grayish. yellowish. 17133. crustaceans. on preopercle in Lethrinus (scaly in on head and body in many species. 127 NEMIPTERIDAE Threadfin Breams and Monocle Bream By Koichi Shibukawa. and amphipods in young. South China Sea. eyes moderately large. cephalopods. anal pelvic fin. 2009 ribbon-like extension (broken in the photo specimen). to about 300 m depth. no elongated. Three transverse scale rows on per lobe and filament yellow. KAUM–I. no scales vertical bands or longitudinal stripes minced for fish balls or fish cakes. with various-colored marketed fresh. Haemulidae – dorsal fin Color: pinkish. including southern lopods in adults and copepods. P2 I. with 14–19 soft rays (uppermost 2 rays un- branched). Carnivorous. hind margin of suborbital bone exposed. Lutjanidae – no elon- Remarks: found in coral reefs area: Caesionidae – dorsal fin with gate and pointed scales at base of and coastal to offshore shelf waters X–XV spines and 8–22 soft rays. 9 compressed. Es. Ventral margin of orbit just reaching or not reaching a horizontal line through snout tip and upper base of pectoral fin. Similar families occurring in the other genera). Motomura) dal-fin base. feed on small fishes. 11. belly yellow. up.9–3. line from behind opercle to upper cau. moderately elongate fishes. but most common be- origin. P1 15–17. rays. and polychaetes. First 2 dorsal-fin spine separated by a membrane. of 35 to 300 m. 1911 Yellowbelly Threadfin Bream D X. Posterior margin of suborbital and lower preopercular margin not serrat- ed. western Pacific. Hiroyuki Motomura and Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to 35 cm). 5. pointed scales at base pointed scales at base of pelvic fin.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). or spines and 8–10 soft rays. dried and salted. pelvic fin with I spine and anal fin with III. 1 Jan. turned to sil. down fin with III spines and 9–13 soft rays. branchio- stegal rays 6. Nemipterus bathybius Snyder. Scales ctenoid. GR 13–16. Australia. caudal fin emarginated. cheek and with sandy or muddy bottoms. ostra- Two yellow stripes. pectoral fin more or less falcate. 7. with IX–XIV spines and 11–26 soft or brownish dorsally. jaws subequal. Feeds mainly on preopercle. Lethrinidae – anal fin with III very ventrally. Distribution: crustaceans.6 in SL. 9. silvery ventrally. Caudal fin pink. anal fin with ctenoid scales III spines and 7–8soft rays. small fishes. A III. with filamentous tip on each or both lobes in many species. scale at pelvic-fin base lunate or forked. compressed. Body moderately elongate. Nemipterus marginatus divided above pectoral fin. P2 I. Pectoral and pelvic fins toms in depths of 12 to 70 m. (M. suborbital spine absent. Color: body pinkish pressed. Color: body pinkish dorsally. 5. UMTF 1080 (KAUM–I. caudal fin dorsally.6 cm SL fin pale rosy. Snout length equal to or greater than eye di- ameter. a second yellowish- slightly rounded. 9. Pacific. com- pressed. silvery ventrally. Body moderately elongate. A serrated. Anal fin blu- ish white. silvery ventrally. 9. reddish. with a broad yellow stripe. silvery base of pectoral fin. 16 Dec. Matsunuma) . Caudal Nemipterus hexodon. bordered below by bright yellow. Posterior margin of subor. Distribution: West Pacific. lower off Terengganu (KT). forming a reddish spot be- hind origin of lateral line. Size: maximum length red. P2 I. Upper lobe of caudal fin caudal peduncle. body depth 3–3. 4–6 transverse scale rows on preopercle. com. 13 Oct. tral margin of orbit above a horizontal 15 cm SL. sometimes with yellowish tinge. 5 Dec. Enlarged canines ventrally. KAUM–I. tribution: the Andaman Sea and West long. 17017. Posterior margin of suborbit. Red Filament Threadfin Bream orange stripe from above base of pec- tending beyond a vertical through anal D X. Matsunuma) Nemipterus hexodon (Quoy & Gaimard. 2008 serrated. 2008 upper base of pectoral fin. Dis.9 in SL. upper lobe (M. with 6–8 al and lower preopercular margin not including filament. suborbital spine absent. a reddish spot below and just on preopercle. compressed. Pectoral fin reaching to or just short of a vertical through anus. 5. 8. 9. sandy or muddy bottoms at depths of transverse scale rows on preopercle. 16821. caudal fin deeply forked. a yel- low stripe submarginally. 7. 8. Nemipterus marginatus. its median pale yellow stripes below lateral line. Body moderately elongate. KAUM–I. Pectoral fin not ex. 7. Three transverse scale rows Body moderately elongate. P1 16.rays yellowish.128 Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes. with yellow tinge. Size: maximum length 20 cm SL. Motomura) Color: body pinkish dorsally. upper lobe of the fin pointed. P1 16–18. (H. 1824) Ornate Threadfin Bream D X. outer margin darker pink.0 cm SL horizontal line through snout tip and Bidong Island. A III.duncle. GR 7–10. toral fin to lower part of caudal pe- fin origin. 13. with row of transparent or faint yellowish spots near base. pelvic fins short. 5. Remarks: oc- curs on sand and mud bottoms in depths of 8–110 m. Ventral margin of orbit tangent to or above just reaching or not reaching a Nemipterus furcosus. ovoid spot below lateral line ori. zontal line through snout tip and upper 10 to 80 m. A III. caudal fin forked. 2008 margin of fin white. GR 11–17. reach- ing to or short of a vertical through anus. 1830) low lateral line origin to upper part of membrane. 16573). anteriorly in upper and lower jaws. P2 I. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and West Pacific.behind lateral line origin. 7. posterior tip of up- per lobe red. gin. Nine indistinct reddish saddle bars on back. line through snout tip and upper base Remarks: found on sand or mud bot- Size: maximum length 21 cm SL. Suborbital spine absent. GR 12. 1830) Forktailed Threadfin Bream D X. Dorsal fin pale rosy. Ven. of pectoral fin. Three tral margin of orbit not reaching a hori. Ven. A III.7 cm SL bital and lower preopercular margin not off Terengganu (KT). not produced. from be- First 2 dorsal-fin spines separated by a (Valenciennes. P1 15–18. Remarks: usually occurs on produced into a short filament. 0 cm SL usually occurs on sand or mud bot- off Terengganu (KT). Color: body pinkish dorsally. first from upper extending onto eye posteriorly. elongate. pale brownish dorsally. 5. 5. grad- by a membrane. Pentapodus setosus. ly white. not 17. Remarks: found in off- filament yellow. P2 I. upper tip yellow. 11. middle of eye to tip of snout. snout length great. A III. KAUM–I. Body moderately elongate. six transverse scale gin. second Dorsal fin bluish translucent. 9. 46–48. anal fin bluish translu. body depth 3. Distribution: Indo. Pectoral and pelvic (Valenciennes. 1853) Fivelined Threadfin Bream D X. First two dorsal-fin spine separated bottoms near rocks in depths between a yellow stripe from behind eye. Pectoral and pelvic fins long. 2009 toms in depths of 50 to 70 m. a narrow blue line running through bon-like extension. Body moderately 2 bluish stripes across snout. suborbital spine absent. 5 well-defined yel- low stripes along body. 17134. P1 16. Caudal fin bright rosy. broad pale yellow stripe head reaching forward to or in front of Dorsal fin pale blue. suborbital spine absent. A III. Ventral margin of orbit tangent to or just above a horizontal line through snout tip and upper base of pectoral fin. fusiform. Body moderately elongate. Dorsal fin translucent pink. GR 10. 7. 9. with yel. 10. Size: maximum length of fin . com- pressed. 5. 2008 margin of orbit just reaching or not reaching a horizontal line through length 18 cm SL. with yellow mar- on center of fin. this line convergent fins short. 9. GR 16–17. Distribution: the Andaman Sea and West Central Pacific. P1 15. 17132.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). (M.1 cm SL ed. (M. P2 I. with yellow margin. body depth 3. 12. silvery ventrally. P2 I. lower limb of pre. with reddish opercle naked. very long trailing filament. caudal fin deeply Nemipterus tambuloides. ish brown. 2009 forked.6 in SL. (K. 1857) Slender Threadfin Bream D X.2 to 3. Color: body Butterfly Whiptail both lines meeting at an acute angle pinkish dorsally. 1 Jan. filament pink- cent with pale yellow stripe near base rows on preopercle. A III. D X. middle of eyes. Size: maximum length 23 cm SL. Anal fin translucent bluish white with pale yellow stripe near base of fin. 5 Dec. silvery ventrally. Pelvic fins short. low margin. Shibukawa) ually arching on back and terminating dorsal-fin spines not strongly incised. Color: snout tip and upper base of pectoral West Pacific. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. Scales on top of from upper lip to lower margin of eye. 1830) yellow stripe. fin. Distribution: West Cen- posterior margin. 1 Jan. LL behind black spot on caudal peduncle. caudal fin pinkish. 16819. caudal fin pink. 7. bel. 7. Size: maximum forked. GR 6–8. caudal fin tral Pacific. through anal fin origin. P1 15–17. upper lobe produced into a shore waters. a narrow yellow stripe just above base fin. Three transverse scale rows on pre- opercle. Posterior margin of suborbital and lower preopercular margin not serrat. not reaching to a vertical with a blue line from origin of anal fin. Remarks: found on sand body whitish. membranes between 10 to 125 m. Posterior margin of suborbital and lower preopercular margin not serrat- ed. Ventral off Terengganu (KT). com- pressed. Matsunuma) . tip of upper lobe pointed. Pentapodus setosus cle. Two yellow stripe on snout. 129 Nemipterus tambuloides (Bleeker. upper margin and reaching level of anus. Remarks: Nemipterus zysron.8–4.5 cm SL. er than eye diameter.6 in SL. Matsunuma) Nemipterus zysron (Bleeker. in a black spot on upper caudal pedun- Upper lobe of caudal fin falcate or rib. body depth 2. com- pressed. 18. a small forward pointing spine below eye absent.6 cm SL front of level of anterior margin of eye. Suborbital margin with a large back- wardly pointing spine. Remarks: oc- curs in shallow waters on sandy or muddy bottoms close to reefs. whitish ventrally.8 in SL. no antrorse spine just below eye. Size: commonly 18 cm SL. LL 36–39. 16595). A III. Caudal fin forked. P1 16–17. forming longitudi- nal and transverse lines. 12 Oct. (K. some sky blue streaks on head. 1830) Monogrammed Monocle Bream D X. with two dark stripes. 2008 . 2008 pressed. upper lobe a little longer than lower lobe or produced into a short filament.9 cm SL 36–39. caudal fin forked or lunate. P2 I. 16576). Distribution: the Andaman Sea and West Pacific. (H. dusky midlateral stripe on body. a large dark blotch on dorsal fin anterioly. A III. P1 16–17.4–3. 7.4–3. 5 Dec. Remarks: found in coastal waters with sandy or muddy bottom around coral reefs in depths to 50 m. In juveniles. silvery ventral- ly. 16848. upper lobe not produced into a filament.130 Scolopsis margaritifera (Cuvier. 13 Oct.8 in SL. Posterior margin of suborbital with a large backwardly pointing spine and a series of smaller spines or serrations. 1830) Pearly Monocle Bream D X. Pelvic fin reaching to anus when deppressed. Distri- bution: the Andaman Sea and the western central Pacific. lower yel- low. lower limb of preopercle scaled. KAUM–I. Size: maximum length 19. Color: head and body grayish dorsally.0 cm SL Bidong Island. 9. 5. upper half of body white. 7. off Terengganu (KT). Scales on dorsal head reaching forward to or in Scolopsis margaritifera. 2008 temporal region covered with scales. com. P2 I. Bidong Island. UMTF 1318 (KAUM–I. LL Scolopsis monogramma. 9. Motomura) Scolopsis monogramma (Cuvier. UMTF 1358 (KAUM–I. 4. Body relatively deep. 5. Color: body olive dorsally. 17. Body relatively deep. Center of scales with pearly or yellowish spots. Preopercular margin ser- rated. to depths of 20 m. Shibukawa) Scolopsis monogramma. body depth 2.5 cm SL. off Terengganu (KT). Shibukawa) . GR 11–12. depth 2–2. Body relatively deep. Distribution: the An- daman Sea and West Pacific.6 in SL. and anterior nostril. A III. 9. Scales on top of head extend. tribution: Indo-West Pacific. 1792) Whitecheek Monocle Bream D X. Pelvic fin reaching to anus when deprresed. 19. broad white vertical bar on head. upper lobe not produced into a Scolopsis taenioptera. 8–9.1 in SL. 1830) Lattice Monocle Bream D X. 5 Dec. 2008 ed spine. Caught by traps ing forward to between level of snout 16 cm SL. Re- marks: found in offshore waters with sandy or muddy bottom in depths to 50 m. opercle scaled. lower limb of preopercular naked. caudal fin brownish. 16. Color: head and body marks: found in offshore or coastal yond anus when depressed. no antrorse spine just below eye. 131 Scolopsis taenioptera (Cuvier. caudal fin forked or lunate. Body deep. P1 18–19. P2 I. Size: around coral reefs. exterminal edge of maxilla smooth. silvery ventrally. marketed fresh. paler ventrally. P2 I. no antrorse spine just below eye. lower limb of pre. 7. 5. not reaching to level of anus. LL 45–48. Re.7–3. Pectoral fin short. maxi- mum 20 cm SL. com- pressed. KAUM–I. Scolopsis vosmeri. (K. LL 41–44. Suborbital with a large backwardly pointing spine. 7. P1 17–18. distinct. waters with sandy or muddy bottom forked. and trawls.7 cm SL orbital with a large backwardly-point. commonly 15 cm SL. Sub. KAUM–I. A III. 5. body depth 2. 16853. compressed.8 cm SL filament. (K. external edge of maxilla smooth. Dis. pelvic fin reaching to or be. orange or red spot at upper part of pectoral fin base. off Terengganu (KT). Size: commonly 15 cm. 16970. 11 Dec. 2008 ish dorsally. Shibukawa) Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch. Color: head and body gray. scales on cheek. 8–10 dorsal fin with X spines and 9–10 soft rays.132 LETHRINIDAE Emperors By Koichi Shibukawa. ceans.5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). scales on cheek. Caudal fin strongly forked. P1 14. A III. either conical or molariform teeth mouth terminal on sides of jaws. pelvic fin below Remarks: commonly found in the area: Haemulidae – chin with base of pectoral fin.4 in SL. 27 Dec. KAUM–I. Scales ctenoid. me- dian rays distinctly shorter than eye diameter.. traps and trawls. pectoral fin with or red. seagrass beds and mangroves. Body oblong. blue. its depth 2. Fins mainly clear to yellow-or- ange. Outer surface of maxilla smooth. Mizuki Matsunuma and Hiroyuki Motomura Medium to large sized (up to 100 strong canines at single dorsal fin with X. Cheek scales absent in Lethrinus. Color: head and isms. Vertebrae 24. branchiostegals 6. 2008 . 5 soft rays. first bar through eye and across cheek. yellow dline. spot. more spines in dorsal fin. frequently mottled.2–2. Sides of jaws with canines and villiform teeth. oblong and compressed fishes. gray. some. fishes. with I spine and coastal waters around coral and rocky distinct pores. and light or red. Gymnocranius elongatus. Lutjanidae – teeth on roof of mouth. crusta. LLp 47–48. 10. 17109. 10. 5. Esteemed as food fish.g. caught by han- Gymnocranius elongatus Senta. 31 Dec. and 8–10 soft rays. mollusks. e. 13.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Distribu- tion: eastern Indian Ocean and west- ern Pacific Ocean. caudal fin emarginated or reefs. forked. (M. Size: maxi- mum length about 35 cm. scales on body silvery. and sea urchins. 2008 times slightly brownish dorsally. caudal fin margins and tips often deep red. Caught mostly with bottom trawls. Color: body silvery. no teeth on roof of with thick lips mouth. dish brown. whereas present in the other genera. feeds on various organ. Sparidae – usually size. 17069. moderate in Carnivorous. polychaetes. compressed. Matsunuma) Gymnocranius elongatus. front of jaws Body compressed. A single anal fin with III. Similar families occurring in 13–15 soft rays. mouth terminal with relatively thick lips. strong canines at front of jaws. inner surface of pectoral fin axil not covered with scales. Remarks: occurs in coastal and shelf waters at depths between about 50 and 100 m. lateral line continuous. covered with cte- noid scales. a narrow brown bar often across pectoral-fin base. about 8 transverse brown bars on sides. 1973 Forktail Large-eye Bream D X. with pointed tips. cheek. 13. 9–10 cm). P2 I. Cheek with 4–6 transverse scale rows. Ventral margin of or- bit intersected by line from tip of snout to middle of caudal-fin fork. anal fin with III spines ted or striped with dusky. KAUM–I. Col- or: body silvery. Marketed fresh. Caudal fin moderately forked. KAUM–I. Caught most- ly with bottom trawls. 12 Dec. P2 I.5 in SL. Cheek not covered with scales. somewhat indistinct vertical and oblique bands. (M. (H. 5. A III. speckled with length about 25 cm. Color: body tan or brown on upper sides. median rays slightly greater than eye diameter. Distribu- tion: distributed in the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific from southern Japan to western Australia. first bar through eye Gymnocranius griseus. 17240. sides often with scattered irregular black oblique bars and a square black blotch above pectoral fins and bordering below lateral line.9–3. Body oblong. Matsunuma) . 10. compressed. P1 14. inner surface of pectoral fin axil cov- ered with small scales. a narrow brown bar often across pectoral-fin base. head Lethrinus genivittatus. lower sides white with 3 brown or tan stripes. its depth comparatively deep. Remarks: occurs in continental shelf and coastal inshore waters at depths be- tween about 20 and 80 m. KAUM–I. frequently with a dif- fuse to vivid pattern of 5 to 8 narrow dark bars on side. Motomura) Lethrinus genivittatus Valenciennes. Outer surface of maxilla with a distinct knob. 16. 16980. Size: maxi- mum length about 35 cm. 133 Gymnocranius griseus (Temminck & Schlegel. 2008 slender. 5. much longer than other dorsal-fin spines. P1 13. LLp 46–48.marks: found in shallow coastal wa- small white blotches. 9. Outer surface of maxilla smooth. 21 Jan. Re. 8. its depth 2. First or second anal-fin soft ray longest. 1843) Gray Large-eye Bream D X. Fins mainly clear to off Terengganu (KT). with pointed tips. 4 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal fin spines. 15 Jan. Distribution: east. 10. LLp Lethrinus genivittatus. 1830 Longspine Emperor D X. fins pale. Cheek with 4 transverse scale rows. 11. Ventral margin of orbit above horizontal line through snout tip and middle of caudal fin fork. P2 I. Sides of jaws with canines and villiform teeth. Body moderately elongate and off Terengganu (KT).2 in SL. 12. A III.6 cm SL brown or tan sometimes with several off Terengganu (KT).5 cm SL and across cheek. 2009 yellowish.4 cm SL 46–47. 17316.9– 2. about 1. Size: maximum ern Indian Ocean and West Pacific. 15 or 16 scale rows in lower series around caudal peduncle.ters. inner sur- face of pectoral fin axil not covered with scales. 2009 broad. KAUM–I. Second dorsal-fin spine the longest. Head profile near eye slightly convex. axil not covered with scales. feeds on crusta- ceans. Carnivorous. 12. LLp 46–47. Color: body brown and (M. (K. cau- dal fin mottled. pecto- Valenciennes. 13 or 14 cific.toms near coral reefs. 16923. 9.2–3. Carnivorous. 16 Sept. base of pectoral fin sometimes with red marking. 9.3–2. P2 I. Size: 45 cm. a dark band across Lethrinus variegatus sal-fin spine usually longest. inner surface of pectoral-fin base scaled or naked. P2 I. caught by traps.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). inner surface of pectoral fin base scaled. Body moderately deep. 2008 es. 1830 naked. Body moderately deep. Outer irregular dark spots. hand-lines. Esteemed as food fish.bands below eye. 16. Remarks: found in coastal waters. often 2 dark surface of maxilla smooth. whitish spot at cen. Color: body grayish dorsally. Shibukawa) to anterior nostril than orbit. mollusks. posterior nostril closer gray. posterior off Terengganu (KT). 1830 Ornate Emperor D X. 2008 margin of opercle red.Shibukawa) Lethrinus ornatus Valenciennes. Dorsal profile of Cendering. P1 13. Color: body grayish dorsally. trawls.g. A III. A III. UMTF 1061 (KAUM–I. inner surface of pectoral fin ral. 2008 snout around eye convex. 7. A III. its depth 3. and seines.. 17048. No scales on cheek. KAUM–I. mollusks. 6 longitudinal scale rows (including small scale beneath dorsal fin base) between lateral line and base of middle spine of dorsal fin. 10 Dec. with scattered . 8. Cheek interorbital space. lagoons. anal. its Lethrinus ornatus. seagrass beds. Dorsal profile of snout around straight.4 cm SL depth 2. 16334). in SL. Size: Slender Emperor rows between lateral line and base of 20 cm. Utilized as food fish. 6 longitudinal scale rows (including small scales be- neath dorsal-fin base) between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spine. 4 ½ scale caudal fin light and dark striped. LLp 46–47. 1802) Pink Ear Emperor D X. 18 Dec. Size: 52 cm. P1 13. LLp middle dorsal fin spines. Distri- bution: Indo-West Pacific. poly- chaetes and fishes. KAUM–I. dorsal. Matsunuma) nearly straight. and pelvic fins light or translucent. Fourth dor. 5. 5.8 in SL. its depth 2. P1 13. Body slender.6 in SL. silvery ventral- ly. coral reefs and sea- grass beds.134 Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède. Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific Remarks: found in lagoons. 9. 8. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- D X. Remarks: inhabits sandy bot- 46–48. Head profile near eye convex or dal peduncle.1 cm SL ter of each scale on body. Lethrinus variegatus. lighter ventrally. feeds on crustaceans.9 scale rows in lower series around cau. (K. 5. and areas adjacent to reef. Lethrinus lentjan. posterior margin of preopercle and opercle red. No scales on cheek. silvery ventrally.5–2. e. with 5–6 longitudinal yellow stripes. P2 I. 8. polychaetes and fish. juveniles enter estuaries and mangrove swamps. . P1 15. Color: overall Similar families occurring in the overlapping premaxilla. from pinkish area: Haemulidae – edge of preoper. dorsal-fin rays (9–17 in Sparidae). but a moderately curved concavity in adults. jaw teeth well developed. or flattened. single dorsal fin with X–XIII. Body deep and moderately com- pressed. Kume & Yoshino. front edge of predorsal fin scaly area on head slightly convex. 2010 Pacific Seabream D XI. hind tip of premaxilla overlapping maxilla. often excavated to accommodate a rays. juvenile entering lower reaches of rivers. no molar teeth. from the Ryukyu Islands south to northern Australia. often with dark or colored spots. vomer and pala- tines toothless. 8–11 soft color highly variable. 6 in lower jaw. 1 Jan. and often rounded. and an axillary scale at found in estuaries. the spiny and soft often with silvery or golden reflec. Head large. other fins dusky. Size: 45 cm SL. Lobotidae – edge of preopercle 5 soft rays. clearly longer than 3rd. occasionally teeth. Lutjanidae – edge portions not separated by a notch. mouth slightly oblique. Lethrinidae – posterior tip of maxilla or weakly ctenoid. Most seabreams strongly toothed. or bars. Scale rows between 5th dor- sal fin spine base and lateral line 3½. 17141. 7–15 7–20 on lower limb of first gill arch. Gill rakers variable. or reddish to yellowish or grayish. cle serrate. often with a steep up- per profile. caudal fin slightly forked.0 cm SL gray. anal and caudal fins rounded. Second anal-fin spine robust. 18. lips thick. pectoral fin off Terengganu (KT). ventral edge of anterior two infraorbitals straight in juveniles. of preopercle usually serrated. . pelvic fin with I spine and temperate coastal waters. 135 SPARIDAE Seabreams or Porgies By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to 100 cm) fishes. differenti- ated into either conical. no molar or incisor-like pointed. Scales cycloid table commercial importance. Color: head and body slivery Acanthopagrus pacificus. 11. A III. emarginate or forked. base. dorsal. Dorsal fin single. Dis- tribution: West Central Pacific. anal fin with III. upper jaw never reaching reaching a vertical line through middle of eye. with round- ed lobes. Acanthopagrus pacificus Iwatsuki. no molar teeth. with body oblong. and anal fin with III spines and 7–15 soft stripes. 9–17 moderately deep and compressed. caudal fin moderately deeply are excellent food fish and are of no. Remarks: found in shallow coastal waters. 8. 2009 hyaline or somewhat dusky dorsally. mouth subhorizontal and slightly protrusible. pectoral fins usually long and Remarks: inhabits tropical and bony knob. with X–XIII spines and 9–17 soft rays. suborbital space scaled. without small scales. LLp 42–46. 6 canines anteriorly in upper jaw. KAUM–I. tions. incisor-like teeth never present. whitish ventrally. vomer with remaining parts translucent and slight. Scales weakly some species. supraneural bones 0 to Similar families occurring in lower part with 3 to 16 separate soft 3. pectoral fin on muddy and sandy substrata. lateral line extend. Anterior margins of Persian Gulf east to Papua New Guin- . A III. 1804) Fourfinger Threadfin D VIII + I. vomer. 350 mm standard pecially as juveniles. moder- ately compressed. Pectoral fins fin. 5. ly blackish. pectoral. Pelvic fins large black spot at anterior lateral line characters (see above description) with a spine and 5 soft rays. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and 10 to 18 soft rays. length). second covering most of dorsal. per sides of head and trunk with slight about 200 cm. Some species her- divided into an upper part with 12 to sent. Two well-separated dorsal fins. LLp 71– 80. canine. tropical coastal.9–7. Longest pectoral vivid yellow (dusky yellow in large frequently enters brackish waters. KAUM–I. Distribution: distrib- darkish silver tinge. generally occurs on continental shelves deciduous tooth plates on both sides. supramaxilla absent. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw. respectively. from the on lower sides. A the area: pectoral fin and filament rays (pectoral filaments). tooth plate extension onto lateral surface of lower jaw 11. brackish and frsh- soft rays. 7 branchioste. adjacent portion off Terengganu (KT). P2 I. Upper jaw length 5. Remarks: 14. Posterior margin of maxilla extending well beyond a verti- cal through posterior margin of adi- pose eyelid. GR 6–18. palatines and ectoptery- goids (vomerine teeth absent in some species). size from about 10 to 200 cm. and small fishes. molariform or inci- lower pectoral-fin rays siform teeth absent. Color: up. becoming lighter uted in the Indo-West Pacific. 17 Dec. maxilla extending beyond level of posterior margin of eye. Teeth villiform in broad bands on jaws. 19 rays joined by membrane and a or 15 caudal. Anterior parts of lower jaw with small teeth extending Eleutheronema tetradactylum.8 cm SL onto lateral surface. compressed. P1 15–19 + 4 filaments. Body elongate. first ctenoid. trisegmental pterygiophores ab. and except in juveniles. Caudal or several longitudinal dark stripes in distinguish Polynemidae from all fin deeply forked.136 POLYNEMIDAE Threadfins By Hiroyuki Motomura Body elongate to moderately 2 dorsal fins well separated deep. ea and northern Australia. 13–15. 2008 of lip absent. 14–16. Mouth ventral. Vertebrae 10 precaudal and 14 maphrodites. overhanging. extending onto head. one ray present on epihyal. Color: silvery. Adipose eyelid adipose eyelid covering eye.3 in standard length. Snout obtusely coni- cal. es- filament not reaching origin of anal specimens over ca. forming pectoral filaments gal rays. 23. scales Remarks: taken over sandy or dorsal fin with 7 or 8 spines. Anal fin with 2 or 3 spines ing onto posterior margin of caudal waters. anal muddy bottoms in tropical and sub- dorsal fin with a spine and 11 to 18 and caudal fins.1 in standard length. lip on upper jaw absent or poorly-developed. other families. golden or brown. Swimbladder absent.1– first and second dorsal fins blackish. Sex changing fin. 17039. Size: maximum total length from male to female with growth. near- horizontal and large. Body elongate. Leptomelanosoma indicum. All pectoral fin faintly white. Posterior margin of max. pectoral fin membrane deep black. 11–13. snout and abdominal regions blackish. 2008 occurs near estuaries. Posterior margins of first ing taken from depths of 16 to 73 m. Color: head and body sil. adjacent portion of lip poorly developed. Remarks: mainly off Terengganu (KT). Anterior one-third of off Terengganu (KT). Body moderately deep. vomer with teeth. Distribution: distributed in the In- do-West Pacific. Longest pectoral filament tributed in the eastern Indian and 51. not reaching to posterior tip of pecto. Posterior margin of maxilla extending well beyond a verti- cal through posterior margin of adi.9 cm SL pose eyelid. 10–11. P2 I. be- adipose eyelid. 12. P1 12–14 + 5 filaments. sometimes en- tering rivers. . Not occur illa reaching to or slightly short of a fine string. 6 Dec. like a east to Japan and Indonesia. Color: head and upper sides of trunk tinged slightly blackish brown. 16905. teeth villiform in broad slightly blackish. A III. Size: maximum stan- D VIII + I.3 cm SL Papua New Guinea. lateral line. from Pakistan to Polydactylus sextarius. Remarks: oc- vertical through posterior margin of ver. except uppermost 1 or 2. 17104. Size: maximum total length 1. remaining parts (Bloch & Schneider. LLp 45– branched. in Australian waters. moder- ately compressed. 137 Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw. P2 I. A large black spot anteriorly on curs on sandy and muddy bottoms.4 m. KAUM–I. developed. KAUM–I. P1 rays. 5. 28 Dec. 1801) bands on palatines and ectopterygoids. GR 25–30. un. and is occasionally taken from depths to 100 m. A III. LLp 69– 72. 12–13. 2008 lower jaw with small teeth extending onto lateral surface. dentary teeth restricted to and second dorsal fins and caudal fin Polydactylus sextarius dorsal surface. translucent white. Longest pectoral filament not reaching origin of anal fin. be- coming deep black on lower sides. 12–13. grading to blackish posteri- orly. ral fin. GR 18–21. Swimblad- der with many appendages inserted into lateral walls of abdominal cavity. Lip on lower jaw well. pectoral filaments Blackspot Threadfin skin and teeth absent. 1804) Indian Threadfin D VIII + I. from India compressed. dard length 17 cm. Distribution: dis- 13–15 + 6 filaments. Swimbladder atrophied. western Pacific Oceans. Pectoral fin mem- vomerine tooth plate covered with brane dark yellow. 20. Origin of pectoral filaments dusky yellowish. 5. Usually found over muddy or sandy Chrysochir aureus (Richardson. bottoms. Dorsal fin continuous. with spots and dark bands in the area: the following combination Caudal fin emarginate to pointed. 6–7. Enlarged teeth always form outer series in upper jaw. 19. Swimbladder well de. with VIII to X spines anteriorly and I anal fin with 2 spines spines and 21 to 44 soft rays posteri- orly. Anal fin ages. LGR 8–9. Body mod. of characters distinguish Sciaenidae never deeply forked. No barbel on chin. completely covered extending onto caudal fin with scales. marginal rostral pores 5. from the Bay of . 1846) Reeve's Croaker D XI. estuaries and rivers. in- ner series in lower jaw. KAUM–I. Arshad) back. or arborescent append. reaching 200 cm standard length. 5. Swimbladder carrot-shaped. Color: body metallic blue dor. other fins Indo-West Pacific. gray suffused with orange. Distribution: coastal waters. P2 I. fin. Chrysochir aureus. Lateral line ters. base of posterior portion much like. Pelvic fins with Remarks: occurs in coastal wa. 25–28. pectoral fins yellow. 26 Dec. dorsal fin continuous with deep notch erately elongate. Body slender. longer than anal fin base. with deep notch between anterior and posterior portions. A II. 2008 with 27–30 pairs of fan-like append- ages along its sides. vomer and palatines without teeth.138 SCIAENIDAE Croakers By Aziz Arshad and Hiroyuki Motomura Small to large fishes. donesia. veloped with thick wall. 17063. separated from a continental shelf. from all other families: anal fin with I spine and 5 soft rays. lateral line scales except snout tip. (A. Color: variable from silvery to Similar families occurring in with II spines and 6 to 12 soft rays.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). imum standard length about 30 cm. shading to silvery laterally. with horn. Mouth nearly hori- zontal. Body. some species. No records II spines and lateral line scales ex- scales extending to posterior margin from oceanic island groups distantly tending to posterior margin of caudal of caudal fin. upper rostral pores 3. mental pores in 3 pairs. posterior margin of maxilla extending beyond a vertical through posterior margin of orbit. tube-like. compressed. black. the first slit-like on either side of sym- physis.Bengal east to southern China and In- sally. Remarks: inhabits shallow oblique streaks along scale rows on commonly to 25 cm. none entering head. Size: max. 17 Jan. A II. Swimbladder hammershaped. A II. from the Bay of Bengal east to southern China. Remarks: D XI. 7. prolonged spinous por- Johnius macrorhynus. 7. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 5. first pair entering head beyond transverse septum and sending a palmate branch to the front of pecto- ral arch. 11.9 cm SL band on nape. Color: body gray dorsally. marginal pectoral. Remarks: middle of eye. 2009 stiff. with 14 or 15 pairs of arborescent appendages along its sides. 25–28. pelvic. 23–26. 16873. Johnius macrorhynus rostral pores 5. 139 Dendrophysa russelli (Cuvier. whitish or cream yel- low ventrally. upper rostral pores 5. posterior margin of maxilla not extending beyond a vertical through posterior margin of orbit. Scales on head and body cycloid. estuaries. white ventrally. (H. deep. 5 Dec. 16997. 1976) the first open close behind symphysis Size: maximum length about 30 cm. Second to fifth dorsal fin spines prolonged. (H. Remarks: oc- curs in coastal waters and estuaries. Dis- tribution: distributed in the eastern Indian Ocean and the western central Pacific Ocean. 17255. 2008 maximum standard length about 25 cm. A Johnius amblycephalus. 2008 blue blotch. small scales covering soft- rayed portions of dorsal and anal fins. P2 I. Color: head and body silver. first pair entering head beyond transverse septum. 1829) Goatee Croaker D XI. Swimbladder carrot- shaped. west to India and Pakistan. LGR 6–9. Body elongate and relatively the first pair entering head beyond (A. mental pores in 3 pairs. (Lal Mohan. KAUM–I. but not reaching below arch. 5. P2 I. with about 14–17 pairs of fan- like appendages along its sides. and anal fins yellow. posterior margin transverse septum and sending a pal- from Pakistan east to southern China of maxilla extending beyond below mate branch to the front of pectoral and northeastern Australia. Motomura) chin. 15. Distribution: the South China Sea Bigsnout Croaker mer-shaped. inhabits shallow coastal waters. Arshad) . 8. Teeth dif- ferentiated into large and small in up- per jaw. 5–9.6 cm SL tion of dorsal fin black distally. Motomura) Johnius amblycephalus (Bleeker. Swimbladder ham. Body moderately elongate. P2 I. LGR 8–10. Mouth in- ferior. Size: off Terengganu (KT). in a common pit. Size: maximum standard length 25 cm. Color: body black or dark brown dorsally. KAUM–I. A dark brown broad Dendrophysa russelli. 27–30. A II. 5. LGR borescent appendages along its sides. KAUM–I. 1855) Bearded Croaker D XI. villiform teeth only in lower jaw. Body relatively deep. 7. blunt barbel on chin. the Philippines and eastern Indonesia. No barbel on lower part of body with a golden tinge. with 13 or 14 pairs of ar. occurs in shallow coastal waters and posterior margin of orbit. Opercle with a deep off Terengganu (KT).6 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Mouth inferior. Spinous portion of dorsal fin faintly edged with black. 14 Dec. A pointed barbel on chin. a faint steel blue blotch on gill cover. Swim. (H. Remarks: inhabits per jaw length 2. the first pair entering Nibea soldado. projecting in front of upper jaw. those on body ctenoid. Body deep. Snout not its sides. up. yond transverse septum. yellow- ish laterally. P2 I. small scales covering soft-rayed portions of dorsal and anal fins. stripes along scale rows. P2 I. 17. those on body ctenoid. margin of spinous 48–51. slightly inferior. P2 I. 7. first pair entering head be- and pelvic fins yellowish. Color: body mum standard length 24 cm.3–2. Col. Scales on maximum standard length 60 cm.0 cm SL with a well-developed dorsal and ven. No barbel on chin. KAUM–I. 5. Color: body slivery. LGR 18–20. 16998. 31–33. LLp 50–52. off Terengganu (KT). India east to Queensland. (A. the first close together. 8. 27–33.140 Larimichthys crocea (Richardson. Distri- bution: the South China Sea and East China Sea.2 cm SL head beyond transverse septum. Motomura) . 2008 highly arched. Small cycloid scales covering soft-rayed portions of dorsal and anal fins. (A. Inhabits shallow coastal waters. 26–29. 12 Dec. each appendage Larimichthys crocea. KAUM–I. Dis- (Lacepède. nape Nibea semifasciata. Mouth large.3 in head toral and pelvic fins yellowish. pectoraldeep. Posterior mar. Distri. 15. tribution: Indo-West Pacific. mental pores in 3 pairs. Body elongate. Remarks: occurs in shallow coastal D X–XI.8–2. A II. 7. Snout acutely pointed. off Terengganu (KT). 5. upper rostral pores 3. LGR 9–10. A II. A II. KAUM–I. with 17–20 pairs of aborescent appendages along its sides. Mouth termi- nal. Remarks: Generic assign- ment follows Nakabo (2002). Size: maxi-swollen or projecting. Size: Nibea soldado length. portion of dorsal fin dark distally. darker dorsally. posteri- or margin of maxilla slightly extend- ing beyond a vertical through posteri- or margin of orbit. No barbel on chin.6 in head length. Size: maximum length about 60 cm. with 18 to 22 waters. LGR 7–12. 16876. the first pair entering head beyond transverse septum. Body relatively pairs of aborescent appendages along portion of dorsal fin darker. 1963 Sharpnose Croaker D XI. Scales on head cycloid. marginal rostral pores 5. Arshad) lower jaw length 1. No barbel on chin. with 31–33 pairs of arborescent appendag- es along its sides. Australia. Pec- coastal waters. 2008 or: body brownish gray. united by a cres- cent-shaped groove just behind sym- physis. Lo & Wu. posterior margin of maxilla ex- tending beyond a vertical through pos- terior margin of orbit. from small scales covering soft-rayed por. 14 Dec. 16977. 20. Swimbladder carrot-shaped. 2008 tral limb. Soldier Croaker tions of dorsal and anal fins. Swimbladder carrot-shaped. fins yellowish. 5 Dec. dark oblique lines on dorsally. Soft-rayed Gulf of Thailand. Arshad) Nibea semifasciata Chu. 1802) head cycloid. 5.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). gin of maxilla reaching a vertical silvery with faint series of oblique bution: the East China Sea and the through posterior margin of orbit. nape highly arched. LLp bladder carrot-shaped. 1846) Large Yellow Croaker D X. widely distributed in the Indo-West Donkey Croaker elsewhere ctenoid. with 17–22 pairs of fan. off Terengganu (KT). but none canine-like. Scales cycloid. 7. its dorsal profile rising evenly to dorsal fin ori- gin. with increasing silvery . 5 Dec. 5. Color: body brown- ish dorsally. 16874. often with oblique dark streaks dorsally. No barbels on chin. Color: body gray. and anal fins reddish or light brown. first pair not entering head. A II. Remarks: occurs 9–12. Pectoral. 60 m. Distribution: Scales cycloid on head and flanks. P2 I. but a few ctenoid on lower part of caudal peduncle. Motomura) Posterior margin of maxilla reaching a ish light brown dorsally. Size: maximum stan- (Bloch. 2008 China and northeastern Australia. Posterior margin of maxilla reach- ing a vertical through posterior margin of orbit. 17. (H. Size: maximum stan- dard length 70 cm. 13. Re- marks: occurs in shallow coastal wa- ters to depths of 40 m. Pacific. 7.7 cm SL jaws. Gill prawns and fishes. Body slender. Pennahia anea. P2 I. Motomura) differentiated into large and small in cover with a diffused dark blotch. with 1 or 2 pairs of strong ca. A II. 1793) at angle of arch. Snout like appendages along its sides. Up- both jaws. No barbels on chin. silvery with a golden sheen on middle and ventrally. western Indonesia. Teeth dif- ferentiated into large and small in both Otolithes ruber. 1801) Tigertooth Croaker D X–XI. not entering head. Caudal fin truncate. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. LGR 8–11. pelvic. 22–24. dard length 30 cm. LGR rot-shaped. 16875. each appendage lodged beside bladder and none widely lapping dor- sal surface of bladder wall. Body moderately deep. Snout not swollen or projecting. (H. first in shallow coastal waters to depths of pointed. Gill per two-thirds of spinous portion of Pennahia anea rakers slender. Swimbladder car. 2008 nines at front of one or both jaws. 141 Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider. becoming vertical through posterior margin of paler ventrally.3 cm SL from South Africa east to southern off Terengganu (KT). from the Persian Gulf east to D X–XI. Distribution: wide- ly distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. as long as gill filaments dorsal fin dusky. Teeth well reflection to whitish abdomen. 26–30. Swim- bladder carrot-shaped with 32–36 pairs of fan-like appendages along sides. 5 Dec. Feeds mainly on orbit. cylindrical. but not swollen or projecting. 5. 5. lateral line complete. with chemosensory receptors. especially about 200–400 m. area: Polymixiidae is the only other tip of lower jaw.keted fresh or dried. 13. Two well-separated dorsal fins. cau- dal fin deeply forked. IV– VI spines. P2 I. Remarks: found . unnotched dorsal fin with red. Similar families occurring in the spines. Mouth low on head. barbels inserted well behind Remarks: inhabit shallow seas. 7. the second fin with 9 soft rays (first unbranched). a single flat spine pos- teriorly on opercle. the species occur in deep water.4 cm SL silvery white with a yellow mid lateral off Terengganu (KT). barbels yellow. Distribu. Scales finely ctenoid. anal and pelvic fins whitish to pale yellowish. peritoneum in lagoons and bays. Hisashi Imamura and Seishi Kimura Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed (size to 50 2 separate dorsal fins cm). usually containing a blackish spot below first dorsal fin. They are distin- 38 pored scales. pelvic fins with 2 barbels on chin anal fin with a single spine I spine and 5 soft rays. are ac. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of dorsal fin separated by 5 rows of scales. the first with VII–VIII slender spines.142 MULLIDAE Goatfishes By Siti Tafzilmeriam S. lower jaw inferior. Mar- 40 cm. KAUM–I. pectoral fins with 13–18 soft rays. Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepède. anal fin with I spine and 6–7 soft rays. Chin with 2 slender barbels. feeding on a wide chin. pectoral. Caudal fin forked.. Body elongate and moderately compressed. tively moved over or into the sediment a single. (S. Color: ground color crustaceans and worms. brown. They family with a pair of long barbels on are carnivorous. Size: maximum total length invertebrates and small fishes. 16855. margin of pre- opercle smooth. or yellow markings. No teeth on vomer and pala- tine. median fins to find food organisms. GR 8–9 + 18–22. 2008 stripe. A I. A. 2 rows of small villiform teeth on jaws. anal fin with III–IV often with stripes or oblique bands. The barbels. usually not reaching a vertical through poste- rior margin of preopercle when de- pressed. commonly to 28 cm. LLp 33–36. two long unbranched bar- bels on chin. P1 15–19. most spe. 1801) Yellowstripe Goatfish D VIII + 9. on open sand or mud bottoms. guished from the Mullidae by the often whitish to light red. fol- lowing the contour of back. following combination of characters: cies with distinctive black. K. 5 Dec. feeds on small blackish. Color: body Mulloidichthys flavolineatus. with 27– variety of small animals. Tafzilmeriam) tion: Indo-Pacific. 13. a small reddish brown spot beneath the lateral line under the rear of the first dorsal fin. GR 6–7 + 20–23. Scales pres- ent on side of snout. 20 but distinguished from it by having ately elongate.4–1. Distribution: In- do-Pacific. 1802) Cinnabar Goatfish D VIII + 9. Kimura) region lacking preorbital scales. Spinous and soft-rayed portions of dorsal fin sepa- rated by 3 rows of scales. 1868) Upeneus guttatus. barbels yellow. P1 13–14 (usually 13). Color: body silvery pink with bright vermilion spots or blotches. GR 8–9 + 19–21.9 in head length. 11. KAUM–I. Size: maximum total length about 37 cm. and in 2 small patches on vomer. 6. Distribution: Sulpher Goatfish of body. Body elongate. red oblique bars on lower lobe of cau. Australia and jaws. Anterodorsal pro- file of head convex. 2008 to light red. 143 Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède. V 10 + 14. Imamura) . Size: 11 cm SL. 2008 lobe of caudal fin with 5 red oblique bars. LLp 27–28. A I. 9. Color: body sil. 17097. Upeneus sulphureus. 1829 ing to silver on side and ventrally. caudal fin lacking dark to Upeneus japonicus Houttuyn. rubble. with inner hind margin and 5 red oblique 2 narrow. P1 15–17. 16964. Remarks: similar D VIII + 9. Indo- dal fin. 33–36. cm. Fiji. silvery white ventrally. Japan.5 cm SL forked. Both Malayan region. 10–11 scales along dorsal edge of caudal peduncle. Color: body brownish yellow off Terengganu (KT). 1. Chin with 2 slender barbels. shad- band from center of caudal fin base to Cuvier. 1782. (S. sandy. scaled area basally. Remarks: occurs over muddy. ectopterigoids. 7. (S. Body slight- ly elongate and moderately com- pressed. 16856. upper off Terengganu (KT). the lower lobe with a red wide Upeneus sulphureus very greenish or pink dorsally. or seagrass bot- toms of lagoon and seaward reefs. small conical blunt teeth in a narrow band on jaws. bels. cylindrical. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Body moder. 1st dorsal fin broadly tipped Indo-West Pacific. faint iridescent blue lines ex- tending dorsoposteriorly and ventroan- teriorly from eye. Chin with 2 moderately long barbels. brassy yellow stripes on side bars. Remarks: generally found on Second dorsal and anal fins with mud substrata at depths of 20–60 m. palatines.Tafzilmeriam) Upeneus guttatus (Day. GR 5–8 + 15–18 = 21–25. cross bands. 7–8. Lacrimal including east coast of Africa. 2008 D VII. bright red bars on both dorsal fins.0 cm SL Two-tone Goatfish off Terengganu (KT). KAUM–I. (H. Chin with 2 short bar.0 cm SL faint reddish bars on pelvic fins. A I. extending beyond a vertical through posterior margin of preoper- cle when depressed. 29 Dec. 11 Dec. Mouth small. P1 14–17. No teeth on vo- mer and palatines. vomer and palatines with teeth. 14. KAUM–I. usually just reaching to posterior margin of pre- opercle. LL with black. 6 scales between dorsal fins. 5 Dec. A I. Caudal fin Parupeneus heptacanthus. Size: reaching to ca. second dorsal fin sand and mud bottoms near coral blackish spots. A I. Mouth small.144 Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker. on pal- atines. GR 5–7 + 15–18. A I. Remarks: found in mud or salty sand substrata at depth of 3–20 m. 10–11 scales along dorsal Upeneus sundaicus. head and body above stripe brownish to greenish gray. Size: common- ly to 13 cm. Caudal fin off Terengganu (KT). GR 4–6 + 19–22. Caudal fin forked. upper lobe of caudal with 3 dark reddish or blackish bands. Body moderately elongate and slender. LLp 31–32. 2009 D VIII + 9. 1846 Upeneus tragula. Chin with 2 bar- bels. a dark reddish brown to black. Upeneus tragula. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. its depth 3.0 cm SL Freckled Goatfish off Terengganu (KR). Tafzilmeriam) Upeneus tragula Richardson. reaching to a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle. 6. Chin with 2 slender barbels. pelvic and anal fins yellowish. and in 2 small patches on vo- mer. 12. outer third to half mum total length about 33 cm. palatines. Size: maxi. 1855) Ochreband Goatfish D VIII + 8.9–4. (S. its depth 3. to the depth of 40 m. Mouth small with villiform teeth in a narrow band in jaws. 4 Jan. 2008 caudal fin. usually not reaching a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle when depressed. KAUM–I. flecked to black blotch containing 2 to several West Pacific Remarks: found over with small dark reddish brown or small yellow spots. 18. 2008 forked. Color: body light reddish- brown dorsally. No scales on side of snout. P1 13–14.2 cm SL edge of caudal peduncle. 7. from red. caudal fin brownish-yellow with dusky lower lobe. barbels yel- low. KAUM–I. 16513). silvery white ventral- ly. to irregular dots and blotches on body. P1 14. Tafzilmeriam) lower lobe with 5–7. and in 2 small patches on vomer. Body elon- gate.8 cm SL ish stripe from front of snout to base of Cendering. com- of first dorsal fin with a large dark red monly to 25 cm. and barbels usually yellow. 17150. Color: highly variable in color. fin with 4–6 blackish cross bands. small conical blunt teeth in a narrow band on jaws. Distribution: Indo- . reefs. UMTF 1062 (KAUM–I. Second dorsal and anal fins with scaled area basally. peritoneum pale. a yellow stripe on body side from eye to caudal peduncle. (S.0 in standard length. 4 ½ scales between dorsal fins.6–4. LLp 28–30.3 in standard length. pectoral fin pale yellow. 17098. 6 Oct. 7. 29 Dec. Eye very large. body depth about 1. KAUM–I. A III.area. Size: maxi.4 in standard length. and in V-shaped patch on vomer. in aggregations in caves or beneath Similar family occurring in the Pempheris oualensis Cuvier. reach- ing to below pupil. Scales vary from ctenoid and adherent to cycloid and deciduous. 1831 Copper Sweeper D VI. 9–10 (usually 9). silvery. Body covered by ctenoid scales except for chest with cycloid. eastern Indian Ocean and western Pa. on palatine. Distribution: marks: found in coastal rocky reefs. dispersing at night to feed in. (M. GR 7–10 + 19–26. ledges. Teeth small.. pre- pelvic area narrow and keeled. Body compressed. in eye very large band in jaws. LL 54–79. 2009 distally to produce dark tips on the first 2 or 3 soft rays. yellowish and brownish). 11. Lateral line scales usually anal fin with III (rarely II). dorsal fin Pempheris oualensis. from northern Australia to the pectoral fin dark to black. Anal fin with III (rarely II) spines and 17–45 soft rays. with IV–VII graduated spines and 7–12 soft rays.9–2.g. 17178. Berycidae – pelvic fin with Remarks. Gill rak- ers long. usually seen by day dependently on zooplankton. Matsunuma) . Snout short. darker dorsally.Philippines. Pelvic fin with I spine and 5 soft rays. Base of anal fin very long. base and axil of cific. 17–45 40–82. Color: body bronze. 5 Jan. Color: variable (e. east to Micronesia. caudal fin slightly forked. pink- ish. strongly tapering to narrow caudal peduncle.6 cm SL with a dark leading edge that expands off Terengganu (KR). 7–13 soft rays. Dorsal fin single. very deep (Pempheris) or slender single dorsal fin with IV–VII. usually 25–31. P1 16–18 (usually 17). 5–6 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin base. Maxilla broad. Re- mum length 18 cm. 36–45. 7–12 (Parapriacanthus). Body very deep at ori- gin of dorsal fin. 145 PEMPHERIDAE Sweepers By Hisashi Imamura and Mizuki Matsunuma Small to moderate sized (to 30 cm) marine fishes. Caudal fin truncate to pelvic fins short forked. with V–VIII slender spines and 26–31 soft rays. anterior edge of anal fin with broad black margin. anterior soft anal gill membranes fin rays elongated. Monodactylus argenteus. deep. Mi. 16725). dorsal Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus. Eye moderately large. first 2 pelvic fin rays elongated. file. 26–31. deciduous scales. some.146 MONODACTYLIDAE Moonyfishes (Fingerfishes) By Mizuki Matsunuma Small compressed fishes (up to 25 cm). mouth small and oblique. Jaws with bands of small conical teeth. one through the eye and the other in front of pectoral-fin base. two ver- tical black bars over the head. caudal fin slightly emarginate. posterior edge of dorsal and anal fins distinctly con- cave. Color: adults bright silver.2–1.4 cm SL times found in silty coastal reefs. ously more convex than dorsal pro- anal fins usually black. in front of pectoral-fin are caught for the aquarium fish trade. vomer. Remarks: occurs in shoals in es. gill membranes attached to isthmus. 28 Oct. Anal fin with III spines and 26–31 soft rays. Color: head and body silvery. A III. most. dis- tance between tips of dorsal and anal fins 0. Mouth small and oblique. Remarks: common- ly found in mangrove estuaries.8–0. Chaetodonti-dae and Scatophagidae tuaries and over shallow coral reefs. Body oval. Setiu. 26–31 or rudimental. spinous por- ly with 1 or more black vertical bar nor commercial importance. and tongue with granular teeth. 26–31. anal fin with II spines. Body oval. strongly single dorsal fin with V–VIII. Pelvic fin short united medially anal fin with III. soft-rayed portion. – pelvic fins well-developed. but some tion of dorsal fin well separated from through eye. occasionally entering freshwater. tip of dorsal and pidae – pelvic fins well developed. 2008 . Size: maximum length about 25 cm. 1758) Silver Moony D VII–VIII.9 in SL. deep and strongly com- pressed. tip of dorsal and anal fins black. tip of dorsal and anal fins dusky.6 in SL. its diameter longer than snout length. 8. margin along anterior edge of anal the area: Drepaneidae and Ephip. UMTF 1525 (KAUM–I. fin with X–XVII spines. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. 26–31 compressed. Dorsal fin single. Ante- rior soft fin rays of both dorsal and anal fins elongated. pelvic fin rudimentary or absent in adults. Body. anterior soft dorsal-fin rays elon- gated. head. and unpaired fins or rudimental covered by small. juve- niles more colorful with yellow over most of the dorsal fin. its depth 1. Menidae – ventral profile conspicu- fin) and on body. palatines. Carangidae – cau- base (usually continuous with black Similar families occurring in dal fin forked. Eye moderately large. 2 Nov. anal fin long. maxilla slender. positioned emarginate. UMTF 1008 (KAUM–I. always in shallow depths. longitudi- nal axis from tip of snout to caudal fin passing through center of eye. P1 13. Mouth moderately large. above pectoral fins. Dorsal- fin spines usually IV. Feeds cm. and fresh waters. moderately compressed. 15–18 on lower limb. dorsal-fin base short. or irregular be eaten. covered pressive hunting techniques in which usually with more than 30 soft rays. 11–13. tively large and ctenoid. anal fin pale basally. 15–18 about 50 cm). soft rays. large spots. estuaries. 15–17. LGR 5–7. 7. scaly and without a supplemental bone. angle of jaw oblique. Color: body silvery white. A III. pectoral fins with 11–15 Remarks: inhabit mangrove the area: Pempheridae – snout blunt. Fine villiform teeth on jaws. Size: maximum total length its mangrove shores and brackish estu- about 30 cm.5 cm SL blotches or bars along the sides of Merang. Color: most they use jets of water to knock aerial occur in marine rather than estuarine species silvery white with a pattern insects into the water where they can and fresh-water habitats. First gill arch with 2–8 gill rakers groove on roof of mouth anal fin with III. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean on terrestrial insects. Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas. Marketed mostly and western Pacific. rays. anal fin with III spines and 15–18 of dark bars. brownish green dorsally. below lateral line 8 or 9. 2008 body. Eye large. Scales moderate to rela. Mouth mod- erately large. head and median fins. with lower jaw protruding. vomer. third spine lon- gest. always in shallow depths. 147 TOXOTIDAE Archerfishes By Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar Small to medium sized fishes (to single dorsal fin with IV–V. caudal fin pale yellowish. Body shape rhomboid. 1767) Banded Archerfish D IV–V. Body oval or rhom- boidal-shaped and moderately com- pressed. Eye large. diameter nearly equal to snout length. which is converted to a tube when tongue is pressed against a deep longitudinal it. 16787). horizontal scale rows above lateral line 3 or 4. pelvic fins with I spine and stripes on sides. Similar families occurring in 5 soft rays. protractile. outer half of the fin blackish. with lower jaw protruding. a deep longitudinal groove on roof of mouth. fresh. Scales in lateral line usually 26– 30. Exhibit im. protractile. caudal fin truncate to slightly shores. Dorsal fin single with IV–VI spines and 11–14 soft rays. . with 4 or 5 black Toxotes jaculatrix. Remarks: inhab. commonly to about 20 aries. and palatines. 11–13 (usually 12). fins long. maximum 50 cm TL. similar to soft rayed portion of dorsal lines on flank. Herbivorous. including the Red Sea. single row of lanceolate incisor-like teeth on both jaws. several bluish brown longitudinal half slightly darker. north and dorsal fin origin. Posteroventral corner of preopercle serrate. the other one below eye. teeth conical or molar-like. Scales ctenoid and not decidu. Le- pelvic fins. vomer. weak retrorse spines. Snout short. single dorsal fin with XI. minute canine-like teeth in 2 or 3 rows medial to incisor-like teeth. 17–21 (usually through eye. 1775) Blue Sea Chub D XI. sometimes in a group of mixed spe- slightly behind middle of body. palatines. dorsal contour of snout slightly steep. rocky reefs. pelvic fins beginning a Remarks: occurs on rocky and thrinidae – head much larger. Base of spinous portion of dorsal fin longer than base of soft rayed portion. with pointed ate waters. subequal to or shorter than eye diameter. an- terior soft rays clearly longer than lon. Dorsal incisor-like teeth on both jaws fin continuous. distal reefs. Color: dull olive Similar families occurring in toral fins bluntly pointed posteriorly. 31. Remarks: inhabits 18–20) scales between lateral line to dorsal and anal fins dark blue. covering little of maxilla. soft rayed portion of fin well elevated. III spines and 11 to 14 soft rays. often occurring on inner dorsally. 17 Dec. Color: body bluish of soft portion with darker band. head with 2 oblique Pacific. 17044. anterior soft off Terengganu (KT). slightly longer than longitudinal lines on sides. Preorbital narrow. Nine to twelve (usually blue dorsally. caudal coral reefs in tropical and temper. Distri- fin. 12 to 15 soft rays. marily on benthic algae. or silvery black. compressed. Head small. lighter below. 12–15 body oblong or elliptical. with tions of dorsal and anal fins and proxi. KAUM–I. moderately compressed. with toral fins silver blue near base. teeth incisor-like. Schooling. lateral little behind pectoral-fin base. margin coastal areas. mal part of caudal fin. pec. Mouth terminal. cies of other kyphosids. 2008 rayed portion of anal fin well elevated. pectoral fins long. feeding pri. beginning above ori- gin of pelvic fins. to southern Japan. often present. LLp 49–52. 11–14 maxilla barely reaching eye. Herbivorous.148 KYPHOSIDAE Sea Chubs (Rudder Fishes) By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium-sized fishes (to 75 cm). Body ovate. GR 7–9 + 19–22 = 26–31. P1 18. anal fin beginning ous. distinct the area: Sparidae – molar teeth with 16 to 20 rays. Opercle with 2 small. primarily coral and anal fin origin. one South Africa east to Australia. single row of lanceolate anal fin with III. from 10 or 11) scales between lateral line brown or bluish brown bands.0 cm SL gest dorsal fin spine. Eye moderately small. Kyphosus cinerascens. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål. pectoral fin more or less forked. caudal fin slightly forked with 40 cm SL) uniformly dusky or dark bution: widespread in the Indo-West pointed lobes. dusky grayish ventrally. extending onto most of soft por. Size: commonly . A III. and tongue with a band of villiform teeth. Snout short. Mouth small and terminal. its diameter shorter than snout length. with XI spines and lobes. large specimens (about 40 cm. 10– 12 (usually 11). pec. Mouth highly protrusible. 149 DREPANEIDAE Sicklefishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Body oval and strongly com. forming a downward- pointing tube when protruded. Interorbital. Mostly caught with trawls. lateral-line scales 48– the area: Chaetodontidae and Pen. Distri- bution: temperate and tropical Indo- West Pacific. trusible. Vertebrae 10 + 14 = 24. Re. reaching caudal soft rays. no notch between spinous elongate. north to southern Japan. Monodactylidae – mouth not highly line complete. A III. with VIII–X spines and 19–22 falcate. pectoral fins shorter than pectoral fin. reaching caudal peduncle. maxilla exposed posteriorly. Branchiostegal membranes joined to isthmus. Mouth highly protrusible. 17–19. bran- chiostegal rays 6. with dusky spots or gray vertical and soft-rayed portions of dorsal fin. 2008 marks: occurs in inshore waters with sand or mud bottoms. pectoral fins silvery gray above.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). extending onto top of toms. falciform. A single dorsal pectoral fins elongate. coral reefs. 19–22 pressed (up to 50 cm). peduncle. Scales small. and a Remarks: inhabits a variety of reaching past anal-fin base. estuaries and har. KAUM–I. not protrusible. 19–23. anal fin with III spines and peduncle anal fin with III. 16–19 16–19 soft rays. pelvic bars. lateral bours. a result of hyperostosis of the frontal bones. and broad preopercular body very deep and flange naked. single dorsal fin with VIII–X. Drepane longimana (Bloch & Schneider. habitats including sand or mud bot. from South Africa and Red Sea to New Guinea and northern Australia. not fins with I spine. no teeth on roof of bluntly wedge-shaped mouth. Body oval and strongly compressed. jaws with bands of caudal fin rounded or setiform teeth. Caudal fin rounded or bluntly wedgeshaped (almost truncate in large adults). Color: head and body silvery with 4–10 vertical dark bars usually visible on dorsal part of body from head to caudal-fin base. Color: tacerotidae – mouth not highly pro. pec- toral fins elongate. eye centered on horizontal axis 55. forming a downward-pointing tube when protruded. strongly compressed ventral edge of preopercle serrate in juveniles. 12. 6 Dec. 5 soft rays. through mouth. P1 16–18. anal-fin spines. head and base of median fins. preorbital. Drepane longimana. caudal fin rounded or bluntly wedge-shaped (almost truncate in large adults). reaching caudal low. GR 6–8 + 10–12. falciform. its depth 1. Large adults with a bump or bony knob on interorbital re- gion.2–1. Size: maximum length about 50 cm. opercle scaly dorsally. . strongly curved over Similar families occurring in protrusible. LLp 46–55. head profile concave. silverywhite be. fin. head. 1801) Sicklefish D VIII–IX. mouth fleshy axillary process. with 16–18 rays. Ephippidae – pectoral fins short. no supramaxilla. Scatophagidae – IV finely ctenoid.3 in SL. 16903. A III. GR 5 + 10–11. Caudal fin rounded or bluntly wedgeshaped (almost truncate in large adults). KAUM–I. and northern Austra- lia. 26 Dec.7 cm SL Sea and east coast of Africa to New off Terengganu (KT). 2008 . P1 16–18. 25. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Large adults with a bump or bony knob on interorbital re- gion. 16–19. Color: generally silvery with a greenish tinge on upper half of body. LLp 46–50. 5–10 series of black spots arranged in vertical lines on dorsal part of body from below dorsal fin to caudal pe- duncle.3 in SL. 31 Dec. from Red Drepane punctata. Drepane punctata. Size: maximum length about 40 cm. 1758) Spotted Sicklefish D VIII–X. Remarks: occurs in inshore habitats. 20–22. reefs and estuar- ies. forming a downward- pointing tube when protruded. 17067. a result of hyperostosis of frontal bones. pec- toral fins elongate. Body oval and strongly compressed. 2008 Guinea. its depth 1.2–1. Mouth highly protrusible. KAUM–I. Distribution: temperate and tropical Indo-West Pacific. such as sand or mud bottoms. reaching caudal peduncle. Samoa. falciform.150 Drepane punctata (Linnaeus. 2. 17118. north to southern Japan. No im. membranes deeply incised. 4. arranged in rows or bands across jaws. Lat- eral line incomplete. preopercle smooth. and only VII variable. covering above depths of 20–30 m. and algae. blunt. Vertebrae 11 + 13. margin patterns. Chaetodon octofasciatus.1 cm SL ally found hiding in branching coral. and median fins. Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch. tentacles of tubeworms. near located on longitudinal axis from tip of snout to middle of caudal fin. most of Pelvic fin with I stout spine and 5 soft Remarks: generally found on conspicuous species larger and more rays. Scatophagidae – dorsal fin emarginate. A III. Eye moderately small. from Maldives and Sri Lanka to New Guinea and Great Barrier Reef. vomer and pala- tines without teeth. caudal fin trun- cate to slightly rounded. A sin- gle dorsal fin. Size: maximum length about 10 cm. bony su- vic fins. 16601). Gill rakers short. including an eye band. Dorsal and anal fins strongly rounded. P1 12–14. Head short. usually with X–XIV strong. 14–23 soft rayed portions of dorsal fin. very short to scales ctenoid extremely elongate. 1787 Eightbanded Butterflyfish D X–XII. stout spines and 15–30 soft rays. 15–30 compressed. Snout highly variable. and the other 2 stripes crossing dorsal and anal fins. Zanclidae – axillary process at upper base of pel. protractile. mouth very terminal. The most common butterflyfish found in coral reef of Malay Peninsula. scaly coral polyps. Feed on with a deep notch. 2008 . 151 CHAETODONTIDAE Butterflyfishes By Yusri Yusuf Small sized (up to 30 cm) marine fishes. Mouth small. usually in shallow water colorful. juvenile usu. Forms pairs or small groups. zooplankton. LLp 27–38. many species with a dark Similar families occurring in usually rounded but sometimes an. pelvic fins yellow. stout spines Color: most species very brightly col. Anal fin with III–V strong. Remarks: in- habits coral reefs at depths of 3–20 m. 20–90. spine at angle of preopercle. snout short. body. 12 Oct. 17–20. mouth not protractile. small crusta. number of lateral line scales ceans. 14–17. colonial sea anemones. head. occellate “false-eye” spot on posterior the area: Pomacanthidae – a strong gular. portance in commercial fisheries. Color: overall creamy yellow with eight black vertical stripes. predorsal contour straight. curved. Bidong Island. but dorsal fin spines. with body deep and highly single dorsal fin with VI–XVI. portion of body. IV anal fin spines. Scales ctenoid. no notch between spinous and anal fin with III–V. Body rounded. Pectoral fin with 13–15 rays. UMTF 1235 (KAUM–I. LR 36–42. teeth bristle. 5 central body stripes. commonly treated as an aquarium and 14–23 soft rays: interspinous ored with complex and varied color fish. Distribution: eastern In- dian Ocean and western Pacific. Branchiostegal rays 6 or 7. strongly produced snout. Caudal fin rounded to slightly coral reefs. praocular projections. almost circular. small like. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pa- cific: from the Andaman Sea eastward throughout Indo-Malayan region. snout short and blunt. with five dusky to or- ange bands. 18–20. 19–21. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pa- cific. and the Great Barrier Reef northward to the Ryukyu Islands. Feeds on sponges. from Sri Lanka eastward throughout the Indo-Malayan region.4 in SL. upper portion of dor- sal fin mostly yellow. LR 48–52. band on caudal peduncle with a silver anterior margin.5 in SL.5 cm SL muddy substrates in deep water. UMTF 1361 (KAUM–I. 28–30. caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded. and caudal fin base. with 2 dark yellow-orange bars at the level of pelvic fin.3–1. dark brown bars through eye. 12 Oct. 2008 Parachaetodon ocellatus (Cuvier.3–1. Body rounded. . Adults school over open Parachaetodon ocellatus. off Terengganu (KT). and the Great Barrier Reef northward to southern Japan. Body rounded. 1831) Orangebanded Coralfish D IX. Size: maximum length about 15 cm. Dorsal fin triangular in shape and first soft ray at apex. Japan. Remarks: found in coastal to outer reef drop-offs. Juveniles with a white-edged ocellus in dorsal fin that reduces to a black spot in adults. juve. Lat- eral line complete. 1831) Ocellate Coralfish D VI–VII. 10. al- most circular. KAUM–I. Dorsal and anal fins strongly rounded and elevated. A III. Size: maximum length about 17 cm. its depth 1.2 cm SL range 3–60 m. almost cir- cular. with black edges. its depth 1. 17217. LR 39–46. an ocel- lated black spot in forth body band. 11 Jan. P1 15–16. the first band through the eye orange. Color: overall whitish. 2009 niles sometimes in large lagoons with seagrasses in depths of about 5 m or more. Bidong Island. Rare in coral reefs area of Ma- lay Peninsula. A III. depth Coradion chrysozonus. Occurs in pairs on flat sand or silty bottoms on coastal reefs. Re- marks: inhabits lagoons and coral reefs at depths of 3 to 50 m.152 Coradion chrysozonus (Cuvier. Color: head and body pearly white. 11. 28–30. P1 14–15. 16640). pelvic fin dark brown to black. vomer and palatines without teeth. Scatophagi- complex and varied color patterns. Ephippidae – lack a strong number of lateral line scales variable. Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch. color from adults. Vertebrae 10 + 14. Pectoral fin with 16–21 rays. most diagnostic for species identifica.0 cm SL no white ring before caudal peduncle. teeth bristlelike. generally 30–90. spine at angle of preopercle. Color patterns are spine at angle of preopercle. at the origin of lateral line. stout spines and 15–33 soft rays. Frequently less colorful as adults. Ju. protractile. fins often very elongate. tion. 2 horizontal blue stripes on head across nape before eye onto edge of opercle. 2009 no marking on caudal fin. the lower at the level just be- neath lower edge of eye. an axil. dorsal and anal most all very brightly colored with utilized as aquarium fish. Juveniles bluish-black with a series of white and blue narrow bars on sides. lagoons and coral reefs. P1 19. with 5–8 diagonal brilliant blue stripes on sides. 17159. Anal fin with III strong. 1787) Blueringed Angelfish XIII. stout spines and 14–25 soft rays. 25. with deep body single dorsal fin with IX–XV. pelvic fins. usually tricuspid. 1 or more promi- nent spines at angle of preopercle. caudal fin rounded. KAUM–I. 14–25 extensions. a long spine at corner of preopercle. body. 20–21. Pomacanthus annularis. ar- ranged in rows or bands across jaws. lary scaly process present at bases of covering head. Feeds on sponges and tuni- . Color: al. Scales ctenoid. Soft portions of dorsal and anal fins round. al reefs at depths of 5–40 m. Remarks: inhabits at depths of 10–30 m. Body oblong. GR 4–5 + 12. or forked with long filamentous anal fin with III. Size: maxi- mum length about 30 cm. base of pec- toral fins with blue band. around caves and wrecks cates. Found solitary coral reef areas of Malay Peninsula. Head short. Caudal fin one or more prominent spines at variable. the upper stripe at the level of mid eye. Distribu- tion: Indo-Pacific. 20–22. caudal fin white. 4 Jan. no notch between spinous and soft-rayed portions. from East Africa to turbid water. Mouth small. highly com- pressed. Redang Island. Similar families occurring in the dae – dorsal fin with a deep notch. A single dorsal fin with IX–XV strong. very deep and compressed. and having IV anal-fin spines. Color: body yellowish brown. frequently in or in pairs. a blue ring above upper edge of gill opening. angle of preopercle ate. 15–33 oblong to oval-shaped. The most common anglefish in New Caledonia. and median fins. anterior bars slightly curved. Remarks: generally found on cor. A III. rounded to slightly emargin. 153 POMACANTHIDAE Angelfishes By Yusri Yusuf Small to medium sized (up to 50 cm) marine fishes. Pelvic fin with a single stout spine and 5 soft rays. terminal. veniles are often strikingly different in area: Chaetodontidae – lack a strong lacking spines at angle of preopercle. reaching on caudal Remarks: marine terapontids in. 9–10. or more dark. ten silvery in life with various dark waters. 4–6 narrow dark brown or black horizontal stripes on body. spinous portion of dorsal fin Pelates quadrilineatus. caudal fin typically fin. flattened. commonly to 20 ters.8 cm SL with a black blotch dorsally on mem. Body oblong and slightly to moderately com- pressed. Feeds on small fishes and inverte- cm. upper jaw not extending beyond center of orbit. the area: Serranidae – mouth large. caudal curved longitudinal stripes on body. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: brates. 9–11. posttemporal bone not expanded or exposed posteriorly. 3 strong spines on opercle. jaw teeth usually in villiform bands. covered with skin and scales. shape of teeth coni- cal. or tricuspidate. Opercle bearing 2 spines. Pre- opercle serrate. GR 16–18 + 22–27. LLp 66–75. notched. fin usually emarginate. Color: body silvery white. straight or downwardly Similar families occurring in with I spine and 5 soft rays. off Terengganu (KT). to below vertical through posterior and complete. anal fin with III and 7–12 soft rays. but not extending beyond margin of opercular lobe. with pos- terior margin serrate in some species. pelvic markings. ea. KAUM–I. grayish dorsally. of. A III. protrac. 2008 branes between third to seventh dor- sal-fin spines. posttemporal bone exposed and expanded posteriorly. most marine species with 3 ing hypersaline and fresh waters. Kuhliidae – dorsal fin with X spines. some with dark transverse bands on with upper jaw typically reaching ent. 2 opercular spines tile. 7–12 Dorsal fin single. with some species also enter. vomer and palatines toothless in adults of most species. the lower one larger and stronger. Scales adher. Mouth moderate. habiting inshore marine and brackish rounded. with XI– XIV spines and 8–14 soft rays. 17033. a large black blotch on side of body posterior to nape. 8–14 cm) perch-like fishes. lower opercular spine stronger and longer. 1790) Fourlined Terapon D XII–XIII. northern Australia north to Japan. lobes Red Sea and East Africa to New Guin- of caudal fin without prominent trans. 13. lateral line single lobes of caudal fin. margin of eye. Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch.154 TERAPONTIDAE Grunters (Tigerperches) By Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium-sized (to 35 single dorsal fin with XI–XIV. . verse black stripes. Body ob- long and compressed laterally. finely ctenoid. fins inserted behind base of pectorals. Color: body tan or light gray. 17 Dec. Size: maximum Remarks: often found in brackish wa- length about 30 cm. anal fin with III. GR 6–8 + 12–15. upper lobe of caudal fin with dark tip. Color: body dusky dorsally. both lobes of caudal fin with a dark. GR 6–8 + 14–17. 16484). 9–11. posttemporal bone expanded. exposed and serrate posteriorly. extending distinctly beyond margin of opercular lobe. 3 or 4 dark brown or black down- wardly curved longitudinal stripes on Terapon jarbua. KAUM–I. Pre- opercle strongly serrate. Caudal fin emarginate. KAUM–I. 7–10. Caudal fin emarginate with rounded lobes. moderately compressed. extending dis- estuary near UMT. 11. both caudal-fin lobes with dark tips and a transverse band. 7–9. Body oblong.0 cm SL very long and strong. Size: maximum length about 30 cm. 2008 . P1 14– 15. 6 Dec. posttemporal bone expanded. A III. 1775) Jarbus Terapon D XI–XII. 9–11. A III. 4 dark brown horizontal stripes on body. lower opercular spine very long and strong. UMTF 1068 (KAUM–I. 1829 Largescaled Terapon D XI–XII. 2008 tinctly beyond margin of opercular lobe. Terapon theraps Cuvier. penultimate spine about half length of ultimate spine. south to Australia. Remarks: found in in- shore waters. Distribution: Indo-Pa- cific. Body ob- long and moderately compressed. 16986. Color: body silvery white. sil- very white ventrally. 13 Dec. trans- verse band. north to southern Japan. particularly at angle. LLp 75–100. off Terengganu (KT). 16892. 30 Sept. spinous portion of dorsal fin with off Terengganu (KT). Distribution: In- do-Pacific: East Africa to Samoa. enters estuaries and rivers. 2008 a blackish blotch dorsally on mem- branes between third and sixth spines.7 cm SL brackish waters. northern Australia north to Japan. lower opercular spine Terapon jarbua.5 cm SL body. grayish dor- sally. caudal fin with medial rays pigmented. exposed and serrate posteriorly. Preopercle serrate. 19. Size: maximum length about 35 cm. spinous part of dorsal fin with a black blotch dorsally on fin membranes between third and seventh spine. LLp 46–56. from East Africa and Red Sea to Solomon Islands. Remarks: found over shallow sandy bottoms. the serrations larg- est at angle. sometimes entering Terapon theraps. Spi- nous part of dorsal fin strongly arched and deeply notched. 155 Terapon jarbua (Forsskål. 7. in the vicinity of river mouths. Eyes relatively large and high on head. KAUM–I. to IV flexible spines and 21 to 89 on scales not embedded in skin. tapering body and lanceolate lanceolate caudal fin. preopercular margin with spines. P1 16. anal fin with 0 or I cycloid (smooth) or with crenulate the area: the combination of a lan- spine and 13 to 102 segmented rays. reddish dorsally. and extending pelvic fins below anal fin with 0 or I spine and 13–102 soft rays to below posterior margin of eye. Remarks: inhabits mud reddish yellow.Philippines. without supramaxilla. 4 inner rays distinctly branched. with 0 end of fin. Pacific from the Gulf of Oman to pelvic fin white. Dorsal and anal fins dal fin dark red to black. outermost segmented pelvic-fin lary bones of the upper jaw. 17135. no mum length about 30 cm. 1 Jan. Scales Similar families occurring in segmented rays. 1835) Yellowspotted Bandfish D 64–75. Oc- of teeth at symphysis in some spe. sand or mud cies. inner 4 branched). 1 Jan. north to the . joined to dorsal and anal fins. middle 9 to 15 Color: in life red or pink.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 8–10 rays branched. from mid-point of body to caudal fin base. caudal fin pointed. close to dorsal. the arrangement of the pelvic-fin rays branched. with blunt snout. cheeks scaly. posterior tip of cau. Lat. slightly curved teeth in jaws with an inner cluster eral line high on body. 2009 mouth large. oblique. V 12 + 44–48. 2009 11–13 indistinct orange vertical bars posteriorly. Head short. with I spine and 5 segmented necting the premaxillary and maxil. northwestern Australia. fin base. Dorsal fin continuous. eyes large and high on head. mented rays (the outermost ray un- fins. 5. 28. consisting of I spine and 5 seg- below or slightly anterior to pectoral the membrane (usually hidden) con. 21. 17136. terminating posteriorly near curring on level bottom. whitish basally.or sand bottoms of coastal waters. lateral-line tubes or canals substrates. deep depths (to at least 475 m). most spe. with blunt Acanthocepola abbreviata. Size: maxi. Body mod- dorsal fin with 0–IV spines and 21–89 soft rays erately to noticeably elongate fishes caudal fin with compressed. fin translucent tinged with reddish. a pectoral fins single row of slender. body with about 4–5 orange spots (same as pupil size) on dorsoanteriorly and about Acanthocepola abbreviata. distinguishes the ray unbranched or weakly branched. large oblique mouth. Remarks: relatively uncommon bandfishes from all other families. pelvic fins positioned cies have a distinctive dark stripe on rays. ceolate tail. P2 I. pectoral tion: eastern Indian Ocean and West Caught mostly with bottom trawls. A 63–76. off Terengganu (KT). Mouth large. branched or weakly branched and the rays.4 cm SL snout. Head short. upper jaw broad at end. relatively large to minute. fishes taken by trawls in shallow to Acanthocepola abbreviata (Valenciennes. and caudal fin lanceolate. black markings on dorsal fin. Pel- vic fin origin situated slightly anterior to pectoral fin. oblique. KAUM–I.156 CEPOLIDAE Bandfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Small to medium (up to 40 cm) elongate marine fishes. Color: head and body pale pink. margins. Body well elongate and compressed. Distribu. Size: 14 cm SL. (K. Frequent. Teeth on jaws uniserial. north to southern Japan.2 cm SL Dungun. Posterior margin of preoper- cle smooth. reddish or bluish to shores. no conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. caudal fin emargin. 13–15. Body deep and com- pressed. slightly protrac- tile. Distribution: Indo-West Abudefduf bengalensis. spots. Shibukawa & Y. anterior part of pored scales more or less parallel with dor- mouth small sal profile and usually ending below soft portion of dorsal fin. coral reefs and rocky the area: Pomacanthidae – a long. Remarks: found in coastal waters Similar families occurring in able. sometimes with blotches. 2008 Pacific: from Pakistan to Great Barrier Reef. bands. posterior part comprising several pits or ob- scure pores along mid-lateral caudal anal fin with II. lateral line interrupted ated to forked or lunate. uniserial or in 2 or more rows. mouth small. Chaetodontidae – elongate. A II. 16401). or other patterns. Body com. mainly from pale through yel. anal fin with II spines and 10–16 soft rays. P1 16– 20. single dorsal fin with VIII–XVII spines pressed. no teeth on palatine. snout usually short and blunt. 13–14. such as bays. Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch. Caudal fin forked with rounded tail lobes. dorsal fin con- tinuous with VIII–XVII spines and no notch. LLp 19–23. 10–16 peduncle. 24 Sept. UMTF 1053 (KAUM–I. strong spine at the corner of pre- blackish. ovate to almost circular. Yusuf) . Color: ground color pale or light gray. ly utilized as aquarium fish. Lateral line interrupted. dorsal end of pectoral-fin base with a distinct black spot. somewhat tube-like snout. teeth conical or compressed. 7 narrow blackish bars (narrower than paler interspaces) from nape to caudal fin base. orange. gradually darkened dorsally. opercle. Re- marks: found in shallow coral reefs and lagoons to depths of 6 m. Color: highly vari. and often enter brackish estu. Suborbital scaled. usually less than 20 cm. with entire ventral margin. covered with ctenoid scales usually extending onto fins. 6. incisor-like. 1787) Bengal Sergeant D XIII. lowish. aries or freshwater streams. 157 POMACENTRIDAE Damselfishes and Anemonefishes By Yusri Yusuf and Koichi Shibukawa Small to medium-sized fishes. teeth on anterior part of jaws flattened. 12–13. 1775) Black-spot Sergeant D XIII. its depth Amblypomacentrus breviceps. usually habits lagoon and coastal areas in san- pearly white. Remarks: in. the eye.2–3 m. Color: ground color gray. unise- rial. A II. Suborbital scaled. Yusuf) Amblypomacentrus breviceps (Schlegel & Müller. 16 Sept. caudal fin forked. (Y. LLp 21–23. Size: 8. 3. Size: 17 cm SL. suborbital scaled. a black stripe on each caudal fin lobe. with Bidong Island. 2008 caudal-fin base. 11–12. 16585). UMTF 1486 (KAUM–I. Shibukawa & Y. the with longitudinal rows of blue spots on dy or silty areas around outcrops of first running across the head through sides. A II.1–2. P1 17– 20.3 in SL. (Y. with 3 black bars. 11–14. a distinct. KAUM–I. Remarks: found in shallow rocky shore. LLp 16–17. 2008 lobes filamentous in adults. fins whitish but a short black stripe on soft dorsal and anal fins. reef flat and piers exposed to waves. no conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edg- es of caudal-fin base. margins of subor- bital and preopercle smooth. 11–13. axil and dorsal end of pectoral-fin base black. Teeth on jaws uniserial. Color: body white with 5 black bars on side. 1801) Scissortail Sergeant D XIII. depth range 0. P1 18– 20. GR 23–30.2 cm SL than pale interspaces) from nape to Cendering. Yusuf) Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskål. incisor-like. Size: 17 cm SL. Yusuf) . Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 16335). P1 16– 17. 6 dark brown bars (broader Abudefduf sordidus. One of the most common damselfish in coral reef areas of Ma- lay Peninsula. Distribution: rubble on sand. 9. (K.5 cm TL.7 cm SL Remarks: inhabits inshore and off- off Terengganu (KT). Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. 13 Oct. Abudefduf sexfasciatus. no conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. 14–16. small saddle-like black blotch on ante- rior part of caudal peduncle. 2008 shore coral or rocky reefs. Caudal fin forked. 2. UMTF 1254 (KAUM–I. Posterior margin of preoper- cle smooth. compressed. Feed on algae. depth range 1–20 m. Caudal fin forked. with entire ventral margin. 13–15. mud. Body ovate. 1839) Black-banded Demoiselle D XIII. sponge or rocks. A II. crustaceans and other inver- tebrates. depth range 2–35 m. Body slender. Body deep and com- pressed. 18 Dec. 17047. Color: about mid portion of the side.158 Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacepède.8 cm SL 2. LLp 18–22. and other 2 from the back to Western Central Pacific. 0 in SL.5 cm SL.7 cm SL blackish on sides with red or orange Bidong Island. other fins variable black to yellow-orange. South China Sea to southwestern Palau. Juveniles with two or three white bars. (K. and fins. Body moderately deep and compressed. sub- opercle. Opercle. 13 Oct. 13 Oct. but with a broader white head bar and black pelvic and anal fins. females mainly Amphiprion frenatus. A II. Associated with the anemone Entacmaea quadri- color. belly. north to southern Japan.0 cm TL. Distri- bution: western Pacific: Gulf of Thai- land. symbioti- cally associated with anemones Heter- actis magnifica and Stichodactyla mertensii. three white bars on head and body. 8. Size: 8. and pelagic copepods. considerably smaller than females. 2008 shall Islands.6 cm SL Bidong Island. Teeth on jaws uniserial. Shibukawa & Y. northern Australia north to southern Japan. Color: adults with a sin- gle white bar on head. its depth 1. Bidong Island. UMTF 1319 (KAUM–I. 12–15. KAUM–I. preopercle and interopercle serrate. Size: 14. Tail white or yellow.7– 2.8 cm SL Persian Gulf east to Vanuatu and Mar. no con- spicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. mela- nopus. Remarks: found in coral reefs to depth of 55 m. 1830) Clark’s Anemonefish D X–XI. Similar to A. 1856 Tomato Anemonefish D IX–X. depth range 1–12 m. 159 Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett. Color: ground color variable from reddish yellow to blackish. Indonesia. Feeds on algae. UMTF 1238 (KAUM–I. south to Java. 14–17. LLp 34–45. 16–18. 6. LL 31–44. Cau- dal fin weakly emarginate. males red or orange overall and lacking blackish coloration. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Amphiprion clarkii. interopercle and subopercle strongly serrated. 13–15. 2008 snout. P1 18–21. Monogamous and pro- tandrous hermaphrodite. 5. Caudal fin weakly emarginate. Yusuf) Amphiprion frenatus. 2008 . 16579. Body moderately deep and compressed. 13 Oct. Remarks: found in lagoon reefs and embayment. A II. fish eggs. posterior margins of oper- cle. Yusuf) Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort. 16580). 16578). P1 18–21. breast. (Y. Associated with the anemones Heteractis magnifica (usu- ally). posterior margins of opercle. Amphiprion ocellaris. akallopisos and A. P1 16–18. body and fins orange. Simi- lar to A. 2. crispa. 1830 False Crown Anemonefish D X–XI. with three broad white bars.2 in SL. Shibukawa & Y. LL 32–43. LLp 34–45. 16582). Size: 8 cm SL. Amphiprion ocellaris. 13 Oct. preopercle and interopercle serrate. Remarks: inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs to depth of 38 m. (Y.160 Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier.9–2. Opercle. Yusuf) Amphiprion perideraion.4 cm SL tween the eyes and extending along Bidong Island. UMTF 1406 (KAUM–I. caudal fin rounded. 13 Oct. 16559). 12–15. Remarks: found in coral reefs to depths of 15 m. A II. fins transpar- ent. Distribution: east part of In. 16–17. Color: ground color of head. 2008 . A II. northern Australia north to southern Japan. fins with marginal or sub- marginal narrow black areas. Distribution: eastern In- dian Ocean and western Pacific. 12–13. P1 18–21. 13 Oct. sub- opercle. Stichodactyla gigantea and Stichodactyla mertensii. interopercle and subopercle strongly serrated. The most common anemonefish found in coral reef of Malay Peninsula. Color: pink to pinkish orange. sandaracinos but lack the white head bar. 2008 base of dorsal fin. 16581). 6.2 cm SL Bidong Island. Cau- dal fin weakly emarginate. Body moderately deep and compressed. symbiotically associated with anemones Heteractis magnifica. Teeth on jaws uniserial. H. and Stichodactyla gigantea. Yusuf) Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker. 1855 Pink Anemonefish D IX–X. Macrodactyla doreen- sis. 2008 Pacific. 14–17. from the Andaman Sea east to Cocos Is- lands and Tonga. (K. adult males have narrow orange margin on soft dorsal fin and upper and lower edges of tail. 5. narrow white head bar and white stripe on top of head beginning be. UMTF 1236 (KAUM–I. Size: 10 cm. Andaman Sea and West Bidong Island. Body depth 1. UMTF 1233 (KAUM–I. no con- spicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base.9 cm SL dian Ocean. 12–14. P1 18–20. blue-ring black spot be- low mid dorsal fin. pectoral fin yellowish.1–2.0 cm TL. feeds on zooplankton and fish eggs. 1. Color: adults usually uniformly dark brown. UMTF 1391 (KAUM–I.5 cm SL Dungun. Body deep and com- pressed. Yusuf) Chrysiptera unimaculata. P1 18– 19. Posterior margin of preoper- cle smooth. UMTF 1837 (KAUM–I. Color: head. Bidong Island. 16591). 4. and dark spot at rear dorsal fin. multiserial. forms aggrega- tions. Yusuf) Chrysiptera unimaculata (Cuvier. Palau in Microne- sia. to depth of 3 m. axil of pecto.5cm SL. a small orange spot on gill-plate. KAUM–I.7 cm SL Dungun. 9–10. No conspicuous pro- jecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. Ju- venile yellowish with blue stripe on upper head. three con- spicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. 2008 with a black spot at the end of the dor- sal fin base. Remarks: found solitarily or in small groups in shallow water among coastal algal reefs. 13–14. 16397). Remarks: found around branching corals on coral reefs in depths of 2–15 m. Size: 10. LLp 16–18. Suborbital scaled. Size: 8.5 cm SL (preserved specimen) lar lines on each scales. 12 Oct. Body moderate to slender.4 in SL. 161 Chromis atripectoralis Welander & Schultz. 1951 Black-axil Chromis D XII. 6. 2008 ral black. cheek with 2 rows of scales. rubble or over open beach-rock of reef flats exposed to moderate surge. LLp 15–16. Poste- rior margin of preopercle smooth. (Y. Chrysiptera unimaculata. (K. 1830) Onespot Demoiselle D XIII. A II. its depth 2. Distribu- tion: Indo-Pacific. A II. Dis- tribution: Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Fiji. Teeth on jaws conical. single or some minute blue dots or short irregu. body and most part of fins bright greenish blue. 24 Sept. No scales on infraorbitals. Caudal fin forked. 9–10. teeth of out- ermost row larger than those of inner rows. 24 Sept. south to southern Great Barrier Reef. 16404. Shibukawa & Y. Chromis atripectoralis. Feeds mainly on benthic algae. without visible ventral free edge. 2008 . north to Ryukyu Islands. Feeds on plants. 14–16. 12–14. A II. large adult).5 cm SL rals transparent with a spot on its base. 12 Oct. Forms schools. 1829) Three-spot Dascyllus D XII. with rounded lobes. 13 Oct. Bidong Island. Caudal fin emarginate. (K. Caudal fin emarginate. common reef-associated fish in the light gray. and outer reed to depths of 55 similar-colored spot on forehead scale centers. Remarks: occurs in reef outer lagoon and seaward reefs to depths of 50 m. pecto. soft dorsal fin transparent to slightly bluish pelvic fins mostly black. UMTF 1418 (KAUM–I. 1846) Reticulate Dascyllus D XII. 2. prominent white blotch m. Remarks: found in cor. Distribution: Indo. GR 7 + 19–21. al and rocky reefs. 16587). with rounded lobes. 2008 dal-fin base. benthic and planktonic inverte- brates. Body deep. 16600). Yusuf) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Rüppell. associated with various sea anemones. suborbital. 3. Color: various. A II. body of large individual Size: 11. body and fins black or gray. area. par- ticularly Pocillopora sp. interorbital and forehead greenish. Shibukawa & Y. carneus in the Indian Ocean. P1 19–21. with serrate ventral free margin. and Acro- pora spp. UMTF 1302 (KAUM–I. 14–15. Teeth on jaws conical. Basically body whitish with snout. (Y. 2008 Size: 9. two conspicuous pro- jecting spinelike rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. Body deep.0 cm TL. Suborbital scaled. influenced by ecological and behavioral conditions. and preoperculum finely serrated. LLp 17–19. juveniles frequently symbiotically (these white spots may obscure in present on forehead and upper sides. teeth of outermost row larger than those of inner rows. Yusuf) .5 cm SL rays at upper and lower edges of cau. inhabits lagoons. with dark-margined scale West Pacific. P1 19–21. Common reef-associated fish in the area. compressed. Bidong Island. multiserial. Inhabits branching coral heads. Color: head. compressed. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. as well as a juveniles overall black with lighter passes. dorsal part of side of body.162 Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson. LLp 20. spinous dorsal fin same as body color on basal half with broad black margin on outer half. blackish scale margins. 14–16. Margins of preorbital. replaced by D. black bar on ante- rior through pectoral base and a fainter one on posterior part of the body. Distribution: east- ern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Dascyllus reticulatus.0 cm SL. with a white spot on pockets forming reticulated pattern. two conspicuous projecting spinelike Dascyllus trimaculatus. 2008 . 13–14. Predorsal scales reach- ing above anterior part of orbit.4 cm SL Bidong Island. 2008 black. with a dark bar through eye. Upper and lower accessory caudal rays not spinous.1 in SL. 16621). in- cluding Indonesia.5 cm SL Bidong Island. UMTF 1337 (KAUM–I. axil of pectoral fin Dischistodus prosopotaenia. 12 Oct. Distribution: widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Nicobar Islands to Vanuatu. south to northwest Australia and the Great Barrier Reef. Color: head and body pale. (Y. A II. P1 17. Philippines. 12 Oct. three indistinct brown saddles or bars below soft por- tion of dorsal fin. depth range 1–12 m. Upper and lower accessory caudal rays not spinous. 3. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. 1852) Honey-head Damsel D XIII. defending its ter- ritory. Tai- wan and northern Australia. Distribution: western Pacific.0–2. Can be aggressive to- ward SCUBA diver. Size: 17. Yusuf) Dischistodus prosopotaenia.0 cm TL. Yusuf) Dischistodus prosopotaenia (Bleeker. Both jaws with biserial teeth. an ocellated spot on dorsal fin base.5 cm SL. 16611). 14–16. 2008 outcrops and seagrass beds. Size: 11. usually in sand and silty bot- toms. 12 Oct. 163 Dischistodus fasciatus (Cuvier. 3 dark bars on body bars. Remarks: inhabits lagoons and coast- al reefs. P1 17– 18. (Y. LLp 16–17. depth range 1–8 m. 16614. 9. Juveniles brown. KAUM–I. 14–15. 13–14.5 cm SL silt and sandy bottom. Body depth 2.1–2. 1830) Banded Damsel D XIII. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. Remarks: inhabits lagoon and coastal reefs with Dischistodus fasciatus. north to the Ryukyu Islands. Color: adults with body golden brown anteri- orly. A II. around coral Bidong Island. Body depth 2. white posteriorly. with two white bars on sides. light blue dots and vertical lines on scales. Predorsal scales reach- ing above anterior part of orbit. UMTF 1207 (KAUM–I. 4.2 in SL. LLp 16–17. Both jaws with biserial teeth. widest in the middle. 11–12. Juve- niles are encountered around staghorn corals.164 Neoglyphidodon melas (Cuvier. fin. Body relatively slen- der. Color: head and body metallic green. compressed. 10–11. and upper pectoral fin base. 6. UMTF 1334 (KAUM–I. Color: adult bluish-black uniformly. Caudal fin forked. A II. dorsum part of head and body yellow.5 cm SL Bidong Island. Yusuf) . 16648). a small 7. 16622). 4. Color: head black upper and lower margins. Size: 18. Shibukawa & Y. LLp 17–18. 14 Oct. 10–11. 11–12. depth range 1–12 m. incisor-like. 1847) Silver Demoiselle D XIII.0 cm SL. Distribution: western Pacific. UMTF 1021 (KAUM–I. No conspic- uous projecting spine-like rays at up- per and lower edges of caudal fin base. P1 18– 19. its depth 1. Ventral margin of suborbital concealed by scales. caudal fin pale to yellow. 5. Remarks: found in Neoglyphidodon melas. Caudal upper end of gill opening. compressed. Juveniles white to light gray. 13 Oct. Yusuf) Neopomacentrus cyanomos (Bleeker. Distribution: Indo-West margin of suborbital with scales.0 in SL. lower lobes. 2008 soft corals.3 cm SL coral-rich areas usually with abundant Bidong Island. incisor like. 2008 18. Size: 10. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. with filamentous upper and black spot on upper origin of pectoral dy muddy bottoms in depth of 5–18 m. (Y. depth range 2–15 m. 1830) Bowtie Damselfish D XIII. whitish ventrally. P1 17– 18. Ventral and body dark brownish gray.5 cm TL. and upper and lower margins of caudal fin yellow. a small patch reefs in protected bays with san- fin forked. A II. A II.7–2. posterior part of dorsal fin pale to Feeds on plankton in aggregation. frontal margins of pelvic and anal fins black. Teeth black blotch (subequal pupil sized) on Pacific. Teeth on jaws flattened distally with biserial teeth. dorsal fin. Teeth on jaws biserial. Remarks: found around on jaws biserial. with (K. Posterior margin of pre- opercle and suborbital smooth. UMTF 1239 (KAUM–I. Posterior margin of edges of caudal-fin base. P1 17– Neopomacentrus cyanomos. Remarks: schooling fish inhabiting soft bottoms around coral or rock out- crops. Body deep. Posterior margin of preopercle weakly serrate. Subor- bital scaled. no conspicu- ous projecting spine-like rays at upper Neopomacentrus anabatoides. (Y. no conspicuous project. 1856) Regal Damoiselle D XIII. 16565).0 cm TL.6 cm SL Bidong Island. ing spine-like rays at upper and lower yellow. scales dark marginally. small black blotches (subequal pupil sized) on upper end of gill opening. Body relatively slen- der. Yusuf) Neopomacentrus anabatoides (Bleeker. without marking. LLp 16–18. LLp 16–17. Size: preopercle weakly serrate. 13 Oct. 2008 and lower edges of fin base. 13–15. Acropora spp. 14–15. base. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. Pomacentrus alexanderae. with a large blotch on pectoral fin base. and harbors with freshwater discharge. 16762). com- pressed. Feed on algae. a small black Size: 7. Color: head and body pale gray. 2008 serrate ventral margin.0 cm TL. Caudal fin emarginate. A II. lower reaches of freshwater streams. juvenile tinged with blue and dy areas of shallow inshore coral reefs upper and lower edges of caudal-fin with orange over back and pale-edged to depths of 3 m. with Bidong Island. 165 Neopomacentrus taeniurus (Bleeker. Distribution: western Pacific. fish eggs. 11–12.2 cm SL Setiu. a large black spot on upper pectoral fin base. Color: body brown. 31 Oct.0 cm SL cle serrate. Body ovate. posterior part Neopomacentrus taeniurus. LLp 18–19. 3. Remarks: occurs in lagoon. Body depth 2. 16556). Yusuf) . and small gastropods. Caudal fin with filamen- tous lobes. copepods. 1907 Alexander's Damsel D XIII. to white in caudal fin. Both jaws with biserial teeth. Shibukawa & Y. with serrate ventral darkened posteriorly and abruptly turn fin (ocellus may persisting in adult). estuaries. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. no conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edg- es of caudal-fin base. 14–16. (Y. Pomacentrus chrysurus. with base and both lobes dark brown.2–2. caudal fin pale white to yel- low. Body ovate. P1 16– 17. Teeth on jaws biserial. Remarks: inhabits mangroves. 5. Remarks: found in san- spicuous projecting spine-like rays at base. and offshore reefs. incisor. Bidong Island. spot at dorsalmost part of pectoral fin West Pacific. tips of dorsal spines black. Caudal fin emar- ginate. depth range 5–60 m. Color: head and body dusky. (Y. LL 16–17. A II. 10–11. UMTF 1028 (KAUM–I. barnacle nauplii. UMTF 1227 (KAUM–I.6 in SL. to depths of 3 m. Yusuf) Pomacentrus chrysurus Cuvier. no conspicuous projecting rays on base.0 cm SL. A II. 12 Oct. Posterior margin of preoper. 15–16. black ocellus at posterior part of dorsal (K. P1 17–18. 2008 Suborbital naked. Size: 10 cm TL. 14–15. margin. Distribution: Indo- like. 4. LLp 15–17. P1 18. incisor-like. 14–15. inshore. Predorsal scales reaching above ante- rior nostril. compressed. a small black spot on upper edge of opercle near ori- gin of lateral line. 2008 of dorsal and anal fins pale white to yellow. Yusuf) Pomacentrus alexanderae Evermann & Seale. UMTF 1339 (KAUM–I. 1856) Freshwater Demoiselle D XII–XIII. Suborbital naked. 13 Oct. no con. Size: 9. with scales dark marginally. 1830 Whitetail Damsel D XIII. 16613).2 cm SL Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Teeth on jaws biserial. 1964 biserial. 3.7 cm SL Bidong Island. incisor-like. and the D XIII–XIV. Suborbital naked. Teeth on jaws part of head. P1 edges of caudal fin-base. com. 1901 Neon Damselfish D XIII. 14–15. depth range 1–20 m. 2008 yellow-orange on ventral part of body. Body depth 2. Yusuf) Pomacentrus cuneatus Allen. 1991 Wedgespot Damsel D XIII. P1 17– 18. Color: adults gray-brown uni- formly. UMTF 1226 (KAUM–I. rubble or algal area. al. (Y. (Y. tips of dorsal fin spines bluish. P1 16– 18.5 cm ginate. Yusuf) Pomacentrus milleri. anal and on caudal fins.3 cm SL body blue. Pre and suborbital naked. no scales on infraorbitals. (Y. 16567). 14–15. black spot edged with . often with iridescent glow. No Bidong Island. Bidong Island.1 cm SL margin. low dorsally. blue-edged black ocellus at posterior part of dor- sal fin. 14 Oct. 16594. posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Posterior margin of preopercle ser- rated. Juvenile blue. a black wedge-shaped spot on dorsal edge of opercle. 13–14. with ser. Distribution: distributed in west- Miller's Damselfish spine-like rays at upper and lower ern and northern Australia. LLp 17. Size: 10 cm SL. Caudal fin emarginate. with scales dark marginally.5 cm SL. Predorsal scales reaching above ante- rior nostril. with blue margins. no conspicuous projecting SL. UMTF 1341 (KAUM–I. Color: adults Gulf of Thailand. Posterior margin of preoper. posterior parts of dorsal. LLp 18–19. Body ovate. depth range 1–15 m. Remarks: inhabits 17–18.6 in SL. 13–15. blue on rear dorsal fin. A II. A II. Teeth on jaws biserial. Size: 7. Caudal fin emar. Distribu- tion: eastern Indian Ocean and west- ern Pacific. 16566). 13–14. Distribution: Western Central Pacific. neon-blue lines on dorsal 1–6 m.166 Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks. Size: 7. Body ovate. yel. degraded reef area. 2008 Pomacentrus milleri Taylor. with dark scale margin. 4.0–2. LL 17–18. Body depth 2. Both jaws with biserial teeth. A II. Juvenile yellowish. with serrate ventral Pomacentrus cuneatus. KAUM–I. Color: Pomacentrus coelestis. depth range cle serrate. compressed. gray. 14 Oct. Remarks: inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs.1 in SL. Solitary or in small group. 12 Oct. usually in turbid silty.5–2. 14–15. 3. Yusuf) rate ventral margin. no conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal fin base. fins inshore reef areas mainly on dead cor- pressed. a small black spot on upper pectoral fin base. ventral margin of infraorbital smooth. Remarks: inhabits sheltered inshore coral reefs. with several blue stripes from snout to posterior part of body. 2008 conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. close to bottom among rubble beds. No conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. Size: 5. both jaws with biserial teeth. 1853 Lemon Damsel D XIII. to depths of 14 m. Color: head. incisor- like. Feeds primarily on ben- thic algae. dosal and anal fin with narrow black margins. Yusuf) Pomacentrus taeniometopon. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Distribution: western Pacific. forming group around live coral.5 cm SL Bidong Island. Body ovate. caudal peduncle. harbors.0 cm TL. 14–15. 2008 bitals and suborbital. depth range 0–8 m. P1 17– 18. no scales on infraor.13–14. distinct notch between lacrimal and suborbital. A II. often with vertical blue streaks or spots on scales. Teeth on jaws biserial. LLp 17–18. with neon-blue lines and dot rows on sides. coastal reefs and outer reef slopes. preopercular margin ser- rated. (Y. Body ovate. 2008 . 16677). Juvenile dark brown. pos- terior portions of dorsal and anal fins. 13–14. a minute black spot on upper end of gill open- ing. 21 Oct. 2. Shibukawa & Y. 16341). 3. and algae. predorsal scales reaching above Pomacentrus taeniometopon. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. and caudal fin yel- low. 14–15. UMTF 1007 (KAUM–I. P1 17.1 cm SL Cendering. A II. compressed. LLp 17–19. a small black spot with blue margin on rear part of dorsal fin.6 cm SL anterior nostril. darker dorsally. Remarks: occurs solitarily or in small groups in la- goons. 14 Oct. body and fins yel- low. 2008 ocellus on dorsal fin. small benthic invertebrates. com- pressed. Feeds mainly on zooplankton. Caudal fin emarginate. no con- spicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. Yusuf) Pomacentrus taeniometopon Bleeker. Color: adults light to dark gray or dark brown. also found in mangrove creeks (sometimes in freshwater). UMTF 1027 (KAUM–I. no Pomacentrus moluccensis. with serrate ventral margin. 7. Remarks: found in coral reefs areas. (K. 16 Oct. Size: 12. subequal or slightly larger black spot at upper pectoral fin origin. 16568).5 cm SL. Suborbital naked. 1852 Brackish Damsel D XIII. UMTF 1384 (KAUM–I. 167 Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker. brackish lagoons and shallow reefs ex- posed to freshwater runoff. Kemaman. north to southern Japan. 16 Sept. its depth 1. P1 17– 18. Both jaws with uniserial teeth. no scales on infraorbitals. A II.3 cm SL spicuous projecting spine-like rays at Cendering. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and Per- sian Gulf to New Guinea. depth range 2–80 m. swimming well-above bot- tom.8 in SL. 16281). and Vanuatu. 16328).5–2. Solitary species. 4. Remarks: inhabits shallow bays. Predorsal scales reaching above ante- rior nostril. Remarks: inhabits flat sandy or rubble bottoms around patch reefs of lagoons and trawling grounds. 16981. Caudal fin forked without filamentous lobes.6 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). no con. feeds mainly on benthic algae. 12 Dec. (Y. juveniles often entering shallow estuaries. Body depth 2. Juveniles with a blue-edged ocellus on dorsal fin. rare in the area. 6. P1 17– 18. Cendering. Distribu. Posterior margin of preopercle and subopercle serrated. Santa Cruz Islands. 1830 Threespot Damsel D XIII. Both jaws with biserial teeth. depth range 0–3 m. vertral margin of infraorbital finely serrated. northern Australia north to Ryukyu Islands. 6.0 cm TL. and Indo-Australian Archipelago eastward to New Britain. Body ovate. LLp 17–18. Adults often forming small groups out in the open on sandy substrate. from Sri Lan. silty coastal reefs and harbors with sparse coral and algal growth.4 cm SL tion: Indo-West Pacific. 14–15.8–2. 14 Sept. Size: 7. 2008 ka. LLp 19–20. (Y. Size: 14.5 cm SL. 12–13. Color: body pale gray to bluish with blue spots on each scale. Color: dark gray-brown. Pomacentrus tripunctatus. Ja- pan.0 in SL.168 Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier. 1862) Gulf Damselfish D XIII. A II. Solomon Islands. com- pressed. a small black spot at base of upper pectoral rays. UMTF 1393 (KAUM–I. Pomacentrus tripunctatus. 14–15. 2008 upper and lower edges of caudal-fin base. Yusuf) Pristotis obtusirostris. UMTF 1402 (KAUM–I. Pos- terior margin of preopercle serrated. No conspicuous projecting spine-like rays at upper and lower edges of cau- dal-fin base. with a small blue margined black sad- dle-spot on upper caudal peduncle. Andaman Sea. KAUM–I. Yusuf) Pristotis obtusirostris (Günther. 2008 . 12–14. the latter able mucus. Color: variable from red spots. sand. from an initial benthic invertebrates. the area: Scaridae – mouth not pro- scaly. 9. 169 LABRIDAE Wrasses By Mizuki Matsunuma A diverse group of fishes varying in body shape and size (usually 20 single dorsal fin cm). and algae. head with bution: Indo-Pacific from the east elongate lobes. body slightly to extremely com- pressed. seagrass. A single. except a few species. teeth in jaws coalesced at tinuous. in muddy areas. Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch. Most species change color with diverse feeding habits. greenish brown to deep reddish brown.1 cm SL center of eye. predorsal scales extending forward to above Cheilinus chlorourus. base or fused into a bony. sometimes forming feeds primarily on benthic. Distri- . anterior tip of lower jaw even with anterior tip of upper jaw. 2 strong canines situated anteri- orly in each jaw. Color: most species with such as coral reefs. lateral line interrupted or con. spots. shelled invertebrates. but rarely found beak. dark brown north to southern Japan. 8. Mouth terminal. bars. each scale on sides usually a diffuse barred pattern. with a blue or brown spot. spots ex. then straight to tip of snout. in large indi- viduals the upper and lower rays form membranes of dorsal fin. to change sex into an often brilliantly and algae. Jaws prominent. ectoparasites. including indentation. in. a vertical brown bands on sides. A III. reddish blotches on sides. cheek and operculum off Terengganu (KR). slightly to extremely protrusible. Lateral line inter- rupted below posterior portion of dor- sal-fin base. some joining to form lines coast of Africa to French Polynesia. or broad and mo. coral 6–21 soft rays. Remarks: usually flecked with white. long-base dorsal fin in most species. teeth in jaws usually sepa- rate and caniniform. Small indi. maxilla not exposed on cheek. zooplankton. conical. low waters in a variety of habitats trusible. LLp 14–16 + 7–9. 4 Jan. P1 12. front part of jaws lariform. dorsal profile of head convex in front of dor- sal fin. parrot-like bright and intricate color patterns. head never fully Remarks: most common in shal. anal fin with II–VI phase (IP) of females. 17154. canines at ther sharp. the anteriormost 1 or 2 pairs typically enlarged and often directed forward. Scales reaching well onto bases of dorsal and anal fins. lips con- cluding stripes. rocky reefs. Caudal fin rounded in small fishes. spines (often III) and 7–18 soft rays. viduals with about 4 more prominent tending onto dorsal and anal fins. Scales cycloid and highly variable in colored terminal male phase (TP). with VIII–XXI spines (usually less than XV) and and sex with growth. radiating from eye. Body moderately deep. blotches. fishes. 1791) Floral Wrasse D X. KAUM–I. Size: blackish spot basally on first 1 or 2 maximum length about 36 cm. 11. 2009 with 2 rows of scales. usually with prominent lips. Similar families occurring in size among species. pharyngeal jaws strong with pharyngeal teeth ei. Wrasses are diurnal tinuous with facial skin. without an and ocelli. hard- brown fins. lower jaw or: overall brown to occasionally yel- extending posteriorly all the way to gill low. 8. 8. a slight concavity above and before ing elongate lobes in large males. Body moderately deep. Size: maximum length about 40 cm. Lateral dark stripes and a black spot between (Pallas. Remarks: Found on coral reefs to D IX. 10–11. 13. Jaws prominent. 1791) Redbreasted Wrasse D IX. Color: body reddish brown to blackish with 6–7 narrow white bars. Predorsal scales extending forward to above anterior portion of eye. Remarks: found on fin. P1 12. 1801 Tripletail Wrasse D IX. Caudal fin rounded. anterior tip of snout forming an acute angle. . 17143. 2 strong canines situated anteriorly in both jaws. cheek and operculum scaled. and Epibulus insidiator.5 cm SL pectoral fins yellow or green with dis. lower jaw naked. Body moderately deep. Lateral line in- terrupted. LLp 15–17 Cheilinus trilobatus. LLp Pectoral fin comparatively short (20. LLp 14–16 + 7–9. Predorsal scales ex. Remarks: feeds primarily on benthic. 17158. Distribution: In- do-Pacific. Lateral line in- terrupted. cheek and about 35 cm.170 Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch. cheek and operculum with 2 rows of scales. 1770) line interrupted. Jaws prominent.2 cm SL + 7–9. KAUM–I. narrow or- ange-red lines extending anteriorly and posteriorly to eye. Distribution: Indo-Pacif- Slingjaw Wrasse operculum scaled. Size: maximum 22–23. 2009 tal red streaks. Size: maximum length tending forward above eye. Body moderately deep. 4 vertical dark bars on body side. Dorsal 23. 20. dorsal fin with several horizontal Epibulus insidiator membrane when mouth closed. head with numerous small red spots.5– depths of 5 to 40 m. 4 Jan. 17. 2008 lower lobes. red lines radiating from anterior and posterior of eye. Caudal fin rounded in juve- niles. dorsal profile of head convex. Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepède.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). anal. off Terengganu (KT). 2009 profile of head convex. A III. 17051. anterior tip of snout forming an acute angle. ic. eye. Predorsal scales extending forward to above anterior portion of eye. A III. dorsal. first 2 spines. 8–9. 10. Col- coral reefs at depths of 1 to 20 m.3% SL). P1 12. dorsal off Terengganu (KR). caudal slightly rounded in length about 40 cm. Jaws highly protrusible. 1 Jan. caudal fin green with a red posterior margin. KAUM–I. profile of head convex in front of dorsal juveniles. 10. Distribution: In. upper and lower rays form- do-West Pacific. caudal fin white with a broad black middle bar and black margin. upper and lower corners prolonged and middle part of fin protruding in large male. Color: variably pigmented from green to brown with mottled purple and red markings. hard-shelled invertebrates. 2 strong canines situated anteriorly in both jaws. KAUM–I. chest to posterior part of head orange to reddish. 18 Dec. in adult with elongate upper and Cheilinus fasciatus. P1 12. A III. 3 cm SL opercular margin. Color: initial phase with dusky orange-brown stripes following scale rows alternating with whitish or pale interspaces. Caudal fin slightly ral-fin base. 2008 line complete. A III. Dorsal fin origin above pos- terior tip of opercular margin. IP. Mouth terminal and small. head rose with irregular green bands and large spots. pharyngeal teeth well developed. Body slightly elongate.8 cm SL second larger spot on soft-rayed por. Dorsal profile of head only slightly convex. Terminal phase pastel mum total length about 19 cm. 4. caudal fin moderately rounded. most of scales dorsally above lateral line with blackish centers. 1791) Bidong Island. 13 Oct.4 cm SL line complete. Small patches of scales Bidong Island. 2008 Pastel-green Wrasse D IX. UMTF 1366 (KAUM–I. Lateral Halichoeres chloropterus. 10. A III. Body moderately deep. Color: initial phase pale green with a faint pink spot in center of bution: the Andaman Sea and Western green. Pelvic fins relatively short. GR 17–19. 10–11. Lateral Bidong Island. Cendering. 6 Oct. TP. 171 Halichoeres argus (Bloch & Schneider. P1 14. Size: maximum length about 11 cm. edges of scales in about 5–6 discrete zones on side dusky to blackish. LLp 27. a single pair of prominent ca- nines situated anteriorly in each jaw. 2008 present high on opercle. green and lavender-pink. GR 17–20. head with irregular bands of mostly on coral reefs and surrounding black dot. 10–11. 1801) Argus Wrasse D IX. compressed. 12 Oct. 16619). 16517. molariform. 12 Oct. not reaching to anus. P1 13–15. a narrow black bar at pecto. sandy areas at depths of 1–10 m. the first on membrane between first and second spines. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Mouth terminal and small. thus forming diffuse dark bars on body. Remarks: found upper part of body side with a small body. rows of similar spots on dorsal. 2008 tion. whitish ventrally. 2 pale-edged black spots on dorsal fin. Distri- rounded. a large curved canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw. each scale on each scale in middle and posterior of Central Pacific. KAUM–I. Size: maxi. anal. 11–12. Remarks: found in shallow coastal reefs. LLp 27. 5. UMTF 1304 (KAUM–I. and high on cheek. behind eye. Terminal phase rose red with a black-edged green spot on each scale. 4. and caudal fins. 16624). a small pale-edged black spot on upper caudal-fin base. . UMTF 1367 (KAUM–I. Halichoeres chloropterus Halichoeres chloropterus. second pair of teeth moderately en- larged and recurved. 11–12. and a Halichoeres argus. 16609). a large curved canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw. 2 pairs of prominent ca- nines situated anteriorly in each jaw. Dorsal-fin origin above posterior tip of Halichoeres argus.4 cm SL (Bloch. Head naked. A III. 24 Sept. caudal fin whitish. caudal fin with a green crescent at base. Jaws promi- nent. Terminal phase with Bubblefin Wrasse deep pink blotches. A III. head with pink and blue. 4. Males light middle of dorsal fin. followed by a large purple-edged red crescent containing Halichoeres melanurus. 4. compressed. 6. rocky shorelines as with a large yellow spot with a smaller Lateral line complete. 12. Dorsal-fin ori. Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker.172 Halichoeres marginatus Rüppell. GR 17–20.4 cm SL small blue-edged green spots. rest of head naked. 16 Sept. Dungun. the last 4 intercon- blue-green and orange stripes on body. areas of reef flats. Distri- bution: Indo-Pacific. caudal fin slightly on shallow coral reefs and rocky and indistinct dark stripe. Size: rounded. A III. shores. pelvic fins of ter. LLp 27–28. Distribution: Indo-West vertically elongate dark spot posteri. nected. P1 14–15. green and pink stripes and 6 groups of tribution: eastern Indian Ocean and 7–10 small black spots in a midlateral . Lateral line complete. 1851) Tailspot Wrasse D IX. KAUM–I. to or slightly anterior to a vertical at Pacific. Remarks: found mostly row on body which may coalesce into to or beyond anus. 2 pairs of prominent canines situated anteriorly in each jaw. D IX. and a midlateral series of indis- 3–6 narrow green vertical bars on up. 2008 maximum length about 17 cm. Jaws prominent.low spot in dorsal fin between fifth and green bands. Color: initial phase dark brown with faint pale stripes fol- lowing scale rows. Pelvic fins of terminal phase reaching West Pacific. Body moderately deep. a large curved canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw.5 cm. UMTF 1206 (KAUM–I. Color: initial phase with al. LLp 27. a blue-edged black spot at Halichoeres nigrescens bar. P1 14–15. cal black line behind eye preceded by a ternating narrow orange-yellow and blue line and followed by a dusky pink blue stripes. Dorsal-fin origin over first to sec- ond lateral-line scales. 16326. Caudal fin well as seagrass beds. GR 18–22. 16389). Body moder- ately deep. Scales on nape extending about 14 cm. UMTF 1347 (KAUM–I. a small yellow- edged deep blue spot at front of dorsal fin and a large one in middle of fin. a small triangular black spot at up- upper base of caudal fin. white ventrally. LLp 27. 16604). Remarks: found in coral reefs to depths of at least 30 m. caudal fin blue with gin slightly posterior to upper end of sixth spines. a large curved canine present on each Halichoeres nigrescens. 1835 Dusky Wrasse D IX. Terminal males yel- lowish brown with a dark bluish spot on each scale. 12 Oct. a black and yel- per side. with 7 reticulate front of dorsal fin. Head naked except for nape. Size: maximum length curved orange-red bands and a large gill opening. Head naked except for nape. 12. 12–13. elongate. Size: Bidong Island. Lateral line Cendering. and a small spot at green. reaching beyond or- igin of anal fin. 2008 minal males long. 2008 complete. Body slightly tinct small white spot. a single pair of prominent ca- nines situated anteriorly in each jaw. pectoral-fin base rear edge of eyes. 12.3 cm SL Caudal fin rounded. narrow oblique blue bands on head. a large spot in (Bloch & Schneider. 11–12. Halichoeres marginatus.7 cm SL side at rear of upper jaw. P1 14. Color: females with irregular maximum length about 10. Dis. 13–14. a short verti- rounded. black spot at upper fin base. Remarks: found in shallow orly in middle of fin. 1801) per base of pectoral fins. P1 14–15. 2000) off Terengganu (KT). a broad band of small scales below eye.1 cm SL to above center of eye. Lateral line abruptly curved below posterior portion of dorsal fin base. yellowish basally. the lower lips split on the midline forming 2 lobes. jaws with a pair of long curved caniniform teeth anteriorly. Size: maximum length about 50 cm. 1839) on head. and tween 2nd and 3rd dorsal-fin spines tion: Western Central Pacific. A III. LLp 27– 28. a canine a corner of mouth. Dorsal. caudal fin rounded. P1 14. Membrane be. 2009 narrow band of scales below and be- hind eye. very compressed. 2008 upper part of opercle. Re. jaws. LLp 19–20 +4–5. Remarks: in- tally. Caudal fin truncate to slightly cent interspinous spaces. 11. Feeds on crustacean bars on uppermost edge. dark behind. mouth terminal. scales barely reaching onto bas- es of dorsal and anal fins. Color: juveniles black with a rounded. anal and Body slender. pink edges also on caudal fin. small. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. caudal peduncle short. head light blue above. Dis- blue. 173 Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch. 1792) Blackeye Thicklip D IX. scales in front of dorsal fin extending forward Hemigymnus melapterus. KAUM–I. 3 verti. an in. single pair of canines anteriorly in ectoparasites and mucus of fishes. whitish ventrally. Re- marks: found mostly on coral reefs and reef flats at depths of 1 to at least 20 m. Distribu. 11. the lower strongly bilobed. cheek with a off Terengganu (KT). remaining head profile strongly convex. 11 Dec. a habits coral reefs. a pair of protruding canine teeth in jaws. Body deep. . 5. tion. 10. A III. Dorsal profile of head gressively broader posteriorly. lips maximum length about 11. LLp 26. 2008 Triplebar Razorfish D IX. caudal fin pale convex. GR 14–16. this stripe pro- blue line on forehead. its dorsal profile nearly vertical. the 2 tribution: Indo-Pacific. 17142. KAUM–I. gap between bases of 2nd and marks: found in coastal waters of jaws. greenish below with red spots and stripes around eyes. Mouth small. UMTF 1241 (KAUM–I. dorsal and anal fins with blue lines and with pink edges. 1 Jan. thick. 12. rear edge of caudal fin. Mouth small. Body deep. 12 Oct. Head scaly except for ventral por- 3rd spines larger than those of adja. (Valenciennes. A III. 16617). a broad canine present at each side at rear of upper jaw. mum length about 13 cm. Iniistius trivittatus Iniistius trivittatus. sandy bottoms. lips well developed.5 cm. with a distinct large blackish blotch on center Cleaner Wrasse black stripe from snout through eye to of caudal peduncle. 16945. 22. lips large and fleshy. blackish dis. 11. pale yellow or white anteriorly. except for 2–3 scales on Bidong Island. Size: pelvic fins pale yellow.1 cm SL (Randall & Cornish. Color: white forward of a line between origins of dorsal and anal fins. Adults light blue shading to cal blackish bars on body side. 12. Labroides dimidiatus. hori- zontal. opercle and lower jaw with- out scales. a median pale D IX. red spots forming irregular short half separated by a u-shaped notch. Size: maxi. 12. several rows of small teeth on side of incised.6 cm SL head naked. Lateral line interrupted. P1 12–13. Labroides dimidiatus bright blue stripe on back and dorsally dusky gray. Snout long. Color: body yellowish. Remarks: aggregates usually in small group Leptojulis lambdastigma. A III. Distribu- Mouth terminal.6 cm SL dorsal fin to tip of caudal peduncle. Bidong Island. 2008 Terminal males bluish gray with a blue-edged orange-yellow stripe from front of snout through eye to middle of caudal fin. with a broad pale yellow band ing Taiwan. 17035. GR 19–22. eye small. 2008 jaw. a blue-edged black spot middorsally on nape. snout relatively long. Size: maxi- snout relatively long. stripe on body side extending from up. slightly oblique. P1 13. especially in low distally. 6. Leptojulis cyanopleura. TP. 11–12. Lateral line complete. the first from upper lip through eye to midbase of caudal fin. and Gulf of prominent canine tooth posteriorly on submarginally. blackish marginally. with a thin light blue Randall & Ferraris. Size: maximum length about 13 cm. dorsal profile of head nearly straight. Caudal fin white. teriorly. Lateral line complete. Dorsal fin pale orange. 12–13. nape. the second. GR 16–20. body fin with a row of yellow blotches with waters of sand bottoms. body cov- ered with large cycloid scales. dal fin naked. first riorly. nape slightly convex. 11–12. lower portion of dorsal Thailand. 1981 large male. dusky yel- Leptojulis lambdastigma pelvic fin ray elongate. 2008 above reefs at depths of 6–45 m. north to Philippines. 11. Color: initial phase whitish with 2 orange-brown stripes on upper half of head and body.3 cm SL nent canine tooth posteriorly on upper Bidong Island. Body slender. a group of blue-edged black scales forming a spot on stripe above pectoral fins. from top of head along base of Leptojulis cyanopleura. Distribution: Central Indian Ocean to western Pacific. pale blue dis- head pointed. cent. A III. head and bases of fins except for caudal fin naked. Philippines. 17 Dec. upper mum length about 14 cm. cau- dal fin blue with 3 or 4 oblique or- ange-yellow bands in upper and lower half of fin. front of jaws with 2 pairs of large canines. a blue. eye small. large V-shaped black marking on scattered yellow spots. numerous nearly straight. KAUM–I. a pale blue margin on membranes an- head and bases of fins except for cau. Caudal fin rounded. Color: Body and head margin. a tally. from the Gulf of Oman to Great Barrier Reef. 9. a row of yellow spots along D IX. slightly oblique. forming a zigzag stripe poste- . nar- rower. pale pink. Caudal fin varying from slight- ly rounded in initial phase to very slightly double emarginate in large terminal males. 16584. 13 Oct.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Mouth ter- minal. covered with large cycloid scales. 16586). P1 13. Anal fin pale orange. a promi. Pectoral and pelvic fins translu- LLp 27. front half of soft-rayed portion of fin pale tion: Western Central Pacific includ- of jaws with 2 pairs of large canines.174 Leptojulis cyanopleura (Bleeker. Body slender. UMTF 1313 (KAUM–I. Remarks: found in coastal upper jaw. yellow base. 10. LLp 27. via eye. 1853) Shoulderspot Wrasse D IX. IP. whitish ventrally. nape slightly convex. 13 Oct. KAUM–I. dorsal profile of head per lip to caudal-fin base. head pointed. LLp 29. head with 4 or 5 narrow blue bands or each lobe of caudal fin. Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus. with an orange-red bar or spot on each scale. and western Pacific. 19 Dec. 16644). 1856 or: head and body olive-green dorsally. radiating from eye. 2008 mum length about 40 cm. 10. plete. P1 12. Col- large adults. cheek scales reaching just anterior to forward extent of orbit. Bidong Island. anal fin yellow- band in upper central part. Remarks: found on coral reefs at depths of 3–30 m. Color: initial phase green Bleeker. 7–10 large predorsal scales. Remarks: inhab- marks: found on coral and rocky reefs ked. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. bases of dorsal and anal fins na. or 2 pair large curved canines on upper bands basally. upper jaw with 2 widely ange or pink stripes. 16939. orangish with a blue band on base. A III. a blue-edged rose pink band in D XII. UMTF 1243 (KAUM–I. tending in front of dorsal fin to center Caught mostly with bottom trawls. Caudal Xiphocheilus typus. 10. bands. A III. Lateral line com- plete. its coral reefs at depths of 35 to 85 m. Jaws prominent. 2008 at center of eye. dorsal profile of head stripes outlined with yellow-orange. 2 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw. A III. 12 Oct. Jaws dorsal fin blue with 2 or 3 narrow or- pectoral fins blue with a broad pink prominent. 2 prominent canines an- teriorly in each jaw. 13. 9. Terminal separated prominent anterior canines. base. tral and posterior part of fin yellow. dorsal profile of head slightly convex. a large black large anterior canines. sides with green with many irregular rose pink Bluebanded Wrasse numerous narrow oblique blue bands. bands. the broad cen. Body moderately slender. ex. caudal fin slightly rounded to truncate. Lateral line com. convex. not reaching anus. head naked except for a patch of scales on upper end of opercle. pectoral fins transparent to spot in middle of dorsal fin and a large reaching anus only in large specimens. Lateral line in- terrupte. diffuse blackish spot at caudal-fin caudal fin slightly rounded to double Size: maximum length about 12 cm. subopercular Oxycheilinus digramma. Mouth small. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean cm.9 cm SL caudal fin mainly green. Re. 16. P1 15–17. and a series of about 8 diagonal purple lines on lower cheek. dorsal profile of head nearly straight. 1758) Moon Wrasse D VIII. Pelvic fins short. at depths of 1–20 m.2 cm SL scales extending anteriorly to vertical off Terengganu (KT). head orange or pinkish laterally. LLp 14–16 + 7–9. 1801) Cheeklined Maori Wrasse D IX. predorsal scales 6. 175 Oxycheilinus digramma (Lacepède. head and snout blunt. KAUM–I. lower jaw also with 2 ange with about 5–8 narrow blue body. Size: maximum length about 25 emarginate in adults. 1 orange with numerous narrow blue males similar but more blue overall. 11. 8. caudal fin yellow-or- Juveniles olive green on upper half of jaw posteriorly. Body slender. Color: variably colored. Size: maxi. KAUM–I. 2008 highly lunate with upper and lower corners produced into filaments in Xiphocheilus typus of eye. 11 Dec. large central portion of Thalassoma lunare. with vertical red lines on scales. Body moderately slender. head with irregu- lar orange lines on upper part parallel to dorsal profile. GR 18–20. 17055. 8. body olive-green to gray- brown fading to orange red on antero- ventral surface. cheek and opercle scaled. Pelvic fin short. reaching forward to vertical at center of eye.8 cm SL fin varying from truncate in young to off Terengganu (KT). blue-white below. P1 15. LLp 25. Distribu- tion: Indo-Pacific. . 11. plates white. margin of dorsal salmon pink with a blue streak on each from the Gulf of Thailand east to Tua- and anal fins pale blue. caudal fin with 11 branched termed "initial phase" (IP). usually 22–24 often found on or in vicinity of coral parrotfishes being confused with any on lateral line. stripe extending from tip of snout to a Australia in the Indian Ocean. pelvic fins with I spine and 5 color phases are known the first is the area: the beak-like plates of soft rays. the second most scarids. Bits of on the surface of the single lower tism. Juve. KAUM–I. upper row 6–8 scales. Distribution: West Pacific . this sexual transformation some of the most important produc- and 9 soft rays. 1–4 rows of scales on reefs. Caudal fin Hipposcarus longiceps. 10. lower row 3–6 scales.4 cm SL strongly double emarginate with very off Terengganu (KT). incisor- like teeth. Body oblong. Remarks: parrotfishes are most ten bright colors. Teeth in jaws usually fused to form a pair of beak- like plates in each jaw. anal fin with III flexible spines into males). middle row 5–7 scales. Herbivorous. imbricate. membrane and a blue margin. making parrotfish rays.176 SCARIDAE Parrotfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized (up to single dorsal fin 120 cm) fishes. and usually most abundant in other fish family. varying from rounded to lu. Color: most species very colorful. 17. flexible spines and 10 soft females. these teeth bear against the elongate molariform teeth may exhibit striking sexual dichroma. shallow waters to a depth of 30 m. In species where 2 adult Similar families occurring in rays. large scales on body ing teeth (canines) occur in some species on outer sides of upper jaw. but a few species have free. 3 rows of small scales on cheek. scales edged with or. 17 Dec. such as large smooth scales and of- nate with produced caudal fin lobes. these in small triangular patch on cheek. beak-like tooth plates on jaws ing of interdigitating paired upper pharyngeals with rows of elongate molariform teeth. 1840) Pacific Longnose Parrotfish D IX. pectoral fins with 2 is usually accompanied by change in ers of sand on coral reefs. black spot at caudal-fin base. eye near dor- sal profile. pharyngeal dentition strong consist. dental maximum length 40 cm. caudal pedun. 2–8 median predorsal scales. usually preclude Scales large. A III. Dorsal fin with IX hermaphrodites (maturing first as into sand and ground with the algae slender. project. Most species are protogynous rock eaten with the algae are crushed pharyngeal bone. 17045. small. 2008 short lobes. motu Archipelago. isolated. edge of upper lip nar. Color: initial phase pale yellowish gray to nearly white. dental plates relatively nar- row with cement. from dead coral substrates. northwestern pale blue-green. 9. in addition to features rays. cycloid. Size: marks: relatively common over sand rowly bright orange to pink. mod- erately deep. Head profile pointed with distinctly angular snout. usually scraping algae Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes. Re- ange to pink. Head generally bluntly rounded anteriorly. edges of scales darker gray. commonly near seaward reefs or in lagoons. "terminal phase" (TP). unbranched rays and 11–14 branched color phase. dorsal and anal fins 20–30 cm. P1 14–16 (usually 15). cheek. terminal male with 1 or 2 canine teeth on upper dental plate. then sexually transforming to aid in digestion. with an orange lateral north to southern Japan. Terminal male niles light gray. PDS 4. northern Australia cle and fin yellowish. 13. 17152. Teeth fused to form dental plates. often in of green spots following scale rows. 1775 Common Parrotfish D IX.3 cm SL phase dull orange yellow. snout to a vertical above posterior found in coral or rocky reefs. median fins lips. commonly colored like body. A III. KAUM–I. 16588). 10.6 cm SL Redang Island. UMTF 1309 (KAUM–I. 1775 Yellowscale Parrotfish D IX. edge of eye dark purplish to lavender large mixed species groups. Color: initial Scarus ghobban. 2 rows of scales on cheek. centers of off Terengganu (KT). a dark spot at Bidong Island. scales rimmed with salmon pink. Color: initial phase reddish brown to gray. shading to pale salmon on cheek and chin. fins yellowish. head green dorsally. joining at corner of mouth and mum length about 26 cm. dental plates white. A III. snout often paler than rest of Scarus psittacus. caudal fin slightly emarginate in initial phase fish to deeply emarginate terminal males. caudal fin slightly emargin- ate in small initial-phase fish to lunate in large terminal males. Terminal male continuing below eye. Distribution: widespread green posteriorly. Size: maxi- per base of pectoral fin. 2008 scales bluish. 20. PDS 5–7 (6). 12 Dec. Scarus psittacus Scarus psittacus. Terminal males green dorsally. 12 Oct. 4 Jan. reddish ventrally. 2008 base of first membrane of dorsal fin. Remarks: commonly abdomen pink with longitudinal series eye. dental plates relatively smooth. 9. lips covering more than half of dental plates. Distribution: wide- spread Indo-Pacific and tropical east- ern Pacific. 5. 5 irregular blue bars of- ten present on body. P1 15–16 (usually 15). Size: maximum length about 75 cm. usually1 conical tooth on side of upper dental plate of initial phase.3 cm SL head. P1 13–15 (usually 14). dental plates relatively smooth. usually 3 rows of scales on cheek. 177 Scarus ghobban Forsskål. . green bands extending posterior to Indo-Pacific. PDS 3–5 (4). KAUM–I. Teeth fused to form dental plates. 9. Remarks: found on coral reefs to at least 30 m depth. additionally 1 conical tooth on lower plate of terminal males. with 2 transverse blue bands on chin and 3 narrow irregular green bands extending posteriorly from eye. lips largely covering dental plates. 10. 2009 Forsskål. and a small black and blue spot at up. 16978. large adults with 1–3 canine teeth on side at rear of upper dental plate. head with a green band on edge of gray. edges of scales pink. 2 additional 16–22 cm. shading to pale green ventrally with pale salmon pink bar on each scale. 2009 olet-pink or magenta below. 3 rows of scales on cheek. the scales Scarus quoyi. Size: maximum length seaward reefs. A III.5 cm SL with narrow pink edges. KAUM–I. a large irregular bands. 1840 Quoy's Parrotfish D IX. becoming vi. P1 14. PDS 6. caudal fin of adults trun- cate to slightly emarginate. Remark: inhabits which extends as a broad band onto dal and pectoral fins largely bright coral-rich areas of outer channels and upper lip and continues onto chin deep blue. Terminal males blue-green dorsally. off Terengganu (KT). commonly 20–25 cm. 18. . operculum orange dorsally. head vio- let-gray dorsally. Color: ini- tial phase light grayish brown with five or six faint bars from scales with paler centers. lips large- ly covering dental plates. and West Pacific. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean patch of bright blue green on cheek shading to violet-pink ventrally. 1 Jan. usually 2 scales in lower row. 9. den- tal plates relatively smooth.178 Scarus quoyi Valenciennes. 10. 17139. where invaded by irregular pink about 30 cm. three longitudinal whit- ish stripes on abdomen. Teeth fused to form dental plates. cau. Color: body for scombrids and other pelagic pred- fin spineless. Chin and breast scaled. Gapers are easily 15 principal rays and 14–18 procur. lateral and ventral ators. 4. with 12–16 rays. 2008 gular patch of scales between pectoral and pelvic fin bases. V 12 + 19–20 = 31–32. with 2–9 spinules projecting cur in great shoals. Premaxilla and dentary with at least 2 rows of teeth. 28 Dec. and 2 horizontal lateral lines. snout short. Re- dorsally. outer row of shorter fixed teeth. pelvic fin. upper caudal fin lobe about 8 cm. similar in length and brownish dorsally. of numerous small papillae. postero- ventral spine. extend. upper or both area by having rough. slightly com- pressed. teeth on lacrimal spines vomer but not on palatines. spotted with distinct marks: usually caught with bottom first dorsal fin speckled thickly with melanophores. northwest- fully scaled. speckled . None of the species is fished com- per limb. premax- illa notched lateral to symphysis. 179 CHAMPSODONTIDAE Gapers By Mizuki Matsunuma Small perciform fishes (up to about 15 cm). belly partially or occasionally with a few melano. evidently rising ral fin. first fin. shape to second dorsal fin. off Terengganu (KT). Bran. preopercular spine Preopercle with prominent. slightly compressed. Body elongate. with along midline in some species. oblique. 17089. 10–14 on lower limb. non-overlapping 34 to 1100 m. other fins pale. they dorsal fin with IV–VI spines. Caudal fin forked.4 cm SL ridges. large preopercular spine. second of these sensory papillae. its length equal to eye diameter. KAUM–I. Pelvic fin caudal-fin lobes dark brown in many ping scales. Anal 10–12 + 19–21 = 29–33. 2 lacrimal spines projecting anteri- spine and 5 soft rays. Champsodon vorax Günther. with I species. than and inserting in front of pecto- scales. distal tip of pale or silvery. much larger than pectoral fin. Pectoral fin small. third of first dorsal fin dark brown distinguished from other fishes in the rent rays. Color: body dark brown phores. GR 1 + 10–12. ing from opercular margin onto caudal mercially. Eyes large. from the South China Sea. to the surface at night. and Maldives. usually with eye cirrus lateral-line system a small posterodorsal cirrus. gill arch with 1 or 2 gill rakers on up. Transverse row of 4 sensory papillae between posterior margins of pterotic Champsodon vorax. peritoneum ern Australia. pale laterally. melanophores. needle-like teeth. P1 12– 14. non-overlap- on body. dark blotch at caudal fin base. Gill opening large. inner row of long. and are quite teeth. rough. but they are often taken chiostegals 7. with dark spots Similar families occurring in 21 soft rays. Body covered Remarks: captured in depths of orly over maxilla. 1867 D IV–V + 20–21. Vertebrae may also be important prey species dorsal fin with 18–23 soft rays. trian. distal the area: none. Body elongate. Mouth large. with 16– parts tan or silvery. large mouth with depressible from posterior margin of broad plate. A 17–19. maxilla extending posteriorly to below eye or beyond. Distribution: known . first Two horizontal lateral lines composed commonly cast ashore during storms. Two dorsal fins. Lacrimal with 2 spines projecting anteroven- trally over maxilla and premaxilla. They sometimes oc. set high to black or. longer with small. numerous (20–25) transverse rows along with commercial species. depressible. maxilla extending be- yond posterior margin of eye. Size: maximum length trawls in depths of 34–84 m. 1878) Threadfin Sandperch D V. Body cylindrical. Several species of Parapercis species with distinct and characteris. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Distribution: West Pacific. Parapercis filamentosa (Steindachner.180 PINGUIPEDIDAE Sandperches By Hisashi Imamura Small to large-sized fishes. LLp 58–59. only Parapercis is have been shown to be protogynous tic markings. dark. Color: variable (e. A I. in band in jaws. pelvic fin dusky. Hainan. free from isthmus. 19–27 body). upper cau- dal fin base with a dark spot. cylindrical anteriorly (ex- cept Prolatilus. Anal fin with 17–25 rays. Eye moderate. Snout slender. Three pairs of ca- nine teeth on lower jaw anteriorly. some change in the color distributed in the area. Parapercis filamentosa. and reddish). 11. Palatine teeth absent. Caudal fin usually with 15 branched rays. P1 16. KAUM–I.. with 4–7 short spines and 19–27 soft rays.g. 2008 . First few dor- sal soft rays greatly elongated. Malaysia. Vertebrae 30–37. including Singapore. having rather deeper single dorsal fin with IV–VII.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Java and Borneo. area: Percophidae – 2 dorsal fins pale brownish. hermaphrodites (thus females change pattern with the sex change is usually Similar family occurring in the to males). Size: maximum total length about 18 cm. Gill membranes united. 22. 18. Membrane from spi- nous dorsal connected by membrane to 1st soft ray near base. 11 Dec. from the world. Palatine teeth present or absent. Dorsal fin single. including I or II spines anteriorly. many Remarks: five genera are known present. Teeth small. Thailand. Body elongate. known in Parapercis. Color: body light brown dorsally with 6 faint V-shaped brown markings. Middle dorsal spines longest. 16936. including 1 or 2 weak spines anal fin with 17–25 rays. whitish ventrally. Vomer with V-shaped tooth patch (teeth absent in Prolatilus). respiratory valve inside lower jaw with a thread- like appendage. depressed anteriorly or lateral line reaches to rear end of caudal fin compressed. scales almost embedded under the dae). P1 16–17. pelvic fins with I distinct spine Membranes of anal. KAUM–I. First gill spine and 5 segmented rays. 16887. ish. smaller. Uranoscopus cognatus Cantor. almost verti- cal. with only the roof of mouth (between premaxillae 11 branched rays. anal fin with 13–19 soft nal and during the day bury their toothed. 6. skin. A peculiar dermal “squarish”. pectoral fin broad. off Terengganu (KT). second dorsal fin low. 2008 tled and stippled dark brown. prevomer.south to the Philippines. dorsal and lat- eral surfaces of head almost entirely encased in sculptured bones. Preopercle with 4 spines on lower edge. . flattened dorsally. protractile. and palatines 14 soft rays. Color: gener. placed on or near top of head. pectoral fins. caudal fin with IV or V weak spines and 13 or Remarks: stargazers are noctur. Body moderately elongate. Size: maximum caught mostly with bottom trawls in translucent. 6 Dec. pseudobranchiae present. bottom trawls. Mouth pelvic fins thoracic large. with I non-visible weak the area: Batrachoididae – gill open- nyagnus. pectoral fin translucent. Branchiostegals 6. Body na. dusky white laterally. weak spine and 5 soft rays in Urano- sal fin single with 0–IV rudimentary ally brownish dark with dark or pale scopidae). A 13–14. First pelvic fin white. 2 basipterygial processes. caudal fin subtruncate. from India east to northern Australia. 1849 Twospined Yellowtail Stargazer D III + 14–15. nearly mouth almost cube-shaped. vertical rounded anteriorly. Eyes directed dorsally or dorsolaterally. posterior eastern Indian Ocean and West Pacific half of fin yellow with white margin. respiratory valve inside lower jaw situated on throat and in advance of Similar families occurring in in Uranoscopus and young of Ge. restricted to sides of body arch with gill teeth instead of typical ked or covered with adherent. a pair of pockets on anterior rays. Interorbital space noticeably broad. head mas- sive. pelvic. with 10 or body into sand or mud. lateral line complete. finely mot. jaws. In- fraorbital bones dilated.5 cm SL and body brown dorsally. dusky distally. forked. Caught mostly with appendage present at central tip of 13–25 rays. supracleithrum not forming distinct spine at rear end. Head massive. short cirri on eye. Dor. length about 22 cm. with the substrate. Distribution: depths of 50–250 m. or knife-shaped. anterodorsal part of skull deeply scooped back- ward (interorbital fossa). rays tinged with brown. caudal fin pale yel. Body moderately elongate. pelvic fin close together. eyes and mouth cleft protruding from and prevomer). ings small. onto caudal fin margin. and pec. reaching and 5 soft rays (with I non-visible toral fins fleshy and thickened. Remarks: dorsal fin black. more compressed. white ventrally. Color: head Uranoscopus cognatus. Champsodontidae – body spines and 12–20 soft rays or divided spots or mottling on body. 181 URANOSCOPIDAE Stargazers By Mizuki Matsunuma Medium sized (up to 65 cm) marine fishes. cycloid (gill openings wide in Uranoscopi- gill rakers. Andaman Sea. 14–31 and 14–31 soft rays. Color: variable. 2008 bars from red to brown pigments on scale edges. Helcogramma striata. ing of 1 or 2 fins and caudal-fin rays bars or a mottled pattern. 13 Oct. LLp 14–20. Lateral line ending present just below to lateral line and marks: present species lacks sexual under 10th–17th dorsal fin elements.182 TRIPTERYGIIDAE Triplefins By Hisashi Imamura Small to moderate-sized marine fishes (maximum size about 26 cm. P2 I. 1st spine higher than 1st and 2nd spines of 2nd dorsal fin. Supraorbital region peduncle. 1. UMTF 1282 (KAUM–I. Body slender. lacking black mark in females. Supraorbital region with lobate tentacle. single black blotch pres- ent on middle of 2nd dorsal fin in males. 16553). often translucent Enneapterygius tutuilae. Jaws with bands of conical teeth. First dorsal fin high. Size: maxi- mum size about 2. 2. 3 longi. 13 Oct. tudinal blue stripes on each side of including Sri Lanka. Enneapterygius tutuilae Jordan & Seale. a row of 6–7 blue spots Australia and Solomon Islands. dorsal fins usual. males usu. 17–23. 2008 Helcogramma striata Hansen. ranging from Mad- agascar to southern Japan and to New Caledonia. Gobiidae – 2 dorsal fins. absent in females. each with blue longitudinal . Body slen- der. green to blue ventrally.6 cm SL greenish with faint. irregular narrow Bidong Island. 3 dorsal fins with III–X + VII–XXVI + 7–17 most species less than 6 cm).ked and dorsal fin comprised of sin- Lepidoblennius with cycloid). area: Blenniidae – body always na- Scales usually ctenoid (1 species of Remarks: most occurring in shal. P1 13–18. 16551). cm. Gill membranes broadly attached across isthmus. Abdomen lacking scales. 2. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Pelvic fin with I spine and 2–3 soft rays. A II. on caudal peduncle. Col. pelvic fin black near base in males. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Color: body and head red dor. northern 3. Head. Eye large. D III + XII–XV + 9–12. LLp 7–13 + 18–25 (inter- rupted). often on reef flats or in gle fin. stripe near base. broadest anteriorly. Clinidae – dorsal fin consist- or: highly variable. 15–20.low water. Body slender. A I.7 Neon Triplefin sally. ally color pattern from females. Dorsal fin divided into 3 distinct segments.8 cm. Re- lacking tentacles. 1986 naked. UMTF 1283 (KAUM–I. Anal fin with 0–II (rarely IV) spines anal fin usually 0–II. abdomen and pectoral-fin base ly red. anal-fin base with 6–7 dark blotches. Remarks: known from tidepools and shallow rocky reefs. 1st with III–X spines. Indonesia. dimorphism. Size: attaining to 5. P1 15. 2nd with VII–XXVI spines and 3rd with 7–17 soft rays. Similar family occurring in the unbranched. frequently with tidepools.3 cm SL Bidong Island. Single lateral line. Caudal fin with branched rays. MP 2–4 + 2 + 2–4. MP 3 + 2 + body running from snout to caudal southern Japan. 1906 High-hat Triplefin D III + IX–XIII + 7–10. often with cirri on eyes. ing species in sea and estuaries. teeth in more than 1 row. Simple cirrus present on eye. Dorsal fin continuous. pelvic fins usually with I spine not visible externally. in addition to numerous whit- ish spots on posterior part of body (both absent in female). many more dorsal Blenniella bilitonensis (Bleeker. often mot. pelvic fins in tebrates. stripes. with irregular vertical bands or embedded cycloid scales. the to brilliant. dark spots on Blenniella bilitonensis. scaleless. Sabertooth Blennies) By Koichi Shibukawa and Hisashi Imamura Small. 16690). vomerine teeth pres- ent or absent. Dorsal fin continuous Remarks: mostly bottom dwell. the spinous or absent. often very 2 reduced spines in anal fin fine and loosely attached. the area: Clinidae – body with fine. often in tide pools. well-separated sections.5 cm SL distal half of pectoral fin. dor- flexible spines and 9–119 segmented mostly among rocky. pelvic fin some are specialized to feed on skin ally scaly. 21 Oct. 2008 Distribution: West Pacific. dorsal fin in 2 fewer than 5. Blenniella bilitonensis. nasal openings. segmented ray portion with I spine at tled. several diago- nal dusky lines at basal half of seg- mented-ray portion of dorsal fin in male (absent in female). or coral sal fin clearly divided into 3 parts. caudal fin rays 10–14. dull Similar families occurring in portion with less than VIII spines. usu. 183 BLENNIIDAE Blennies (Combtooth Blennies. no teeth to pectoral fins in palatines. common in tidepools. dae – body with ctenoid scales. often elongate fishes (most species much less than single dorsal fin 15 cm). full spectrum. Feeding on a many more dorsal fin spines than often indistinguishable. Kemaman. jaw or notched. Shibukawa) . several of them branched. oyster. Gill opening wide. some are planktivores. Head usually blunt. soft rays). some species almost uniform. rays. jaw teeth in more than 1 row. Upper jaw not protractile. and Gobiidae and Eleotridae – body usu- advance of pectoral fins. nasal cirri branched. anal fin with II spines. reefs. Remarks: inhabits coastal shallow reefs. A II. Body elongate and compressed. Dungun. radii in all fields. and/or cheeks. Caudal fin usually with 13 segmented rays. 24 Sept.9 cm SL face of head. nape. 2008 with a distinct notch between spinous and segmented-ray portions. 16394). Blade-like fleshy crest on top head in male. Size: 9 cm. teeth incisor-like in single row in each jaw. 4. male. (K. Color: 4–9 faint dusky longitudinal lines on body in male. canine pelvic fins anterior teeth occasionally present. segmented mixed diet of algae and benthic inver. fin spines than segmented rays. cirri absent on nape and cheek. UMTF 1159 (KAUM–I. 1858) D XII–XIV. with mimic as spine and 5 soft rays. P1 13–15. usually with more seg. 18–22. Color: very variable. UMTF 1328 (KAUM–I. Tripterygi- mented rays than spines (III–XVII ally at depths much less than 20 m. scales with beginning. P2 I. continuous across ventral sur. soft rays or fins of larger fishes. sometimes deformed cleaner. female. 4. 3. gill openings continuous across lower surface body with no scales of head or restricted to small open- ing on each side of head. 19–22. 3. Size: 10 cm. Size: 5 cm. 5. continuous across dots. Distribution: I. dense pale D XIII. margin of upper lip entirely crenulate. (K.184 Ecsenius yaeyamaensis (Aoyagi. UMTF 1330 (KAUM–I.6 cm SL marks: found in shallow rocky shore. 12 Oct. Dorsal fin continuous. Caudal fin usually with 13 zone. 1938) D XIII. with several patches of small black Reef Margin Blenny Gill opening wide. 2008 (K. 15–16. Indo-Pacific. KAUM–I. Fleshy crest on top head absent in both sexes. con- tinuous across ventral surface of head. 1-3 longitudinal series of black spots and/or dashes behind eye. No cirri on eye. Color: body with diffused dusky banded pattern. KAUM–I. 16382. Dorsal fin continuous. Gill opening wide. 16598). Ecsenius yaeyamaensis. Bidong Island. 3. Shibukawa) . Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. 15–18. continuous. continuous across ventral sur. usually many faint pale spots on posterior part of body. Cirrus on eye typically simple. several of them branched. 15–17. Gill opening wide. all of them unbranched. Dungun.8 cm SL Middle third of hind margin of upper Dungun. 4. P1 14. 5. Re. Color: ground color of head and body pale yellowish gray. with a distinct notch be. Body elongate and compressed. Fleshy crest on branched rays. 7. P2 I. 14–17. 16370. common in intertidal 1–20. low rocky shore. 4. 2008 Entomacrodus lighti (Herre. Hind branched. 2008 lip crenulate. with tween spinous and segmented-ray por. A II. 16373. cirrus on nape occasionally with frayed edge. A II. 1836) top head absent in both sexes. Size: 12 cm. 2008 with a distinct notch between spinous and segmented-ray portions. Entomacrodus striatus. 1954) Yaeyama Blenny D XII–XIII. P2 ventral surface of head. P1 12–14. nasal cirri simple. 17–18. Remarks: found in shal- Cirrus on eye typically branched. Body elongate and compressed. 23 Sept. Entomacrodus striatus. P2 I.6 cm SL face of head. Distribution: West Pacific. Fleshy crest absent on top of head. Remarks: inhabits Entomacrodus lighti. 13–15. Dorsal fin speckles. Caudal fin usually with 13 branched rays. (K. several of them (Valenciennes. a dark spot between first two spines of dorsal fin. pectoral-fin base with a forked black line. with a distinct notch between spinous and segment- ed-ray portions. nape and cheek. P1 14. cirri absent on cheek. nape and nasal cirri present. Body elongate and compressed. 23 Sept. head with numerous. arc- like black line from lower jaw to ven- tral part of operculum. A II. Color: body pale brown. KAUM–I. 23 Sept. nasal cirri irregular in size and shape. Caudal fin usually with 13 segmented rays. Shibukawa) Entomacrodus striatus cirri absent on cheek. Shibukawa) Dungun.6 cm SL coral reefs. tions. without fine pale speckles. 9 cm SL Dungun. KAUM–I. 10. ending below last dor- sal spine and 15th soft ray. Lateral line without vertical pairs of pores. Color: body dusky gray with a series of 7 double. Size: attaining to about 13 cm. A II. a Istiblennius edentulus. male. 16406). 2008 . Imamura) Istiblennius edentulus (Forster & Schneider. 24 Sept. 3. outer part of me- dian fins broadly dark in males. Single blade-like oc- cipital crest present in adult males. Color: body pale grayish with dark gray dou- ble bars extending basally into dorsal fin. 2008 upper lip. P1 13–15. 16329). 21–25. Nape lacking cirri. UMTF 1098 (KAUM–I. 8. 7. brownish orange bars. female. Supraorbital tentacle variable. Canine teeth absent on dentary. Several caudal-fin rays branched. female. P1 13–14. Canine teeth absent on dentary. Lat- eral line ending below 4th to 10th dor- sal spines.4 cm SL Rippled Rockskipper Cendering. (H. 18–23. Nape with a moderately long cirrus on each side. Nasal with short Istiblennius dussumieri. UMTF 1099 (KAUM–I. UMTF 1287 (KAUM–I. 16336). with up to 5 branches on each side. male. 2008 Several caudal-fin rays branched. 19–24. Distribution: wide- spread in Indo-Pacific. 16408. (H. 1836) Dussumier's Rockskipper D XII–XIV. ranging from east coast of Africa to Taiwan and to Fiji. 2008 D XII–XIV. 24 Sept. 185 Istiblennius dussumieri (Valenciennes. 16 Sept. 16 Sept.West Pacific. Supraorbital tentacle usually a long simple filament. Body elongate. Size: attain- ing to 17 cm. irregular orangish lines in pale in- terspaces on posterior half of body. pale-edged gray band behind eye. Nasal with 3 cirri. small dark spots scattered on body in females. but no records from Hawaiian Islands. Distribu- tion: Indo. Single blade-like occipital crest pres- ent in adult males. Remarks: typically found along the edge of rocky shores where wave action is not severe. Imamura) Istiblennius edentulus. Cendering.1 cm SL pale-edged gray bar from eye across Dungun. an oblique.3 cm SL cirri. Body elongate. A II. 1801) Istiblennius dussumieri. posterior body and dorsal and anal fins with orangish brown spots in females. 20–24. Imamura) Omobranchus elongatus (Peters. 6 Oct. 21–25. No cirri or tentacles and crest on body reddish gray with curved and rays in males. P2 I. female.0 cm SL Cendering. 2. KAUM–I. Remarks: found in rocky shores of coral reefs and tidepools. Distribution: widespread in In- both jaws posteriorly. Several caudal-fin rays branched. 6 Oct. Caudal fin lack- ing branched rays. P1 Laiphognathus multimaculatus. ventral-projecting flap. female. Canine teeth absent on den- tary. Lateral line without vertical pairs of pores. male. (H.5 cm SL 12–14. including east coast of Africa. 16343. Distribution: widespread in In. P1 13–15. 13 Oct. Single canine tooth present on oblique gray bars and white light red cm.6 head.5 cm. pectoral and pelvic fin Cendering. 16627). 4. 22–25. 16543). 1855) Cloister Blenny D XI–XIII (usually XII). including east coast smooth. orang- ish brown lines. Col- or: body pale brown with several lon- gitudinal. Istiblennius lineatus.5 cm SL Cendering. irregular. anal fin and margin of cau- Omobranchus elongatus. Bidong Island. Body elongate. spinous dorsal fin with a narrow longitudinal black band. 2008 II. P2 I. Remarks: found in rocky reefs fin lacking branched rays. Single large. and Solomon Islands. head crossed with vertical. 8. 1955 Many-spotted Blenny D X–XII. Nape lacking cirri. 2008 membranes transparent. 18–21. Size: attain- ing to 5. Nasal cirri short and palmate. Imamura) Laiphognathus multimaculatus Smith. 20–23. 3. UMTF 1317 (KAUM–I. Body elon. abdomen pinkish. Size: attaining to 6. V 35–39. 1836) Lined Rockskipper D XII–XIV.186 Istiblennius lineatus (Valenciennes. A II. 16407).5 cm SL dal fin dusky. (H. A II. (H. including Maldive Islands.9 cm SL do-Pacific. Body elon- gate. Color: body pale yellow with many dusky golden spots. P1 13. Gill opening small. gill membranes on both sides separated. 2. Cirri on both anterior and posterior nostrils. a dusky spot Island. distal half of soft dorsal fin speckled with black. Caudal part of head and on chest. Andaman Sea and Iriomote rior. 19–22. Imamura) . Nape lacking cirri. male. 18–21. Andaman Sea. UMTF 1404 (KAUM–I. small dark do-West Pacific. 2008 in adult males. A Omobranchus elongatus. Size: attaining to 14 cm. Distribution: wide- spread in Indo-Pacific. 3. Color: in dorsal fin between 9th and 13th soft of estuaries. 2008 southern Japan and Tuamotu Archi- pelago. spots sometimes present on ventral of Africa. 16536). UMTF 1093 (KAUM–I. 7. Dungun. poste. Supraorbital tentacle usually a triangular filament with short medial and lateral branches in adults. 16 Sept. Lower lip with a small. 2008 gate. dark brown lines. ending below space between 6th dorsal spine and 5th soft ray. Edge of lips elliptical spot on opercle. blade-like occipital crest present Istiblennius lineatus. 24 Sept. UMTF 1416 (KAUM–I. with numerous dense small dark- D XII.1 cm SL opening narrow. 13–15. 2008 Omobranchus punctatus (Valenciennes. without distinct notch between spinous and segmented-ray portions. nous and segmented-ray portions. Cirrus on eye a short fringed Caudal fin usually with 13 segmented West Pacific. Color: Hawaii. forming reticulated pat- I. No cirri on head. 22–26. 16327.4 cm SL (K. 19–24. all of them unbranched. Distribution: Indo- pressed. tern. body with several irregular. Color: ground col- or of head and body brownish olive. 2008 usually with 13 segmented rays. gray. A II. A II. head with broad dusky vertical bands. a short. 2. continuous across ventral various-sized dark spots.9 cm SL Merang. narrow vertical black band just behind eye (preceded by white vertical line when alive or fresh). 20–26. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps. Dorsal fin continuous. all of them unbranched. Caudal fin usually with 13 segmented rays. Size: 6 cm. Gill opening narrow. nasal cirrus simple. P1 13. light gray or coastal waters and brackish estuaries. Dorsal fin continuous. head olive Tasseled Blenny surface of head. no cirri on rays. restricted on side of head. Shibukawa) Parablennius thysanius. UMTF 1410 (KAUM–I. also intro- duced to Western Atlantic. 2008 Parablennius thysanius (Jordan & Seale. No cirri on head. Caudal fin Omobranchus ferox. 2 Nov. Dorsal fin continuous. 16808). brown spots. 1927) D XI–XIII. Size: 9 cm. 1836) Muzzled Blenny D XI–XIII. Shibukawa) Cendering. mottled with (K. Gill open. UMTF 1430 (KAUM–I. 187 Omobranchus ferox (Herre. yellowish gray ventrally. a dusky spot fre- quently found around end of dorsal fin in male. 20–23. 16337). (K. Remarks: found in shallow nape and cheek. 16 Sept. 14–17. Gill Omobranchus punctatus. P2 I. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. horizontal dusky lines anteriorly. Shibukawa) . Remarks: found in mangrove swamps and estuaries. without distinct notch between spinous and segmented-ray portions. 2. Body elongate and com- pressed. 24 Sept. Fleshy crest on top head absent in both sexes. 3. 1907) ing wide. 6. 2008 head. typically with sev- eral vague dusky bars on body. restricted on side of Cendering. KAUM–I. Body elongate and com- pressed. 16398). head absent in both sexes. also introduced to flap. P2 I. 4. 3. several of them branched. Color: head and body olive green. Fleshy crest on top head absent in both sexes. Omobranchus punctatus. UMTF 1147 (KAUM–I. P1 13. brackish estuaries and adjacent waters. Size: 5 cm.2 cm SL Dungun. 16 Sept. 3. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. com. P1 14. P2 without distinct notch between spi. Fleshy crest on top body olive gray dorsally. A II. Body relatively short. V 10 + 26–27 = 36–37. UMTF 1208 (KAUM–I. Occipital crest absent in both sexes. Great . 2008 rays branched. half of body. in. Body moderately elongate. 3. Color: color variable. Size: attaining to 14 cm. Supraorbital and nuchal cirri branched. P2 I. usually olivaceous to brown with ir. Dorsal fin shallowly notched. Ryukyu Islands. Red Sea. cluding east coast of Africa. 16642). oblong white spots. 19–21.4 cm SL caudal peduncle. Gill opening con- tinuous across ventral surface of head. Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. 1786) Jeweled Blenny D XII. A II. Last anal-fin ray bounded by membrane to Salarias fasciatus. Several caudal-fin Bidong Island. P1 14. (H.marks: usually seen on coral reefs. a few very small. Imamura) bright blue spots dorsally on posterior Andaman Sea. 12 Oct. Re- regular dark bars and many round to Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 18–20.188 Salarias fasciatus (Bloch. 10. 2009 dorsally. serrae and/or bony tubercles body grayish or brownish dorsally.g. 18. P1 18–21. but dull sandy-col. short ored in many species. . Ge- neric assignment follows Nakabo (1982). All but posteriormost one seg- mented rays of second dorsal fin un- branched. lower jaw highly variable. Remarks: inhabits sandy-mud bot- toms at the depths of 10–200 m. 16. 17200. Platyce- No scales on head and body. depressed or sub- cylindrical. 2009 behind eye. and shelf phalidae – mouth large. coral reefs. up- per jaw greatly protractile. Col- Calliurichthys japonicus. rarely absent) and soft in deep-water species) or several vivid scales on body. preopercle with a strong spine. Preopercular spine slender and straight. Size: 22 cm SL. 189 CALLIONYMIDAE Dragonets By Koichi Shibukawa Small to moderate-sized (up to 45 cm). III–V spines. and commonly found on sandy projecting beyond upper jaw. mottled and/or Similar families occurring in the on body. jaw with villiform a strong spine body moderately depressed without scales teeth. species. Color: bays. Gobiidae – usually (with 7–10 soft rays) portions. fused medially one another in many thoracic. on the head. gill opening wide. Locally utilized as spines. e. gill opening restricted to a small dorsal or sublateral pore. 5 Jan. spotted with paler colored spots. Distribution: West Pacific. no teeth on roof of mouth. KAUM–I. Calliurichthys japonicus (Houttuyn. 17199. pelvic fins body and fins. Anterior two spine of first dorsal fin elongate and filamentous in large male. gill opening wide.7 cm SL or: head and body light grayish brown off Terengganu (KR). A pair of small Calliurichthys japonicus. estuaries. with several serrae along its dorsal margin. waters.. KAUM–I. no spines on opercle preopercle with and subopercle. no preopercular spine. a distinct black spot between third and fourth spine of first dorsal fin. head and or muddy bottoms. depressed benthic fishes. Remarks: found in seagrass beds. food fish. a broad sub- marginal black stripe on anal fin. Caudal fin very long. 1782) Japanese Longtail Dragonet D IV + 9. comprising spinous (with have entirely reddish body (especially opercular spine. Head and body compressed. anal color with complex patterns on head. Two dor. 5 Jan. gill opening wide. triangular when seen from above in many species. 2 dorsal fins Body elongate. scales whitish ventrally. pelvic fins fin with 6–10 soft rays. Head usually wide and well depressed. Transverse canal branch connecting opposite lateral line canals present on caudal pedun- cle. pale ventrally. with I spine and 5 soft rays.1 cm SL bony bumps on dorsal surface of head off Terengganu (KR). some area: Eleotridae – usually no pre- sal fins. A 8. . pale ven.4 cm SL off Terengganu (KR). Re- marks: inhabits sandy-mud bottoms in shallow coastal waters. 5 Jan. pale ventrally. wavy vertical dusky off Terengganu (KT). P1 17–21. All but posterior- most one segmented rays of second dorsal fin unbranched. Head and without filamentous spine in both sex. 17113. lower side of body with Repomucenus planus. Preopercular spine es. 1837) Fingered Dragonet D IV + 8. free from other rays. brown dots. on second dorsal fin in male. 17270. 16894. with numerous. Transverse canal branch connecting opposite lateral line canals present on caudal pedun- cle. No filamentous spine of first dor- sal fin in both sexes. many white spots body compressed. nu- merous pale and dusky spots on body. Size: 10 with 3–6 serrae along its dorsal mar. All rays of second dorsal fin branched.190 Dactylopus dactylopus (Valenciennes. Body subcylin- drical or slightly compressed posteri- orly. Distribution: West Pacific. 7. Preopercular spine Repomucenus belcheri recurvispinnis. P1 18–22. 7. Dorsal fin spines elongate and filamentous in male. 1955) Japanese Darter Dragonet caudal peduncle. a series of black blotches in female. The generic opposite lateral line canals present on trally. belcheri). branched. No transverse canal branch con- necting opposite lateral line canals on caudal peduncle. 31 Dec. A 9. A 9.9 cm SL a series of short. Head and body compressed. 7. particularly seagrass beds. Repomucenus belcheri recurvispinnis (Li. 1966) Concave Dragonet D IV + 9. Size: 25 cm SL. A 7. Repomucenus planus. 2009 Repomucenus planus (Ochiai. First dorsal fin small. 10. Distribution: eastern Dactylopus dactylopus. 2002) treated this as subspecies of Callionymus belcheri Richardson. Size: 22 cm SL. gin and curved posteriormost tip. blackish in female. Fricke (1983. for R. 18 Jan. KAUM–I. P1 19. dense dark assignment follows Nakabo (1982). 2008 lines in large male. first dorsal fin largely D IV + 9. 1844. KAUM–I.5 cm SL straight. anal fin with sub- marginal black stripe in male. cm SL. Spine and first ray of pelvic fin con- nected together. All but posteriormost one segment. ed rays of second dorsal fin un. Color: head and body light grayish brown dorsally. shallow coastal waters. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 2008 dorsal margin. KAUM–I. KAUM–I. Color: head and body light Remarks: inhabits sandy bottoms in Transverse canal branch connecting yellowish brown dorsally. pale ventrally. 17192. with several serrae along its off Terengganu (KT). 2009 Indian Ocean and West Pacific. Remarks: the generic assign- ment tentatively follows Nakabo (1982. 6 Dec. Color: head and body grayish brown brownish dorsally. Caudal fin moderate in size. (Bleeker. Body relatively bital area. Color: head and body blackish brown. subcylindrical and compressed brown. . scales pres- ent between eye and interorbital bony ridge. and body. whereas or dorsolateral pore. 2008 marks: found in brackish estuaries and mangrove swamps. Large species often esteemed as in many species. Re. species often treated as aquarium fish. with elongate (but brilliant color with e. duck-bill shaped. Platycephalidae – many short usually with I spine and 5 soft rays. five branchiostegal or preceding rays longest. Head depressed.5 cm TL.g. short. fresh and brackish waters. five branchiostegal rays. 8. 8. 191 ELEOTRIDAE Sleepers By Koichi Shibukawa Small to moderate sized fishes 2 dorsal fins with VI–X + I. orange and pale dots. pelvic fins separated anal fin with I. P1 21–22. A I. 2008 margin of eye. Carnivo. with numerous black. operculum and interor- bital with ctenoid scales. Butis butis (Hamilton. LR 29–31. typically Similar families occurring in the spines on second dorsal and anal fins. 30 Oct.. 16756). Butis butis. pelvic fin food fish. brackish estuaries D VI + I. typically pecto- Butis koilomatodon Lower jaw prominent. Body elongate. Bony edge with ser. dusky oblique bands. Dis- Butis koilomatodon. lateral line scales Teeth usually conical. Cheek. Body well developed sensory papillae moderately elongate. more or less on head compressed posteriorly.and adjacent coastal waters with mud- 25–28. no pored no pored or tubed or tubed lateral-line scales on body. spines or bony tubercles on head. 6–12 branchiostegals 6. 1849) serrae on interorbital area around dor. 5. Head slightly depressed. UMTF 1433 (KAUM–I. Callionymidae – preopercle not eel-like) and compressed head and/or red spots. Size: 14. no Color: highly variable. 6–12 (up to ca. Low- er jaw prominent. with indistinct 4–5 broad posteriorly. no scales on body. commonly to 20 cm). whereas some species has teeth incisor-like. Remarks: found in Mud Sleeper separated. some freshwater colorful rays. A I. Remarks: typically found in gill opening restricted to a small dorsal Tripterygiidae – three dorsal fins. vic fins fused medially one another rays. 8.5 cm SL. P1 18–19. Pelvic fins widely sep- arated. with a strong spine. UMTF 1104 (KAUM–I. forming single row in swimming fishes. no scales on interor. free mottles. PDS 25–33. Distribution: Indo- sal margin of eye. forming some or more rows in each jaw.Size: 7. sensory- papillae rows well developed on head (and few on body and caudal fin). blackish or grayish brown with dusky area: Blenniidae – single dorsal fin . first one with VI–X flexible spines. Bony edge with ral-fin base with a distinct black spot. 1822) Duckbill Sleeper D VI + I. 30 Sept. bright yellow each jaw. innermost rous. Ptereleotridae – bottom-oriented. Gobiidae – pel- second one with I spine and 6–12 soft some found in coral reefs. Setiu. Cheek and operculum with mangrove swamps. PDS 11–15. LR ctenoid scales. base of pectoral fin with a distinct large black spot edged with two vivid red spots dorsoventrally. small axillary scale between large body scales. 2. 85 cm. Snout elongate and depressed. pelvic fins separated. Two dorsal fins.7 cm SL tribution: Indo-West Pacific. Color: body blackish dy bottoms. 8. Pelvic fins widely West Pacific. bottom-oriented fishes.3 cm SL rae on interorbital area around dorsal estuary near UMT. subcylindrical and compressed poste- riorly. 16492). Re- Vomer edentate. A I. 30 Sept. predorsal Ophiocara porocephala. Head depressed. 9–12. No ven- trally-directed spinous projection along posterior margin of preopercle. dense white speckles on body and dorsal and caudal fins in young and adult. 11. 2009 posteriorly.6 cm SL estuary near UMT. 30 Sept. Size: 28 cm . Re- marks: found in brackish estuaries. P1 17–19. P1 14–15. 2008 scales on body ctenoid. subcylindrical and compressed Terengganu River. 5. body dark grayish brown. weak ctenoid posteriorly. subcylindrical and com- pressed posteriorly. Lower jaw prominent. Scales on body small cycloid anteri- orly. Lower jaw prominent. some pale vertical bands on body in small specimen. 2008 Distribution: West Pacific. Cheek and opercu- lum with cycloid scales. Body elongate. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 1851) Sinuous Gudgeon D VI + I. Color: ground color of head and body light grayish brown. 7–8. 2008 Marble Goby D VI + I. 1837) Northern Mud Sleeper D VI + I. subcylindrical and compressed poste- riorly. Common cultured fish. saddle-like. estuary near UMT. 11. Vomer edentate. 8–9. estuary near UMT.4 cm SL scales extending anteriorly to snout. highly esteemed as food fish in South Asian countries. becoming much paler ventrally. PDS 60–65. 8–10. UMTF 1311 (KAUM–I. 1852) Ophiocara porocephala. Color: ground color of head and body in small specimen. Oxyeleotris marmorata. 6–7. nu- merous. weak ctenoid posteri. Size: 63 cm TL. 16482). typically an TL. UMTF 1015 (KAUM–I. 17312. vertical yellow bands on nivorous. part of caudal fin basally. Scales on body small cy. Lower jaw prominent. Pelvic fins widely indistinct black ocellated spot at upper marks: found in mangrove swamps separated. Distribution: West Pacific.4 cm SL (preserved specimen) ish brown markings.192 Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes. Pelvic fins widely separated. 9. LR 85–102. UMTF 1032 (KAUM–I. 20 Jan. LR 80–90. Body elon. with some large black. Size: 32 cm TL. Oxyeleotris urophthalmus (Bleeker. A I. 16547).5 cm SL gate. LR 33–40. PDS 18–26. 4–5 narrow and adjacent brackish estuaries. 29 Sept. A I. Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker. P1 15–18. No ventrally-directed spinous projection along posterior margin of preopercle. PDS 55–60. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps and brackish estuaries. Body moderately elongate. Color: head and body dark grayish brown dorsally. KAUM–I. 16546). reservoirs and freshwater rivers and ponds. Oxyeleotris urophthalmus. 16. Pelvic fins widely separated. orly. Car- cloid anteriorly. 9 cm SL teeth on each side of lower jaw. on body. or bony tubercles on head. Tripterygiidae – three dorsal and 4–5 soft rays. pelvic fins separated. Scales cte- noid. four midlateral dusky spots bottom. 500 m). 5–66 bottom-oriented fishes. mouth almost vertical in many ones. Platycephalidae – many short spines dorsal.and anal-fin spines usually cies may be esteemed as food fish. Jaws subequal. form- ing a single to several rows in each jaw. excluding those on nape. minute sensory papillae well pelvic fins fused medially in many species anal fin with I. no pored or tubed lateral-line scales on body. 5–65 developed on head (and few on body and caudal fin). with and connecting membrane (between Similar families occurring in elongate (but not eel-like) and com- innermost rays). anal fin usually with shelf waters (to depth of ca. sensory papillae erately elongate and more or less on head compressed posteriorly. mod. and shallow coastal waters. no pored or tubed Teeth typically conical (flattened and lateral line scales incisor-like in some genera). six branchiostegal rays. exclusive of sev. Size: 13 cm TL. Shibukawa) head. ctenoid (with peripheral cteni only). Eleotridae – pelvic fins I flexible spine and 5–65 soft rays. 17111. the area: Blenniidae – single dorsal pressed body and separated pelvic- eral coral reef genera with separated fin (may be deep notch developed fins. in each jaw. species. forming transverse or longitudinal rows. PDS 16. 9. no scales multiple. typically. no scales on body. strong spine. Scales cycloid or teeth incisor-like. 193 GOBIIDAE Gobies By Koichi Shibukawa and Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar Small to moderate-sized (up to ca. Remarks: found in various habi. separated. A I. frenum present. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of preoper- cle. gill first one with 0–X flexible spines. pecto. operculum may be scaled. papillae rows on cheek. freeswimming fishes. spot just above dorsalmost of gill cent coastal waters with sandy-mud Sensory canals and pores present on opening. Distribu- . oriented. Color: highly variable. Ptereleotridae – bottom- medially by frenum (between spines) treated as aquarium fish. Remarks: ral base and breast cycloid. 2008 Tongue truncate. longitudinal pattern of sensory. Callionymidae – preopercle with a stegal rays. five branchio. 31 Dec. but. forming single row fins. Body moderately elongate and compressed. pelvic fins 5–66 soft rays. LR 26–27. pelvic fins separated. pectoral fin with 12–65 soft rays. Usually two dorsal fins. opening restricted to a small dor- second one usually with I spine and tats from torrential freshwater rivers to sal or dorsolateral pore. off Terengganu (KT). (K. Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes. minute to moderately large in size. commonly to 10 cm). 9. Color: large ovoid black found in brackish estuaries and adja- on cheek. Body shape well developed highly variable. Head slightly com- pressed. usually 2 dorsal fins with 0–X + I. 9. Pelvic fins united medially. pelvic fins narrow and flexible. Large spe. some rows tion: Indo-West Pacific. Single or some enlarged caninoid Acentrogobius caninus. 60 cm. 1837) Tropical Sand Goby D VI + I. P1 18. pelvic fin usually with I spine between spinous and soft portions). KAUM–I. pelvic fins fused several freshwater species may be separated. but most common in brackish waters separated. Color: ground color of olive dorsally. Scales ctenoid. PDS 27–33. 15–16. 2 Nov. Head slight- ly compressed. nape. Head compressed.9 cm SL Cendering. fre- num present. Gill opening extending anteriorly to a ver- tical through posterior margin of pre. LR 33–35. A I. estuaries with sandy bottoms and rub. 2008 opercle. excluding those on head. 1837) White-barred Goby D VI + I. 14–15. 14–15. middle of operculum with faint black spot on caudal fin. typically edged with LR 66–74. a cycloid scales. LR 54–57. pale with five blackish or grayish brown D VI + I. Pelvic fins unit- ed medially. L-shaped dusky marking below eye. (K. lagoons and West Pacific. frenum pres. Head com. Remarks: color). Jaws subequal. 2008 opercle. Size: 8 cm SL. with numerous bright light green or blue spots (faded immediately after death). head naked. P1 19–20. P1 20. frenum present. Amblygobius phalaena. distinct transverse senso- ry-papillae rows on cheek. cific and Andaman Sea. Snout rounded. Acentrogobius viridipunctatus. Sensory canals and pores pres- ent on head. Body moderately elongate and compressed. (K. 2008 brackish estuaries and adjacent coastal waters with sandy-mud bottoms.ctenoid posteriorly. 16502). 6 Oct.estuaries. Remarks: found in cor. naked. ctenoid posteriorly. Tongue truncate. 6. ing anteriorly to a vertical line through Size: 8 cm SL. 9–10. 1851) transverse rows of sensory papillae ground color of head and body grayish below eye. ex- culum with cycloid scales. Size: 12 cm SL.0 cm SL Merang. ventrally. Distribution: Tongue rounded or near truncate. 16562). Shibukawa) Amblygobius phalaena (Valenciennes. A I. Snout rounded. UMTF 1249 (KAUM–I. Color: head and body grayish brown. P1 19– 20. Scales on body cycloid anteriorly. 10. Sensory canals and series of short transverse rows of sen. Distribution: Indo. PDS 22–25. pectoral base and breast cycloid. broad black stripe from tip vertical bands. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Amblygobius stethophthalmus pores present on head. KAUM–I. Scales on body cycloid anteriorly. 14–15. 5. Sensory bles. protruding broad dusky stripe. lagoons and ent. Body moderately of snout through eye to anterior part of white anteroposteriorly.found in protected bays. 16802. upper part of cheek and operculum scaled. 5. A I.body. protruding beyond jaws. Gill opening not extend. (K. meeting posterior- of them well apart from caudal-fin beyond jaws. UMTF 1073 (KAUM–I. Distribution: West Pa- quently darkened (probably as nuptial posterior margin of preopercle.7 cm SL West Pacific. body Head-stripe Goby head and body olive dorsally. except for dorsal part of oper.194 Acentrogobius viridipunctatus (Valenciennes. a series of short sory papillae below eye. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical line through posterior margin of pre. Shibukawa) . protected bays. vic fins united medially.ly with black spot on pectoral-fin base. some small elongate and compressed. Color: (Bleeker. PDS 28. 12 Oct. head al reefs. Remarks: found in Bidong Island. Tongue rounded or near trun- cate. Amblygobius stethophthalmus. pale ventrally. color of large specimen fre. Shibukawa) cept for dorsal part of operculum with canals and pores present on head. Pel. 1837) Spotted Green Goby D VI + I. base. anterior one pressed. Pelvic fins united medially. Single or some enlarged caninoid teeth on each side of lower jaw. Color: head and body grayish with numerous bright blue dots. Size: 4 cm SL. ca. cy- medially. slightly pro. Tongue rounded or near truncate. Spotted Frill Goby cloid anteriorly. Anterior margin of tongue notched.6 cm SL Kemaman. Shibukawa) mentous free rays. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Upper part of pectoral fin with fila- (K. Scales on body ctenoid. Sensory canals and pores cloid anteriorly. Gill open- ing not extending anteriorly to a verti- cal through posterior margin of preopercle. 195 Asterropteryx semipunctata Rüppell. No flap-like projection at tip of anterior nostril. head naked. Head compressed. exclusive of pectoral-fin base and breast with cy- cloid scales. UMTF 1181 (KAUM–I. Gill opening not extend. Sensory elongate and compressed. LR for upper part of operculum with cy- margin. (K.5 cm SL elongate and filamentous. 2. Bathygobius cyclopterus. PDS 6–14. Men. Bathygobius cyclopterus medially. slightly pro- truding posterolaterally. P1 16–20. UMTF 1253 (KAUM–I. Color: head and body light posterior margin of preopercle. 2008 tal flap well developed. 36–40. Shibukawa) found in shallow rocky shores. Color: gitudinal pattern of sensory papillae ing anteriorly to a vertical through head and body dark gray or grayish on chin. 10. LR 33–39. with no dis. 3. 24 Sept. Head sub. A flap-like body. A I. 16290). 2008 shallow protected bays. Third spine of first dorsal fin Asterropteryx semipunctata. Body moder- ately elongate and compressed. cy. 2008 almost separated. 8–10. head naked. except tinct projection at middle of posterior D VI + I. frenum present. operculum and branchiostegal membrane scaled. Remarks: found in shal- tribution: Indo-Pacific. pelvic fins Dungun. 3. tal flap well developed. (Valenciennes. A I. Shibukawa) Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker. coral reefs. Pelvic fins united . longitudinal pattern canals and pores present on head. Distribution: mid-lateral body. Remarks: Anterior margin of tongue notched. 1837) tinct projection at middle of posterior mentous free rays. PDS 12–20. Indo-Pacific. LR 23–25. with a dis- Upper part of pectoral fin with fila. 4 irregular rows of small dusky blotches on body. 8–9. Head subcylindrical. projection at tip of anterior nostril. Men. compressed. Size: 5 cm SL. 1830 Starry Goby D VI + I. Pelvic fins united margin. pale ventrally. of sensory papillae on cheek. Sen- sory canals and pores present on head. 8. UMTF 1372 (KAUM–I. of small black blotches on mid-lateral a series of small black blotches on truding posterolaterally. frenum absent. Remarks: found around rubbles on Bathygobius cocosensis. blown dorsally. Size: 5 cm SL. la- goons and brackish estuaries. present on head. distinct transverse pattern of sensory- papillae rows on cheek. frenum present. a series grayish blown dorsally. Body relatively short. Dis. 9. Two to10 spinous projections at poste- rior margin of preopercle. pale ventrally. low rocky shores. P1 16–17. Scales ctenoid posteriorly. P1 19–23. cylindrical. Scales ctenoid posteriorly. 16386). cheek. 1854) Cocos Frill Goby D VI + I. Body moderately cloid scales. PDS 7–8. A I. 16660). 20 Oct. 14 Sept. Gill opening not ex- tending anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle.7 cm SL Cendering. (K. lon. 7–8. anterodor. Size: 5 cm. 16760. Sensory canals toms and rubble patches. Color: head and body grayish blown dorsally. Size: 5 cm SL. breast. marks: found in tidal estuaries and reaching anteriorly to a vertical through (K. on mid-lateral body. but Bathygobius fuscus. P1 16–17. 5. UMTF 1199 (KAUM–I. A I. Shibukawa) protected bays with sandy-mud bot. A I. Shibukawa) fin base and predorsal area with cy- cheek. Pelvic fins united medially. 7–8. 8–10. 1937 Maude's Shrimpgobyy D VI + I. Color: head and pale or pale brown.medially. 16758. 30 Oct. LR 31–40.0 cm SL Setiu. 1830) Dusky Frill Goby D VI + I. dor- sal fin with a broad pale yellow distal margin. head naked. A I. with no distinct projection at middle of pos- terior margin. KAUM–I. frenum present. PDS 12–19. longitudinal pattern of sensory Cendering. distinct ly associates with alpheid shrimps.3 cm SL not protruding posterolaterally. Anterior margin of tongue notched. Scales Drombus triangularis. head naked. Shibukawa) Drombus triangularis. Lower jaw projecting found in mangrove swamps and brack- Andaman Sea and West Pacific. Head slightly compressed. Head subcylyndrical. (K. cycloid anteriorly. LS 120. Remarks: found in rocky or coral reefs. 2008 flap-like projection at tip of anterior nostril. PDS 10–19. LR yellow triangular spot at uppermost of in addition to numerous minute pale 30–31. 8. excluding nape. Sensory canals and pores present on Cryptocentrus maudae. Distribu- spots. 1909) tinct transverse pattern of sensory-pa- snout and anterior tip of lower jaw pillae rows on cheek. Gill opening reaching anterior- ly around a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle. 2. compressed. several pale or Brown Drombus body dusky with irregular mottles. 9–10. 16540). D VI + I. pale brown saddles on head and body. 30 Oct. UMTF 1274 (KAUM–I.6 cm SL head. breast and pec- toral-fin base naked. 16288). Upper part of pectoral fin with filamentous free rays. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. 9–10. Re. P1 16–20. Body elongate. 2. Color: ground color of head cloid scales. cycloid. 2008 papillae on chin. 2. Jaws sub- equal. Distribution: ly depressed. No Cendering. frenum present. Head slight. Body moder- ately elongate and compressed. 2008 Cryptocentrus maudae Fowler.tion: Indo-West Pacific. Remarks: bars. each extending ventrally to ventral half of body. interorbital space. P1 17. Scales ctenoid posteri- orly. Sensory and body blackish brown. trapezoid. frenum present. a series of black blotches. 6 Oct. Pelvic fins united . dis- sal part of eye. 14 Sept. symbiotical. Gill opening not ex- tending anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle. Body moderately pectoral base. beyond upper jaw. 9–10. preopercular margin.196 Bathygobius fuscus (Rüppell. Drombus triangularis canals and pores present on head. Pelvic fins unit- ed medially. Gill opening not ish estuaries with rubbles. Size: 8 cm SL. head.4 cm SL Setiu. (Weber. noid. sandy beaches with rubbles and brackish estuaries. 2008 minute. KAUM–I. pale ventrally. Men- tal flap well developed. pectoral- transverse sensory-papillae rows on (K. Scales cte- and pores present on head. anal fin with 5–6 diagonal black elongate and compressed. becoming paler ven- trally. P1 14–16. 16712). 2008 Larson. 7. 197 Eugnathogobius variegatus (Peters. Jaws subequal. reduced longitudinal .3 cm SL Bidong Island. nasal tube dark red. Gill opening not reach- ing anteriorly to a vertical through Eugnathogobius variegatus. 27 Oct.6 cm SL longitudinal yellow stripe from eye to Bidong Island. ish brown subcutaneous vertical bars compressed. 7–8. 7–9. 1. 7. Distribution: West- fins almost separated. Pelvic fins unit- Setiu. Jaws subequal. 7–9. Eviota storthynx pattern of sensory-papillae rows on tribution: eastern Indian Ocean and (Rofen. head and pectoral-fin marks: found in shallow rocky and base naked. Color: head and body grayish yellow dorsally. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps. LR of scale pockets dusky.1 cm SL. (K. Sensory canals and pores coral reefs. distinct transverse pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. Remarks: body subtranslucent. Body elongate and com- pressed. Head slightly com- pressed. Dis. with a not reaching anteriorly to a vertical prominent black spot behind eye. Dis- tribution: West Pacific. Pelvic fins almost separated. PDS 0. Shibukawa) Storthynx Pygmy Goby white spots. Re- Scales ctenoid. Gill opening not reaching anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. 1959) cheek. A I. LR 21–22. Shibukawa) present on head. Sensory canals and pores present on head. frenum present. oblique dusky streaks from eye to cheek and middle of upper jaw. Gill opening ately turned to pale after death. Body relatively short. edges D VI + I. Pelvic Size: 2. 1868) Stripe-face Brackish Goby D VI + I. through preopercular margin. Head slightly com. Body relatively short. Head slightly depressed. UMTF 1507 (KAUM–I. frenum absent.6 cm SL preopercular margin. P1 15–16. head and Western Central Pacific. Color: when alive. on ventral half of tail. 1. ern Australia and Western Pacific. reduced longitudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. 16636). 16635). 13 Oct. Size: 4 cm. 7–8 dark gray- 22–23. (K. Jaws subequal. 3. PDS 0. longitudinal white stripe on belly. LR 29–34. 8–9. frenum absent. compressed. color immediately turned to pale yellow or pale reddish yellow after death. head and pectoral-fin base naked. color immedi- pressed. 1976 Pellucida Pygmy Goby D VI + I. with two narrow Eviota storthynx. A I. Shibukawa) Eviota pellucida Eviota pellucida. Scales on body cycloid anteriorly. 13 Oct. A I. Color: when alive. (K. head and body subtranslucent. 2008 middle of body. with several found in coral reefs. UMTF 1263 (KAUM–I. Scales ctenoid. P1 16–17. numerous blackish or dark gray speckles on head and body. UMTF 1442 (KAUM–I. ctenoid posteriorly. 2008 ed medially. Sensory canals and pores present on head. Size: 2 cm SL. longitudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. UMTF 1508 (KAUM–I. brackish estuaries and adja- Favonigobius reichei. Color: head (K. sensory papillae rows ies and adjacent shallow coastal wa- on cheek multiple. but not forming ters with sandy-mud bottoms. 2008 Pelvic fins united medially. Head subcylindrical. Body moderately elongate and compressed. KAUM–I. LR 27. and body pale gray with numerous Scales ctenoid. 1851) Puntang Goby D VI + I. frenum present. PDS 10–12. Lower jaw not project- ing anteriorly beyond upper jaw. Distribu- pectoral-fin base with cycloid scales. cheek and operculum scaled.5 cm SL preopercle. Head subcylindrical or slightly depressed.4 cm SL cent shallow coastal waters with san- Setiu. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps. 10. 28 Oct.198 Exyrias puntang (Bleeker. 8–10. Remarks: head naked. A I. 8. Tongue near truncate. dorsal fins with numerous dusky spots. tion: Indo-West Pacific.2 cm SL typically elongate and filamentous. LR 29–33. Shibukawa) Favonigobius reichei (Bleeker. 3. 4. Sec- Merang. 1854) Indo-Pacific Tropical Sand Goby D VI + I. Gill opening not reaching anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle. 2 Nov. P1 16. 10–11. 2 Nov. 2008 ond spine of first dorsal fin elongate and filamentous in male. Size: 7 cm SL. frenum present. PDS 0–3. KAUM–I. 16795. pelvic fins united medially. brackish estuar- present on head. 8. ctenoid posteriorly. P1 15–18. Color: ground color of head and body dull yellow or light yellow- ish brown. Sensory canals and pores present on head. Scales on body cycloid anteri- orly. Lower jaw slightly projecting beyond upper jaw. 16781. (K. Sensory canals and pores found in mangroves. A I. 2008 dy-mud bottoms. distinct transverse rows. Shibukawa) . Gill opening not reaching anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of Favonigobius reichei. Merang. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. paler and tinged with yel- low ventrally. Spines of first dorsal fin Exyrias puntang. Body moder- ately elongate and compressed. 16716). excluding breast and black dots. Size: 12 cm SL. several vague vertical dusky bars on body. with a pair of midlateral series of dusky blotches. 30–32. Shibukawa) yond. as well as many faint irregular dusky (Weber. Size: 4 cm SL.4 cm SL pressed. (K. 8. Shibukawa) Glossogobius aureus Akihito & Meguro. 16779. mangroves. largely ctenoid. 2009 found on flat sandy bottoms in coral reefs. 17208. Body moderately elon- gate. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. reduced longitudinal pattern of sensory papillae on cheek. Scales ctenoid. short barbells on chin. blest with cycloid Glossogobius bicirrhosus scales. 2008 Pelvic fins united medially. 8. compressed posteriorly. 12. 1975 Golden Flat-head Goby D VI + I. 2 Nov. Color: head and body pale (subtranslu- cent when alive) with numerous orange yellow spots. Body elongate and head and body light grayish brown or Remarks: found in lower reaches of compressed. PDS 0. Anterior margin of found in lower reaches of streams. 13 Oct. brackish estu. Bidong Island. PDS 13–15. Remarks: off Terengganu (KT). (K. First spine of Fusigobius inframaculatus. excluding predorsal area. beige. filamentous. 2008 head and body light yellowish brown. Distribution: West Pacific. dially. Pelvic fins united medially. 8–9. Gill Merang. Snout pointed. Size: 9 cm SL. frenum present. UMTF 1329 (KAUM–I. 10 Jan. or a little beyond. 2 Nov. 1994) Longspine Goby D VI + I. UMTF 1259 (KAUM–I. Pelvic fins united me. Body elongate and compressed. A I. frenum present. 9. body with midlat. a vertical through posterior mar. Scales on body ctenoid. Gill opening not extending anteri- orly to a vertical through posterior margin of preopercle. 9. P1 18–21. a vertical through poste- rior margin of preopercle. head naked. A I. 9. darkened dorsally. body with large rivers. Shibukawa) . tongue notched. reaching anteriorly to. Gill opening well as many faint irregular dusky ters with sandy-mud bottoms. darkened dorsally. 16626). 199 Fusigobius inframaculatus (Randall. a large black blotch at caudal-fin base. Glossogobius bicirrhosus. frenum present. Distri. Anterior margin of tongue notched. LR 23–24. Head slightly depressed. breast and pectoral-fin base with cycloid scales. mangroves and brackish estuaries. Color: SL. as aries and adjacent shallow coastal wa. breast. 3.3 cm SL first dorsal fin elongate. KAUM–I. LR 31–34. Glossogobius aureus.9 cm SL bution: Indo-West Pacific. 3. or a little be. A I. Lower jaw prominent. ex- clusive of side of nape. Head subcylindrical. Sensory canals and pores pres- eral series of five dusky blotches. Lower jaw prominent. longitudinal pattern of Glossogobius bicirrhosus. Remarks: gin of preopercle. belly and pectoral-fin base and operculum with cycloid scales. lines and spots dorsally.2 cm SL sensory papillae on cheek. 2008 opening reaching anteriorly to. Sensory canals and pores present on head. P1 18–19. 1894) ent on head. Lower jaw slightly projecting beyond upper jaw. Size: 20 cm D VI + I. LR sensory papillae on cheek. longitudinal pattern of lines and spots dorsally. Head slightly de. KAUM–I. Sensory canals and pores pres- ent on head. 4. P1 17–19. PDS 22–27. Color: Merang. 16780). Scales on body (K. Shibukawa) little projecting beyond jaws anteriorly. excluding predorsal area. inhabits amongst branches of acroporid corals of the ge. (K. Head slightly de. body with midlateral series of five dusky blotches. daman Sea. well com- pressed. with rounded anterior Setiu.body typically with irregular black (Bleeker. Body relatively belly and operculum cycloid. Head compressed.pressed. Hemigobius hoevenii. (K. UMTF 1371 (KAUM–I. No scales on head and body. A I. 1851) riorly to a vertical through preopercular blotches and oblique bands. 1837) Fivelined Coralgoby D VI + I. 2008 (K. Body elongate and compressed. 1883) Circumspect Flat-head Goby D VI + I.with yellow in large male. 16807). united me- dially. darkened dorsally. reduced longi- tudinal pattern of sensory papillae on cheek. Jaws subequal. compressed. Sensory canals and pores present on head. 16738. restricted to pectoral-fin base. fins tinged margin. respectively. pectoral base. Sensory grove swamps and brackish estuaries. LR 29–33. Size: 3 cm SL. 16715). Pelvic fins united medially. Lower jaw prominent. 7–8. snout rounded. A I.6 cm SL groves and brackish estuaries. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 7–9. 2008 in coral reefs. 5. Snout rounded. a vertical through poste- rior margin of preopercle. A I. Gill opening not extending ante. Gill opening reaching anteriorly to. LR those on predorsal area. Hemigobius hoevenii broad. short. darkened dorsally. P1 18–19. Gill opening narrow.1 cm SL Tongue narrow. 2008 margin. 16615). 8. UMTF 1258 (KAUM–I. 8–10. breast.canals and pores present on head. Size: 4 cm Banded Mullet Goby num present.200 Glossogobius circumspectus (Macleay. P1 18–20. sometimes a tudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows nus Acropora. Size: 10 cm SL. 27 Oct. 29 Oct. Scales ctenoid. 2 Nov. belly and pectoral-fin base and operculum with cycloid scales. or a little beyond. man. excepting SL. fre. four and one vertical sky lines on head and pectoral-fin base. LR 0. Distribu. Color: head and body beige.4 cm SL tion: West Pacific. Scales ctenoid. Shibukawa) . 3. Interorbital space or grayish brown. Color: head reddish brown. UMTF 1278 (KAUM–I. frenum present. Shibukawa) Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Valenciennes. PDS 0. KAUM–I. Color: head and body olive Jaws subterminal.5 cm SL margin of tongue notched. P1 13–16. body and fins dark reddish brown or blackish. Hemigobius hoevenii. Remarks: found in man- 25–32. as well as many faint irregular dusky lines and spots. 2. Remarks: found Setiu. numerous transverse rows of sensory papillae on cheek. Distribution: West Pacific and An- D VI + I. Sensory canals and pores pres- ent on head. Remarks: found in lower reaches of large rivers. Bidong Island. on cheek. Anterior Glossogobius circumspectus. longi. Body ovate. PDS 15–19. Gobiodon quinquestrigatus. Pelvic fins small. 12 Oct. 4. frenum present. Pelvic fins Merang. 8–9. Head slightly de- pressed. 10–11. 2008 united medially. PDS 8–10. Andaman Sea and Indonesia. (K. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps and brackish es- tuaries. 1876) scales. and adjacent coastal waters with sandy per part of pectoral fin. 1927) Decorative Lagoon Goby D VI + I. Remarks: found in mangrove creeks gin. Remarks: found in jecting beyond jaws. base and occipital region with cycloid body with a midlateral series of black (Steindachner. 27 Oct. 9. 16709). Scales ctenoid. LR 27–32. P1 19. breast.7 cm SL frenum present. head naked. Snout rounded. 2008 bution: West Pacific. P1 13–15. Head slightly de. UMTF 1111 (KAUM–I. Scales . typically 4–5 faint narrow beige saddles on body. filamentous rays on upper part of pectoral fin. pectoral base. Istigobius diadema. Jaws subequal. Body relatively short. (K. Pelvic fins or muddy bottoms. 16805. Sensory canals and pores present on head. UMTF 1504 (KAUM–I. Shibukawa) to a vertical through preopercular mar. except. Color: head and body dark grayish brown dorsally. 10. pressed. 14 Sept. Col- or: head and body pale grayish brown ctenoid. longitudi- smaller spots and grayish brown reticu. A I. 3. head naked.7 cm SL first dorsal fin. Jaws subequal. 6–7. D VI + I. frenum present. longitudinal pattern of Cendering. Distribution: In. slightly projecting beyond jaws. Scales ctenoid.3 cm SL present on head. becoming paler ventrally. UMTF 1252 (KAUM–I. KAUM–I. 6–8. zontal black band behind eye. 2008 sensory-papillae rows on cheek. 2 Nov. Sensory canals spots. compressed. Head slight. nal pattern of sensory-papillae rows lation. 11. filamentous rays on up. 4. (K. Shibukawa) united medially. sometimes a little projecting beyond jaws anteriorly. Snout rounded. 14 Oct. A I. becoming paler ventrally. excepting breast. Interorbital space broad. 2008 ing those on predorsal area. 2008 ly depressed. Size: 10 do-West Pacific. 3. as well as many dark brown Black-lined Lagoon Goby and pores present on head. pectoral-fin base and occipital region with cycloid scales. 11. 1936) Blue-eyed Mullet Goby D VI + I. longitudinal pattern of senso- ry-papillae rows on cheek. Hemigobius mingi. Jaws subterminal. Body moderately elongate on cheek. PDS 8–10. Bidong Island. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Pelvic fins united medi- ally. 16563). excepting breast. LR 31–33. No free. LR 30–33. A I. No free. grayish brown. cm SL. Size: 10 cm SL. P1 17–19.9 cm SL Merang. slightly pro. frenum present. Distri. Color: head and body pale first and second spines of first dorsal and compressed. Snout rounded. 16287). Sensory canals and pores Istigobius diadema. PDS 8–10. 4. Pelvic fins united medially. cheek and operculum cy- cloid. 201 Hemigobius mingi (Herre. Size: 6 cm SL. Head slightly de- pressed. pectoral-fin Istigobius diadema dorsally. Setiu. Gill opening not extending anteriorly Ocean. Shibukawa) Istigobius decoratus (Herre. Distribution: Eastern Indian shallow coral reefs with sandy bottoms. a distinct black spot on posterior part of Istigobius decoratus. Gill opening not extending ante- riorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. a distinct black spot between PDS 18. with a distinct hori- fin. 6 Oct. 1830) ed medially. (K. slightly projecting beyond jaws. 2.3 cm SL Bidong Island. P1 17. 1852) Goldman's Goby D VI + I. frenum present. excepting breast. Jaws subterminal. 2008 cm SL. pectoral-fin base and oc- cipital region with cycloid scales. No free. 14 Sept. Body moderately elongate. Jaws subequal. Sensory canals and mangroves. No free. slightly projecting be. Color: head and body pale gray. Size: 4 cm subcylindrical or slightly depressed. pectoral-fin Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. 10–12. 9–10. Pelvic fins united medially. 21 Oct. body with numerous small Upper part of pectoral fin with some black dots or horizontally-elongate Istigobius ornatus filamentous free rays. Pelvic fins unit. Distribution: West Pacific. Gill opening not extend- ing anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. P1 17–19. A I. Remarks: found in shallow coral reefs with sandy bottoms. trally. Body moder. sensory-papillae row just behind chin. ing not extending anteriorly to a verti. PDS 7–9.4 cm SL Kemaman. Gill open. 16676). LR 26–27. 16541). fila- mentous rays on upper part of pectoral fin. Re. compressed. yellow dorsally. 9. except- ing breast. P1 17–20. Sensory canals and pores present on head. 10–11. 7. filamentous rays on upper part of pec- toral fin. marks: found in shallow coral reefs yond jaws. Shibukawa) Istigobius nigroocellatus (Günther. Scales ctenoid. blotches. longitudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. longitudinal pattern Istigobius ornatus. with numerous minute black spots.202 Istigobius goldmanni (Bleeker. Shibukawa) . Distribution: West Pacific. 2008 Color: head and body pale gray. (K. A I. head naked. 8–10. frenum present. Head subcylin- drical or slightly depressed. Size: 4 Istigobius nigroocellatus. compressed. and pores present on head. 2. head naked. ex- cepting breast. Cendering. UMTF 1190 (KAUM–I. LR 27–28. Snout rounded.5 cm SL not extending anteriorly to a vertical Cendering. A I. Shibukawa) cal through preopercular margin. 1873) Black Spotted Goby D VI + I. Snout rounded. fre- num present. slightly projecting beyond jaws. 13 Oct. Head subcylindrical or Istigobius ornatus. becoming paler ven- (K. UMTF 1058 (KAUM–I. PDS 9–12. LR 28. 2008 slightly depressed. Scales ctenoid. distal tip of first dorsal fin (Rüppell. PDS 9. Scales tinged with yellow. Jaws subterminal. pectoral-fin base and occipital region with cycloid scales. curved or near transverse SL. Sensory canals and pores present on head. Color: head and body light grayish with sandy bottoms. scales.0 cm SL of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. Head nal pattern of sensory-papillae rows spines of first dorsal fin. with numerous minute black spots. 16291). a dis. head naked. UMTF 1479 (KAUM–I. longitudi- tinct black spot between fifth and sixth ately elongate and compressed. 2008 through preopercular margin. Body moderately elongate. Size: 10 cm SL. 4. UMTF 1388 (KAUM–I. Snout rounded. Re- Ornate Goby base and occipital region with cycloid marks: found in shallow silty reefs D VI + I. on cheek. ctenoid. Pelvic fins united medially. 16561). Gill opening Istigobius goldmanni. 10–11. Body short and com- pressed. Body moderately elongate. sory canals and pores absent on head. 2008 cloid scales. Setiu. 16806). Shibukawa) gin. 2008 Scales on body ctenoid. diagonal dusky barred pattern. excepting those on pre. Sensory ca- nals and pores present on head. 12 Oct. Interorbital space broad. 2 Nov. 1936 Wilbur's Goby D VI + I. Head slight. frenum present. Sen- many transverse rows of sensory pa. compressed. Merang. 9–11. Head compressed. and brackish estuaries. PDS 7. LR 25–28. other part of head naked. 203 “Lophogobius” bleekeri Popta. 2. 2008 this issue. two black spot at caudal fin cific. P1 15–17. cheek and operculum with ctenoid scales. Color: head and body beige. 16713. reefs with sandy bottoms. Distribution: West Pacific. Hith- erto this species has been mis-assigned to Lophogobius. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular mar- gin. PDS 11–15. Size: 4 cm SL. anal fin with faint 25–32. Pelvic fins united medially. A I. Head subcylin- drical or slightly depressed.4 cm SL collaborators are now tackling with Bidong Island. Shibukawa) Macrodontogobius wilburi Herre. LR 27–31. dis- tinct transverse rows of sensory papillae on cheek.allow coral Scales ctenoid. pectoral base. Pelvic Mugilogobius chulae. head naked. fre- num present. Lower jaw not projecting anteri- orly beyond upper jaw. Color: head and minute black spots. UMTF 1331 (KAUM–I. the author and his Macrodontogobius wilburi. Size: 4 cm SL. Remarks: found in shallow la. belly and up. LR lae rows on cheek. 27 Oct. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. speckles. (Smith.7 cm SL fins united medially. with several diagonal black bars and cm SL. Distribution: Indo-West Pa. Snout rounded. Sen. slightly projecting beyond jaws. Distri- (K. Some spines of first dorsal fin bution: Indo-West Pacific. 7. 3. A I. Gill opening not extending anteriorly base. 2. 6–8. to a vertical through preopercular mar. Lower jaw a little projecting beyond upper jaw. P1 12–16. ly depressed. Mugilogobius chulae per part of operculum with cycloid sory canals and pores present on head. dorsal area. Color: head and body Two-spot Mangrove Goby longitudinal pattern of sensory-papil- light grayish brown. (K. Shibukawa) . black spot at posterior part of goons and coral reefs with rubbles. Body moderately body light grayish yellow or beige. A I. pectoral-fin base and narrow “Lophogobius” bleekeri. Re- marks: found in lower reaches of streams and brackish estuaries. excepting isthmus with cycloid scales. P1 16–18. KAUM–I. 1921 Ornate Goby D VI + I. Scales on body largely ctenoid. 9–10. 1932) scales. first dorsal fin.2 cm SL area on anterior part of body with cy. 6–8. PDS 0. Pelvic fins found in shallow mangrove swamps united medially. sometimes entirely blackened in par- ticular the large specimen. with numerous D VI + I. Size: 5 elongate and compressed. Remarks: elongate and filamentous. with several irregular. 16618). pillae on cheek. broad vertical blackish brown bands. (K. 8. UMTF 1460 (KAUM–I. frenum present. Color: head and body whitish with four vertical Paratrypauchen microcephalus. Body moderately elongate and compressed. 2. 1860) Comb Goby Periophthalmus argentilineatus. Single row of coni. Re. Head com- pressed.mud flats. Shibukawa) moderately elongate. 2001 Narrow-barred Mangrove Goby D VI + I. Body Size: 9 cm SL. 8–11. Eye reduced. Pelvic fins al. P1 14–17. Remarks: found in shallow man- grove creeks and swamps. A. Scales on estuary near UMT. 17081. Dis. but connecting membrane be- tween innermost rays emarginated Periophthalmus argentilineatus. estuaries with muddy bottom. LR 24–28. A 48–51. Head slight- ly depressed. pectoral base. A pouch-like cavity just above operculum. 27 Dec. Scales ctenoid. PDS 0. Pacific. frenum pres. Silver-lined Mudskipper with many white spots. tinct dusky mottles. Shibukawa) Paratrypauchen microcephalus (Bleeker. first dorsal fin with a black spot. Distribution: Indo- (K. 2008 saddles and single black spot at cau- dal-fin base. 9–12.brackish estuaries. No sensory . UMTF 1133 (KAUM–I. 16740). first dorsal fin tribution: Indo-West Pacific. A I. 2008 body cycloid. LR 64–100. Color: head and body Valenciennes.and small invertebrates on the sand / cal teeth on each jaws. 3. compressed. A I. 2008 D VI.1 cm SL Setiu. UMTF 1039 (KAUM–I.9 cm SL black bands. 16550). Pelvic fins fused me- dially. with prominent mid- ventral keel on belly. 16493). Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular mar- gin.0 cm SL estuary near UMT. Sensory canals and pores absent on head. belly and upper part of operculum with cy- cloid scales. most separated. excepting those on predorsal area. 6–7. diffi- cult to be discerned from external view. UMTF 1261 (KAUM–I. PDS 22–37. 8. PDS 9–12. Size: 18 cm SL. LR 52–65. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin. 12–14. Body very elongate and compressed. 6–7. 2008 ent. P1 16–17. (K. Dermal cup-like process devel. Malaysia and Singa- pore. in addition to a marks: found in bays and brackish D IX–XVI + I. 29 Oct. Ghaffar & K. frenum absent. in addition to three black off Terengganu. Scales (M. Pel- vic fins united medially. Sensory canals and pores absent on head. 5. 48–51. Color: head tered on cheek. Interorbital space broad.4 cm SL posteriorly. Distribu- tion: Thailand.Periophthalmus argentilineatus canals and pores on head. P1 broad distal submarginal black band. KAUM–I. Some spines of first dorsal fin may be elongate and filamentous. feeds on algal mats oped beneath eye. 30 Sept. frenum low.3 cm SL. longitudinal pattern of sensory- papillae rows on cheek. Remarks: found in schools in Head slightly compressed. Snout intertidal zone of mangrove areas and steep. Size: 2. other part of head naked.204 Mugilogobius tigrinus Larson. Shibukawa) on head and body cycloid. 30 Sept. numerous sensory papillae scat. 1837 and body grayish brown with indis- entirely reddish. head and belly naked. Mugilogobius tigrinus. Periophthalmus novemradiatus. 5. 2.two of them around end of head con- ing slightly beyond a vertical through nected one another at dorsum. Scales on translucent.color of head and body orange yellow (K. Head slightly depressed. 1822) Dusky-gilled Mudskipper D IX–XI + I. Lower to dark grayish brown. Tongue near truncate or rounded. 16552). 2008 most separated with serrated margin. A. Sensory ca- brown speckles. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean. 2008 present on head. forming a lobe-like appearance. 7–9. compressed. compressed posteriorly. 8–9. Size: 2 preopercular margin anteriorly. with numerous minute (Valenciennes. LR 24–27. Gill opening extend. cm SL. PDS 0. Pelvic fins al. UMTF 1505 (KAUM–I. Remarks: found in coral reefs. Body relatively short. P1 15–18. Color: head and body grayish brown with indistinct dusky mottles. skin around pelvic-fin spine thickened. Priolepis semidoliata. Ghaffar & K.or oblique pale bars on head and body. Shibukawa) lindrical or slightly depressed. PDS 20–28. 25–28. yond upper jaw. LR 61–76. Upper jaw projecting anteriorly beyond lower jaw. lower jaw triangu- lar. D VI+I. feeds on small inverte- Pleurosicya labiata. 1. Size: 2. frenum present. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. reduced tribution: Andaman Sea and West Pa. Shibukawa) Pleurosicya labiata (Weber. Andaman Sea and West Pacific.5 cm SL. first dorsal fin with several dusky spots tinged with red. Snout steep. 13 Oct. Color: head and body sub. frenum absent. Dis. Gill opening not extending anteri- orly to a vertical through preopercular margin. 16741). 12–13. A I. P1 11–14. in addi- tion to broad distal submarginal black band. Scales on head and body cycloid. Halfbarred Goby nals and pores absent on head. reduced longitudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on gate. Pelvic fins united medially. frenum present. Color: ground commensal with sponges. Head slightly compressed. lae rows on cheek. Sensory canals and pores Dungun. 205 Periophthalmus novemradiatus (Hamilton. UMTF 1390 (KAUM–I. LR longitudinal pattern of sensory-papil- cific. PDS 9–11. filamentous.4 cm SL Setiu. 1913) D VI+I.4 cm SL head naked. 16388). Size: 10 cm SL. Scales on body ctenoid. Dermal cup-like process devel- oped beneath eye. head naked. Body relatively moderately elongate. 1837) body ctenoid. P1 16–18. Snout point- ed. compressed. Bidong Island. Pelvic fins united Priolepis semidoliata cheek. A I. 7–8. Remarks: found in shallow coral Some spines of first dorsal fin elon. No sensory canals and pores on head. 9–10. medially. 30 Oct.9 cm SL brates and algal mats. 2008 (M. Shibukawa) . A I. (K. Remarks: normally found in large schools on the sand flats of estuaries. Single row of coni- cal teeth on each jaws. several vertical jaw projecting anteriorly a little be. 11–13.reefs. UMTF 1483 (KAUM–I. Body moderately elongate. Head subcy. 24 Sept. estuary near UMT. Tongue bilobate.6 cm SL ing anteriorly beyond a vertical Setiu. Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. Scales ctenoid. Pel- vic fins united medially. (K. brackish estuaries Cendering. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. longitudi. rays of second dorsal and Found in mangrove swamps and on cheek. com- pressed. Body moderately elongate. bottoms. male. Pelvic Pseudogobius javanicus. with free posterior margin across isthmus. P1 18. 1837) Sleepy Goby D VI + I. belly and operclum cycloid. with numerous dusky spots and a two black spots at caudal-fin base. UMTF 1381 (KAUM–I. 16294. LR 24–28. Color: head and body pale caudal fins with several dusky dots. Size: 12 cm TL. excepting those on predorsal area. Color: head and body blackish or grayish brown with indistinct black mottles and lines. Remarks: found in Pseudogobius javanicus. 30 Sept. female. projecting beyond upper jaw.6 cm SL fins united medially. Small lappet over iris. Distribution: West Pa- . 14 Sept.8 cm SL mangrove swamps. Lower jaw prominent. pectoral base. PDS 14–15. Head slightly depressed. Psammogobius biocellatus. Snout rounded. Sensory canals and pores present on head. 2. 2. Head depressed. excepting those on belly and pectoral base cycloid. UMTF 1467 (KAUM–I. Body moderately elongate and subcyrindrical. 2008 Scales ctenoid. KAUM–I. 16752). brackish estuaries with sandy-mud gray. 16494). 8–9. Shibukawa) diagonal dusky bar below first dorsal Size: 3 cm SL. Shibukawa) Pseudogobius javanicus (Bleeker. 7. A I. LR 29– 30. 2008 and adjacent coastal waters with san- dy-mud bottoms. Gill opening extend. A I. frenum pres- ent. compressed. gill membranes united medially. PDS 7–8. 2008 through preopercular margin. Sen- sory canals and pores present on head. 9. black spot at posterior part of first cific and Andaman Sea. 3. (K. 7. 30 Oct. P1 14–16. frenum present.206 Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes. longitudinal pattern of sensory-papil- lae rows on cheek. fin. 1856) Java Fat-nose Goby D VI + I. Remarks: nal pattern of sensory-papillae rows dorsal fin. two black spots at caudal- fin base. frenum present. 1876) Black Spotted Fat-nose Goby D VI+I. ctenoid pos- teriorly. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. projecting beyond upper jaw. Pelvic fins united medially. breast. Gill open- ing not extending anteriorly to a verti- cal through preopercular margin. Sensory canals and pores pres- ent on head. 2 broad. 2. KAUM–I. oper- culum with ctenoid and cycloid scales. 16817. Head subcylindri- cal or slightly compressed. A I. A I.0 cm SL base with cycloid scales. 1935) Rhinohorn Goby D VI + I. 7. rays of sec- ond dorsal and caudal fins with several dusky dots. compressed. 30 Sept. female. 16774). 2008 pectoral base and belly cycloid.3 cm SL Scales ctenoid. 2. 16803. 2008 operculum with ctenoid scales. Shibukawa) Redigobius balteatus (Herre. 2 Nov. pale beige ventrally. Scales on body cycloid or weak ctenoid anteriorly. Size: 4 cm SL. UMTF 1271 (KAUM–I. PDS 9–11. Body relatively deep. KAUM–I. 2008 (K. Remarks: Found in mangrove swamps and brackish es- tuaries with sandy-mud bottoms. longitudinal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. LR 25– 26. Body moderately elon- gate. Pseudogobius melanostictus. longitudinal pattern of sensory- papillae rows on cheek. (K. dorsal part of Merang. LR 27–28. 6–7. P1 17–19. 2008 . Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin. 3. irregular black stripes on first dorsal fin. a conspicuous. 16486). Pseudogobius melanostictus. Remarks: found in mangrove swamps and brackish estu- aries. 207 Pseudogobius melanostictus (Day. Sensory canals and pores present on head. Color: head and body pale gray. 3. 7. Snout rounded. cheek naked. a narrow diagonal black band from eye to middle of operculum. compressed. male. Shibukawa) Redigobius balteatus. P1 14–15. 7–8. Pelvic fins united medially. Head slightly de- pressed. broad diago- nal black bar from first dorsal fin to belly. Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. with numerous dusky spots. Size: 3 cm SL. 3 Dec. frenum present. belly and pectoral-fin Redigobius balteatus.6 cm SL estuary near UMT. UMTF 1426 (KAUM–I. Col- or: ground color of head and body grayish yellow dorsally. excepting those on estuary near UMT. 2 Nov. PDS 7–8.4 cm SL Merang. 2008 nape. Distri- bution: West Pacific. 7. LR 73–94. frenum present. Gill distal part of first dorsal fin just be- opening relatively narrow.5 cm SL Scales ctenoid. 40–50. excepting those . pelvic fins united medially. but con- Valenciennea muralis. 29 Oct. many small black spots on caudal fin.208 Stigmatogobius pleurostigma (Bleeker. Lower jaw not projecting stripes. 2009 Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical through preopercular margin.marks: found on shallow coastal ing pointed fin. PDS 0. Sensory canals and pores absent Valenciennea muralis on belly and breast. 2008 rays emarginated posteriorly. Eye reduced. Head sub.5 cm SL ish estuaries. Scales on body cycloid. 9. Body relatively short. Shibukawa) Scales small ctenoid. P1 17–21. 11–13. if present. A I. Shibukawa) cylindrical. Body moder. 11–13. 7–8. 17. LR 80–115. a small black spot between first and second spines of first dorsal fin. Re. Pelvic fins separated. Re- first dorsal fin slightly elongate. rubbles. 13. form. (K. P1 18– lae rows on cheek. excepting those on Setiu. 1837) head and pectoral-fin base naked. Jaws subequal. Trypauchen vagina. frenum low. Body very elongate and compressed. 17302. on head. body entirely reddish. compressed. Color: head and sory canals and pores present on head. Caudal fin rounded. Color: head and marks: found in bays and brackish 21. black spot at anteriorly beyond upper jaw. waters with flat sandy bottoms and frenum absent. lips yellowish.1 cm SL necting membrane between innermost Cendering. 1849) Peach Knight Goby D VI + I. numerous sensory papillae (Valenciennes. Pelvic fins fused medialy. head na- ked. 17300. PDS 0. 16500. P1 15–20. opercle. Size: 6 cm SL. Sen- scattered on cheek.body pale gray or pale beige. 16739). restricted hind third spine. 3. with 4-5 estuaries with muddy bottom. compressed. D VI + I. KAUM–I. darkened dorsally. breast and pectoral-fin base cycloid. Size: 15 cm SL. Color: head and body grayish brown or beige. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin. transvers rows of sensory papillae on cheek. A pouch-like cavity just above opercu- lum. Shibukawa) off Terengganu (KT). 2009 large specimen). 20 Jan. Sensory canals and pores present on head.longitudinal narrow pink or dusky (K. Size: 10 cm SL. UMTF 1237 (KAUM–I. 1801) Pink Worm Goby D VI. KAUM–I. Third spine of tribution: Indo-West Pacific. 6 Oct. KAUM–I. Middle some spines of first dorsal fin elon- gate. Mural Goby longitudinal pattern of sensory-papil- Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Dis- to pectoral-fin base. Anterior margin of tongue rounded. Stigmatogobius pleurostigma. Head compressed. forming tall pointed fin. A39–47. 20 Jan. difficult to be dis- cerned from external view. Remarks: found in mangrove creeks and brack- Trypauchen vagina.9 cm SL tional black spots frequently found in off Terengganu (KT). A I. Head slightly com- pressed. PDS 7–13. ately elongate. LR 23–28. (K. a series of black spots on midlateral body (some addi. cycloid. small not extending anteriorly to a vertical black spot on dorsal part of caudal fin. distinct black 25–30. 9. compressed. UMTF 1304 (KAUM–I. Sensory canals and pores Sensory canals and pores present on present on head. Pelvic fins separated. brackish ocellated spot on rear part of first dor. (K. 31 Oct. UMTF 1038 (KAUM–I. prepelvic region and pectoral-fin sandy-mud or soft mud bottom in breast and pectoral-fin base cycloid. Gill opening relatively narrow. Sensory canals and pores present on head. cycloid. longitudi- nal pattern of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. 16766). LR 71–94. small ctenoid. Distribu- bright blue oblique stripe through D VI + I. 8. several sky spots on cheek and operculum. Scales Size: 10 cm SL.8 cm SL Bidong Island. through preopercular margin. Caudal fin rhomboid. Distribution: Indo. P1 17–19. Body moder- ately elongate. PDS 0. 1867) Ward's Goby D VI + I. Shibukawa) brown. A I. 5. found in mangrove creeks. (K. LR 70–88. (K. PDS 0. 17191. with (Forsskål. Re- marks: found on flat sandy-mud bot- toms with rubbles in shallow coastal waters. longitudinal pattern head. Shibukawa) Valenciennea wardii (Playfair. Body moderately elon. Body moder- ately elongate. with two dusky three broad vertical brown bars and saddles and three large dusky midlat- some small brown saddles. gate. longitudinal pattern of sensory. Jaws subequal. if present. bays. Head slightly compressed. narrow lon- gitudinal faint pinkish stripe on body. P1 19– 22. 11–13. P1 19– 21. frenum absent. 12 Oct. Remarks: found on Scales ctenoid. head naked. Lower jaw not projecting anteriorly beyond upper jaw. prepelvic re- gion and pectoral-fin base. Lower jaw not projecting anteriorly beyond upper jaw. 11–13. 2008 dorsal fin rounded. 11–12. papillae rows on cheek. black spot on distal part of first dorsal Valenciennea wardii. Color: head and body pale gray or pale beige. Color: head Yongeichthys nebulosus some rows multiple. excepting those on bel.5 cm SL fin just behind third spine. 4. compressed. posterior part of caudal fin pressed. without elongate spines. Head slightly com. Head slightly compressed. frenum present. PDS 0. First Setiu.9 cm SL restricted to pectoral-fin base. restricted to pectoral-fin base. Size: 10 cm SL. excepting those on ly. with pale distal margin. Third Valenciennea sexguttata. Scales small ctenoid. 1837) Sixspot Goby D VI + I. West Pacific. 5 Jan. 1775) gray or pale brown. Color: body pale and body pale gray or pale beige. frenum absent. 16616). Caudal fin rounded. A I. Pelvic . 209 Valenciennea sexguttata (Valenciennes. ex- cepting those on belly. 11–12. Yongeichthys nebulosus. Shibukawa) head naked. Remarks: cheek and operculum. Gill opening dy-mud bottoms. if present. Size: 15 cm off Terengganu (KR). A I. estuaries and protected bays with san- sal fin. base. fins united medially. of sensory-papillae rows on cheek. KAUM–I. head naked. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. LR tion: Indo-West Pacific. compressed. a narrow Shadow Goby eral spots. 2009 SL. 9. Gill opening relatively narrow. Pelvic fins separated. cycloid. forming pointed fin. 2008 spine of first dorsal fin slightly elon- gate. 18 cm SL. Head compressed. A I.0 cm SL line through middle of operculum. first with IV–VI flexible spines and second with single flexible spine and 9–39 and some species of Ptereleotris with forming single row in each jaw. sometimes highly compressed. head more or less com- pressed. Lower jaw slightly projecting anteri- orly beyond upper jaw. P1 15–17. man Sea. UMTF 1266 (KAUM–I. continuous to dark brown cies.210 PTERELEOTRIDAE Dart Gobies By Koichi Shibukawa Small to moderate-sized (up to ca. minute sensory papillae developed scales mostly embedded and non-imbricate on head (and few on body and caudal fin). 13–15. subcylindrical or rather depressed with 10–25 soft rays. cycloid (except for Nemateleotris area: Blenniidae – teeth incisor-like. commonly to 10 cm). Pelvic fins beige. free swimming spe- pattern of sensory-papillae rows on caudal fin. pelvic fins separated Usually two dorsal fins (continuous in one species of Ptereleotris). Cendering. caudal fin rounded. Remarks: found in shal- head naked. if cate or often emarginate. head compressed ing some or several rows in each jaw. pectoral fin nonimbricate. Scales on body small cy. forming transverse or longitu. northwestern Australia and cloid. no pored or tubed lateral-line scales on body. Teeth conical. bottom-oriented free swimming fish- es. Parioglossus formosus (Smith. 1931) Beautiful Hover Goby D V–VI + I. head spine and 14–37 soft rays. PDS 0. Scales small Similar families occurring in the present.5 cm SL. trun. mostly embedded and otridae – six branchiostegal rays. scales. Remarks: typically found in coral in many species. compressed. 13–15. imbricate in most species. Gobiidae – pelvic fins rays in each. anal fin with single flexible ctenoid scales). Color: head and body pale stripe on dorsal part of caudal fin. dal fin through eye and ventral half of West Pacific. from snout to posterior margin of cau. scales imbricate in rated. usually forming aggregations. reduced transverse dorsal profile from snout to base of at high-tide hour. Several most species. 2. 16340). Color: variable. species often treated as aquarium fish. additional black stripe along low coastal area of coral or rocky reefs present on head. Gill opening not extending anteriorly to a vertical Parioglossus formosus. Distribution: Anda- separated. LR 66–78. with single spine and 3–5 soft reefs and brackish estuaries. pelvic fins sepa. 16 Sept. Body elon- gate. cheek. 5 branchiostegals dinal rows. form. five branchiostegal rays. Sensory canals and pores body. with a longitudinal black stripe Size: 3. embedded and non-imbricate. . Ele- soft rays. Body elongate. usually united medially. 2008 Middle some spine of first dorsal fin slightly elongate in male. 5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Scales relatively large and smooth. anal fin with III spines and anal fin with III. rays. 6 Dec. Dorsal fin single or deeply notched before soft-rayed part. 4 to 5 vertical dark bars frequently on body. fins dusky. A III. jaws cov- ered with bands of slender setiform or compressed teeth. or small and cte. with XI or XII Remarks: occurring in various reaching posterior part of anal fin base. pectoral fins rounded and usually shorter than head. anal large and smooth. its length shorter than half of body depth. upper jaw not protrusible. 19–20. Chaetodontidae – dorsal fin with VI– with IV spines and 13–17 soft rays. – dorsal fin notched or divided to base vertical dark bars. 16900. harbors. Scatophagidae yellowish silvery. Mouth small. strongly compressed. 19–38 short. orbicular upper jaw not protrusible. with V–IX spines and 19–38 soft rays. or Similar families occurring in the rudimentary or absent. Single dorsal fin with a deep notch before soft rayed part. keted fresh but with small commercial fin with III–V spines and 15–24 soft noid. silvery blue-green. Body orbicular. frequently with area: Drepaenidae – upper jaw great. Size: maximum size 20 cm. Mouth small. (K. pec- toral fins shorter than head. 1787) Spadefish D IX. Color: head and body silvery blue-green. Ephippus orbis (Bloch. 11. caudal fin truncate or wedge shaped. rear end of upper jaw not reaching body deep. north to southern Japan. 15–27 15–27 soft rays. Distribu- tion: tropical regions of the Indo-West Pacific from India to Indonesia. Lateral line complete. Body deep. Scales tuaries. P1 18–19. Monodactylidae – pelvic fins adults silvery. and coral reefs. Pre- opercle distinctly serrate with a wide naked margin. 15–17. spines and 15–18 soft rays. vertical through anterior edge of eye. Matsuura) Ephippus orbis. Head single dorsal fin with V–IX. pectoral fins elongate before soft rayed part. Lateral line complete. Color: importance. orbicu- lar and strongly compressed. 211 EPHIPPIDAE Spadefishes (Batfishes) By Keiichi Matsuura and Seishi Kimura Medium sized (up to 20 cm) marine fishes. XVII spines and 14–34 soft rays. KAUM–I. jaws covered with bands of slender incisiform teeth. LL 39–43. 2008 . interorbital region and anterior part of head naked or head covered with scales. Mar. anal fin shallow water habitats including es. ly protrusible. upper jaw not reaching posteriorly vertical through anterior edge of eye. head length less than half of body depth. 2008 . (S. A III. Five pores on each side of lower jaw. 17059. Juveniles appear in mangrove areas. Snout short. Color: body yellowish silver with 2 vertical black bands in adults. LL 44–52. 24 Dec. Caudal fin trun- cate. no teeth on vomer or palatines. middle cusp larger than lateral cusps. 20. P1 16–18. Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. mimic floating leaves. juvenile reddish brown with small white ocellii on body. 34–39. strongly compressed. 1775) Copper Batfish D V. Tricuspid teeth on jaws. 25–29. KAUM–I. Body orbicular. Remarks: found on near reefs in adults. Size: maximum length 50 cm. Kimura) Platax orbicularis.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). dorsal con- tour somewhat concave in large adults.212 Platax orbicularis (Forsskål. 14–15. first dorsal fin spine procum- bent. jaws protrusible. Mouth small. deep notch between spinous and soft Marketed fresh but with small com. 16–18. many black spots or bars. jaws protrusible. its diameter slightly shorter than snout length. Dorsal fin body deep with XI or XII spines and 16–18 soft and compressed rays. Distribution: tropical regions of In- do-West Pacific. 1766) Spotted Scat D XI. 3 Jan. snout rounded. parts of dorsal fin. Remarks: euryha- line fish commonly found in estuarine ecosystem extended to uppermost streams freshwater river tributaries. However. 2009 rial and detritus). Anal fin with IV spines and 13–16 soft rays. anal fin with IV. or with 5–6 wide dark. Teeth villiform. P1 16. Scatophagus argus. 16–18 steeply ascending to dorsal fin ori- gin. Body quadrangular. A. reach- ing to 32 cm. terminal. 17148. a deep notch between spinous and soft portions of dorsal fin. Eye relatively large. making several rows on jaws. jaws protrusible. strongly com- pressed. Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus. A IV. villiform mouth small. 13–16 truncate or slightly emarginated in adults. no harbors. teeth in several rows on jaws. Size: maximum size 35 cm. Color: ground color of head and body greenish. Color: head mercial importance. Setiu. ter- minal. 9. Dorsal profile of head steeply ascending to dorsal fin origin. recent research finding denoted that they are omnivo. Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. parts of dorsal fin. Head and body covered with small cycloid scales. juveniles with a few large round blotches being almost equal to eye in size. adults with less distinct dark blotches or markings. (K. its diameter slightly shorter than snout length. backwardly pointed spine. Pectoral fin with 16 or 17 soft rays. pectoral fins elon- and body greenish or silvery with Similar families occurring in gate. jaws not protrusible. the area: Chaetodontidae – lacking a Pomacanthidae – preopercle with a Remarks: occurring in estuaries. and lower reaches of rivers. Drepaenidae – anal fin with III spines. Matsuura & M. 213 SCATOPHAGIDAE Scats By Keiichi Matsuura and Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar Body greatly compressed. vertical bars. Mouth small. Dorsal profile of head dorsal fin with XI–XII. snout rounded. Ghaffar) .3 cm SL rous (subsisting mainly on plant mate. KAUM–I. deep notch between spinous and soft strong. Named based on their feeding habit (Scat / human feces feeder = Scato + phagus). Eye not protrusible relatively large. villiform teeth in several rows on jaws. reaching beyond anal fin origin. Seishi Kimura and Mizuki Matsunuma Body oval. a single row of compressed.5 in longest anal-fin spine. vic fins. Anal fin with VII spines and 9 soft rays. Some spe. Caudal fin slightly con- cave in individuals smaller than 10 cm SL. cycloid scales. Pelvic fins with an inner and outer spines and separated 3 soft rays. 9 tern. Fin spines with a pair of grooves containing venom glands. its depth 2. Size: maximum size 40 cm. 23 Sept. Body oval. 9. and other species with drab mottled pat- anal fin with VII. 9.9 in SL. (K.3 cm SL Dungun.5–1 times in longest dor- sal-fin spine. 5 Dec. incisiform teeth recumbent on jaws. tidae – I spine and 5 soft rays in pel- cies found in coral reefs and others Marketed fresh. relatively slender. Matsuura) Siganus fuscescens. silvery on off Terengganu (KT). A VII. 1782) Mottled Spinefoot D XIII. longest dor- sal-fin ray 0. Body covered with small. northward to the Ryukyu Islands. 18. 16375). recumbent spine. and southward to northern Australia. 16844. Color: greatly variable. preceded by embed- ded. 10. strongly compressed. Remarks: dwelling on bottom marily herbivorous. Soft parts of dorsal and anal fins low.7 cm SL brown on sides and back. and becoming more concave with growth. in mangroves and seagrass beds.214 SIGANIDAE Rabbitfishes By Keiichi Matsuura. Mouth small. 10 reaching to 55 cm. single dorsal fin with usually XIII. Similar families occurring in the Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn. Color: species inhab- iting coral reefs having bright color with reticulations and markings. 2008 ventral half.3–1. jaws not protrusible. many small light blue spots scattered on head and body. Last anal-fin spine 1. traps. Dorsal fin with XIII spines spine and 10 soft rays. common- ly to 25 cm. Caught by bottom area: Acanthuridae and Chaetodon- in shallow coastal waters. set nets and by spear. P1 15–17.3– 2. ter- minal. Pri. Distribution: western coast of Malay Peninsula and West Pa- cific from Thailand eastward to New Caledonia.trawlers. KAUM–I. UMTF 1104 (KAUM–I. 2008 . but body ground color olive green or light Siganus fuscescens. 2008 40 cm. becoming paler ventrally. Caudal fin emarginate but moderately forked in large adults. often in brackish waters espe- cially sea grass and mangrove areas. Matsuura) Siganus punctatus (Schneider & Forster. Last dorsal fin spine 1.7 cm SL fin rays. 16 Dec. Body off Terengganu (KT). longest anal-fin Siganus javus. A VII. 21 Oct. 2008 deep and compressed. Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific from the Per- sian Gulf through the Malay Peninsula eastward to Vanuatu. 17083.6 in fourth to sixth spine. P1 15–17. 16.3 in SL. and southward to north- ern Australia.5 cm SL ray subequal to longest anal-fin spine. Except for short first spine. Scales minute. 2008 Caudal fin slightly concave. Body oval. 215 Siganus guttatus (Bloch. strongly compressed. marks: inhabits shallow coastal waters longest dorsal-fin ray subequal to en spots scattered on head. below origin of lateral line.3 slightly shorter than longest dorsal-fin caudal fin. 10. longer than longest dor- sal-fin spine. Soft parts of dorsal and anal fins moderately high. A VII. Size: maximum size 50 cm. Last anal-fin deeply forked with rounded tips in mum size 45 cm. 10. Caudal fin emarginate in young. UMTF 1005 (KAUM–I. 17027. (K. Size: maximum length about off Terengganu (KT). commonly to 25 cm. A VII. KAUM–I.7 cm SL D XIII. Re- dorsal and anal fins moderately high. Last dorsal fin spine 1. body. Last anal-fin spine longest. silvery blue undulating lines on ven- tral half of body. 28 Dec. 1787) Orangespotted Spinefoot D XIII. Body relatively deep. its depth 1. Matsunuma) . Fifth to eighth dor- sal-fin spine longest. 1801) Goldspotted Spinefoot Siganus punctatus. Scales minute. 16674). 10. 23. its depth 2.3 in SL. Color: many large to medium-sized orange to bronze spots scattered laterally on body with a bright yellow spot at base of last few dorsal. Distribu- tion: Andaman Sea and western Pacif- ic. Size: maxi- fourth to seventh spine. Distribution: eastern spine typically longest. 9. numerous gold. Color: Indian Ocean and western Pacific. P1 16–17. Remarks: inhabits shallow coastal waters.0–2. a large deep brown blotch in SL.3 in spine. all anal-fin spines similar in length.1–1. Soft parts of large adults. head and body brown. 9. Kimura) Siganus javus (Linnaeus. Siganus guttatus. many gun-metal blue spots on head and dorsal half of body. 1766) Streaked Spinefoot D XIII. somewhat concave above eye. Color: dark bronze on dorsal half.8–2. its depth 1. commonly to 30 cm. dorsal pro- file of head steep anteriorly. and at depths of 3–50 m.2–1.9–2. (M. P1 15–17. 9. Kemaman. Marketed fresh. 9. KAUM–I. Snout short. northward to the Philippines. (S. 17156. 13. 2008 . these dark bands containing light blue small spots and short lines. Re- marks: inhabits shallow coastal wa- ters. 10. its depth 1. from southern India to northern Aus- tralia. around coral reefs. Color: a dark brown band running from nape through eye to chin. Body oval. KAUM–I.8–2. Size: Siganus virgatus. KAUM–I. Kimura) Siganus virgatus. strongly compressed. Fifth to sev- enth dorsal-fin spine longest. 4 Jan. A VII. Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. another from fourth to fifth dorsal-fin spine bases to pectoral-fin base. silver white ventrally. 16 Dec.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 1835) Doublebarred Spinefoot D XIII.3 in SL. north to southern Japan.216 Siganus virgatus (Valenclennes. P1 16–17. Caudal fin emarginate. 2009 monly 20 cm. 17026. 16. (S. 9.3 cm SL maximum length about 33 cm. Redang Island. Juveniles often enter mangrove areas. dorsal profile of head convex. orange to yellow dorsally with light blue spots. Snout moderate. com. posterior to second band. Third or fourth anal-fin spine usually longest. Andaman Sea. area: Siganidae – pelvic fin with 2 with a long filament from 3rd spine. KAUM–I. Mouth small. . Acanthurinae. 17. 23–24. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Caudal peduncle with 1 folding spine. 17155.7 cm SL overall. Dorsal fin continuous with IV–IX spines and 19–33 soft rays. anal fin with Acanthurus mata (Cuvier. premaxilla not protractile. terminal. GR 13–15. 2. 24–26. dorsal fin generally at depths less than 100 m. 4 Jan. caudal peduncle slender. Eye high on head. no spine or keels on caudal peduncle. Ryukyu Islands and New Caledonia. 2009 commonly to 35 cm. Redang Island.5 in SL. Small close-set teeth on jaws. Prionurinae and Nasi. P1 16–17. Body deep. den- ticulate on all of margin. including the Red Sea. Zanclidae – snout protrud- coral reefs or over rocky substrata. Anal fin with II or III spines and 18–28 soft rays. Caudal fin emarginated to lu- nate. 217 ACANTHURIDAE Surgeonfishes By Hisashi Imamura High-bodied. teeth fixed.5– 8. but some species very color- ful. with expand- ed incurved tips. Color: body gray to brown with lengthwise blue lines on head and body. compressed marine single dorsal fin with X–XI. 1829) Elongate Surgeonfish D IX. Remarks: acanthurids occur on nae. a small blackish spot at upper end of gill opening. dorsal fin with 13 spines. 19–33 fishes (up to 75 cm) with very small ctenoid scales. Mouth small. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 3 or 5 soft rays. the caudal concavity 5. premaxilla protractile. A III. Similar family occurring in the ing.0 in SL. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. no teeth on roof of mouth. Size: maximum length 50 cm.1–2. with 16 principal rays. Pectoral fin with 14–18 rays. elongate in adults. 7 spines. Remarks: occur- ring on rocky and coral reefs. Capable of changing body color to pale bluish Acanthurus mata. caudal peduncle Color: usually predominantly brown to gray. It is divisible into 3 subfamilies: the spines and 3 soft rays between them. preceded by a yellow band that continues in front of eye as a double band. Side of sharp spine on caudal peduncle with sharp spine(s). or to just below anterior margin. A medium-sized species. 26. Distribution: widely maxilla just reaching to below anterior distributed in Indo-West Pacific. Maxilla ei- ther not reaching anterior margin of eye. First gill arch without East Africa and Red Sea to Vanuatu gill raker. dark gray dorsally. handlines. Marketed fresh. Gill rakers. Marketed fresh. with silvery down to depths of 100 m. 16466). A II. from East Jordan & Seale. snout long and pointed. Caudal fin blackish lines. subcylindrical. Last rays of second dorsal and New Caledonia. GR 0. Remarks: inhabits bays and with penultimate rays. 8. posterior tip of length 90 cm. as short spinules. Sphyraena forsteri. Size: maximum length about 65 cm. 1829 Bigeye Barracuda D V + I. Size: maximum Snout long. Two short dorsal sharp canines near tip of lower jaw fins. reflections. 21. subcylindrical. LL 112–133. without a pair of lobes at posterior margin. Caudal fin typically forked in all stag- es. al line on body. 9. sharp flattened or conical teeth mouth large on jaws. Mouth hori. upper part of second Sphyraena putnamae. paler or white ventrally. Africa to the Marquesas Islands. widely separated. 2008 darkish. caudal fin estuary near UMT. 1905 head and body dark brown dorsally. a dusky blotch present behind axil of pectoral fins.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). from margin of eye. KAUM–I. each bearing distinct small spines. pelagic to demersal fishes in tropical Similar families occurring in the Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier. Seishi Kimura and Mizuki Matsunuma Body elongate. Color: head and body silvery white. usually 1 or 2 canine teeth on tip of lower jaw. Remarks: inhabits Sawtooth Barracuda dark chevron markings crossing later- coral reefs. the second with I spine and 9 soft rays.218 SPHYRAENIDAE Barracudas By Keiichi Matsuura. 17079. LLp 124–134. 27 Dec. Most members of area: Atherinidae and Mugilidae – spines and 7–9 soft rays. snout pointed. without bars and stripes on body sides. Remarks: carnivorous pike-like. Body elongate. north to southern and anal fin elongate in comparison Japan. Matsunuma) GR 0. set nets or trawls. 1 or 2 at angle of gill arch. Color: gray to blue.4 cm SL dorsal fin dusky yellow. (S. D V + I. also dried-salted. large. if present. gill nets. large. 29 Sept. Head long. Pelvic-fin origin ante. 2 dorsal fins separated zontal. commonly to 50 cm. Caudal fin turbid inner lagoons. (M. Anal fin with II and temperate seas. north silvery white ventrally. UMTF 1352 (KAUM–I. 9. Caught mostly by hand. 2008 First gill arch with many platelets. Caught by small mouth without canine teeth. reaching to 170 cm. pointed. but also in the surface of open seas or ver body. Distribu- tion: widespread in the tropical and Sphyraena putnamae rior to origin of first dorsal fin. but having a short snout and or light brown dorsally. origin of pelvic fins before first dorsal-fin origin. A II. slightly com- pressed. Caudal fin Sphyraenidae found in coastal areas having 2 separate dorsal fins and sil- deeply forked. deeply forked. 7–9. without white tips. Color: subtropical Indo-Pacific. the first with IV spines located above or slightly behind pelvic fins. Many typical to southern Japan. Kimura) . Body elongate. lower jaw projecting. 2 standard length. Lower hind margin of gill cover concave. 1758 Largehead Hairtail D III. especially strong species of tropical and temperate wa. ta- pering to a point posteriorly. 124–138. Preanal length less than 1/2 water rises. caudal and pelvic fins absent. Dorsal mouth large. but often collected even low hyaline in fresh. 2008 No scales on body.8 m. without a notch be- tween spinous and soft parts. A single nasal opening on each side of head. Mouth large. Remarks: basically offshore wa. 51. in Aphanopus and Lepidopus. 16972. and another pair near tip of lower jaw. Pelvic fins reduced to a yellow. ribbon-like. Distribu.0 cm TL eral line. fins. ters. fang-like in ante. Anal metallic silvery or more or less brown eating. with a ta- pered tail or small forked caudal body extremely elongate and compressed single nostril fin (up to over 2 m). ters. jaws not protractile. a single series of sharp. . Body extremely elongate and strongly compressed. pectoral fins semi-transparent. although the flesh is scanty. Teeth extremely strong. fin low or reduced to short spinules. 11 Dec. with fin low and long. 2008 cess at tip of each jaw. 150 m depth. mouth large. trils on each side of head. Eye large. depth of ca. 219 TRICHIURIDAE Cutlassfishes By Mizuki Matsunuma Body remarkably elongate and compressed. its anterior spinous part shorter than posterior soft part. 16971. tinental shelves and slopes and under- canthus). beginning shortly strong canine teeth behind eye. Dorsal fin high and long. tion: considered as a cosmopolitan coastal area. compressed lateral teeth in both jaws. lower jaw extends anterior to upper jaw. KAUM–I. with a dermal pro. other mum length about 1. Color: body generally to warm-temperate waters. pec. Usually no distinct marks or the area: Gempylidae – double nos- scale-like spine (plus a rudimentary blotches on body. Color: fresh speci- mens steel blue with silvery reflection. Excellent by a shallow notch sometimes. ribbon-like. pelvic fins absent or reduced to a scale-like spine rior part of upper jaw and sometimes in anterior part of lower jaw. Marketed mostly fresh or salted. Lateral line single. P1 10–12. 43. A II. Caudal fin either small and forked or toral fin semi transparent. absent (in Trichiurus and Leptura. 105–108. Trichiurus lepturus. off Terengganu (KT). 2 dorsal ray in Benthodesmus) or completely Remarks: benthopelagic on con. 11 Dec. but extend beyond lat. found in tropical parts continous mostly or interrupted Scales absent. KAUM–I. Trichiurus lepturus. absent. of about 2 000 m. pectoral fin rather short. Size: maxi. minute teeth on palatines. and occurs in somewhat deeper fins sometimes tinged with pale yel. Pectoral fins short and low anal fins sometimes tinged with pale Similar families occurring in in position. in mangrove or estuary basin and to a yellow just after death. 2 or 3 pairs of enlarged fangs with barbs near tip of upper jaw. dorsal and sometimes also frozen.0 cm TL off Terengganu (KT). from the surface to a depth Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus. 220 SCOMBRIDAE Mackerels and Tunas By Seishi Kimura and Mizuki Matsunuma Medium to large sized marine 2 dorsal fins separated fishes, maximum size over 5 m. Body relatively elongate and fusi- finlets present behind form, moderately compressed. Snout dorsal and anal fins pointed, upper jaw not protrusible. Caudal peduncle slender with 2 or more lateral keels on each side. Two dorsal fins, the first usually short based with IX–XXVII spines, sepa- rated from or apparently contiguous lateral keels on to the second. Finlets (5–12 each) caudal peduncle present behind second dorsal and anal fins. Caudal fin deeply forked. dark green dorsally, silvery white ven- III–VIII; II detached anal-fin spines; Pectoral fins inserted high on body. trally. Usually dark vertical or longitu- scutes developed along posterior part Pelvic fins relatively small with I dinal bands and/or spots on sides. of lateral line in most species. Gem- spine and 5 soft rays, located below Remarks: typical pelagic fishes; pylidae – body dark brown to brown pectoral fins. Body covered with smaller fishes usually inhabits inshore dorsally without distinct marks or small to medium cycloid scales or waters; large tunas, Thunnus, transoce- blotches; no keels on caudal pedun- a corselet developed on area behind anic migrants. Important food fishes. cle except Lepidocybium. head and pectoral fins. Lateral line Similar families occurring in the present. Color: body dark blue or area: Carangidae – dorsal-fin spines Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810) Bullet Tuna D X–XI + 10–12; A 12–13; P1 22– 23; GR 43–48. Body robust, elongate and rounded. Teeth small and conical, in a single series. Second dorsal fin followed by 8 finlets; anal fin fol- lowed by 7 finlets; pectoral fin short, not reaching vertical line from anterior margin of scaleless area above corse- Auxis rochei rochei, KAUM–I. 17227, 24.8 cm SL let; a large, single-pointed flap (inter- off Terengganu (KT), 12 Jan. 2009 pelvic process) between pelvic fins. Body naked except for corselet; corse- let well developed posteriorly, extend- ing beyond vertical through second dorsal fin origin. A strong central keel on each side of caudal-fin base be- tween 2 smaller keels. Color: back bluish, turning to deep purple or al- most black on head; scaleless area with pattern of 15 or more fairly broad, nearly vertical dark bars; belly white; pectoral and pelvic fins purple. Size: maximum 40 cm, commonly to Auxis rochei rochei, UMTF 1899, 23.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 11 Jan. 2009 35 cm FL. Distribution: a cosmopoli- tan species of tropical and temperate waters except for the eastern Pacific. Remarks: caught with seines, lift nets, pole-and-line, and by trolling. Marketed fresh. (M. Matsunuma) 221 Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Kawakawa D XI–XIV + 12–13; A 12–14; P1 25–27; GR 31–34; V 39. Body robust and fusiform, somewhat elongate. Jaws with small conical teeth in a sin- gle series; no vomerine teeth. Caudal peduncle with a large lateral keel and caudal-fin base with 2 small keels. Two dorsal fins separated by only a narrow interspace. Eight to 10 dorsal Euthynnus affinis, UMTF 1886, 29.3 cm SL and 6–8 anal finlets. Pectoral fins off Terengganu (KT), 25 Dec. 2008 short; 2 flaps between pelvic fins (in- terpelvic process). Body naked except for corselet and lateral line. Color: head and body dark blue dorsally, sil- very-white ventrally. Dark blue oblique stripes dorsolaterally on posterior body. Several black spots between pectoral and pelvic fins. Size: maximum length about 100 cm, commonly to 60 cm FL. Distribution: widely distributed in warm waters of Indo-Pacific. Re- marks: inhabits coastal waters and around offshore islands. Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and smoked. (S. Kimura) Euthynnus affinis, KAUM–I. 17068, 28.3 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 26 Dec. 2008 Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) Indian Mackerel D VIII–XI + 11–13; A I, 11–12; P1 19–22; LGR 30–46. Body slightly deep, compressed. Head longer than body depth. Maxilla covered by lacri- mal bone. Adipose eyelid well devel- oped. Gill rakers very long, visible when mouth is opened. Caudal fin base with 2 small lateral keels. Two dorsal fins widely separated. Anal fin spine rudimentary. Five or six dorsal Rastrelliger kanagurta, KAUM–I. 17002, 13.8 cm SL and anal finlets. Pectoral fins short; a off Terengganu (KT), 14 Dec. 2008 small single flap between pelvic fins (interpelvic process). Body covered with small scales. Color: head and body bluish green dorsally, silvery- white ventrally. One or two rows of small, dark spots dorsolaterally on body. First dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins yellowish. Size: maximum length 35 cm, commonly to 25 cm FL. Dis- tribution: widely distributed in Indo- West Pacific, from South Africa and Red Sea to Samoa, north to southern Japan. Remarks: found in coastal wa- ters. Feeds on macrozooplanktons. Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and Rastrelliger kanagurta, UMTF 1885, 15.8 cm SL smoked. (S. Kimura) off Terengganu (KT), 25 Dec. 2008 222 Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800) Narrowbarred Spanish Mackerel D XV–XVIII + 15–20; A 16–21; P1 21–24; GR 0–2 + 1–8 = 1–8, V 19–20 + 23–27 = 42–46. Body elongate, strongly compressed. Upper jaw reaching to or extending slightly be- yond posterior margin of eye. Teeth on Scomberomorus commerson, KAUM–I. 16943, 15.0 cm SL jaws strong with finely serrated edge. off Terengganu (KT), 11 Dec. 2008 Caudal peduncle with a large lateral keel and caudal-fin base with 2 small keels. Two dorsal fins scarcely sepa- rated. Eight to 11 dorsal and 7–12 anal finlets. Pectoral fins short, pointed. Body covered with small scales. A single lateral line abruptly bent down- ward below posterior end of dorsal-fin base. Color: head and body bluish sil- ver dorsally, silvery-white ventrally. Scomberomorus commerson, UMTF 1893, 14.4 cm SL Many vertical dark bars on body. Size: off Terengganu (KT), 11 Jan. 2009 maximum length 220 cm, commonly to 90 cm FL. Distribution: widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa and Red Sea to Fiji, north to Japan. Remarks: found in coastal waters. Feeds on fishes. Marketed mainly fresh. (S. Kimura) Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) Bigeye Tuna D XIV–XV + 13–15; A 13–15; P1 32–35; GR 26–28. Body robust, fusi- Thunnus obesus, UMTF 1901, 26.2 cm SL form, slightly compressed. Two dorsal off Terengganu (KT), 12 Jan. 2009 fins, separated only by a narrow inter- space, with 8–10 finlets; pectoral fins very long, its tip reaching to extending beyond vertical through second dorsal fin origin; 2 flaps (interpelvic process) between pelvic fins; anal fin followed by 7–10 finlets. Very small scales on body; corselet of larger and thicker scales developed, but not very distinct. Caudal peduncle with a strong lateral keel between 2 smaller keels. Ventral surface of liver striated. Color: back metallic dark blue, lower sides and belly whitish; a lateral iridescent blue band runs along sides in live speci- Thunnus obesus, KAUM–I. 17228, 26.0 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 12 Jan. 2009 mens; first dorsal fin deep yellow, sec- ond dorsal and anal fins light yellow, finlets bright yellow edged with black. tion: worldwide in tropical and sub- face to depths of 250 m. Marketed Size: maximum length over 200 cm, tropical waters. Remarks: a pelagic fresh. (M. Matsunuma) commonly to 180 cm FL. Distribu- oceanic species, taken from the sur- 223 STROMATEIDAE Butterfishes By Seishi Kimura Medium sized (up to 60 cm) marine fishes. Body strongly deep and compressed. Snout short, blunt. Mouth small, terminal or slightly in- ferior, not protractile. Teeth on jaws uniserial, small and flattened with caudal fin forked or mouth small, emarginate 3 minute cusps. No teeth on vomer not protractile or palatines. Gill membranes joined to breast (Pampus) or not usually connected to isthmus (Peprilus and Stromateus). Branchiostegal rays 5 or 6. Caudal peduncle short and compressed with no scutes or keels. Dorsal fin single, anal fin similar in shape to dorsal fin. Caudal fin forked or emarginate. Pectoral fins long. Pelvic fins absent in adults. Body covered with small cycloid scales. no pelvic fins in adults Lateral line single dorsolaterally on body. Color: body silvery white, dark brownish in some species. Remarks: coastal fishes, feeds mainly on zooplanktons. Three gen- food fishes. part of lateral line; gill membrane era, Pampus (Indo-West Pacific), Similar families occurring in the not united to isthmus. Centrophidae Peprilus (western Atlantic and east- area: Carangidae – Parastromateus – pelvic fins present; 7 branchioste- ern Pacific), and Stromateus (Atlan- niger, very similar in shape to Pampus, gals. Nomeidae – 2 dorsal fins; pel- tic and eastern Pacific). Important having small scutes along posterior vic fins present. Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) Silver Pomfret D V–X + 37–43; A V–X + 34–43; P1 24–27; GR 10–13; V 34–37. Body oval, strongly compressed. Gill open- ing short, slit-like. Gill rakers very small, vestigial. Anterior dorosal and anal fins falcate. Caudal fin deeply forked, lower lobe often extended. Sensory canal area on temporal ex- tending backward along lateral line. Color: head and body dark brownish silver dorsally, silvery white ventrally. Anal and caudal fins yellowish. Size: maximum length 60 cm. Distribu- tion: Indo-West Pacific, from Persian Gulf to Indonesia. Remarks: found in coastal waters over muddy bottom. Marketed fresh. Pampus argenteus, KAUM–I. 17066, 15.6 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 26 Dec. 2008 224 Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788) Chinese Silver Pomfret D 43–50; A 39–42; P1 24–27; GR 11–14; V 33. Body oval, deep, strong- ly compressed. Gill opening short, slit-like. Gill rakers slender, needle- like. Anterior dorsal and anal fins not falcate. Caudal fin emarginate. Senso- ry canal area on temporal extending backward along lateral line. Color: body grayish brown, abdomen paler. Size: maximum length 40 cm SL. Dis- tribution: Indo-West Pacific, from Persian Gulf to eastern Indonesia. Re- marks: found in inshore waters over muddy bottom. Marketed fresh. Pampus chinensis, KAUM–I. 17115, 7.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 31 Dec. 2008 Pampus chinensis, KAUM–I. 17298, 10.1 cm SL off Terengganu (KT), 20 Jan. 2009 Mouth large. on blind side absent.6 cm SL ly curved above pectoral fin. bennet. Anterior rays of dorsal pelvic fins and anal fins spinous. KAUM–I. vomer and palatine with teeth. vomer and palatine with small conical teeth. north to Taiwan. Size: Africa and Red Sea to northern Aus- brownish or grayish. eye. Scales on off Terengganu (KT). anal. lateral line highly arched branched rays. found on sandy and muddy bottoms. Dorsal fin origin well posterior to upper eye. fin without spine. . extending well beyond posterior margin of lower eye. 1870) from western above pectoral fin. Paralichthyidae – pelvic fin with. Teeth on jaws large canines. posterior portion of caudal in tion: Indo-West Pacific. Caudal fin with 15 belcheri Bennett. strongly compressed. weakly ctenoid on both sides of body. Soleidae – pel- or: ocular side brownish. anterior anal-fin rays spinous metrically placed on each sides of midventral line. origin of pelvic pale brown. not covered with skin. on eyed side anterior to that on blind above pectoral fin. 10. LL 61–77. Col. 2008 small. Cynoglossidae – caudal des. Occurring in coastal waters. caudal peduncle deeper than dorsal fin not extending to head its length. Caudal fin sepa- rated from dorsal and anal fins. only slightly curved Food fish. Psetto. Distribu. and anterior rays of dorsal and fin on eyed side anterior to that on Remarks: single genus. P1 14– 16. 225 PSETTODIDAE Spiny Turbots By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes in middle size. Mouth large. Color: eyed side generally darker. only slight. 5 Dec. nearly sym. blind side sal fin origin well posterior to upper vic fin without spine. Pelvic fin with with I spine 1 spine and 5 soft rays. 1801) Indian Halibut D IX–XI. many with barbed tips. Psettodes erumei. Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider. with one species (P. other flatfish families in having dor. 80 cm. area: Psettodidae differs from all pectoral fin. 38–45. out spine. extend- ing well beyond posterior margin of lower eye. 16836. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous. fin. lateral line highly arched above scales covering both sides of body. most commonly 20–40 cm. Bothidae – pelvic and anal fins. dorsal. Teeth on jaws large ca- nines. 33–43. Citharidae – lateral blind side. Body oval. Margin of pre- opercle distinct. anterior dorsal-fin rays spinous maximum size ca. Lateral line on both Africa. Samaridae – pelvic fin Vertebrae usually 10 + 14=24. Lateral line on both sides of body. blind side pale brown. separated from dorsal tii Steindachner. origin of pelvic fin sides of body. sometimes with maximum total length about 60 cm. A I. tralia. Eyes on right or left side of head. 5. erumei) line highly arched above pectoral fin continuous with dorsal and anal from Indo-West Pacific and two (P. Remarks: 4 or 5 broad dark cross bands. Body oval. from South Marketed fresh. Eyes on right or left side of head. P2 I. 1831 and P. fins. Weak ctenoid Similar family occurring in the side. anal fin spinous. known from Indo-West Pacific. off Terengganu (KT). 1862) Widemouth Largescale Flatfish D 65–77.6 cm SL on eyed side. Lateral line usu. with high arch above pectoral fin. ally found on sandy or muddy-sandy fin on eyed side anterior to that on Body scales large. Body scales large. weakly ctenoid or cycloid Similar family occurring in the blind side absent. Body ellipti- cal. origin of pelvic with high arch above pectoral fin. Distribution: In- do-West Pacific. Mouth large. KAUM–I. 5. Cynoglossidae – with some spots on body and fins. arched. female. strongly compressed.226 CITHARIDAE Largescale Flounders By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes in small size. Brachypleura novaezeelandiae (Günther. Usu. Color: eyed side area: Psettodidae – dorsal fin origin fin without spine. Body no dorsal-fin spines elliptical strongly compressed. ctenoid scales Brachypleura novaezeelandiae.7 in SL. maximum size less than 40 cm. on right side in others. ctenoid scales on bottoms. anterior caudal fin continuous with dorsal and blind side whitish. Head 2. anal fins. 8. blind side. are fin without spine. LL 28–33. separated from pleura. Caudal fin rounded posteriorly. but not reaching to posterior margin of lower eye. Margin of preopercle distinct. Brachy. Pelvic fin with with I spine 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Paralichthyidae – pelvic dorsal and anal fins. Bothidae – pelvic ally present on both sides of body. Soleidae – pelvic scales on blind side. P1 11–13 (eyed side). Color: eyed side of body yellowish or yellowish brown. Andaman Sea. Small and slender teeth on jaws. Lepi. 10–13 (blind side). Eyes on left side of head in some spe- cies. A 41–50. Citharoides. Size: maximum total length 14 cm. Caudal fin with Remarks: five genera. fin without spine. Food fish. doblepharon and Paracitharus. Citharus. and northern area of South China Sea. Marketed fresh. KAUM–I. 16830. pectoral fin. 5 Dec. not covered with skin. Both eyes on right side of body. 5 Dec. Later- al line usually present on both sides of body. Brachypleura novaezeelandiae.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). P2 I. well posterior to upper eye. Remarks: found on sandy and muddy bottoms. Anterior rays of dorsal and pelvic fins no anal-fin spines anal fins not spinous.2–2. with dark spots. lateral line slightly curved above 13–15 branched rays. 2008 cloid scales on blind side. Dorsal fin origin anterior to eyes. reaching to or beyond center of lower eye. 16828. 8. blind side of body whitish. weakly ctenoid or cy. rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous. Mouth moderate or somewhat large. 2008 . Some anterior rays of dorsal fin elongate in males. dorsal. including Maldives. anal and caudal fins paler than body. fin bases on both sides short. GR 5–6 + 7–10. at depths of 18 to 73 m. Samaridae – pelvic fin on eyed side. not in females. male. Color: body greenish or light brown. Bothidae – origin of pelvic fin fin. from eastern coast of Africa eastward to Australia and Fiji. Remarks: found from shallow mud- dy-sandy or muddy bottoms from coastal areas to river mouths. Head 3. not covered with skin.6 in SL. separated by a bony ridge. Size: maximum standard length 45 cm. Upper jaw extending to below posterior margin of lower eye. weakly ctenoid or cy. subequal and subsymmetri- cal in position. Samaridae – pelvic fin on blind cloid scales on blind side. pelvic fin bases on both sides short. anterior side of head. Eyes on left side of head. Body oval.6 cm SL line.4 in SL. upper profile of head with a slight notch anterior to upper eye. Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton. 3. Pelvic fin without ocular side branched spines. reaching to 40 cm. UMTF 1516 (KAUM–I. Margin of preoper. 2008 dal fin base. slightly curved above pectoral fin. Several pairs of moderately large canine teeth in anterior part of both jaws. ctenoid scales mouths. Teeth uniserial on both jaws. some spe. A 53–62. a dark blotch at junction of straight and curved parts of lateral Pseudorhombus arsius. eyes on cle distinct. with high arch above pectoral from shallow sandy and muddy bot. left side Dorsal fin origin anterior to eyes. fin continuous with dorsal and anal Remarks: most species known pelvic fin with one spine. toms of continental shelf. Mouth rather large. lateral line fins. fin and supratemporal branch. Color: area: Psettodidae – dorsal fin origin side absent. Head large. rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous. Cynoglossidae – caudal dark spots or rings. Similar family occurring in the side. 29 Oct. Caudal fin separated pelvic fin bases from dorsal and anal fins. cycloid on blind side. a smaller blotch halfway to cau. LL 69–81.3–3. Scales ctenoid on eyed side. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal pectoral fin rays on fins not spinous. run. 14. Distribution: widespread in Indo- West Pacific. Lateral line short and subsymmetrical equally developed on both sides of body. . commonly to 30 cm. on eyed side anterior to that on blind on eyed side. 16720). Body scales large. P1 12–13 (eyed side). strongly compressed. 1822) Largetooth Flounder D 71–84. Citharidae – pelvic fin with one ning upward to anterior part of dorsal cies from brackish waters near river spine. Setiu.0–4. 227 PARALICHTHYIDAE Sand Flounders By Hisashi Imamura Body elliptical to oval. Soleidae – eyes on left body brownish or light greenish with well posterior to upper eye. Both jaws with small teeth. upper profile of head with a strong notch in front of upper eye. KAUM–I. Up- per jaw extending to below or beyond middle of lower eye. 16. A 51–56. from Nicobar Islands to Japan and to Aus- tralia. KAUM–I. Pseudorhombus malayanus Pseudorhombus malayanus.7 in SL. Scales ctenoid on eyed side. Size: max- D 72–74. Body deeply oval. and a smaller blotch on middle of straight section of lateral line. cycloid on blind side. 20 Jan. with a distinct. upper profile of spaced than those on upper jaw.3 in SL. KAUM–I. Head 3. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. 1865 off Terengganu (KT). 12. 2009 teriorly. com- side).7 cm SL small. Size: maximum standard length 35 cm. 17278. with a small dark Remarks: inhabits shallow waters on posterior margin of lower eye. those on other areas of eyed side and blind side cycloid. Teeth on both jaws Pseudorhombus javanicus. 18 Jan. with 1 or 2 pairs of distinct double ocelli above and below lateral line.2–3. Upper jaw extending to below body brownish. 17024.4– 3. 26. and dorsal and ventral margins of body of eyed side. from Persian Gulf to head with a slight notch anterior to up. Scales ctenoid on anterior part. 1905 Ocellated Flounder D 72–78. Head 3. Remarks: inhabits shallow wa- ters on mud and sand bottoms of conti- nental shelf. P1 11–12 (eyed side).0 cm SL commonly to 20–30 cm. Body oval. lower jaw stronger and more widely monly to 20 cm. teeth on imum standard length 35 cm. P1 11–12 (eyed side). Upper jaw extending to below middle of lower eye. A 59–63. at depths of 50–150 m. and enlarged anteriorly. Color: body brownish. LL 66–74. .228 Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Regan. ctenoid on both sides of body. Color: Malay Archipelago and to Philippines.6 in SL. Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus.1–3. 2009 widespread in Indo-West Pacific.6 cm SL Bleeker. Body oval. Distribution: Indo- Head 3. off Terengganu (KT). with slightly enlarged teeth an. LL 73–84. 16 Dec. upper profile of head without notch anterior to upper eye. LL 70–78. 17303. Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker. per eye. lacking strong canines. Size: maximum standard length 40 cm. 1853) Javan Flounder D 67–76. Distribution: off Terengganu (KT). from eastern coast of India east- ward to western New Guinea and to southern China. 2008 Malayan Flounder on upper jaw small and close-set later. P1 12–13 (eyed ally. Teeth blotch at junction of straight and mud and sand bottoms. Scales West Pacific. commonly to 20 cm. Remarks: found from shallow waters on mud and sand bottoms of continental shelf. large dark blotch at junction of straight and curved parts of lateral line. Color: body brownish. A 58–59. curved parts of lateral line. 16.3 cm SL brownish. at depths of 30–40 m. cycloid on blind side. Scales ctenoid on eyed side. at depths those on upper jaw. Remarks: found from set. cy- cloid on blind side. Body elliptical.4 in SL. commonly 12 of 50–150 m. and another one near middle of straight section. Mouth extending to below or a little beyond middle of lower eye. Teeth on upper jaw small. teeth on lower jaw moderately ocellus on posterior third of straight fairly deep waters on mud and sand larger and more widely spaced than section of lateral line. with small ocelli at junction off Terengganu (KT). LL 77–79. Scales ctenoid on standard length 18 cm. Col.8 cm SL with a distinct notch anterior to upper off Terengganu (KT). 8. Body oval. Distribution: West Pacific.6 in SL. above and below lateral line and 1 northern Japan. teeth on lower jaw larger and more widely spaced than those on upper jaw. Teeth on upper jaw small and close. Remarks: found from shallow waters on mud and sand bot- toms of continental shelf. P1 11–12 (eyed side). 229 Pseudorhombus neglectus Bleeker. Color: body pale Pseudorhombus neglectus.5–3. Size: maximum bottoms of continental shelf. Up- per jaw extending to below or beyond middle of lower eye. cm. Size: maximum stan- dard length 25 cm. 1865 Neglected Flounder D 72–75. Head 3. 11 Dec. KAUM–I. Distribution: known from eastern Indian Ocean to West Pacific. 16952. P1 12–13 (eyed side). eyed side. 12 Dec. A 56–59. from or: body pale brownish. 16979. Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus Günther. with 2 ocelli Java Sea through Indo-China. 1862 Fivespot Flounder D 68–76. KAUM–I. 2008 eye.2–3. slightly enlarged anteriorly. north to . upper profile of head without a distinct notch or with a slight notch anterior to upper eye. 2008 of straight and curved parts of lateral line. Head 3. A 53–57. upper profile of head Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus. LL 62–75. continuous with dorsal and anal fins. but some spe. 17145. anterior of head. Color: body light brownish. Caudal dy and muddy bottoms. P1 12–14 (eyed side). A 70–76. but dark colored in well posterior to upper eye. Distribution: northern off Terengganu (KT). pelvic fin of blind side above midventral line. Feeds on Citharidae – pelvic fin with one fins. LL 56–62. males of some to caudal fin species with wider interorbit than female. Twenty bases on both sides short. pelvic fin with one spine. Mouth small to large. Size: maximum total Arnoglossus macrolophus. and subsymmetrical in position. Upper jaw extending slightly be- yond anterior margin of lower eye. Soleidae – eyes on left side of body whitish. 1889 Largecrested Lefteye Flounder D 91–98. rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous.6–4. blotches. or rings. lateral line and other benthic animals. Remarks: usually found on san. Food fish. with a dark spot at base of posterior parts of dorsal and anal fins. closely spaced. blind side area: Psettodidae – dorsal fin origin absent. upper profile of head with a distinct notch anterior to upper eye. 2009 Indian Ocean and West Pacific.9 cm SL length 13 cm. Body elliptical to oval. slightly curved above pectoral fin. Head 3. usually with Similar family occurring in the Samaridae – pelvic fin on blind side spots. a dark spot on distal portion of pectoral fin. Margin of preopercle dis- tinct. not covered with skin. gastropods spine. 1 Jan. Paralichthyidae – pelvic fin arched above pectoral fin. side fins not attached bital width variable.2 in SL. Lateral line on eyed side highly small fishes. Teeth on both jaws small. pelvic fin of eyed side on midventral line with pelvic fin bases origin anterior to origin of pelvic asymmetrical fin of blind side. Dorsal fin origin above or ahead of anterior margin of upper eye. Anterior rays no lateral line below of dorsal and anal fins not spinous. subequal absent below lower eye. lateral line Arnoglossus macrolophus Alcock. 7. South China Sea and Indo-Australian Archi- pelago. crustaceans. only slight- ly elongate in females. eyes on left dorsal and anal Eyes on left side of head. lower eye Pelvic fin without spines. Cynoglossidae – caudal fin some species. . Interor. reach- ing to 88 cm. fin separated from dorsal and anal cies on rocky or coral reefs. Taiwan. in- cluding southern Japan. Body elliptical. First 4 or 5 dorsal fin rays greatly elongate in males. side of body brownish. strongly compressed.230 BOTHIDAE Lefteye Flounders By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes. KAUM–I. Color: eyed genera. Scales on eyed side ctenoid. those on lower jaw uniserial. Upper jaw reaching to or slightly beyond below anterior portion of lower eye. 1 on middle of strait section of lateral line. KAUM–I. southern Ja- pan and northern Australia. upper profile of head with a deep notch anterior to interor- bital region. Grammatobothus polyophthalmus. cycloid on blind side. 2009 . Engyprosopon grandisquama. those on blind side cycloid. Single strong rostral spine near snout in males. P1 10–13 (eyed side). LL 75–77. Size: maximum stan- dard length about 11 cm. includ- ing India. 11. many dark spots and rings irregularly scattered on it. off Terengganu (KT). sand and rubble bot- toms at depths of 0–90 m. 7. off Terengganu (KT). Ryukyu Islands. 2008 gate in both sexes. KAUM–I. Dis- tribution: Indo-West Pacific.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). Color: eyed side light brown.2 cm SL serial. with 3 large and prominent dark ocelli. 231 Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temminck & Schlegel. Head 3. 1846) Largescale Flounder D 80–91. LL 41–48. Grammatobothus polyophthalmus (Bleeker. caudal Engyprosopon grandisquama. Remarks: inhabits on mud. 6 Dec. Pectoral fin elongate in males. A 57–69. 5 Dec. 7.5–4. Lateral line on both sides of body. including East Africa.2 in SL. 17304. 2008 black blotches. 20 Jan. Teeth on both jaws uni. Remarks: found from mud and sand bottoms of continental shelf. 2nd to 10th dorsal fin rays elon. Philippines and northwestern Australia. Color: eyed side pale brownish. upper profile of head with a slight concavity anterior to up- per margin of lower eye.0 in SL. Scales large. with short ctenii on eyed side. Distribution: Indo-West Pacif- ic. KAUM–I. 16885. Body oval. 16827. Upper jaw extending to below anterior portion of lower eye. commonly to 8 cm. longer in males than females. Head 3. Size: maximum total length about 21 cm.5–4. P1 14–17 (eyed side). 1 each above and below pectoral fin. at depths of 10– 100 m. 1865) Manyeyed Flounder D 77–86. most specimens about 17cm. Body oval. A 61–71. ab- sent or feeble in females.9 cm SL fin with a pair of large prominent jet. Teeth on upper jaw biserial. Body elliptical. Color: eyed side of body brownish.8 cm SL obscure dark blotches along dorsal off Terengganu (KR). LL 60–80. Body elliptical to somewhat oval. pectoral fins ab- area: Psettodidae – dorsal fin origin head. with a series of Samaris cristatus. Lateral line well developed or rudimental. lateral line side of head. Pel- vic fin on eyed side continuous with anal fin by membrane. Caudal fin separated from dorsal and anal fins. anterior short. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. upper profile of head with a slight notch anterior to upper eye.3 in SL. A 49–60. Pelvic fins symmetrical. Anterior 12 or 13 rays greatly elongate and filamentous. Anterior rays of dorsal eyes on right side and anal fins not spinous. from southeastern Africa to New Caledonia. Three pelvic fin with one spine. not covered with skin. Remarks: found from mud and sand bottoms. Head 3. Margin of preopercle dorsal and anal distinct. Mouth small. strongly compressed. Scales on eyed side ctenoid. Size: maximum length 22 cm. Bothidae – eyes on left cific. those on blind side feebly ctenoid or cycloid. Samaris cristatus Gray. Plagiopsetta. blotches. Pectoral fin present on eyed side but absent on blind side. blind side whitish. Samaris and slightly curved above pectoral fin. Citharidae – pelvic fin with one spine. 12. body flat and somewhat elongate without spines.232 SAMARIDAE Crested Flounders By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes. usually with spots. rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous. blind pelvic fin bases asymmetrical side of body whitish. Dorsal fins not attached fin origin anterior to anterior margin to caudal fin of upper eye. pelvic fin bases on both sides sent.8– 5. Lateral line present only on eyed side. preopercle Similar family occurring in the Paralichthyidae – eyes on left side of without free margin. Mouth small. reaching t almost anteri- or margin of upper eye. Both jaws with small villiform teeth in band. without free margin. KAUM–I. Soleidae – preopercle genera. Pectoral fin on eyed side somewhat elongate. 1831 Cockatoo Righteye Founder D 71–85. 17197. 2009 and ventral margins of body. Eyes on right side of head. Cynoglossidae – Samariscus. or rings. . north to Japan and south to northern Australia. P1 4 (eyed side). 5 Jan. primarily deeper waters. maximum size smaller than 22 cm. Color: eyed side pale brownish. Remarks: known from tropical well posterior to upper eye. with about 20 species. eyes on left side of head. upper jaw extending to below anterior portion of lower eye. in position. subequal and subsymmetrical and subtropical regions in Indo-Pa. Philippines. Color: highly variable according to glossidae. strongly com- pressed. uniformly light yellow. black spots or blotches or dark cross rays of dorsal and anal fin spinous. Citharidae – pelvic fin with one fused with dorsal and anal fins. sand bottoms in coastal waters. usually pelvic fin with one spine. Pectoral fins well developed. when pres- ent. Eyes sepa- rated by a scaly interorbital space. Very small teeth on both jaws on blind side. bands on eyed side of body. straight in skin. 29 Oct.8–2. Head 4. Mouth small. sometimes asym- metrical. About to strikingly colored with scattered well posterior to upper eye. Preoper. flatfish families. New Guinea and Aus- blotches. uniformly dull brown margin. lateral line Brachirus orientalis (Bloch & Schneider. blind side cluding Gulf of Thailand. Lateral line with high round- ed arch on head not directed posteri- orly. slightly curved. Bothidae and eral line single. and sev. mostly weakly ctenoid on blind Brachirus orientalis. LL 70–85. Caudal fin separated from or side of body. Size: maximum total length tralia. Body oval.3 in SL. Caudal fin separated from dorsal and anal fins. in- eral narrow blackish lines. Mouth small and asym- metrical. Paralichthyidae. eyed side pectoral fin usually longer than on blind side. Psettodidae – dorsal fin origin sandy bottom in coastal areas. Body somewhat far forward on head elongate to oval. eyes on Eyes on right side of head. 9. in lacking free preoperclar Remarks: inhabits muddy and substratum.5 cm SL side with some cycloid. Pelvic fin separated from anal fin. Dorsal fin origin anterior to upper eye. commonly 10 to 12 cm. Remarks: found from mud and about 30 cm. . either free or fused with uniformly yellowish or white on blind slightly curved above pectoral fin. running straight on area: Soleidae differs from all other Cynoglossidae – eyes on left side of body. P1 7–8 (eyed side). terminal or slightly inferior. 1.2 in SL. head. 16719). cloudy and indistinct spots. anal fin. 233 SOLEIDAE Soles By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes (excepting one species entering rivers in Africa). embedded lateral line single. Pectoral fins sometimes absent. Color: eyed Setiu. Pelvic fins without spines. Lat. right side cle without free margin. sometimes branched on head. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. UMTF 1487 (KAUM–I. 2008 side gray or brown with numerous. anterior 35 genera with about 130 species. Scales strongly ctenoid on eyed side. Similar family occurring in the spine. 1801) Oriental Sole D 61–65. except for Cyno.2–5. without sooty southern Japan. A 44–48. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins not spinous. terminal. dorsal fin extending reaching to 32 cm. 2008 southern Japan and Australia.1 cm SL Pacific. body and fins. Distribution: In- 11–12 brown single or double cross. KAUM–I.234 Liachirus melanospilos (Bleeker. straight. Pectoral fins well de. slightly wider than interspaces. Re- marks: inhabits on mud and sand bot- toms around 100 m depth. Philippines and Australia. sin- gle. Head 3.0 cm SL Color: eyed side reddish brown. 8. 16957. Pardachirus pavoninus. com- monly 10–15 cm. slightly curved. Body elliptical. Persian Gulf. 1802) Peacock Sole D 66–70. 1854) Darkspotted Sole D 59–62. KAUM–I.5 cm SL Zebra Sole off Terengganu (KT). off Terengganu (KT). Malaysia. slightly curved. 10 Jan. Eyes separated by a scaly interorbital space. Pectoral fins absent. Remarks: found anal fin. 2009 densely spotted on head. KAUM–I. at depths of about 40 m. 2008 D 60–75. including Red Sea. off Terengganu (KT). including South China Sea. terminal.2 in SL. Size: attaining to 7. veloped. Pectoral fins absent. Thailand. Lateral line distinct. Color: eyed side cream or beige with mum length 15 cm. Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepède. bordered by a dark rim and some with a blackish spot in center. 16959. Distribution: wide- spread tropical Indo-West Pacific.1–2. Eyes separated by a scaly interor- bital space. Scales ctenoid. 11 Dec. Pelvic fin separated from anal fin. Pelvic fin separated from body pattern continued onto dorsal China and Australia. low coastal waters. Pel- vic fin separated from anal fin. Scales on both sides small cycloid. Zebrias quagga (Kaup. Mouth small. caudal fin cream with from mud and sand bottoms in shal- dorsal and anal fins. Size: maxi- mum total length about 22 cm. Eyes contiguous. do-West Pacific. blind side pale. Distribution: Indo-West Liachirus melanospilos. A 42–47. A 50–62.9–4. Mouth strongly curved. including southern Japan. Caudal fin continuous with and anal fins.4 in SL. LL 75–82. 17212. 7. each with a short tentacle. Body oval. Remarks: inhabits on sandy bottoms of coral reef areas. spots in various sizes and shapes. A 50–53. . Caudal fin separated from dorsal and anal fins. Size: maxi. Mouth small. Series of toxin glands with pores along bases of dorsal and anal fin rays. Caudal fin separated from dorsal and anal fins. Body oval. LL 57–65. Color: eyed side light to dark brown with scattered darker dots and blotch- es. 11 Dec. bands. cleft reaching to anterior margin of lower eye.5 cm SL. 1858) Zebrias quagga. elongate black blotches. 2. 16. 3. blind side of body whitish. Scales ctenoid on eyed side and cycloid on blind side. Color: eyed side of body pale brown. cept for Soleidae. ex.5–4. above pectoral fin. area: Cynoglossidae differs from all one spine. reaching to 40 cm. subter. upper eye. 17096. Mouth mod- erate. muddy bottoms and other substrates. LL 88–96 (midlateral line). in having caudal fin vic fin with one spine.9 cm SL dorsal fin base. Remarks: inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms at depths of 13 to ca. C usually 12. and Soleidae – eyes on right side of head. lateral line slightly curved usually uniformly yellowish or whit. 235 CYNOGLOSSIDAE Tonguesoles By Hisashi Imamura Marine flatfishes (some species entering freshwater).5 in SL. anterior rays of dorsal variably marked with spots. Caudal fin separated fused with dorsal and anal fins. Distribution: Indo-West Pa- cific. left side joined with caudal fin minal and asymmetrical. Posterior mar- gin of preopercle strongly attached to opercle. Size: maximum length 40 cm. 2008 on body. Psettodidae Color: variable even in a species. keted fish. slightly larger than inter- orbital space. body flat and oblong bedded in skin. north to southern Japan. UMTF 1874. south to Australia. continental shelves and slopes. strongly eyes on dorsal and anal fins compressed. pelvic fin with or cross bands on eyed side of body. upper one along Cynoglossus bilineatus. A 80–88. Pec- toral fins absent. Usually only pelvic no spines in all fins fin on blind side present. Dorsal fin reaching far forward on head. other flatfish families in this area. often about 130 species. Citharidae – pel- ish on blind side of body. KAUM–I. Scales small. Two lateral lines on each side of body. lacking free preoperclar margin. Mouth small. Includes 3 genera and – dorsal fin origin well posterior to usually brownish or grayish. Cynoglossus bilineatus. 2008 . 24. 1802) Fourlined Tonguesole D 107–113. in lacking pectoral fins. blotches Similar family occurring in the and anal fin spinous. It is from tide pools to deep waters on also separable from most flatfishes Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède.9 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 10. without free margin and em. Body elongate. Mar. from Persian Gulf to New Guin- ea. 400 m. lower one midlaterally off Terengganu (KT). Samaridae and Remarks: commonly found on fused with dorsal and anal fins. Eyes small. ctenoid or cycloid. 29 Dec. extending beyond lower eye. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal fins not spinous. Body tongue-shaped. 28 Dec. Eyes on left side of head. reaching posteriorly below lower eye. Color: eyed side of body brownish. Scales comparatively large. Body very elon- gate. KAUM–I. 7. A 97–114. LL 75–83 Cendering.9 in SL. 28 Sept.7 cm SL fin base. 3.4 cm SL D 99–105. anal and cau- dal fins darker. Two lateral lines present on eyed side of body. scale dia. lower one midlaterally on body. 2008 Two lateral lines present on eyed side of body. lateral lines absent on blind centers paler than edges. Mouth extending to below posterior margin of lower eye.6 in SL. 6 Oct. of body.8 in SL. Eyes peduncu- late. In- Two lateral lines present on eyed side Color: eyed side of body brown. 14 Dec. Scales ctenoid on both sides of body. 17005. 17119. Size: maxi- . Distribution: Indo- West Pacific. dorsal. 16450). often entering estuaries. lower one midlaterally on estuary near UMT. including Oman. Distribution: In- space about equal to eye diameter.6– 3. LL 90–101 (midlateral line). 16518). Paraplagusia blochii (Bleeker. Scales ctenoid on eyed mum length 22 cm. upper one along dorsal fin base. Body elongate. Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker. Eyes sepa. 2008 body. 31 Dec. Mouth moderate. 2008 inhabits mainly shallow sandy and muddy bottoms on inner continental shelf. KAUM–I.236 Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton. 4. Cynoglossus lingua. upper one along dorsal Paraplagusia blochii. sometimes with irregular brown-black patches.0 cm SL Philippines and Indonesia. Remarks: off Terengganu (KT). LL 108– 125 (midlateral line). 1851) Bloch's Tonguesole Paraplagusia blochii. with a large black blotch on opercular region. Gulf of Thailand. separated by a scaly interorbital side of body. do-West Pacific. 27. A 92–96. including Red Sea. from northern part of Bay of Bengal to Hong Kong and Ma- lay Archipelago.8–4. cte- noid on eyed side and cycloid on blind side. Body very elongate.1 cm SL rated by narrow interorbital space. C 10. UMTF 1321 (KAUM–I. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. A 76–82. Size: maximum length about 19 cm. C 8.5–5. Eyes small. C usually 10. Lateral lines absent on blind side of body. 2008 (midlateral line). off Terengganu (KT). Lateral lines absent on blind side of body. extending well beyond pos- terior margin of lower eye. extending to below posterior margin of eye or just behind it. side and weakly ctenoid on blind side. UMTF 1083 (KAUM–I. Color: eyed side of body reddish brown. Indonesia and Philippines. Cynoglossus monopus. 13. 3. Mouth moderate. 1849) D 115–120. 1822 Long Tonguesole D 126–138. 13. Size: maximum total length about 40 cm. rounded to al- pectoral-fin rays branched. Color: dorsal half of body silvery light brown. Marketed but not commercial. anal and Tripodichthys blochi. Scale covered ventral surface of pelvis distinctly tapered to a point posterior- ly. usually found on sandy or muddy flat. several ir- regular dark yellow markings on side of body. P1 13−15. Caudal Remarks: benthic. peduncle is wider than deep. where the brates. caudal fin light yel. Triacanthidae). 237 TRIACANTHIDAE Triplespines By Keiichi Matsuura Small fishes less than 30 cm. dorsal-fin rays no visible rays deeply forked 20 to 26. Remarks: coastal and estuarine shallow waters at depths of 0−40 m. V visible spines erately thick skin with numerous minute scales. not deeply forked. Dorsal rays modally 22 and anal rays modally 17. most dorsal-.2− 12. most truncate. usually 4 in upper jaw and 2 in lower jaw. anal. 16730.0 %SL). Color: generally Similar families occurring in the Tripodichthys blochi (Bleeker. sandy or weed-covered distinctly tapered. caudal peduncle not peduncle distinctly tapering to a nar. basal part of spiny dorsal fin yel- lowish orange. Distribution: known from China and countries in Southeast Asia. Dorsal fin spine VI (usually only V visible. with upper half of body dusky. area: Triacanthodidae – caudal fin visible rays. Lateral ly important. spiny dorsal fin membrane pale. a stray found from southern Japan. 2008 low. Size: 15 cm. . soft dorsal. internally to which are several mo- lariform teeth. occurring usu. line inconspicuous. 9. the pelvic fin with caudal fin sixth rudimentary). dorsal-fin rays 12 to 18 (20 to 26 in in front of caudal-fin base. caudal fin deeply forked. teeth in an outer series of about 10 heavy incisors in each jaw. row transversely indented region just bottoms. Feed on bottom inverte. ally on flat. and with or without darker blotches. Setiu. Pelvis between bases of pelvic spines narrow (1. KAUM–I. feeds on benthic inverte- brates. ventral half silvery white. deeper than wide. 1852) Longtail Tripodfish D VI + 20−24. strongly compressed body covered by mod. A 15−19. 28 Oct. Second dorsal spine much less than half the length of first dorsal spine. Gill open- ing a moderately short vertical slit in front of pectoral-fin base.4 (usually about 9 or 10) times in length of pelvis. the width 7.1 cm SL pectoral fins pale. with moderately elongate. Mouth small and 20–26 fin rays terminal. pelvic fins with I large spine and no silvery.4−3. occurring in coral and rocky reefs dorsal-fin spines. Feeds on marine inverte- brates. 31 Dec. P1 14−15 (usually 14). wider than deep. teeth heavy. disappearing in large specimens. fewer rudimentary. Canthidermis) more laterally compressed. but also zooplankton shagreen-like. mouth small and usually more or less terminal. only the first of most dorsal. Abalistes stellatus.g. Color: variable and many niger). Lateral line incon. Scales enlarged above pectoral-fin base and just behind gill opening to form a flexible tympanum. A 24−26. Similar to Abalistes filamentosus Mat- suura & Yoshino. KAUM–I. Abalistes stellatus (Annonymous. some species (e. represented by a series pelagic in open water. with deep. north to southern Japan. off Terengganu (KT). Distri- bution: widespread in Indo-West Pa- cific. scales plate-like larged. Gill opening a relatively short verti- cal to oblique slit in front of pectoral- fin base. with small pale blue or yellow spots dorsally and large yellow spots ventrally. anal and pectoral-fin from the coastline to a depth of 100 which is long and prominent. unaided eye. Caudal peduncle depressed. 2008 and weed bottoms to depths of 100 m. sponge. scales of 4 pairs of enlarged scales encasing invertebrates. 17123. A groove in front of eye. Re. Feed on bottom and less massive teeth in jaws. scale above pectoral-fin base in many species en.g. tough skin with large scale plates easily discernible as individual unites. Color: grayish brown to olivaceous on back. Three dorsal-fin spines. 8 in outer series of upper jaw and low- er jaw. the single pelvic fin second spine more than one half of the length of the first. up to 80 cm in total length. 2004 but distin- guished by lacking produced caudal fin rays.5 cm SL marks: occurring on sand. 3 large white blotches on back. from East Africa to northern Australia. 1798) Starry Triggerfish D III + 26−27. pelvic fins and spines m. the first spine on head and body. High valued as food in many guishable from one another to the species having bright color markings handline fisheries. the area: Monacanthidae – two position of erection by the second. 12. body rays branched. III dorsal-fin spines moderately compressed body en- cased in very thick. Similar families occurring in capable being locked in an upright Remarks: most species benthic. forming a flexible tympanum. Melichthys indicus and Odonus plates small and not readily distin- spicuous. (e. with individual basal the end of pelvis.238 BALISTIDAE Triggerfishes By Keiichi Matsuura Small to medium-sized fishes. Size: 60 cm. Mouth termi- nal. . 17108. P1 12−14. juvenile. Scales enlarged above pectoral-fin base and just behind gill opening to form a flexible tympanum. Distribution: wide- spread in Indo-West Pacific. 2008 side above level of eye dark brown. .2 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). head and body of juve- niles white with many longitudinal black lines below level of eye. Re- marks: occurring in coral reefs shal- lower than 50 m. northward to southern Japan. Cau- dal peduncle compressed. a light yellow line running obliquely from corner of mouth to below a groove before eye in male. 28 Dec. dorsal Sufflamen fraenatum. Mouth terminal. Scales of posterior part of body with large tubercles forming longitu- dinal ridges extending forward to level of soft dorsal-fin origin. deeper than wide. KAUM–I. all fins dark brown. from East Africa eastward to Tuamotu Islands. Color: head and body dark brown. but lacking in female. A 23−26. A groove in front of eye. 4. 1804) Masked Triggerfish D III + 26−28. 239 Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille. Size: 35 cm. 21. very long and fragile.and pectoral-fin rays yellow. off Terengganu (KT). Two (sometimes 1) dorsal−fin spines. P1 14−15. usually forming prominent. Re- cum tropical. gray. Gill opening a relatively short. Marketed 1/3 the length of first. pelvic fin and marked and vivid patterns. first spine usu. or greenish. or entirely absent. coastal waters. or segments of indeterminate 10 to over 200 m. Soft part of dorsal fin opposite to anal Aluterus monoceros. anal. seagrass beds. and oblique rows. Lateral line fresh. Feed on coral pol. or pelvic-fin spines. II dorsal-fin spines usually less than 20 cm (but up to 50 (2nd hidden in skin) cm for some species of Aluterus). epiphytes attached to seagrass.and pectoral. caudal fin sia eastward to the Solomon Islands. with deep. Caudal fin shorter than snout. Gill opening short oblique slit below eye extending antero-ventrally beyond anterior margin of eye. Distribution: cir. Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus. Color: variable. 2008 or: body grayish with many irregular dark lines and dots. Dorsal spine above eye. shagreen-like ally more or less terminal or slightly supraterminal. scales small. Triacanthidae – VI of enlarged scales encasing end of sandy-muddy bottoms in depths of spines (usually only V spines vis- pelvis. repre. Body elongate. shagreen-like. teeth only moderately heavy.240 MONACANTHIDAE Filefishes By Keiichi Matsuura Small to medium-sized fishes. not forming a tympanum. strongly compressed. Similar families occurring in upright position of erection by the ent. pair of strong number. drab brown. 16897. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex. Scales yps. . Col. highly compressed body cov- ered by thin but rough or shagreen- like skin with minute scales not in- dividually easily discernible to the unaided eye. ally capable of being locked in an inconspicuous or only slightly appar. skin tough but not fin rays unbranched. vertical to oblique slit in front of pectoral-fin single pelvic fin base. Size: 76 cm. Remarks: found in shallow coral tinct. ible) in first dorsal fin. individual scales dis- spines rudimentary or absent. the area: Balistidae – III spines in second. sented by a series of 3 or fewer pairs and rocky reefs. northward to the Ryukyu Islands. in West Pacific known marks: forming large schools in from west coast of peninsular Malay. 1758) Unicorn Leatherjacket D II + 45−51. anal. KAUM–I. dorsal-. dark. 6 Dec. 6 in an outer series in upper jaw and 6 or fewer in the lower. dorsal-. other marine invertebrates. bro- ken frequently in collected specimens. A 47−53. Mouth small and usu. but often with strikingly first dorsal fin.0 cm SL fin. second spine not more than above pectoral-fin base unmodified. Size: 38 cm. Pelvic terminus prominent.8 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). 5 Dec. 16852. feeds on marine inverte- brates. Distribution: west coast of Malay Peninsula and tropical West Pacific from Thailand eastward to New Guinea. Remarks: collected from rocky reefs and sandy-muddy bottom. Caudal fin rhomboidal. Monacanthus chinensis (Osbeck. northward to southern Japan. fin rays of dorsal. dorsal profile of head concave. Body deep. Pelvic terminus promi- nent. Chaetodermis penicilligerus. Color: body light brown with many irregular dark brown blotches. 2008 . KAUM–I. dorsal profile of head as- cending from mouth to dorsal spine. Dorsal spine with many fleshy filaments. Upper caudal fin rays produced into a fila- ment. 1765) Fanbellied Leatherjacket D II + 28−30. 13. Body deep. ascending from mouth through eye to soft dorsal fin. P1 12. movable dorso-ventrally. Monacanthus chinensis.1 cm SL Size: 31 cm. P1 12−13. anal and caudal fins with many black spots. 241 Chaetodermis penicilligerus (Cuvier. A 23−24. Remarks: occurring in sea grass bed and rocky reefs in shal- low waters. Distribution: tropical off Terengganu (KT). Body covered with many fleshy fila- ments. ventral flap very large. movable dorso-ventral- ly. composed of 3 segments of en- casing scales. 27 Dec. lo- cated above gill opening. 1816) Prickly Leatherjacket D II + 25−26. 2008 eastern Indian Ocean and West Pacific from west coast of Malaysia eastward to northern Australia. KAUM–I. composed of 3 segments of encasing scales. usually from depths shallower than 200 m. 17071. A 27−30. 18. Color: light brown with many longitudinal black lines on side of body. Scales on body relatively large with a backwardly curved spine. 16937. 2008 curved dark cross bands. 11 Dec. ventral flap large. with prominent hump immediately in front of nostrils. ven- tral flap developed. not movable. Pseudomonacanthus macrurus (Bleeker. A 27−30. Pelvic terminus small. KAUM–I. Remarks: this spe- cies is the most widespread member of Paramonacanthus. dorsal pro- file of head convex in male. Doral profile of head slightly concave.242 Paramonacanthus pusillus (Rüppell. caudal fin pale with 2 off Terengganu (KT). Size: 18 cm. First dorsal spine depressed in cross section. KAUM–I. Fin rays of all fins yellow. caudal fin with 2 transverse Pseudomonacanthus macrurus. composed of 2 segments of en- casing scales. ventral half of body paler than the dorsal half. Color: head and body light brown with many black spots. P1 11−13. extending from below middle of eye to below nasal organ. 7. Remarks: occurring in sea grass bed and on sandy-muddy bottom in shallow waters. Size: 20 cm. Gill opening oblique. Body relatively elongate. Body relatively elongate. Dorsal spine located above posterior half of eye. with many yellow- ish to dark brown markings tending to form 3−4 irregular curved stripes on body. Dis- tribution: South China Sea eastward to New Guinea. anal fin and pecto. 15. strongly compressed. northward to southern Japan. movable dorso-ventrally. composed of 3 segments of encasing scales. 17 Dec. 1856) Strap-weed Filefish D II + 29−30. . Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pa- cific from South Africa eastward to northern Australia. soft dorsal fin pale with 2 dark blotches at its base. P1 11−12.7 cm SL ral fins pale. 1829) D II + 25−30. slightly convex or straight in female.7 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). northward to the Ryukyu Islands. 2008 dark brown bands. 17042. Paramonacanthus pusillus. armed with 4 rows of downward-directed barbs. A 24−29. Pelvic terminus elongate. Color: head and body pale grayish brown to whitish. pelvic fins absent. sometimes in some countries (e.. but 7 to 15 soft rays. Remarks: strongly toxic and frequently confused with other species of Lagocephalus such as L. Caudal fin concave. 10 Jan.g. belly covered with spinules. and blood of most species body covered with strong elongate surfaces. gloveri Abe & Takita. 2 above and 2 below. Lagocephalus lunaris. skin. with a heavy blunt body capable of rapid inflation by intake of water (or air). most species less than 30 cm. Color: entering brackish and fresh waters. power- ful teeth. often with spots of various are poisonous. ventral surfaces are the flesh is poisonous. deflated dal fin usually truncate to slightly pelvic fins absent rounded. P1 16−17. most frequently sume puffers in licensed restaurants small fleshy tabs or lappets on the in shallow inshore waters. caudal fin white in the ventral lobe and dark yel- low in the dorsal lobe. 1801) Rough Golden Puffer D 12−13. 17207. 1 tooth plate in each jaw. and belly white. Japan). gill opening Head large and blunt. 243 TETRAODONTIDAE Puffers By Keiichi Matsuura Small to moderate-sized fishes. sizes and colors. cau. 1845). side sil- very white. the area: Diodontidae – head and or barred on the upper and lateral cera. spadiceus (Richardson. A 11−12. strongly recommended not to eat puff- Remarks: occurring in tropical ers. but a few species are pelagic. but most species are partially covered with tiny prickles or spinules. 1983 and L. Dorsal and anal fins located far posteriorly bearing no spines. off Terengganu (KT). 11. Gill openings without distinct opercular cover. Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pa. Size: 35 cm. 2009 tralia. in some species even spines.7 cm SL cific from East Africa to northern Aus. found recently from southern Japan. eyes located high on head. variegated. Color: dorsal half of body grayish light brown. appearing as simple slits ante- rior to the pectoral fin. Nasal organ with 2 openings. A patch of spinules on back reaching to dorsal-fin origin. . Typical inflated scales absent. The vis. Similar families occurring in most species are mottled. dorsal and/or lateral surfaces. Laymen are almost always unpigmented. and many species have and temperate seas. KAUM–I. although connoisseurs like to con- Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider. jaws modified beak to form a beak of 4 heavy. Caudal peduncle depressed. and body covered with spinules. sceleratus. Color: dorsal half of body light brown with many irregularly shaped brown dots and lines. anal ward to Vietnam. P1 14−16. KAUM–I. Remarks: frequently confused with Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin. hav- ing an enlarged patch of spinules on back reaching posteriorly to dorsal-fin origin. dorsal-fin rays 12−13. belly cov- ered with spinules. dorsal. wider than deep. 2008 white in the ventral lobe. 17034. Nasal organ with 2 openings. side sil- very white and belly white. 16839. anal-fin rays 10−12. 17 Dec. L. Remarks: toxic. 9. Tetraodon nigroviridis. Remarks: fre- quently confused with other species of Lagocephalus including a very dan- gerous toxic species. 1822 organ composed of a tentacle divided with several transverse dark lines. 1953 off Terengganu (KT). Lagocephalus suezensis. 5 Dec. 16. body dark greenish yellow with many from Sri Lanka to Indonesia. and belly white. Nasal or- gan with 2 openings.3 cm SL Setiu.1 cm SL anal and pectoral fins pale. 13. 17175. Distribu- tion: tropical Indo-West Pacific from Red Sea to northern Australia. A 9−10. A patch of spinules on back from between snout to dorsal-fin origin. caudal fin white in the ventral lobe and dark yellow in the Lagocephalus spadiceus. north- Body rounded in cross section. Size: 20 cm. Size: 30 cm. 27 Oct. 16706. yellow in the dorsal lobe. side silver white. caudal fin off Terengganu (KT). 17cm.0 cm SL Clark & Gohar. 14. 10 Jan. belly covered with spinules. 2008 Tetraodon nigroviridis Marion de Procé. Distribution: freshwater Spotted Green Puffer elements. belly white. Probably toxic. A patch of spinules on back between snout and halfway to dorsal fin origin. Lagocephalus suezensis Lagocephalus spadiceus. 1789) but distin- guished from it by lacking many small black spots on back and by having fewer fin-ray counts (in L. distally into 2 flattened and broadened Size: 15 cm. Head black spots. KAUM–I. 2009 dorsal lobe.2 cm SL off Terengganu (KR). dorsal. Color: dorsal half of body grayish brown. Color: back and side of and brackish water in tropical Asia D 12−14. lunaris. P1 14−17. Caudal fin slight- ly concave. and pectoral-fin rays 16−17). 2008 Suez Puffer D 10−12.244 Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson. caudal fin pale . 1845) Half-smooth Golden Puffer D 11−13. KAUM–I. P1 18−23. A 10−12. Caudal fin deeply lunate. Distribu- tion: warm areas in eastern Indian Ocean and West Pacific from Japan through Thailand and Indonesia to northern Australia. north- ward to southern Japan. KAUM–I. Nasal and pectoral fins pale. A 10−12. non-erec- tile spines. white ventrally. ters: large spines on body. and the area: no other families having background color light tan to brown. northward to southern Japan. plates on jaws flations. belly white. Chin distinct. Lateral line incon. 17 Dec. or fins. Gill opening a rela- tively small. Marketed a single beak-like plate. Body rounded with many 3 rooted. 1984 Brown Spotted Puffer D 8−9. probably toxic. usually overlain 10 to over 200 m. erect papilla with 2 openings. most fin rays branched. no pelvic fins. bars yps. covered with strong spines which may be quite long. sandy-muddy bottoms in depths of the following combination of charac- but frequently gray. Size: muddy bottom. Feed on coral pol. a small movable spine be- low and behind corner of mouth. 17031. Color: and rocky reefs. Body capable of great in. no pelvic with dark brown to black spots. 2008 ring in depths shallower than 40 m.7 cm SL reefs and sandy bottom. Ma- back just behind mid-dorsal branch of and spots. anal and laysia and Vietnam. P1 15−16. Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pa- cific from East Africa eastward to New Caledonia. placed far back no pelvic fins on body. Remarks: caught lateral lines. caudal-fin rays yel. 17043. Dorsal and anal fins without spines. Remarks: found in shallow coral Similar families occurring in spicuous. 245 Torquigener gloerfelti Hardy. rounded dorsally and flattened ventrally.2 cm SL nasal organ to immediately before off Terengganu (KT). beak-like plate without a median suture dividing left and right halves. other marine invertebrates. 7. 17 Dec. 17. seagrass beds. usually occur. KAUM–I. southward to northern Aus- tralia. fresh. epiphytes attached to seagrass. off Terengganu (KT). Ventro-lateral skin fold run- ning from behind chin to caudal-fin base. Mouth large. by trawl in shallow waters on sandy- body pale yellowish white covered lowish with dark brown margin. Size: 16 cm. 2008 dorsal-fin origin. inflatable body. A 10−12. black spots on back and side. teeth fused to form a strong. 1785) Birdbeak Burrfish D 11−13. Cyclichthys orbicularis (Bloch. . strong spines on body to 100 cm). dorsal. Spinules on back from level of Torquigener gloerfelti. A 6−7. and terminal. quently with yellow overtone. P1 18−21. Color: back and side of pectoral fins pale. wide. belly white. DIODONTIDAE Porcupinefishes By Keiichi Matsuura Small to medium-sized fishes (up 2 beak-like tooth many long. 7−9 spinules across with irregularly shaped brown circles 20 cm. No normal scales. all fins pale. KAUM–I. Na- sal organ a short. Remarks: found in coral and rocky Cyclichthys orbicularis. Distribution: Indonesia. teeth fused into and/or blotches. Body rela- tively elongate. vertical slit just in front of pectoral-fin base. Col- or: head and body brown dorsally. fre. no downward pointing spine below anterior margin of eye. frontal spines shorter than spines posterior to pectoral fin. bution: Indo-Pacific. Color: Diodon holocanthus. 41684. and another around to Society Islands. 7. Size: Japan. south to New South Wales. Distri. Remarks: occurring main- white-edged brown blotch above pec. front of gill opening. 16– 21 spines from top of snout to dorsal fin. a short toral-fin base. north to southern vertical white-edged brown bar in dorsal-fin base.246 Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus. a vertical white-edged brown band across rear of head and another across middle of back. .5 cm SL off Terengganu (KT). KAUM–I. 10 Sept. Nasal organ a short hollow tube with two opening near tip. 1758 Longspined Porcupinefish D 14−16. Australia. A 14−16. Long erectile spines on head and body. P1 21−25. a large oval maximum total length 50 cm. white ventrally. from east Africa ly on coral reefs. fins yellowish. 2011 dorsal side of body brown to gray. Elagatis 104 chloropterus. Albula 26 caninus. Stolephorus 34 Champsodon vorax 179 amblycephalus. Alectis 98 lineatus 89 breviceps. Sillago 93 Arius maculatus 42 Caranx sexfasciatus 103 Aetobatus ocellatus 22 Arnoglossus macrolophus 230 Carapidae 46 Aetomylaeus nichofii 23 arsius. Chrysochir 138 chacunda. Sillago 94 Apistus carinatus 63 Blenniidae 183 Choridactylus multibarbus 69 Aploactinidae 68 Blenniella bilitonensis 183 Chromis atripectoralis 161 Aploactis aspera 68 blochi. Monacanthus 241 annularis. Pterocaesio 120 Apogon cavitensis 87 boops. Stolephorus 33 bifasciatum. Pisodonophis 28 Acanthopagrus pacificus 135 argentia. Cheilinus 169 Apistidae 63 Lophogobius 203 chondropus. Apistus 63 Albulidae 26 Atelomycterus marmoratus 11 cavitensis. Tripodichthys 237 Chrysiptera unimaculata 161 Aplocheilidae 56 blochii. Diploprion 81 chiltonae. Blenniella 183 Pampus 224 Anodontostoma chacunda 38 bindus. Pomacentrus 165 fasciatus 88 Brachirus orientalis 233 chulae. Paraplagusia 236 Chrysochir aureus 138 Aplocheilus panchax 56 boenak. Pennahia 141 bilineatus. Periophthalmus 204 Carangidae 98 Acanthuridae 217 argentimaculatus. Glossogobius 199 Chiloscyllium griseum 8 anabatoides. Epinephelus 81 Balistidae 238 Champsodontidae 179 Johnius 139 balteatus. Pomacentrus 165 Atropus atropos 100 sonnerati 80 Aluterus monoceros 240 Atule mate 100 Cepolidae 156 Ambassidae 76 aureus. Hemiramphus 54 Callionymidae 189 Abudefduf bengalensis 157 areolatus. Trachyrhamphus 59 punctatum 9 andhraensis. Pomacanthus 153 bilitonensis. Repomucenus 190 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus 92 frenatus 159 Belonidae 55 Cheilopogon katoptron 53 ocellaris 160 bengalensis. 247 Scientific Name Index Abalistes stellatus 238 Apogonidae 87 Caesionidae 119 abbreviata. Amblygaster 37 . Thysanophrys 75 anea. Dipterygonotus 120 Chanidae 40 Amblygaster clupeoides 37 Redigobius 207 Chanos chanos 40 sirm 38 bathybius. Halicampus 58 cinereus. Mugilogobius 203 hyalosoma 89 Brachypleura novaezeelandiae 226 ciliaris. Saurenchelys 30 Acanthocepola abbreviata 156 Pomadasys 125 cancrivorus. Lates 78 Ablennes hians 55 archipelagicus. Sardinella 39 aspera. Acentrogobius 193 Acanthosphex leurynnis 68 argentilineatus. Butis 191 clarkii. Amblypomacentrus 158 cinerascens. Psammogobius 206 Chirocentrus dorab 36 Antennarius nummifer 48 bipinnulata. Carangoides 101 Clupeidae 37 Apogonichthyoides niger 91 Caesio cuning 119 clupeoides. Kyphosus 148 nigrocincta 89 brocki. Sillago 94 Carcharhinus dussumieri 12 albella. Atropus 100 microprion 80 alexanderae. Abudefduf 157 Chelon subviridis 49 perideraion 160 bicirrhosus. Apogon 87 Alectis ciliaris 98 Atherinidae 52 Centriscidae 60 indicus 99 Atherinomorus lacunosus 52 Centriscus scutatus 60 Alepes djedaba 99 pinguis 53 Cephalopholis boenak 79 melanoptera 99 atripectoralis. Lutjanus 116 Carangoides coeruleopinnatus 101 Acanthurus mata 217 argus. Selar 106 Coradion 152 endekataenia 88 Bothidae 230 chrysurus. Chanos 40 Amblygobius phalaena 194 Bathygobius cocosensis 195 Cheilinus chlorourus 169 stethophthalmus 194 cyclopterus 195 fasciatus 170 Amblypomacentrus breviceps 158 fuscus 196 trilobatus 170 Amphiprion clarkii 159 belcheri recurvispinnis. Cynoglossus 235 chinensis. Pseudorhombus 227 Carcharhinidae 12 affinis. Cephalopholis 79 chrysozona. Muraenesox 29 pleuron 90 Butis butis 191 circumspectus. Euthynnus 221 asiatica. Rachycentron 96 sordidus 158 Pampus 223 cancrivora. Aploactis 68 melanopterus 13 Albula argentea 26 Asterropteryx semipunctata 195 carinatus. Amphiprion 159 truncatus 91 coeruleopinnatus. Acanthocepola 156 Archamia fucata 91 calcarifer. Halichoeres 171 Antherinidae 52 bleekeri. Rhynchobatus 16 Chaetodon octofasciatus 151 urotaenia 77 Auxis rochei rochei 220 Chaetodontidae 151 vachellii 77 baganensis. Photopectoralis 114 Chirocentridae 36 Antennariidae 48 biocellatus. Glossogobius 200 poecilopterus 90 koilomatodon 191 Citharidae 226 seminigracaudus 90 butis. Chromis 161 formosa 80 vari 100 atropos. Neopomacentrus 164 bicoarctatus. Epinephelus 81 Calliurichthys japonicus 189 sexfasciatus 158 argenteus. Nemipterus 127 chanos. Monodactylus 146 canadum. Halichoeres 171 gymnostethus 101 Acentrogobius caninus 193 Scatophagus 213 hedlandensis 102 viridipunctatus 194 Ariidae 42 malabaricus 102 aeolus. Epinephelus 82 chlorourus. Anodontostoma 38 Ambassis interrupta 76 Glossogobius 199 Chaetodermis penicilligerus 241 nalua 77 australiae. Leptojulis 174 Enneapterygius tutuilae 182 gibbosa. Dussumieria 38 Gerres erythrourus 121 cultellatus. Ostorhinchus 92 Ecsenius yaeyamaensis 184 furcosus. Carangoides 101 decoratus. Chiloscyllium 8 trimaculatus 162 quoyanus 84 griseus. Caesio 119 endekataenia. Chirocentrus 36 Salarias 188 Hemigymnus melapterus 173 Drepane longimana 149 Favonigobius reichei 198 Hemiramphidae 54 punctata 150 ferox. Oxycheilinus 175 Euthynnus affinis 221 melanurus 172 Pterocaesio 120 Eviota pellucida 197 nigrescens 172 dimidiatus. Bathygobius 96 Coryphaenidae 95 Eleotridae 191 Pseudochromis 85 Cottapistus cottoides 66 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 136 Fusigobius inframaculatus 199 cottoides. Pomacentrus 166 Coilia 32 formosa. Istigobius 201 Escualosa thoracata 39 Halichoeres argus 171 Diagramma picta picta 124 Eubleekeria jonesi 111 chloropterus 171 didactylus. Plectorhinchus 125 Cyclichthys orbicularis 245 striatus 184 gilberti. Samaris 232 elongatus. Epinephelus 83 Halicampus brocki 58 diadema. Mulloidichthys 142 coelestis. Nemipterus 128 Coradion chrysozonus 152 edentulus. Gymnocranius 132 rhombea 112 crocea. Parupeneus 143 dupliciocellatus. Amphiprion 159 commerson. Istiblennius 185 fuscescens. Torquigener 245 Cynoglossidae 235 Ephippus orbis 211 Glossogobius aureus 199 Cynoglossus bilineatus 235 Epibulus insidiator 170 bicirrhosus 199 lingua 236 Epinephelus amblycephalus 81 circumspectus 200 monopus 236 areolatus 81 Gnathanodon speciosus 104 cyprinoides. Scomberomorus 222 Echeneidae 97 fucata. Siganus 215 Dasyatis parvonigra 17 Equulites laterofenestra 109 Upeneus 143 zugei 18 leuciscus 110 Gymnocranius elongatus 132 Decapterus macrosoma 103 oblongus 110 griseus 133 russelli 103 stercorarius 111 gymnostethus. Epinephelus 84 dunckeri. Dactyloptena 61 cyclopterus. Apogon 88 hedlandensis. Pomacentrus 166 Encrasicholina devisi 33 limbatus 122 cuning. Gerres 122 heniochus. Siganus 214 cordyla. Omobranchus 187 Hemiramphus archipelagicus 54 Drepaneidae 149 filamentosa. Elops 24 Dipterygonotus balteatus 120 fasciatus. Sufflamen 239 coioides. Gerres 121 Haemulidae 124 Dendrophysa russelli 139 erythrurus. Temera 15 Diodontidae 245 Exyrias puntang 198 Harpadon nehereus 44 Diploprion bifasciatum 81 fasciatum. Labroides 173 storthynx 197 hanedai. Epinephelus 82 Istiblennius 185 formosus. Psettodes 225 Gymnuridae 21 devisi. Hippichthys (Hippichthys) 58 . Epinephelus 83 Coryphaena hippurus 95 Elates ransonnettii 72 fuscus. Cephalopholis 80 coeruleopunctatus. Megalaspis 104 Elagatis bipinnulata 104 fuscoguttatus. Istigobius 202 Dactylopteridae 61 erythrurus 83 Grammatobothus polyophthalmus 231 Dactylopus dactylopus 190 fasciatus 83 Grammoplites scaber 73 dactylopus. Gymnocranius 133 Dasyatidae 17 sexfasciatus 84 guttatus. Secutor 114 Diodon holocanthus 246 Exocoetidae 53 hardwickii. Stegostoma 10 hawaiiensis. Leiognathus 113 Gymnura poecilura 21 delicata. Encrasicholina 33 erythrourus. Himantura 18 crumenophthalmus. Alepes 99 Epinephelus 83 mingi 201 dorab. Engyprosopon 231 Dascyllus reticulatus 162 heniochus 84 griseum. Dactylopus 190 fuscoguttatus 83 grandisquama. Parioglossus 210 cognatus. Uranoscopus 181 Plicofollis 43 forsteri. Istigobius 201 equulus. Archamia 91 commersonianus. Lutjanus 117 cooki. Parapercis 180 Hemiscyllidae 8 Drombus triangularis 196 filamentosus. Megalops 25 bleekeri 82 Gobiidae 193 Dactyloptena gilberti 61 coeruleopunctatus 82 Gobiodon quinquestrigatus 200 orientalis 62 coioides 82 goldmanni. Scomberoides 105 Echeneis naucrates 97 fulviflamma. Bathygobius 195 dussumieri. Platycephalus 74 Encheliophis homei 46 filamentosus 122 cuneatus. Tylosurus 56 Elopidae 24 gerrardi. Sardinella 40 cyanosoma. Pseudorhombus 228 Fistulariidae 59 heptagonus. Inimicus 70 Eugnathogobius variegatus 197 marginatus 172 digramma. Cottapistus 66 Ellochelon vaigiensis 50 Gazza minuta 112 cristatus. Carangoides 102 Dischistodus fasciatus 163 Cheilinus 170 Helcogramma striata 182 prosopotaenia 163 Dischistodus 163 Hemigobius hoevenii 200 djedaba. Apogon 88 macracanthus 123 cuvieri. Zenarchopterus 55 Fistularia petimba 59 heptacanthus. Carcharhinus 12 flavolineatus. Neopomacentrus 164 Engyprosopon grandisquama 231 ghobban. Larimichthys 140 Omobranchus 186 genivittatus. Inimicus 70 Engraulidae 32 oyena 123 cyanomos. Epinephelus 82 Dussumieria elopsoides 38 frenatus. Scarus 177 cyanopleura. Sphyraena 218 Coilia dussumieri 32 Thryssa 34 fraenatum.248 cocosensis. Selar 106 Elops hawaiiensis 24 Gerreidae 121 Cryptocentrus maudae 196 elopsoides. Ostorhinchus 92 Entomacrodus lighti 184 gibbosus. Bathygobius 195 Ephippidae 211 gloerfelti. Lethrinus 133 crocodilus crocodilus. Moolgarda 50 erumei. Istigobius 202 Lates calcarifer 78 melanopterus. Drepane 149 tigrinus 204 interrupta. Arnoglossus 230 Nemipterus bathybius 127 jonesi. Gazza 112 indicius. Hemigymnus 173 hians. Pomacentrus 167 indicum. Calliurichthys 189 vitta 118 Narkidae 15 jarbua. Apogonichthyoides 91 suezensis 244 maudae. Seriolina 107 laterofenestra. Siganus 215 Priacanthus 86 neglectus. Eubleekeria 111 macrorhynus. Arius 42 zysron 129 koilomatodon. Cephalopholis 80 holocanthus. Yongeichthys 209 Pseudorhombus 228 macracanthus. Trichiurus 219 mento. Apogon 89 leucogaster. Oxyeleotris 192 Nibea semifasciata 140 lacunosus. Hemigobius 201 homei. Tetraodon 244 Latidae 78 melanospilos. Atelomycterus 11 soldado 140 Lagocephalus lunaris 243 mata. Hipposcarus 176 Mugilidae 49 sinensis 71 longicornis. Leptomelanosoma 137 lewini. Liachirus 234 novaezeelandiae. Echeneis 97 javanicus. Nemipterus 128 lentjan. Laiphognathus 186 Istigobius decoratus 201 Lutjanidae 116 Muraenesocidae 29 diadema 201 Lutjanus argentimaculatus 116 Muraenesox cinereus 29 goldmanni 202 fulviflamma 117 muralis. Scolopsis 130 ingenuua. Trachinocephalus 45 jaculatrix. Scorpaenopsis 65 javus. Apogon 89 Larimichthys crocea 140 Megalops cyprinoides 25 nigrofasciata. Apogon 89 Monodactylus argenteus 146 inframaculatus. Lagocephalus 243 multimaculatus. Cryptocentrus 196 Parastromateus 105 Laiphognathus multimaculatus 186 Megalaspis cordyla 104 nigrescens. Carangoides 102 Neomerinthe procurva 64 Kyphosidae 148 Lutjanus 117 Neopomacentrus anabatoides 164 Kyphosus cinerascens 148 malayanus. Equulites 109 melanoptera. Thalassoma 175 multibarbus. Ambassis 77 japonicus. Aluterus 240 Stolephorus 34 limbatus. Lutjanus 117 naucrates. Butis 191 Pomadasys 126 Neoglyphidodon melas 164 Kumococius rodericensis 73 malabaricus. Alectis 99 Liachirus melanospilos 234 Monacanthus chinensis 241 Platycephalus 74 lighti. Halichoeres 172 lambdastigma. Acanthosphex 68 moluccensis. Scolopsis 130 taeniurus 165 labiosus. Gerres 123 neglecta. Pseudomonacanthus 242 marginatus 128 katoptron. Hilsa 39 maculatus. Pentaprion 123 Mullidae 142 Istiblennius dussumieri 185 Lophogobius bleekeri 203 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 142 edentulus 185 lunare. Hemigobius 200 lentjan 134 microprion. Cynoglossus 236 Iniistius trivittatus 173 lingua. Ablennes 55 Leptojulis cyanopleura 174 melas. Johnius 139 furcosus 128 kaakan. Sphyrna 14 Monacanthidae 240 indicus. Gerres 122 Monodactylidae 146 Inegocia japonica 73 lineatus. Epibulus 170 longimana. Decapterus 103 hexodon 128 kanagurta. Parexocoetus 54 Hipposcarus longiceps 176 Lethrinidae 132 meyeni. Cynoglossus 236 Moolgarda delicata 50 Inimicus cuvieri 70 lithinus. Entomacrodus 184 monoceros. Acanthurus 217 nichofii. Brachypleura 226 Leiognathidae 109 melanostictus. Periophthalmus 205 . Ambassis 76 longimanus. Pomacentrus 166 Holocentridae 57 variegatus 134 mingi. Halichoeres 172 hexodon. Fusigobius 199 Istiblennius 186 monogramma. Sirembo 47 Suggrundus 75 nehereus. Valenciennea 208 nigroocellatus 202 lutjanus 117 Myliobatidae 22 ornatus 202 malabaricus 117 myops. Inegocia 73 russellii 118 nalua. Leptojulis 174 Megalopidae 25 nigrocincta. Diodon 246 ornatus 134 milleri. Halichoeres 172 Nettastomatidae 30 Labridae 169 Nemipterus 128 Netuma thalassina 43 Labroides dimidiatus 173 marmorata. Carcharhinus 13 nigroviridis. Richardsonichthys 67 minuta. Rastrelliger 221 macrurus. Pseudorhombus 229 jerdoni. Alepes 99 nigroocellatus. Equulites 110 Minous pictus 71 hyalosoma. Coryphaena 95 Lethrinus genivittatus 133 microcephalus. Harpadon 44 Johnius amblycephalus 139 Macrodontogobius wilburi 203 Nemipteridae 127 macrorhynus 139 macrolophus. Sillago 94 Plotosus 41 monopus. Nuchequula 113 Mugilogobius chulae 203 insidiator. Paratrypauchen 204 hoevenii. Pseudogobius 206 lymma. Thryssa 35 japonica. Neoglyphidodon 164 Hilsa kelee 39 lambdastigma 174 Mene maculata 108 Himantura gerrardi 18 leptolepis. Choridactylus 69 lineatus 186 lunaris. Taeniura 19 nebulosus. Encheliophis 46 leuciscus. Terapon 155 lutjanus. Selaroides 106 Menidae 108 walga 19 Leptomelanosoma indicum 137 mentalis. Toxotes 147 quinquelineatus 118 mystax. Cheilopogon 53 maculata. Oedalechilus 51 marginatus. Pseudogobius 207 novemradiatus. Pseudorhombus 228 cyanomos 164 labiata. Pleurosicya 205 margaritifera. Ophichthus 27 perusii 51 didactylus 70 longiceps. Taeniurops 20 hippurus. Mene 108 tambuloides 129 kelee. Aetomylaeus 23 spadiceus 244 mate. Atherinomorus 52 marmoratus. Lethrinus 134 melapterus. Atule 100 niger. 249 Hexanematichthys sagor 43 Leiognathus equulus 113 melanurus. Ulua 107 Hippichthys (Hippichthys) heptagonus 58 lepturus. Pomadasys 126 macrosoma. Secutor 115 leurynnis. Favonigobius 198 Opisthopterus tardoore 31 poecilura. Chaetodermis 241 dupliciocellatus 228 tol 105 Pennahia anea 141 javanicus 228 Scomberomorus commerson 222 Pentapodus setosus 129 malayanus 228 Scombridae 220 Pentaprion longimanus 123 neglectus 229 Scorpaenidae 64 pentophthalmus. Dascyllus 162 orbis. Hexanematichthys 43 Pampus argenteus 223 maculatus 126 Salarias fasciatus 188 chinensis 224 unimaculatus 126 Samaridae 232 panchax. Pristotis 168 planus. Dasyatis 17 Pseudochromis fuscus 85 Sciaenidae 138 pavoninus. Dischistodus 163 Scarus ghobban 177 Pardachirus pavoninus 234 Psammogobius biocellatus 206 psittacus 177 Parexocoetus mento 54 Psettodes erumei 225 quoyi 178 Parioglossus formosus 210 Psettodidae 225 Scatophagidae 213 Parupeneus heptacanthus 143 Pseudochromidae 85 Scatophagus argus 213 parvonigra. Repomucenus 190 quagga. Sargocentron 57 Oxycheilinus digramma 175 moluccensis 167 russelii. Antennarius 48 Pinguipedidae 180 pusillus. Pseudorhombus 229 pentophthalmus 229 Scorpaenopsis neglecta 65 perideraion. Aetobatus 22 Platycephalidae 72 Lutjanus 118 Parachaetodon 152 Platycephalus cultellatus 74 quinquestrigatus. Elates 72 Ophichthus lithinus 27 Plotosidae 41 Rastrelliger kanagurta 221 Ophidiidae 47 Plotosus lineatus 41 Redigobius balteatus 207 Ophiocara porocephala 192 poecilopterus.250 Nuchequula longicornis 113 pictus. Amblygobius 194 punctata. Brachirus 233 Pomacanthidae 153 Rhynchobatidae 16 Dactyloptena 62 Pomacanthus annularis 153 Rhynchobatus australiae 16 ornatus. Istigobius 202 Pomacentridae 157 Richardsonichthys leucogaster 67 Lethrinus 134 Pomacentrus alexanderae 165 rochei rochei. Priolepis 205 picta picta. Eviota 197 melanostictus 207 taenioptera 131 Pempheridae 145 Pseudomonacanthus macrurus 242 vosmeri 131 Pempheris oualensis 145 Pseudorhombus arsius 227 Scomberoides commersonianus 105 penicilligerus. Cheilodipterus 92 ocellatus. Pseudochromis 85 Ophichthidae 27 Plicofollis dussumieri 43 ransonnettii. Decapterus 103 urophthalmus 192 tripunctatus 168 Dendrophysa 139 oyena. Gazza 112 orientalis. Scarus 178 Omobranchus elongatus 186 pleuron. Atherinomorus 53 putnamae. Minous 71 puntang. Pardachirus 234 ransonneti 85 Scolopsis margaritifera 130 Pelates quadrilineatus 154 Pseudogobius javanicus 206 monogramma 130 pellucida. Paramonacanthus 242 obesus. Moolgarda 51 digramma 120 indicius 115 petimba. Apogon 90 reichei. Lutjanus 118 pacificus. Fistularia 59 Pterois russelii 65 Selar boops 106 phalaena. Acanthopagrus 135 kaakan 126 sagor. Kumococius 73 cyanosoma 92 coelestis 166 Rogadius tuberculatus 74 Otolithes ruber 141 cuneatus 166 ruber. Ephippus 211 polyophthalmus. Grammoplites 73 Parastromateus niger 105 procurva. Nibea 140 . Gobiodon 200 octofasciatus. Zebrias 234 ocellaris. Thunnus 222 pinguis. Equulites 110 Pisodonophis cancrivorus 28 quadrilineatus. Neomerinthe 64 Scaridae 176 Paratrypauchen microcephalus 204 prosopotaenia. Drepane 150 crumenophthalmus 106 Photopectoralis bindus 114 punctatum. Stigmatogobius 208 ransonneti. Cyclichthys 245 Polydactylus sextarius 137 planus 190 Platax 212 Polynemidae 136 reticulatus. Sphyraena 218 oblongus. Chiloscyllium 9 Selaroides leptolepis 106 picta. Amphiprion 160 psittacus. Gymnura 21 Repomucenus belcheri recurvispinnis 190 orbicularis. Omobranchus 187 semidoliata. Apogon 90 Rachycentridae 96 ferox 187 Pleurosicya labiata 205 Rachycentron canadum 96 punctatus 187 pleurostigma. Epinephelus 84 Oedalechilus labiosus 51 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 125 quoyi. Chaetodon 151 indicus 74 quoyanus. Pelates 154 obtusirostris. Grammatobothus 231 rhombea. Aplocheilus 56 porocephala. Auxis 220 Ostorhinchus cooki 92 chrysurus 165 rodericensis. Amphiprion 160 Platax orbicularis 212 quinquelineatus. Pterois 65 Oxyeleotris marmorata 192 taeniometopon 167 russelli. Otolithes 141 oualensis. Gerres 123 Pomadasys argenteus 125 russellii. Diagramma 124 Siganus 215 semifasciata. Pempheris 145 milleri 166 rubrum. Centriscus 60 Periophthalmus argentilineatus 204 Ptereleotridae 210 Scyliorhinidae 11 novemradiatus 205 Pterocaesio chrysozona 120 Secutor hanedai 114 perusii. Ophiocara 192 Samaris cristatus 232 Parablennius thysanius 187 Priacanthidae 86 Sardinella albella 39 Parachaetodon ocellatus 152 Priacanthus macracanthus 86 gibbosa 40 Paralichthyidae 227 tayenus 87 Sargocentron rubrum 57 Paramonacanthus pusillus 242 Priolepis semidoliata 205 Saurenchelys cancrivora 30 Parapercis filamentosa 180 Pristicon trimaculatus 93 Saurida tumbil 44 Paraplagusia blochii 236 Pristigasteridae 31 undosquamis 45 Parascorpaena picta 65 Pristotis obtusirostris 168 scaber. Scarus 177 scutatus. Exyrias 198 nummifer. Parascorpaena 65 punctatus. Strongylura 56 trimaculatus. Amblygobius 194 Toxotidae 147 Xiphocheilus typus 175 Stigmatogobius pleurostigma 208 Trachinocephalus myops 45 yaeyamaensis. Helcogramma 182 triangularis. Eugnathogobius 197 speciosus. Ellochelon 50 Soleidae 233 Tetrarogidae 66 Valenciennea muralis 208 sonnerati. Neopomacentrus 165 unimaculata. Ambassis 77 sirm. Scolopsis 131 Stegostomatidae 10 tol. Xiphocheilus 175 guttatus 215 Taeniura lymma 19 Ulua mentalis 107 javus 215 Taeniurops meyeni 20 undosquamis. Escualosa 39 variegatus. Nemipterus 129 unimaculatus. Scomberoides 105 walga. Ambassis 77 Sirembo jerdoni 47 tetradactylum. Trypauchen 208 soldado. Equulites 111 Toxotes jaculatrix 147 wilburi. Abudefduf 158 sundaicus. 251 seminigracaudus. Alepes 100 Sparidae 135 thoracata. Mugilogobius 204 vosmeri. Gnathanodon 104 Thryssa dussumieri 34 Lethrinus 134 Sphyraena forsteri 218 mystax 35 Vespicula trachinoides 67 putnamae 218 setirostris 35 virgatus. Enneapterygius 182 Siganidae 214 taeniometopon. Cheilinus 170 semipunctata. Parablennius 187 vitta. Pentapodus 129 sulphureus. Upeneus 144 Zenarchopterus dunckeri 55 storthynx. Lagocephalus 244 theraps. Synodus 45 tragula 144 chondropus 94 Temera hardwickii 15 Uranoscopidae 181 ingenuua 94 Terapon jarbua 155 Uranoscopus cognatus 181 sihama 94 theraps 155 urophthalmus. Thryssa 35 Suggrundus macracanthus 75 tripunctatus. Abudefduf 158 Thalassoma lunare 175 wardii 209 spadiceus. Chrysiptera 161 virgatus 216 tambuloides. Cephalopholis 80 thalassina. Ecsenius 184 Stolephorus andhraensis 33 trachinoides. Asterropteryx 195 strongylura. Iniistius 173 sexfasciatus. Lagocephalus 244 Tripodichthys blochi 237 Setipinna taty 33 Sufflamen fraenatum 239 Tripterygiidae 182 setirostris. Setipinna 33 sulphureus 143 Sillago aeolus 93 tayenus. Valenciennea 209 Synodontidae 44 tumbil. Apogon 91 Caranx 103 Synanceiidae 69 Trypauchen vagina 208 Epinephelus 84 Syngnathidae 58 tuberculatus. Acentrogobius 194 Sphyrna lewini 14 thysanius. Macrodontogobius 203 stethophthalmus. Upeneus 144 truncatus. Pomacentrus 168 setosus. Dasyatis 18 striata. Inimicus 71 Terapontidae 154 urotaenia. Eviota 197 Triacanthidae 237 zugei. Dascyllus 162 Seriolina nigrofasciata 107 subviridis. Terapon 155 vari. Polydactylus 137 Synodus tectus 45 tutuilae. Upeneus 143 trivittatus. Oxyeleotris 192 sinensis. Amblygaster 38 Tetraodon nigroviridis 244 vagina. Pomadasys 126 sihama. Nemipterus 129 striatus. Champsodon 179 Stegostoma fasciatum 10 tigrinus. Apogon 90 Strongylura strongylura 56 trilobatus. Sillago 94 tardoore. Nibea 140 Tetraodontidae 243 vaigiensis. Scolopsis 131 typus. Chelon 49 Pristicon 93 Serranidae 79 suezensis. Eleutheronema 136 vachellii. Netuma 43 sexguttata 209 sordidus. Opisthopterus 31 Upeneus guttatus 143 Sillaginidae 93 taty. Entomacrodus 184 Trichiuridae 219 Stromateidae 223 Trichiurus lepturus 219 . Rogadius 74 sexguttata. Siganus 216 Sphyraenidae 218 Thunnus obesus 222 viridipunctatus. Pomacentrus 167 Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus 56 Siganus fuscescens 214 taenioptera. Abalistes 238 Torquigener gloerfelti 245 wardii. Saurida 44 sextarius. Priacanthus 87 sundaicus 144 asiatica 94 tectus. Himantura 19 stellatus. Valenciennea 209 stercorarius. Lutjanus 118 Sphyrnidae 14 Thysanophrys chiltonae 75 vorax. Drombus 196 zysron. Vespicula 67 Yongeichthys nebulosus 209 baganensis 34 Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus 59 Zebrias quagga 234 indicus 34 tragula. Saurida 45 punctatus 215 taeniurus.