FIQH OF SALAH THE DIVINE LINK2009 Contents REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 THE FOUR SCHOOLS OF FIQH ................................................................................................................... 7 THE DEFINITION OF SALAH .................................................................................................................... 11 THE RULING OF SALAH........................................................................................................................... 11 THE EXCELLENCE OF SALAH ................................................................................................................... 12 THE BENEFITS OF SALAH ........................................................................................................................ 13 THE ACCOUNTABILITY OF SALAH............................................................................................................ 13 Praying after the expiration of time (Qada) ........................................................................................ 14 THE RULING ON ABANDONING THE SALAH ............................................................................................ 14 THE HISTORY OF SALAH ......................................................................................................................... 16 The Characteristics of the Prayer Before Islam ................................................................................... 16 The History of Salah in Islam .............................................................................................................. 17 THE TIMES OF SALAH ............................................................................................................................. 18 The Time for Fajr................................................................................................................................ 18 The Time for Zuhr .............................................................................................................................. 18 The Time for Asr ................................................................................................................................ 19 The Time for Maghrib ........................................................................................................................ 19 The Time for Isha ............................................................................................................................... 19 Time for Witr ..................................................................................................................................... 20 The Preferred Salah Times for the Madhab ........................................................................................ 20 The Prohibited/Disliked Times ........................................................................................................... 21 ADHAN .................................................................................................................................................. 23 The Definition of Adhan ..................................................................................................................... 23 The History of the Adhan ................................................................................................................... 23 The Virtue of the Adhan ..................................................................................................................... 23 The Ruling of the Adhan ..................................................................................................................... 24 Ruling of the Adhan for a Women s Congregation .............................................................................. 24 Ruling of the Adhan for an Indivdual .................................................................................................. 24 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 24 The Shurut of the Adhan .................................................................................................................... 25 The Etiquettes of the Adhan .............................................................................................................. 25 SHURUT OF SALAH................................................................................................................................. 27 Shurut of Salah .................................................................................................................................. 27 Pre-requisites (Shurut) for obligating Salah ........................................................................................ 27 Conditions (Shurut) for validating Salah ............................................................................................. 27 ARKAN (INTEGRALS) OF SALAH .............................................................................................................. 29 Arkan of Salah.................................................................................................................................... 29 Issues on the Fatihah ......................................................................................................................... 30 The Virtues of Surah Al-Fatihah .......................................................................................................... 30 WAJJIBAT (OBLIGATORY ACTS) OF SALAH .............................................................................................. 33 SUNAN (RECOMMENDED ACTS) OF SALAH ............................................................................................ 33 MAKRUH (ABONIMABLE) ACTS IN SALAH ............................................................................................... 37 MUBAH (PERMISSIBLE) ACTS IN SALAH .................................................................................................. 38 THE ETIQUETTE OF SALAH ..................................................................................................................... 38 The Difference between Men and Women in Regard To Salah ........................................................... 38 HOW TO ACHIEVE KHUSHU IN SALAH .................................................................................................... 39 THE POST SALAH DHIKR ......................................................................................................................... 41 SALAT L-MUSAFIR (THE PRAYER OF THE TRAVELLER) ............................................................................. 42 Al Qasr Shortening the prayer ......................................................................................................... 42 The Rulings of praying Al-Qasr ........................................................................................................... 42 The Minimum distance to allow Qasr ................................................................................................. 42 What is the time-period that constitutes residency? .......................................................................... 43 COMBINING PRAYERS ............................................................................................................................ 44 The forms of combining prayer .......................................................................................................... 44 The rulings on combining prayer ........................................................................................................ 44 Combining between Fard Salah .......................................................................................................... 44 ACTS THAT NULLIFY THE SALAH ............................................................................................................. 45 Acts that allows the departure from Salah ......................................................................................... 45 Sujud l-Sahw (Prostration due to forgetfulness) ................................................................................. 45 CONGREGATIONAL SALAH ..................................................................................................................... 47 Benefits of Congregational Salah........................................................................................................ 47 The Ruling of Congregation Salah ....................................................................................................... 47 The Prayer Line .................................................................................................................................. 48 Rules of the Imam .............................................................................................................................. 48 Abominable acts in leading Salah ....................................................................................................... 49 Rules of the Ma mum ........................................................................................................................ 50 Etiquette of the latecomer for Salah (al-Masbuq)............................................................................... 50 Rules of the Masjid ............................................................................................................................ 51 Etiquette of going to the Masjid ......................................................................................................... 51 SALAT L NAFILAH (SUPEREROGATORY PRAYERS) .................................................................................... 52 Forms of Nafl Salah ............................................................................................................................ 52 Obligatory Prayer Rakats.................................................................................................................... 53 Sunnah Prayer Rakats ........................................................................................................................ 54 OTHER CONGRAGATIONAL PRAYERS...................................................................................................... 55 Salat l-Jum ah .................................................................................................................................... 55 Salat l-Eedayn .................................................................................................................................... 55 Salat l-Taraweeh ................................................................................................................................ 56 Salat l-Khusuf (Lunar) & Kusuf (Solar) The Eclipse Prayer ................................................................. 56 Salat l-Istiqa Prayer for the request of rain ...................................................................................... 56 Salat l-Khawf...................................................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES The text in the binder is based on Ummahatul Kutub. Also based on following books: Al Fiqh-ul-islam-wa-iddalatihu this has evidences for all schools, for all actions concerning the Prayer. Al Fiqh-Al-Islami Hanafi book on Fiqh of Salah. Al-Hidayah statements/positions in each school. INTRODUCTION Prophet (SAW) said the greatest trial from time of Adam to the Hour, is Ad-Dajjal. There has not come a Prophet that did not warn about the Ad-Dajjal. The people will be starving, poor and destitute and the Dajjal will appear. He will produce food and give money. People will be confused and stressed. He will tell people if he is able to bring back his parents, if they believe in him. Dajjal will be with us for 40 days, 1 day will be like a year, 1 day will be like a month, 1 day will be like a week and the rest of the days will be like our days. Prophet (SAW) said if he was amongst his people at the time Ad-Dajjal comes, he will protect them. The companions asked about the day when it would be like a year, if they would be able to perform their five daily prayers this was their number one concern their link with Allah. This needs to be understood this is our most important link with Allah. It has been recommended to memorize either the first ten or the last ten verses of Surah Al-Kahf as this will be a protection from the Dajjal. In Islam, there is no easier way to Paradise than the kind treatment of parents. The happiness of your Lord, is in the happiness of your parents. We should not base our arguments on tajroobah (benefits/wisdoms) in defending Islam these should come at the end, e.g. the issue of Niqab. When a ruling is given by the scholars, the basis of these rulings start bottom up, i.e. first and foremost, they are the commandments of Allah or the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW). SubhanAllah Supreme and transcendent (above and beyond everything) Subhan You are addressing the supreme. O Allah you are truly exalted and transcendent from what they say. This is a statement of distance, maximum distance between what people say of Allah and His true reality. that in reference to the act of Salah. We are human beings having a spiritual experience but the Muslims said We are spiritual beings having a human experience . which was then later abrogated. The five times prayer was given to the Prophet (SAW) in the heavens directly by Allah during the night of Isra wa l Mi raj which is understood to be three years before Hijrah or just after. . External action. a seventh. intention. Tafsir-e-quran-bil-quran Understanding a verse of the Quran using another verse of the Quran. the evidences. Tafsir-e-quran-bil-hadith Understanding a verse of the Quran using Hadith. Prophet (SAW) said a person will pray and will only take a tenth. Internal dimension of worship hearts. We are better than the angels as they only do what they are commanded to do. The Aql (intellect) needs to be used to understand the text. Prophet (SAW) said pray as you see me pray. This is an example where the verse has been taken away but the act remains. Tajrubah personal experience Shirk in our time is the worship of rationalism in which it is believed that the intellect is greater than the books and Sunnah. Allah turns to us at this time. ii. Stoning to death for an adulterer The Ayah was taken out of the Quran (abrogated) and the ruling has moved to Hadith. This is an example where the verse remains but the act has been taken away.The following three things have been abrogated in Islam. where he can accept or not accept Islam. Allah continues to look at his slave when he is praying until the slave turns away. ii. a eighth. a sixth. not to try and define it. Breastfeeding in relation to establish a mahram relationship this was originally specified as 10 times. a quarter. The people of religion of the past said. where as Insan has the freedom of choice. Praying whilst drunk It was permissible according to Surah Al-Nisa. over a period of time: i. The prayer has to be done according to the Sunnah. The more correct opinion is that it took place between 8-18 months before the Hijrah. a ninth. a third and a half of their prayer authentic hadith. Achieving success in Prayer by focusing on: i. but later abrogated by a Hadith which stated this to be 5 times. humbleness. a fifth. This is mentioned in a number of hadith. iii. Yahya Ibn Zakariyya. there are many books that can be regarded as the Muttamat. Imam Nawawi. Imam Al-Muslim. Zaydahi. Every school of Law. When these four Fuqaha unanimously state that an action will have severe consequences. These books in essence are the established facts. Yahya Ibn Ma in (great scholar). Ibn Hajar Al-Askalani (one of the greatest scholars to have ever lived in Islam). Al Tirmidhi. those do the checking and are the masters of the school are Imam Zufur. Ibn Kathir. he has a high regard for Imam Malik and wrote an entire book defending Imam Malik. Shafi i Founded by Imam Shafi Teacher was Imam Malik. He also has high regard for Imam Shafi i and Abu Hanifah also). he reformed Islam and Politics. Al Jawziy. Al-Khallal. rd Shafi predominantly in Egypt. Malik + Abu Hanifah were considered as Ahl-e-Raii Shafi + Ahmed were considered as Ahl-e-Hadith. Popular in parts of Egypt. i. The four greatest Fuqaha (jurists) ever known in the Sunni school (Ahlus-sunna-wal-jammah) were the four Imams who always tried to find a solution from Quran and Sunnah to make things easy for the masses. ii. Hanafi predominantly in the Indian sub-continent. The key authorities in this school. Muhammad ibn Hamza Shaybani (main student). Ibn Taymiyyah (he reformed Fiqh. as these verdicts are based on a detailed study of the Quran and Sunnah.THE FOUR SCHOOLS OF FIQH Madhabs are just a tool they are not the means. Muhammad ibn Hamza Shaybani was his main teacher. Hanbalis predominantly in Saudi Arabia. Author of Mu attah. Abdullah Ibn Mubarak. An-Nissae. He is also a Muhaddith. Very hadith oriented and orthodox in their creed. Ibn Hajjah. Suyuti. Al-Muttamat the authoritative book in the school of Fiqh. School of Ahlul Hadith Based upon the narrations of the Prophet. Views largely dependent on the actions of the people of Madina. Maliki Founded by Imam Malik 3 generation of Muslims. Ibn Qurtubi. Position of the Imam Position of the School People who use opinion. In Hanafi school. Ibn Qardun. The four schools of thought: Hanafi Founded by Abu Hanifah he was the first to master the science of Fiqh. Imam Ghazali. Hanbali Founded by Imam Ahmad Ibn Habal Student of Shafi i. Abdul Qadir al-Jilani. Majd Ibn Taymiyyah. Imam Al Bukhari. so amongst the Salaf. Abu Yusuf.e. Abu Dawud. Malik . has: i. this needs to be treated very seriously. Qudama. Fiqh there are differences in opinions on issues which are not firmly established within the Quran and Sunnah. Muhaqeqeen They make Tahqeeq (authenticate) they review the Hadith. The Khawarij also came from there. as nothing is written in stone and sound differences of opinion are permissible with the four Imams. by going over and checking the opinions and the hadeeths of the madhab. iii. etc. that were going on in Iraq at Abu Hanifa s time in his locale. A Sunnah when it comes to Fiqh is something if it is omitted. as it is based on the differences in the classification of hadith. It is important to understand.The Hanafi position on Fiqh is normally deemed as different to other schools. sects. A Fatwah is a ruling which is unique to the person. Aqeedah there is no differing in the commandments according to shariah. where nothing has been found regarding this situation in Hadith. in the Hanafi Madhab. because: i. There was a lot of fabrication of hadith. Abu Hanifah s opinions were sometimes on their own. if it is followed. innovations. A Fiqh ruling is well established. making his pool of hadith even smaller. ii. Therefore. . iii. If the scholars differ in opinion. then it is best to go with the safest position. ii. however. then it is not punished. there may be: i. That s why his opinions are at a variance with other madhabs. Principle: Live your life by Taqwa (fearing Allah) and not Fatwah (ruling). but Fiqh is not Aqeedah. then is rewarded. Abu Hanifah had to be very strict on hadith and be extra restrictive to make sure he has authentic hadeeths. Abu Hanifah s large dependence on these two companions (Abdullah Ibn Mas ood & Ali ibn Talib) who went to kufah in Iraq. Abu Hanifa s home town. inshallah. etc. A Fatwah is not a Fiqh ruling. Al-Mustaftti-Al-al Madhabi The one who does not know a ruling is automatically upon the school of the one who he asks. Abu Hanifah s position The position of the two companion s of Abu Hanifah (Abdullah Ibn Mas ood and Ali Ibn Talib) The school s position Which teacher should I ask? Principle The one who seeks a ruling is upon the madhab of the one who he asks. Abu Hanifa s fiqh (deep understanding) was unparalleled to other scholars knowledge on another level. Imam Bukhari was a Shafi and also Ahlul-Hadith and was also considered to be a Mujtahid Muqlak which is as qualified as they come. Kalaf The next generations that followed them. In Sahih Muslim. The thabe-thebeen met the thabeen and died as Muslim.the pious predecessors. Each person in the chain is assessed in the most critical way. Imam Nawawi was a strong Shafi. All the Sahabah are trustworthy these are the companions of the Prophet (SAW) they met the Prophet and died as Muslim. His collection of hadith and explanations were the very best. without you knowing or understanding the evidences yourself. 1000 in his book.in these four books. His books were the very best. there are three key people in the chain Ibn Umar who related the hadith narration to Naf i (servant boy) who related the narration it to Imam Malik. the madhabs that they follow should be strictly adhered to there is no picking and choosing from different madhabs for particular situations. etc. Bukhari went through approx. In Sahih Bukhari there are no weak or hasan hadith in his book. However. there are certain hadith which has the golden chain i.e. million hadith. forgetfulness. However. and Daeef hadith in these collections. Sunan of Abu Dawud. Tirmidhi. and this scholar. Salaf The first three generations. but not as authentic this was never meant to be a book of hadith. It usually refers to the layman (ammi ) accepting a religious ruling from an Alim without questioning his textual proof of juristic reasoning. There are only authentic hadith in here. some of which are mentioned here. Al-Nasa i . The Layman cannot and should not mix and match between a Madhab. The hadith becomes stronger the less people there are in the chain. Tarfeeq Permissibility for people (students of knowledge) to take from different madhabs as long as it is done for the sake of Allah and not just to find something which is easy. can also be followed. etc. These three generations are known as the Salaf . Mu adh ibn Jabbal was a companion who was sent to Yemen by our Prophet (SAW). Shawkani. who had universal acceptance by all the schools. If one s prayer becomes a combination of the different madhabs due to his own study and following trusted scholars. there is different classification of Sahih. a scholar can mix and match madhabs. so there is no possibility of bias. and only accepted approx. then this is also permissible. The criteria and classification of the hadith are subject to the utmost rigour to verify their authenticity. weakness. in turn can be followed in his views by others. Taqleed is a tool to follow someone who knows more than you. This contains more hadith than Bukhari. In the Muttah of Imam Malik. Hasan. The four Imams are the most established in the Sunni school.Takleed Blindly following the rulings of the Imams and the Scholars the general masses of Muslims fall into this category as they do not have the knowledge or the means to study the evidences for themselves. Imam Bukhari is regarded as Amirul Mumineen and the greatest hadith scholar to walk the earth. Ibn Majah. Al-Albani. . also. The thabeen met the Sahabah and died as Muslim. The most authentic set of hadith are contained in Sahih Bukhari. other great Scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah. For these people. the preserved. there are only authentic hadith in here. The hadith is talking about something that has already been established in the Sunnah.e. Three conditions for using weak hadith: i.The Ulama allow weak hadith to be used when it concerns Salah to encourage the people to pray. the weakness of it should also be mentioned. there is someone in the chain that has lied or fabricated in the past. No excuses are accepted in obligatory actions such as Salah it is from the matters which are known by necessity in the religion. This hadith must not be very weak i. When the hadith is quoted or narrated. iii. ii. . Weak hadith can be used to encourage others and discourage others from performing actions as long as this does not legislate. the Powerful. iii. Prophet (SAW) said the Qiblah is between the East and West This means that in times of difficulty there is a flexibility of approx. Salah purifies us physically. Our scholars used to say our objectives are purification (tasfiyah) and education (tarbiyah). Salat and Zakat always mentioned together in the Qur an by Allah this religion and our Prophet (SAW) has been sent down to purify us. ii.THE DEFINITION OF SALAH Prophet (SAW) in authentic hadith prayed an entire prayer with just one verse O Allah if you punish them. A Synagogue Middle of the back (from the definition of the Jahiliyah Arabs) Technical Definition The worship of Allah with a particular set of statements and actions that begin with the takbir (Allahu Akbar) and end with the taslim (Assalamu alaykum wa rahmatullah). Statement of our Prophet (SAW). Du a Blessing. This was originally used by Prophet Esa for his people who associated him with Allah. but if you forgive them. Intention has to be for the sake of Allah this is from the inner dimension. Suran Al-Nisa. Forgiveness. (Al Maidah). ii. Zakat purifies our wealth. 180 degrees. For any action to be accepted. Kitaban Written/Established. ii. iv. then you are the Mighty. 103. Has to be done according to the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW) this covers the external aspect. An action of the Prophet which has been observed. it has to obey two conditions: i. . The Prophets approval of somebody else doing/not doing an action. Mercy. they are your servants. This verse is known as the verse of Shifaa (intercession). Salah can mean: i. the Wise. THE RULING OF SALAH Fardul Ayn Individual Obligation Fardul Kifayah Community Obligation Three aspects that define the Sunnah: i. iii. in battle. travelling. Its abandonment leads a person to shirk and kufr. It expiates our sins.e. It was the only obligation from the five pillars to be obligated in Makkah upon the Muslims at the very beginning of Islam. i. sincerely (which comprises of a statement. It was obligated as fifty prayers and then later reduced to five prayers. . Bid ah. iv. ii. etc. xii. vi. Riba. i. It was the last testament given to us by the Prophet (SAW) before he passed away. It is the defining characteristic of the Muslim. Hajj is an obligation. through shedding tears and being broken within yourself. ix. It is the first thing that the servant of Allah will be judged upon on the Day of Judgment. xi. It has been given its own public call each time: the Adhan. There are obligations in Islam. whether we are ill. and then the changing of the state) Show regret and remorse. It is the foremost obligation after declaration of faith. despite whatever condition or situation we are in. v. with the reward of fifty remaining. It was given over to the Muslims at the highest point that any human can ever reach (Sidratul Muntaha). otherwise it is not considered to be an obligation upon you. in which certain other obligations need to be met first. It was given to the Prophet (SAW) on the greatest night he ever experienced (Al Isra). It is the only daily continual act of worship we have. is an outright obligation. which has the following conditions: i. It is the main pillar of Islam. with a defined punishment or a threat of a punishment. i. iii. The minor sins (sagha ir) committed between each prayer are cleansed at the next prayer. Musa. viii. These can only be forgiven through tawba. however. which must be performed in all conditions.g.e.THE EXCELLENCE OF SALAH Salah has the following virtues: i.e. xiv. e. of if the word cursed is used. Salah. It will be the last thing to be taken from this religion. xv. but it is necessary to have the wealth to do this. to seek forgiveness. iii. It was given to the Prophet (SAW) directly by Allah without any intermediaries. Major sins (Kaba ir) are sins that have explicitly been strictly forbidden in Islam. Ibrahim. The reward of fifty was kept to signify how great this action is to Allah. Need to stop action immediately Seek forgiveness from Allah. It is the best of actions. x. Esa. xiii. ii. vii. where he met Prophets Idris. 1/7th 1/6th . One becomes closer to Allah. i. it is for the issue of establishing fear. This is in reference to the accounting of one s deeds. Ibrahim in Surah Al-Baqarah Whole Salah is based upon this word Tuma ninah (statement of the heart). iv. The entire Salah is based on a single word tuma ninah (a relaxation). and the child until he reaches puberty. Adaa Means performing something in its right time. According to a hadith. no aggression. it will not write when you are in any of the above three states. vi. Salah is accountable on the following conditions: i.THE BENEFITS OF SALAH i. The detail of taklif (legal responsibility) is based on the hadith: The pen has been lifted from three: the insane one until he regains his sanity. The spanking has to be light.g. if they refuse. This hadith is muttawatir in its meaning. 1/8th. It is a relaxation. It takes away stress and hardship It provides physical and spiritual training and discipline it preserves from lewdness and sins It helps preserve the aqidah (creed) of the community feeling of unity and strength. you will only receive a reward equivalent to a 1/10th . This hadith has been established as authentic. 1/3rd or 1/2 of the prayer that has been performed. v. Post-pubescence The famous hadith (Abu Dawud) encourages parents to order their children to pray at the age of seven and then discipline them at the age of ten. v. Tuma ninah (relaxation) occurs 3 times in the Qur an e. THE ACCOUNTABILITY OF SALAH Every Mukallaf (legally responsible adult ) is fully accountable for Salah. ii. 1/9th. State of purity the woman should not be in a state of menstruation. If you find salah difficult it means you have no khushoo and if you have no khushoo your salat is worthless.e. . avoid the face and any marks. The soul is strengthened and ascends to the Heavenly Realm away from the harms of the Dunyah. iii.e. State of awareness. This discipline should not be in any form to cause any harm or pain to the child i. conversing with one s Lord. ii. iv. iii. Qada Means making up post the time of request. Islam has to exist for the person only the Muslim is accountable specifically Sanity when someone understands what they re being told and has full control over their mental faculties. the sleeping one until he awakens. etc. 1/5th. 1/4th. no marking. then those five prayers need to be made up. The other scholars say. in the order of Fajr. If a number of prayers have been missed. then you are not accountable. Zuhr. Asr. THE RULING ON ABANDONING THE SALAH Scenario A The one who denies the obligation of Salah. The exemption is one who is new to Islam and is just learning the commandments and the reality. then you should perform Maghrib first. it is said: When someone says to another.e. or the obligatory prayer that is being performed at the masjid at that time. then it immediately becomes obligatory for him. Imam Ahmad Ibn Habal The person is to be killed as a Kafir . he must perform it immediately. Maghrib and Esha. unconscious. Disbeliever . Evidences: . then one of them has disbelieved. but as soon as he is awake and conscious. then the one who said it has brought disbelief upon himself. they don t need to be made up for missed prayers however. if it is time for Maghrib. There is an authentic hadith that says that if someone has made takfir on someone who was once a believer. as the person was unconscious. If the one he said it to really is a disbeliever then he spoke the truth. according to Ibn Taymiyyah only tawbah is required. If that was not the case. Ibn Taymiyyah said that these prayers missed due to unconsciousness are Adaa. Abu Hanifah has said if a person is unconscious/drunk for a long period of time. If someone repents after a long period of negligence in prayer. therefore the prayer was not obligatory for him at that time. However. that if you become ill. then you do not need to make these up. Takfir To announce/take someone out of Islam. There is a unanimous consensus that this person is a disbeliever. then you have to perform all your prayers on regaining consciousness. The Ulema have three well-known differing opinions: i. This is a very important issue. then perform the other missed prayers in order. then all the prayers should be performed in order. If you are unconscious for less than one day. then these should be immediately made up at the time of consciousness as Qada prayers. i. In a Hadith narration. it is just for a day.If prayers are missed through unconsciousness. Praying after the expiration of time (Qada) The second a person remembers he has missed a prayer. Scenario B The one who abandons the prayer out of laziness or other reasons. Abu Hanifah says if you fall into a coma which lasts for days.this is only applicable in an Islamic State (by the Amirul Amineen) or a country which is run with Islamic Law and there is a Muslim majority where the Muslims are practising. then one of them is definitely a Kafir either the person making the takfir or the person being accused of it. etc. In a Hadith. between a person and shirk and kufr is the abandonment of the prayer. . Evidences: The Hadith in the text is Muwattah i. ii. Al-Tirmidhi] Another Hadith: Verily. for someone to perform perfect ablution and perform the prayer at the correct times.The person is a Muslim but a Fasiq (disobedient evildoer). the hadith is weak because there is a break in the chain. and the one who forsakes his religion. Ibn Majah narrates a hadith by Abu Hurayrah If there are deficiencies in the obligatory prayers. except shirk. The Hadith of Buraydah The covenant that distinguishes between us and them is the prayer and whoever neglects it has disbelieved. he has a promise that he will be forgiven. abandons the prayer he is treated as an apostate.The verse in the Qur an about slaying the Polytheists. with sujood. except in three conditions: the married person who commits adultery. He is not to be killed but rather he should be imprisoned. If. Verse 48 Allah will not forgive those that assign partners to Him. then we are commanded to let them go free. Imam Hanifah The persons is a Muslim but a Fasiq (disobedient evildoer). we are told: Allah has obligated five prayers. Evidences: It is Haram to spill the blood of another Muslim. then the punishment is applicable. Imam Malik and Imam Shafi . with kushoo. [Ahmad. they do not comply. then the Sunnah and Nafl prayers are checked which will be used to fix these deficiencies. Hadeeth of Shifa ah last person who comes out of hell has done nothing good in his life except the shahadah. He is asked for three days yet if he doesn t then he is killed as a prescribed punishment (hadd) not as a disbeliever or an apostate. but if he does not do that Allah might either punish him or forgive him. is in the context of warfare but if the enemy repents and establishes the prayer and pays the zakah. where this punishment applies. however.e. He will forgive everything. iii. Abu Dawud. a life for a life. If a Muslim living in an Islamic state. Surah Nisa. but committed an evil sin and is asked to repent either he does that or is killed as an apostate. vi. Every day you have a promise of forgiveness from Allah.Conclusion strongest opinion Malik & Shafi I and majority of the scholars of the salaf and khalaf considered the person who leaves salah is not a disbeliever. The Salah is the best capital you have to offer on the Day of Judgment. During the time of Musa Yunus: 87. ii. iv. ii. ii. [Muslim] THE HISTORY OF SALAH The reference of the Prophets and the act of Salah mentioned in the Quran: i. vii. iv. v. During the time of Esa Al-e-Imran: 43. iii. chamber) Sad: 21. v. During the time of Bani Israil Al-Maidah: 12. viii. This is the first mention of Salah to the Prophet (SAW) of the earlier Prophets (the word ruku ). It is a unique form of creating a Muslim Identity. iv. and My servant shall have what he has asked for. iii. v. Salah was prescribed in the Heavens it is the Divine Link. vi. During the time of Dawud Sad: 24. Reflection Points Savour the sweetness of the status of Salah i. Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet (SAW) said that Allah said: I have divided prayer between Myself and My servant into two halves. The person who just prays their Jummah salah only is as close to kufr as possible. Praying in the Mihrab (retreat. iii.Al-Baqarah: 43 Establishing Dhikr in Salat Ta-Ha: 14 Removing Footwear Ta-Ha: 12 . Praying in the House Yunus: 10 Standing in Salah Al-Hajj: 26 Ruku Al-Hajj: 26 Sujud Al-Hajj: 26 Congregational Prayer . Praying in the House of Allah Al-Baqarah: 125. During the time of Ibrahim Ibrahim: 37. The Characteristics of the Prayer Before Islam i. During the time of Ismai l Maryam: 55. In Surah Al-Maidah. vi. Stage 1. Early forms of Salah i. iv. Two daily prayers (two rakats) established in the Quran the Doha Prayer and the Asr Prayer Wudu was optional for these prayers. There are three stages in the prohibition of alcohol. . iv. alcohol and gambling was completely prohibited. Actions of Salah are universal. The Qiblah was towards Jerusalem The obligation of Qiyam l Layl is abrogated. Acts of Salah represent humility and humbleness and a sign of devotion. The Tawakkul of the Prophet (SAW) in his Lord. Stage 2. It is usually accepted that it was roughly 18 month to 8 months before the Hijrah. The five daily prayers ordained on the Night of Miraj later abrogated this obligation (for the Ummah). iii. 90-91. iii. Stage 3. The five daily prayers were obligated The times of the five daily prayers were established Prayers were only two rakat long Talking during the Salah was initially allowed but then prohibited soon after. ii. but should be avoided. In Surah Al-Baqarah: 219 mentions that there is some benefit in alcohol. v. One could drink alcohol before the Salah. not exclusively Islamic.Points of Reflection: i. ii. Muslims were not the first or only people who performed Salah. Key Lessons: i. in which this was no longer allowed. iv. iii. ii. The Jumu ah prayer was obligated but not established. ii. i. iii. This was later abrogated by the verse in Surah Al-Nisa: 43. The History of Salah in Islam Stage 1: At the onset of Revelation Stage 2: The early years of the Message the Night Prayer (Qiyam l-Layl) was obligated on the Prophet (SAW) first due to the command in Surat l-Muzzammil. Stage 3: The Night of Al-Isra wal-Miraj The acceptable range for the time of this occurrence was 3 years before the Hijrah. Some Salah-related rituals might be different from what we do today. to just after the Hijrah. The love of the Prophet (SAW) for the Salah. The difficulty borne by the Prophet (SAW) to get this prayer to us. v. with regards to the timing of Prayer is the Hadith of Jibril. v. but then disappears. ii. We do as little as five. vi. The angle of the morning twilight for Fajr prayer should be about 15 degrees. vii. Al-Fajr l-Sadiq (the true dawn) once the twilight becomes visible lengthways across the sky connected to the horizon. The Eid prayer was established second year after Hijrah. iii. which is risky. Al-Fajr l-Kadhib (the false dawn) once the twilight becomes visible vertically. is an evidence that a Hadith Ahad (single narration) can establish Law. Savour the Sweetness i. [Al Nisa: 103] The word time (waqt) is defined as the legally established time for which that ibaddah is required. The bigger the number (angle). vii. This is agreed upon. The Time for Fajr The Time for Fajr is from the true dawn (Al-Fajr l-Sadiq) until sunrise (Ulu Al-Shams). The Janazah prayer was established Talking during Salah was prohibited. More Sunan prayers were established including Salat l Ghaib (prayer for someone who has passed away) Salat l Khawf iii. Salah was enhanced and number of rak at is increased. The Qiblah was changed towards Makkah. the earlier starting time for fajr. iv. iv. the Most Merciful. 1 hour 30 minutes before the sun rises. It is the only pillar in Islam that was obligated in Makkah before the Hijrah We followed the steps of the righteous nations before us in Salah We are the only nation today that adheres to the original form of Salah Allah. One of the key hadiths on the Fiqh of Salah. . as it may actually be before Fajr has started. prescribed gradually. The Hadith mentioned here where the people performing Salah changed their direction whilst praying. The Time for Zuhr The time for Zuhr is from when the sun starts to decline to the West post its zenith. and we get as much as fifty such a lucrative bargain! THE TIMES OF SALAH Establish the Prayer. indeed the Prayer has been enjoined upon the Believers at set times. Qiyamul Layl is indeed the most powerful spiritual retreat The change of the qiblah was an indication to the significance of this Ummah. vi. An hour before Fajr you see a vertical brighness coming from the horizon upwards. approx.Stage 4: Second Year After The Hijrah ii. The time for Maghrib continues until the twilight remains in the sky. Note: 15 degree angle gives approx. 1. This effectively means the time for Isha starts that length of time that it takes for the new moon on the third night for it to set. The Hadith of Numan Ibn Bashir said the Messenger of Allah would pray it once the moon had set on the third night.It ends once the shadow of each object is the same as its length.e. and the disk disappears on the horizon. the disk of the sun disappears from the horizon. plus the length of that object at the time if zawwal Malik. Abu Hanifah said that the twilight is the whiteness that remains on the horizon after the redness until darkness falls. [Muslim] This shows that each prayer is technically valid until the start time of the next prayer. Muhammad Ibn al-Hassan and Abu Yusuf. this is makrooh and should be avoided. however. i. by consensus. The angle of the evening twilight for Esha prayer should be about 15 degrees. starts once the sun has set. . The Time for Isha Midnight is normally considered half the time between the beginning time of Maghrib and the beginning time of Fajr. The scholars say it is makrooh to pray the Asr prayer just before the Maghrib prayer. if the angle is too big. Ahmad. Abu Hanifah The Time for Asr The time for Asr starts just after the time for Zuhr has finished. the twilight is the redness in the sky. It finishes just before the sun has set. This is now the position of the Hanafi madhab as well. Civil Evening Twilight When the sun starts to set. All the scholars agree that the best time to pray Maghrib is straight after sunset this is the preferable time. The Time for Maghrib The time for Maghrib. According to the two companions (Abu Yusuf Al Qadi and Muhammad Ibn Hamza Shaybani). It ends once the shadow of each object is twice the length of the original object. Negligence is not to be found during sleep.5 hours between Maghrib and Isha. This is the preferable time before which the Isha prayer should be performed. plus the length of that object at the time if zawwal. Shafi. the Hanabilah and the Shafiyyah. Negligence is when one doesn t pray a prayer until the time of the next prayer comes. then the later time for esha. Isha: should be delayed until a third of the night has passed. Middle of the night half way between the beginning of Maghrib and the beginning of Fajr. The second opinion: The Malikis and Shafi. whether prayed individually or in congregation. because it is makruh to pray those after Asr as per the Hadith. so that more nawafil can be performed before it. other than Zuhr during intense heat. The Shafi is All of the prayers are to be prayed in their earliest times. Asr: should be delayed. with no more that a brief time to sit or three verses length between the adhan and iqamah. is to be performed in the earliest time because that gains the pleasure of Allah. When is a Prayer considered within its time ? When only a portion of the prayer is performed within the time limit. whether hot or cold weather. . [Tirmidhi: 142] Sahih. The first opinion: The Hanafi & Hanbalis in the strongest narration. for it is greater in reward. as per the Hadith. Zuhr during intense heat. and Mahgrib if it is cloudy.Time for Witr It s beginning time is after Isha and its end time is just before the break of dawn. The Preferred Salah Times for the Madhab The Hanafis Fajr: should be delayed and prayed once the sky has started to become brighter and lighter because of the narration: Pray the Fajr when it becomes brighter. They liked to hasten it during Autumn and Winter. Zuhr: should be delayed until it gets cooler in the hot countries. The Malakis Every single prayer. The Hanbalis All the prayers are to be performed in their earliest times except Isha. Maghrib: should be prayed as soon as possible at all times. This is based on the Hadith in Bukhari: 523. Witr is to to be delayed until the end of the night. After the Fajr prayer until the length of a spear after sunrise (i. then the prayer is considered qada. then it is punishable.e. The Hanafis said that is also Haram. whether nawafil. The three prohibited times are classified as Makhruh Tahriman to pray in these times. except Qada. Yet one is not excommunicated if he denies this ruling. . Something can be classified as Haram in Islam. which they don t consider binding. They differed between Asr (allowing it) and Fajr (prohibiting it) but also allowed the masses to pray during these times in case they left the prayer off completely. and is punished upon doing it. iv. ii. shows that Hadith Ahad is acceptable. Safest position is the rakah when ruku has been performed. The two times (associated with time intervals) equals (i) and (iv). unlike something which is classified as haram. no prayer is allowed now until after sunrise) During sunrise (tulu al-shams) until about 15-20 mins afterwards When the sun is at its zenith (al-istiwa) and highest midday point After Asr until the sun sets During the yellow period of the sunset (ghurubl shams) These times are divided into two groups: The three times (associated with sun) equals (ii). Its ruling is: one is rewarded if he avoids it. The is when an action is done in the wrong way.It has to be complete rakah with its two prostrations included. but is still accepted. An example of this is the fast which remains valid. (v). but can still be correct/valid. but it is Makruh Tahriman. The Hanafis Makruh Tahriman This is something which is popular and specific to the Hanafi madhab. Prophet (SAW) said don t wear gold or silk. iii. wajib or qada prayers. v. after prayer with congregation has finished. but if you say it s not from Islam (Daleel Dhanni has come to us from Khabar Ahad (singlular narration). Makruh Tanzihan The Hanafis defined this as something which is requested to be avoided in the Shariah not obligated. All scholars therefore said that this is Haram and therefore is punishable. The two prohibited times are also classified as Makhruh Tahriman to pray at all. even if someone doesn t pray. If it is less than a rakah. just requested and there is no punishment for the one who does it. Upon Hadith of Qibla which was also Hadith Ahad (Fardun Ayn). Yet the prayers in all these times is considered correct. The Prohibited/Disliked Times i. (iii). iii. Malikis allowed it outside the mosque as long as first rakah is caught afterwards) Note: If you are praying a sunnah. Other voluntary prayers are prohibited whether they have specific reasons or not. According to the Hanafi Madhab. missed prayer. Salat lJanazah and the two Sunnah of Fajr. sunnah of wudu. two units of entering masjid. iii. before the obligatory Fajr prayer Before Salat Maghrib During the Khutbah Before the Eid prayer and after it During the Iqamah for an obligatory prayer (Hanafis allowed it only for the two rakats sunnah for Fajr. The Salat Janazah is only allowed during the two prohibited times. A missed prayer can be prayed after an obligatory prayer. The Hanbalis Allowed some prayers to be made up during all five prohibited times. One must make up all of his missed prayers this is the Hanafi position and the position of all the four imams. This applies to both nafl and wajib. Jumu ah: allowed during the zenith (based on weak hadith) In the Haram Makkah (all allowed based on authentic narration in Abu Dawud) Sajdat l Shukr (due to action of Ka b ibn Malik after his tawbah was accepted). A specific prayer that cannot be delayed. prayer for rain.The Malikis The two prohibited times: The nawafil are disliked but specific ones are allowed such as Sajdat-l-tilawah. The Shafis The two prohibited times: Makruh Tanzihan except: i. if the Iqamah for the obligatory prayer has been given. General Nawafil Prayers Many Ulema disliked voluntary prayers to be prayed at certain times: i. etc. The three prohibited times: Voluntary prayers prohibited but obligatory allowed. the prayer to make up a vow. iv. funeral prayer. The three prohibited times: Makruh Tahriman to perform the voluntary prayers but obligatory allowed. two units for Tawaf. such as eclipse prayer. to repeat a congregational prayer again for no reason with the conditions that it is repeated in a Masjid. After the break of dawn. ii. iv. this should be broken by walking away from it. many years of missed prayers can be prayed during the permissible times. ii. v. . One should make tawbah and spend time offering extra sunnah and nawafil prayers position of Ibn Taymiyyah (This is also the position of Abu Eesa). including missed prayers. . There are authentic narrations that the adhan was also delayed (so not always said at beginning time). these people will have their head above this. will be a witness for them (Muezzin) on the Day of Resurrection.ADHAN The Definition of Adhan Mean to proclaim something publicly. informing of it thereby. Umar ibn Khattab told Prophet (SAW) an angel taught him the exact same words in his dream the night before. This can be a sign of honour. . This can be also be because people will be drowning of their own sweat. Abdullah Ibn Masud said if had been a Mu addhin.. The additional recitation of Prayer is better than sleep during the adhan is not required today. whether human being or jinn or any other creature. on the request of Prophet (SAW). because Allah says: Who speaks better than someone who calls people to Allah.. if the prayer itself is delayed such as the Zuhr in intense heat. to make people know something. performing Umrah or going on Jihad. The Mu adhdin will have the tallest necks amongst mankind on the Day of Standing. he wouldn t care about going to Hajj. According to the Shafi and Hanbali said that to give the adhan is better than being the Imam. These words were then taught to Bilal. Technical Definition: It is an act of worship for Allah with a specific dhikr. The Virtue of the Adhan Various Hadith Whoever hears the adhan. Umar Ibn al-Khattab said if it wasn t for the Khilafah. [Al-Fussilat: 33] Some of the Ulema considered this to refer to those who give the adhan.. The Imam is a guarantor and the Mu adhdin is a trustee. The History of the Adhan The story behind adhan is based on some long authentic hadith collected by Abu Dawud and all the Imams of the Sunan. he would have been a Mu addhin. after the entering of the time for a Prayer. The story was of Abdullah Ibn Zayd who saw in his dream someone in green garments teaching him the words of the adhan. This was really only applicable when Bilal gave the adhan. even for the individual or the one who has missed prayers. Both Adhan and Iqamah are Recommended this is the opinion of Shafi and strongly emphasised by the Hanafis Only the Iqamah is Recommended this is the position of Maliki. ii. The majority said it is Sunnah for men to have adhan. Both Adhan and Iqamah are Fard Kifayah this is the Hanbali position. but not for women. Summary i. Some scholars considered it as a Fard-ul-Kifayah (a communal obligation) such as the Hanabilah and Ibn Tayyimah. iii. ii. Hanafiyyah and Hanbali said neither of them allowed because of fitnah. Ruling of the Adhan for a Women s Congregation i. It is Sunnah for missed prayers but not for the Malikis The Iqamah is sunnah for women to be said silently for the Shafi s and Malikis. Ibn Hazm even considered it a condition for the prayer. . Malikiyyah and Shafiyyah said only the iqamah is Mustahhab (recommended) and the adhan is not done because of fitnah.The Ruling of the Adhan Majority of scholars consider it as a Sunnah Mu akkadah. Ruling of the Adhan for an Indivdual i. except the Shafi is who ask for it from everyone. ii. disliked by the Hanafis and not legislated for the Hanbalis The adhan of the locality is sufficient for all the people. iii. This is the correct opinion someone in the community should perform it. iv. one before the actual time of Fajr. it cannot be divided up.g. key aspects. i. How many Adhans are there for Fajr Salah? First opinion Malik. iii. ii. The 19-word version included additional words (the shahadatayn are repeated) are the tarjee . vi. not four times. ii. Asl this is the status quo. the person must be a Muslim. Shafi and Ahmad Two Adhans. Being in a state of purity Standing whilst calling the Adhan Calling from an elevated area Facing the Qiblah Raise the voice loudly . The adhan of Kufiyun. Arkan obligations that cannot be compensated for. v. To be given after the start of the actual Salah time To be in the Arabic language To be performed by a male muslim To be loud enough for people to hear (or oneself for the Iqamah) To maintain the order of its statement To be performed by one individual in its entirety. Shurut (conditions) e.Every obligatory action in Islam has: i. ii. When praying the Salah. Third opinion Ahl l Hadith If there are two Muaddhins in one locality. have Iman. iii. etc. Shurut of the action itself e. v. iv. and one upon the start of Fajr time Second opinion Abu Hanifah There should be one adhan at the state of the actual time of Fajr. etc. The 17-word version is the same as the 19-word version. but at the beginning Allah-u-Akbar is only said twice. v. the body needs to be clean. iv. vi. pillars. be Sane.g. and then loud.e. one should call before actual time and one for the actual time of Fajr. the place needs to be clean. Integrals. iv. Wajibat obligations Sunan preferred actions Adhab etiquette The Shurut of the Adhan The conditions (shurut) of the adhan are: i. The correct way of doing this is performing the extra shahadaytayn to yourself. Al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa is referred to as the 15-word version. The Etiquettes of the Adhan i. iii. Second opinion: Malik Same as first opinion except Qad Qamatus Salah only pronounced once. Third opinion: Abu Hanifah The Iqamah should be like the Ahdan in repeating each statement twice including the statement Qad Qamatus Salah . (the Haya alatayn) It should be delivered right at the beginning time Slowing down while giving the Adhan Following the rules of Tajwid For the Mu adhdhin to call the Iqamah For the listeners to repeat with the Mu adhdhin It should not be interrupted by foreign speech One should not demand payment for doing the Adhan People who are in a Masjid should not leave after the Adhan had been called Iqamah It is the call to stand up in order to establish the actual Salah itself. vii. x.. xi. xv. xiii. viii. ix. This means a 17-word Iqamah. Insert index fingers into the ears Turning face right and left upon saying Hayya alal .... First opinion: Shafi and Ahmad To repeat the statements of the Adhan once each and the statement Qad Qamatus Salah twice: this is called the 11-word Iqamah. xiv.vi. xii. . thighs and knees. iii. vi. Acts which other people will have doubts whether one is in prayer or not. viii. If it s not there. the intention of Salah.e. Islam Puberty Sound mind Conditions (Shurut) for validating Salah i. v. there is no salah By itself it s not good enough iii. Blood loss that is considered shocking breaks the wudu (fahish). For the woman. The Niyyah of the heart should match the actual act of that particular Salah the second that intention changes during the act. The Ma mum can make an intention of Zuhr for him individually. except her hands and face. If the exposure is considered shocking and the patch is exposed for a significant time*. If it is done accidentally and only a tiny amount is shown. The Niyyah of the Ma mum does not need to match the niyyah of the Imam. her entire body must be covered. [Niyah The act of the heart concerning the actions of the Mukallaf (the accountable party/legally responsible adult)]. then this is ok. The Niyyah should not be uttered by the tongue. Removal of physical filth (impurities) from the body and the place of worship Covering the Awrah this denotes the parts of the body that are not meant to be exposed in public. vii.SHURUT OF SALAH Shurut of Salah Technical meaning of shurut in summarised form: i. The continuation of the acts of Salah without any long intermission. scratching. i. even though the Imam is praying Asr. Note: If awrah is intentionally exposed during the Salat it is invalidated. the prayer is invalidated. this does not invalidate the prayer. ii. he has to cover what is between the navel and thighs there is a disagreement about the exposing of the navel. it should only be made in the heart. extensive itching. iii. ii. that act becomes invalidated. Note: Both the praying area and the area of Sujud needs to be clean. ii. iv. Facing the direction of the Qiblah Al-Niyyah. The niyyah should preferrably start just prior to the act. . can nullify the prayer. For the man. A little bit of blood loss (yaseer) is no problem. etc. To be performed after the time has certainly started Purification from minor and major ritual impurities. it is not part of the action Pre-requisites (Shurut) for obligating Salah i. To avoid any foreign speech. falling asleep. but if it is hidden quickly. it is permissible to recite out aloud during the prayer. Bismillah should be recited silently for the individual. you must go into ruku immediately. it is permissible to (silently) recite fatihah and a surah it should be treated just like a normal prayer except the samiallahulliman-hamidah . Zuhr) Jahri prayers Loud Prayers (Fajr. it is not permissible to recite anything while the Imam is reciting. During the silent prayers. but order is maintained out of adab. in the non-silent prayers. Maghrib. During the loud prayers. in order for the prayer to be valid. Shiri prayers Silent Prayers (Asr. If praying in a congregation and you are in the middle of fatihah in silent prayer and the Imam goes into ruku. the principle of urf (community discretion) should be used. . There is an obligation to say bismillah for wudu and food. The surahs recited in Prayer don t have to be chronological in order. Isha). i. For Fajr. (Basmallah is part of the Fatihah) For a person praying by himself. The Fard prayers should be swift and brief.* In matters such as this. what is deemed acceptable by the community as a whole. There is an obligation to say basmallah when reciting Fatihah.e. It is Sunnah to recite a longer surah in the first rakat and a shorter surah in the second rakat. The Sunnah prayers should be longer. The basmallah includes hirrahma-nirrahim . it is important to get one rakat in before sunrise. so one may sit down after this. If there is a problem standing (i. This is the text that established the Arkan of Salah. Qiyam is only required for the key part of the recitation. ii. If praying sitting down. The Opening Takbir Standing Recitation of Quran Ruku Sujud Tashahhud (Final Sitting) Second Opinion: Maliki.e. etc). Shafi i and Ahmad There are fourteen Arkan for the Salah: i. The Prophet (SAW) raised his hands to his ear lobes and to his shoulders. Arkan of Salah First Opinion: Abu Hanifah There are six Arkan for the Salah: i. The back should be straight. It should be in Arabic and it should just be Allahu Akbar . The safest and best position is where the fingers are at the level of the ear lobes (not necessarily touching. the companions involved.ARKAN (INTEGRALS) OF SALAH These are obligations Arkan is the plural of Rukn. Avoid leaning on anything. but this is also permissible) and base of palms at about the shoulder length. if possible. for the Al-Fatiha. which means the strong corner on which a structure is built. iii. Al-Qiyam Standing for those who are able to. Without these. have all narrated the same hadith.e. making it undisputed) in wording and meaning. then one may sit down and pray. . they place they ended up. excessive pain. pregnancy. The Hadith of the One who Erred in His Prayer (Al-Musi fi Salathi) This Hadith is Mutawattir (the number of narrators involved. Takbirat l-Ihram The opening Takbir. lowering each position. iii. The head being lowered slightly out of humility is permissible. old age. the recitation of the Quran is an integral part of the Salah. if required. then should try and mimic actions of someone standing up. they must be performed. It is not permissible to do Sajda on a pillow. they didn t always agree with one another. there is no prayer omitting these cannot be compensated for. vi. i. v. The recitation of the Quran By unanimous agreement (Ijmaa). the fact they wouldn t lie. etc. the places they lived. iv. ii. you need to actualize the words of the Iman. Everyone else one must recite the Fatihah behind the Imam in the silent prayers. the correct position (Ibn Taymiyyah. Hadeeths support both opinions. According to the other schools. First Opinion: Maliki. Ahl-e-Hadith). you must recite the Fatihah and another surah following it (if first two rakahs). has performed a better and more superior action than the news itself. Malik and Ahmad He should not say it out aloud. This Surah contains a cure for every illness. Abu Hanifah Fatihah of the Imaam is enough for the follower. The Prophet (SAW) criticised others that recited Al-Fatihah aloud when the Prophet (SAW) was reciting. For the individual. recorded in An-Nasi ie. The ruling to say out Amin out loud at the end of the Fatihah is the strongest position. The Virtues of Surah Al-Fatihah This Surah is the seven-oft repeated verses.Ubay Ibn Ka ab praying in the masjid and the Prophet called him. however. Do not compete with the Imam during the recitation this is not allowed at all. Hanafi position is that the follower cannot recite Fatihah behind the Imaam. The Hanafi position doesn t encourage it being said out aloud. On recitation of the Al-Fatihah Hadith of the Prophet (SAW) There is no prayer without the opening of the book (Al Fatihah). then there is no need for the followers to recite the Fatihah. On saying of the Basmallah aloud for the Imam in Jahri Salah First Opinion: Abu Hanifah. The companions have reported that they would say Amin on the completion of Al-Fatihah. Hadith in Musnad of Imam Ahmad . Second Opinion: Shafi i He should start with the Basmallah. If the Imam is reciting quietly. when he has received some good news. the person who just says Alhamdolillah in order to praise Allah. It is permissible to recite the word in your mind. but Ubay waited until he finished to respond to the Prophet . This Surah was revealed from a treasure beneath the Throne. because the Imam s recitation should suffice. Second Opinion: Abu Hanifah It is a wajib. In a hadith. Issues on the Fatihah The person reciting Al-Fatihah has to be very articulate when reciting the Fatihah. If the Imam is reciting out loud. then according to Abu Hanifah. in the silent prayers. The prophet said do you want me to teach you a surah ??? . he should recite the Basmallah silently to himself when starting Fatihah. but you don t need to verbalize it. Shafi i and Ahmad It is a rukn. ix. Rising up from the Ruku you must stand up straight following the Ruku. The recitation should be beautified and time should be taken to recite this. The minimum time spent in Ruku should be the time it takes to achieve a relaxed state. tasbeeh & tahmeed to replace the fatihah until he learns the fatihah hadith of the Prophet. A new muslim should say tahlil. viii. Sitting during the last Tashahhud. xi. The Sujud on seven bones Prostration (the forehead. Technically.Practical Tip: The meaning of Surah Al-Fatihah should be understood and internalised during prayer. At-Tuma ninah being tranquil in every rukn.e. the feet should be apart. xii. On the last tashahhud. vi. Having right foot upright (Nasl) and left foot flat with left buttock resting on left foot (this sitting position is a Sunan. The position of both feet up is permissible. Ibn Al Qayyim Al Jawzziyah then came along and said there is Inqilaab (said something but meant something else) in the Hadith and that the narrator made a mistake in the narration and what he wanted to say was don t go down with your front first. . the bare minimum to establish this rukn is to do one salam. The correct position is that you go down with knees first. Coming up from Sujud Required to perform the second sajdah. which should correspond to the time it takes to say Subhana Rabbil Azeem once. Back must be horizontally straight. The fingers and toes should be touching the ground and facing the Kiblah. the left buttock should now rest on the floor and the left leg should slide slightly inwards to allow this (tawarrur). the palms. but not the strongest position. The right foot should be upright and the toes facing Qiblah and the left buttock should be resting on the left foot which is flat this is the strongest position. no holding. In a Hadith it says don t descend like the camels descend (i. not the rukn the actual sitting is the rukn). vii. the knees and the toes). The Ruku (bowing down) bow down so that the back is straight and then relaxed (a cup of water should be able to balance on your back without falling). x. Hands should be flat on the knee caps. v. takbir. xiii. the front legs first and then lowering the back) but the narrator then added a judgment mistake to the Hadith at the time by saying don t go down with your legs first . Sitting calmly (tuma ninah) between the two sajdahs Making Adhkar asking Allah to forgive you. iv. The forearms should not be flat on the floor. The recitation of the last Tashahhud The recitation of the Salawat al-Ibrahiyyah The Taslim saying salam at the end. the palm and fingers should rest on the front of the knees. the hearts find relaxation.Tuma ninah putting the heart at rest. Take a huge breath in each position after you ve sat in each position. There should be tuma ninah in each of the positions of the Prayer. In remembering and recognising Allah. Physical movements will control your inner consciousness.until you are relaxed. state of mind and khushoo. Hatta Tutma in . Maintaining the order of the Arkan of Salah . Take a deep breath between each position and let the bones in the body just relax. xiv. this helps to attain Tuma ninah even further. the Most High) in the Sujjud. then the Sutra area is just in front of the Imam. The minimum size of the Sutra should be a foot. Note: The Hanafis do not classify these acts as Fard (obligatory) because they come from Daleel Dhanni or Khabar Ahad therefore. vi. According to Imam Abu Hanifah and Malik. there is no raising of the hands in Salah besides the opening Takbir. They are generally considered anything that is not a Rukn or a Wajjibat. he alone says Sami Allahu liman hamidah and the followers say Rabbana wa lakal hamd . If there is no Sutra present. the Supreme) in the Ruku. If children pass through the personal space. generally considered from the Sunnah of Salah these increase the reward of the prayer. Raising the hands (Rafi idayn) on saying the Takbir by unanimous agreement. However. If in congregation. these will lead you to closely align your Prayer with the Prayer of the Prophet (SAW) and they are the beautification of the prayer. v. at least once. The hands should be raised between level of ears and shoulders. therefore. i. When Imam is leading.WAJJIBAT (OBLIGATORY ACTS) OF SALAH omitting one of the Wajibat of Salah does not nullify the Salah. without affecting their prayer. Saying Takbir upon moving from one position to another Saying Subhana Rabbiy l Azim (Praise be to my Lord. Hanafi s make a distinction between Fard and Wajib. . They give the ruling of Wajib on a matter if that matter is based upon a hadith that has come by one narration (ahad). ii. Sitting down and reciting the first Tashahhud. The Sutra should be placed just beyond the position of Sujud the area in which the prayer is being performed is considered to be the personal space of someone performing the Prayer. then a person should only pass across as long as the area of the personal space is not traversed. raising hands with the opening takbir is recommended. Saying Rabbana wa lakal hamd is an obligation for every single person when praying by themselves. If the person who breaks someone s personal space is a woman. but scholars differ on raising them with the other takbir. Saying Sami Allahu liman hamidah (May Allah answer he who praised him) as one is returning back from Ruku. however. which is the Sutra for the Jamaat. Placing a Sutra (barrier) in the front between the person praying and the Qiblah. The palms should be showing and facing kiblah. it is permissible to pass through the personal spaces of the people praying in congregation. and Sujjud l-Sahw is not required to compensate for them. then this does not invalidate the prayer. The pillar in the mosque used to be the most commonly used Sutra by the Prophet (SAW). ii. so they consider it speculative (dhanni). iii. according to that school. at least once. in denying these as Fard would not lead to making takfir of someone. iv. i. SUNAN (RECOMMENDED ACTS) OF SALAH These are acts and statements of Salah which are pardoned if omitted and their absence does not nullify the Salah. Saying Subhana Rabbiy l A la (Praise be to my Lord. if one does not have access to a Sutra whatsoever he can simply just draw a line. but must be compensated for by the Sujud l-Sahw (the Prostration for Forgetfulness). then there is an opinion where the person s prayer is invalidated this is the safest position. ii. there are four positions for raising the hands in Salah: iii. the eyes should be fixed at the point of prostration. however. showing his transcendence above the entire creation. When in ruku. Ahl-e-Hadith says that the hand should be placed above the navel and should be placed in the mid region. one should look straight down. In his Muwatta. Maliki school say hand goes on the hand or arm goes on the arm.According to Imam Shafi and Ahmad. When in tasahhaud. Subahanallah normally translated as Glory be to Allah . Principle of Usul-ul-Fiqh: If there is no evidence to take something away from the norm. eyes should be focussed on the finger. (Chest is as low as the rib bone). Best position In the middle on the stomach iv. this is really used to proclaim Allah s supremacy and exaltedness above the creation. Imam Shafi says the hands should be placed above the navel and below around the chest. he narrates the hadith of the Prophet praying with one hand on the other hand. Hassan al Basri (famous tabieen) prayed with his hands to the sides. then remain with the norm. When in actual fact. v. Hanbali school has three positions: i. as he saw the early companions and their descendents praying like this. High on the chest Above the navel on (the middle of) the stomach Below the navel based on the reports of Ali & Abdullah ibn Mas ood (Iraqi companions). used to pray with the hands to his side. Commencing the Salah with the prescribed Du a . iii. From a Hadith point of view those that state high on chest and below the naval have concerns. At the opening of Salah Before bowing for Ruku After rising up from Ruku After finishing the first Tashhahud Folding the right hand on the left hand Imam Abu Hanifah placed the hands (small finger and thumb clasping the forearm and the middle 3 fingers across the wrist) under the navel. Looking down towards the spot of one s prostration When standing in prayer. Imam Malik himself. this hadith in Bukhari is understood to be something that the Prophet (SAW) did when he got a bit older and needed a little rest. Shafi and Ahmad: It should be pronounced out loud during the Salah in which recitation is done loudly. until the shahadah and the finger goes up. Hanafi: The fingers are all flat. Hanbali: Finger is brought up from the beginning until the end of the actual tashahhud position. Note: In the Hanafi madhab. ix. no movement at all. x. xiv. there is no tawarruk. some scholars (hanbali madhab) deem this as an obligation To sit down before moving up for the second or fourth rak ah (Jalsat l-Istiraha) It is permissible to take a rest before getting up for Qiyam. The finger is brought back down.vi. Placing the hands on the thighs during the Tashahhud To point out with the index finger during Tashahhud. st xi. vii. The status quo on this however and the most accepted position amongst the scholars is to get up immediately after the prostration. whether the finger should be kept straight or kept in a relaxed natural state. viii. xiii. To sit for the final Tashahhud in the position of Tawarruk (to tuck the left foot under the right shin and the left buttock resting on the floor). Shafi: Finger brought up at the shahadah and kept up until the end. A short silence before and after recitation of the Qur an Spreading between the feet in the standing position Reciting a Surah after al-Fatihah Reciting a Du a between the two sujud Rabighfirli Rabighfirli as a minimum should be recited or a du a between the sajdah. This opinion is not strongly supported by hadith. however. toes should be facing the Qibla and all the toes should be touching the floor. Hadeeth to prove this is in Sahih Bukahari. . There are differences in opinion. Ta min (Saying Amin) Abu Hanifah and Malik: It should be pronounced silently. b. Nasab right foot is up in the first tashahud (1 seating position). a circle is made and then: a. xii. ( asl Base position) Variations finger moving. The fingers are returned to a flat hand. but circle maintained. There are differences in opinion that the finger should move with the zikr that is being done (Ibn Jawziyyah and Ibn Uthaymeen). . This is the most supreme position of worship. The sajdah is the closest you will ever get to Allah. Reciting the prescribed Du a after Tashahhud. This particular action does not belong to any particular madhab. There is another opinion that it is not the actual movement that hurts the shaytaan. but are opinions of some of the scholars. It is permissible to make dua in the Sajdah. xvi. xv. The two places of making open du a are the sajdah and final tashahhud To turn the face right and left upon pronouncing the final Salam. but it is the finger itself that performs this. To say as-salaamu alaykum to the right is the bare minimum that should be done. To dress untidily To wear clothes that carries distracting designs or images To wear tight clothes iv. then the prayer can be repeated when a suitable place of prayer is found. Yawning if this happens. as you miss the rukn of Qiyaam. It is not really permissible to pray in the car or on a plane. then this may be permissible. this does not nullify the Prayer. however. To look away from the spot of one s prostration To pray while in need for going to the bathroom or when the food is served. if it gets too difficult. If there are doubts. it is more important not to hasten to ensure one catches the Salah with the Imam. as the water must touch all parts of the skin. ix. It is not recommended that the trousers/sleeves are rolled up or the hair tied back during the prayer. It is permissible to close eyes during the sajdah. It is important to approach the prayer with ease and focus of the mind on the act that is about to be performed. if no other option is available whatsoever. but has gone to the masjid with that intention. vii. i. then inshallah. Wearing nail polish invalidates the wudu as this does not allow water to penetrate the nail. However. If there is excessive waswasah (whispering) during the prayer. x. then it is more strict. therefore. however take away from the reward acquired during Salah. he will get the reward. one should try and avoid it. the ruling is not as strict. The garments should be worn above the ankles when in prayer. It is Haraam/Makruh to run to the prayer. If there are distractions around. To spread the forearms on the ground. nor do they require Sujud l-Sahw as compensation. mouth needs to be covered with the hand. To omit one of the wajibat intentionally Moving without any excusable reason To close the eyes The Asl is that one should not close their eyes during the prayer. then it is possible to use a dry spitting action over the left shoulder and reciting Auzu-billihimanishaytani-rajim .MAKRUH (ABONIMABLE) ACTS IN SALAH These acts do not nullify the Salah. v. This is because the Prophet (SAW) said everything should make sajdah. viii. They do. then this is also permissible. If thawb is worn. if it is required to try and achieve focus in the prayer. . The trousers should be pulled up instead. iii. The same is true in the case of paint being on the body. vi. ii. Even if one misses the prayer behind the Imam. If trousers are worn. The verbalisation of intentions came about from early scholars who identified a problem and tried to give the masses a tool in which they could focus on what they were doing. then this is permissible. however. If it is to try and imitate the Prophet. It is actually sunnah to pray with shoes on from time to time. then it is permissible. iii. If performing tawarruk disturbs person on side of you. The response to a salam verbally was abrogated. THE ETIQUETTE OF SALAH The Difference between Men and Women in Regard To Salah There are no evidences based on hadith that women should pray any differently from men. To move and take action in order to remove an imminent harm. which doesn t need to be visible to the person who gives the salam. however. if someone is trying to pass through.MUBAH (PERMISSIBLE) ACTS IN SALAH Acts that do not nullify the Salah and do not lessen the reward: i. The socks/shoes have to cover the ankles if you want to perform masah. men say subhanallah and women clap with the hands . vii. In Sunnah and Nafl prayers. it is permissible to respond to it with a hand gesture. to let them know you are there. Women cover their entire body except for the face.e. If mobile phone is ringing. then it is permissible to make some small subtle movements to turn the phone off. as long as they are clean. v. To respond to the salam by raising the hand. in congregation. To assist the Imam if he makes a mistake (Fath). iv. i. women bring their knees close to each other and men spread them out Women sit on their heels and men sit on their left foot and prop up their right foot To correct the Imam s mistake. more movements are permissible than the Fard prayers. If a person is performing obligatory prayer. however should be kept to a minimum. it was permissible previously (all foreign speech during the prayer was abrogated). the four Imams (Fuqaha) unanimously agreed on certain recommendations based on multiple accounts of the Sunnah (not from the hadith): i. v. iii. the hands and the feet and men cover between the navel and the knees Men raise their hands to their ears and women to their shoulders Men spread their hands out in sujud and women bring them to their sides Women bring their stomachs close to their thighs and men don t In the sitting position. [Bukhari] However. it can be discrete to just signify that the salam has been responded to. iv. vi. To pray behind a human who is praying or sitting down. then it is best to avoid it. ii. There is no extra reward for wearing a hat or turban during the prayer. this is permissible. as Malik-ibnHuwaryrith said that the Prophet (SAW) said: Pray as you have seen me pray. It is permissible to pray with shoes. Wearing the hat is not necessary during the prayer. ii. Small movements during a prayer (to alleviate a problem) is permissible. then it is permissible to touch them. To respond to a caller by a sign. Remember to consider this your final Salah. The female Imam for a group of women stands in the middle of the first row The female Imam does not recite out loud in case men were present According to the Hanafi madhab. xii. Select a place or spot where there will be less or no distractions. relaxed. it is as though he is actually in Salah. iii. There is a hadith. x. concentrated and aware you are of Allah (swt). ensure that the external aspects are there. calm. if not then as he sees you . xviii. xvi. xvii. as this is more modest. focus on this upcoming event (Salah). Contemplate over the words Allahu Akbar while raising your hands up. If praying in congregation. broken. Pray your Nafl Salah. ii. xix. ix. Come early to your Salah whether at home or in the Masjid. Repeat the words of the Adhan after the Mu adhdin. ix. straighten your lines for the Salah. xi. To help internalise and achieve khushu in your salah. then do it first. Make a thorough Wudu. Do not pray if you were overtaken by slumber or fatigue. If praying in the Masjid. However. xx. Do not look around and get distracted in the Masjid. If you need to answer the call of nature. Remember the salaf and how they performed their Salah. women should pray with their hands slightly under their chest. xv. where Prophet (SAW) said if one is in the masjid waiting for Salah.viii. xiii. Pray as close as possible to the Iman. It is how focussed. Make some Du a and Dhikr. xxi. Read some Qur an (especially what you plan to recite in your Salah). ii. xxii. in order to have less distraction. Contemplate about the greatness of whom you are standing before. Means required during the Salah: i. xiv. enough time prior to your Salah. HOW TO ACHIEVE KHUSHU IN SALAH Khushu is to be still. Things to do before you start your salah: i. Prepare for Salah ahead of time Do not challenge your stomach. vi. don t talk too much with people until after Salah is over. Considering the status of Ihsan Pray as if you see Allah. viii. there is no hadith for this. vii. iv. Pray behind a Sutrah. Race for the first row. and eat first. Contemplate over the excellences and virtues of Khushu. v. Dress nicely for your Salah. v. Fold you hands. or try to understand what the Imam is reciting Beautify the Quran with your voice Remember that Allah answers as you recite the Fatihah Savour the sweetness of each position in Salah Means required after the Salah is over: i. iv. ix. . xiii.iii. iii. x. xiv. viii. vi. vii. Do not move from your position right away Do your tasbih Do your Dhikr and Du a Review your Salah and evaluate yourself Pray your Nafl Salah Look forward to the next Salah. iv. xii. vi. xi. ii. the right on the left and look with your eyes down in humility Observe the Sunnah and correct way of Salah Bring tranquillity to your Salah and slow down the pace of your recitation Start with commencing Du a Contemplate over the Ayat you recite. v. It is permissible to perform a congregational du a. although making du a after prayers now and again in congregation is not a problem but this should not be legislated. The du as should be learnt and internalized. It is considered Bida h to always make congregational du a afterevery salah. . Dhikr is your meditation moment. but there are reports that Aisha (rah) used to use some means (stones) to count her Dhikr. The Du a is Mukhlil Ibadah (essence of worship). this is the Sunnah. The tasbih beads were never used by the Prophet (SAW) or the companions. Sometimes our methodology (manhaj) should be that we leave some actions in order to preserve the unity of the brothers. but it is better to use the right hand. Dhikr should not be performed in congregation. However. its permissibility has been debated by the Scholars. which is the key point here.THE POST SALAH DHIKR The Prophet (SAW) used to make Dhikr on his right hand. One should be relaxed and focussed during the Dhikr. Therefore. as this is in accordance to the Sunnah. it should be remembered that the Prophet (SAW) did not make dua in congregation after every prayer. so is not from the Sunnah. even if the total duration time is more than the minimum duration of residency. Even though this is technically the more correct position. as long as he has exited his home city. i. Zuhr. as this becomes difficult to practically uphold. then one can still pray Qasr whilst in transit. then I should pray two. i. to assume this time starts when you have left your home city. The second that one leaves his home town. I should also pray four. his Qasr has started. the first position is normally adopted. etc. he should also complete the four. This is technically the most accurate and correct opinion. Two sunnah of Fajr and the Witr prayer remains. two prayers after Isha.e. If the traveller is (hopper travelling). it is the safer position. as there was no distance specified. and then stopping in a different locality for another few days and moving on. by camels (approximately 81km or 48/50 miles distance to Makkah/Jeddah) Group of pious predecessors There is no specific distance as long as it is called safar or travelling. The prayers which have four units.e. but the Imam prays four. i. Malik It is highly recommended Shafi and Ahmad It is a permissible concession. However. then he is considered to be in Qasr during this entire period. the first position is taken to avoid disputes amongst the masses that try and make Urf (customs of the people) on this and define what a journey is. The Rulings of praying Al-Qasr Abu Hanifah It is wajib. Fajr remains as two rakats and Maghrib remains as three. which should be treated with Adab and taken as a blessing. If I am in Qasr and I am a traveller. The Minimum distance to allow Qasr Abu Hanifah. even if one has not completed the entire journey (> 50 miles). Even if the traveller catches him in the last rakat (of four). If I am in Qasr and lead the prayer. then you have sinned. Therefore. Shafi and Ahmad The distance of travelling three days and three nights or two days and two nights. this is the more correct position. Asr and Isha can be performed as two rakats.SALAT L-MUSAFIR (THE PRAYER OF THE TRAVELLER) Al Qasr Shortening the prayer The shortening of the prayers is Ar-Rukhsa (concession) that has given to us by Allah. if you do not shorten your prayers during travel. stopping for a few days in one locality and then moving on. The traveller should not pray the Nafl salah associated with the obligatory prayer.e. Therefore. Maliki. According to the Hanafi school. but the rest of the Jamaat should pray four. According to the evidences from Quran and Sunnah. . two prayers after maghrib. then you should make Qasr (this does not count as your time of residency). then you should shorten and pray Qasr. .What is the time-period that constitutes residency? Abu Hanifah 15 days and up. The residency starts when you have actually reached your destination. then from day one you need to pray your full length prayers. If your residency is 15 or more days. then you must pray normal prayers from day one. Shafi and Ahmad 4 days and up (Ahmad specifically defined this as 21 prayers or more) If you are going to pray 21 prayers or more in this new place of residency. Malik. If the intended residency is anything less than 15 days. then Qasr can be performed for all 14 days of the stay. If it is 20 or less prayers. Note: If you are travelling to your destination. praying Zuhr at its last possible time and then completing it just before (few minutes) the Asr start and then performing the Asr prayer straight after. Zuhr). e. one should perform the prayers at the appointed time.e.e. The Zuhr and Asr prayer is performed at the time of Asr. if the earlier Salah was delayed until the time of the later one. The rulings on combining prayer Malik. Prayer should be avoided on the plane (as Qiyaam would not be possible). there is a legislated concession for this. It is a concession that can be used when travelling. if the later Salah was performed during the time of the earlier one. you should not combine (not recommended) at this time. ii.e. In the Hanafi school. Then you should stand. The forms of combining prayer a. The Maghrib and Isha is performed at the time of Maghrib. but when you are fixed in your place (even though as a traveller). Combining between Fard Salah Can also be used in the following scenarios: i. . The Zuhr and Asr prayer is performed at the time of Zuhr. permissible to combine prayers.g. make intention for the next prayer and then start. even if it means to combine the prayers.COMBINING PRAYERS The intention of combining should be made before the first prayer is performed (i. the only form of combining is known as As-Suri (image of combining). Jam u Taqdim. therefore. The Maghrib and Isha prayer is performed at the time of Isha. Ibn Umar said that the continual combining of prayer is the opening of Kaba eer (major sins). b. The Asl (principle) is that you don t combine the prayers. give Iqamah.e. The principle that Ahle-hadith should use. Because of the rain (this is considered to be serious dangerous rain) Because of the excessive fear (i. Combining the prayers at home before the journey is not permissible. Shafi and Ahmad It is permissible Abu Hanifah It is not permissible except for the Hujjaj. i. If legal excuse for combining prayer ceases before the time of the latter salah starts. This is not a concession intrinsically linked to travel. In an emergency situation. at best. if a student has an exam that extends between the time of two prayers) The Hadith here in Sahih Muslim regarding combining prayers. Jam u Ta khir. iii. Zuhr). but it is permissible. one should try and pray at the airport. The intention of the first prayer should then be made (i. then the concession of combining should be used. However. is that when you are physically travelling. Two units of prayer should be prayed. It is. in times of war) Because of a unique pressing need (if this is a pressing one-off unique situation. is one of the few that is not practised by the Ulema. the combining of prayers can be used. then completed with taslim. etc) does not breach your wudu. ix. iv. Sujud l-Sahw (Prostration due to forgetfulness) The reasons for applying Sujud l-Sahw: i. only if he tries to return back to the tashhahud position will invalidate it. it should just be washed off. xii. urine. To protect property and possessions from possible theft. Acts that allows the departure from Salah i. crying is recommended in prayer) Hesitation in regard to the intention (confusion in which prayer is being prayed at any time during the prayer) Omitting a rukn without returning back to it Omitting one of the wajibbat without an excusable reason Preceding the Imam (a person should never move to the next position in prayer until the Imam has completed this position not necessarily when he says Allahu-Akbar ). v. iv. xi. ii. . v. A woman tending the food on the stove. xiv. The one who precedes the imam is likened to a donkey in the hadith. giving him a chance to correct himself following the adab) Eating or drinking (if there are small (yaseer) particles of food in the mouth and they get swallowed. If one realises in the third rakah he has missed the tashhahud. An urgent need for the bathroom. iii. ii. x. this is permissible) Continuous foreign acts (if it is required to switch mobile phone off when in jacket. vii. To rescue someone who is in the face of harm. vi. ii. To answer the call of parents (in the Nafl Salah). is in a partial seated. he should continue with the prayers assuming he has performed the lesser number of rakats.e. then this does not invalidate the prayer).ACTS THAT NULLIFY THE SALAH i. so someone observing knows that you are still in state of prayer) Exposure of Awrah deliberately Losing the state of purification Getting in contact with Najasah (i. then he should perform a sujud l-sahw. he should continue and then perform the Sajd Sahw this does not nullify the prayer. impurities from baby) Note: Touching Najasat. Note: If a person realises he has no wudu during the prayer. viii. xiii. (faeces. iii.e. i. Foreign speech (correcting Imam should be done patiently. partial upright position. Laughing (smiling is permissible. Forgetfulness Doubt If there is doubt how many rakats one has performed. then this is considered to be a tahira (impurity) and therefore the person should leave the prayer immediately. The arrival of water for someone who prays with Tayammum (dry ablution) To give salam deliberately prior to reaching the end To return back to the middle Tashahhud after standing up to the third Rak ah (if one starts to get up but does not fully stand. the movements should be very minimal. and therefore no sajdah-sahw is required. . so you take the lesser number and continue your salah and then have to build upon that doubt as per the hadith. Tayyib?? iii. Before the Taslim: When you omit an obligation (wajib) or have doubt for example whether you have prayed 2 rakats or 3. Sajdah sahw can still be done. prayer should be continued. then you should start again right from the beginning. However. when sitting after the Sajd l Sahw. The other schools don t deem this necessary. and when you have doubt (tahariy) about something (e. he missed the ruku of the first rakat and is currently in the sajdah position of the same first rakat. as they consider the hadith to have weakness in it. i. Two scenarios of each should be memorized. [MISSING TEXT] The Hanafis recite Tashahhud. right from the beginning. doubts about praying either zuhr or asr) you momentarily forget (lapse) but then remember that you are ok. and the Rakat should be performed from the beginning. If you have moved onto the next rakat without performing a Rukn. Another opinion is that if you are in the fourth Rakat. ii.g. then these are all forgiven these are all pardoned and overseen (yaseer) as you are praying behind the Imam. but is now in a different rakat e. Note: If praying behind the Imam in the congregational prayer and one forgets to say the takbir (which is wajibaat). This is ok if the prayer has been completed and you are still in the masjid and haven t gone home. but only realised after the performing the taslim (exiting from his prayer) then he must re-do his prayer again. If one missed a rukn. If one missed a rukn in his prayer.There are differences in opinion when this should be performed.g.g. one must get up and stand immediately in the qiyam position and then go into the ruku position (the rukn that he had missed) and continue from their onwards as normal (this still being his first rakat) and then offer sajdah sahw after the tasleem as he has added to his prayer. the correct positions are the following: After the Taslim: When you have added something to the prayer. he missed the ruku of the first rakat and is currently in the sajdah position of the second rakat. Another opinion is that you just need to do the one rakat again. If one missed a rukn. but is in the same rakat e. etc. not second) and then offer sajdah sahw after the tasleem as he has added to his prayer. one must get up and stand immediately in the qiyam position and then go into the ruku position (the rukn that he had missed in the first rakat) and continue from their onwards as normal (this now being his first rakat. xxv.CONGREGATIONAL SALAH Benefits of Congregational Salah i. ii. xxi. xix. xvii. whilst at the same time enjoying the combined blessings of others when one is deficient Establishing good relations with your neighbours. xxiii. vi. Joining in with the Imam and the Angels un saying Amin after Surat l-Fatihah. xiv. vii. iv. looking out for them especially at the prayer times. xxvii. xii. xvi. xxvi. xx. xxiv. v. xi. Listening and deeply reflecting upon the recitation of the Imam. x. The Ruling of Congregation Salah First Opinion: Shafi Fard Kifayah (Communal obligation) Second Opinion: Abu Hanifah and Malik (Highly recommended) Third Opinion: Ahmad Fard Ayn (Personal obligation) Four Opinion: Zahiri Rukn . xv. or being able to remind the Imam if he forgets A greater chance of perfecting the external aspects of the prayer A greater chance to achieve peace and humility in the prayer from what normally distracts oneself whilst praying alone Being surrounded by the Angels throughout the prayer Familiarising oneself with the recitation of the Qur an and the pillars of the prayer Promoting the signs and rituals of Islam Defeating the attempts of Satan by the combined worship of those in the congregation Safety from showing the sign of the hypocrites (those not attending the mosque) The returning of the Salam upon the Imam (at end of prayer) Benefitting from the congregation in supplication and dhikr. ix. viii. Responding to the Mu adhdhin with the intention to pray in Jama ah Arriving early to pray in its beginning time Going to the mosque with sakinah Entering the mosque in supplication Greeting the mosque with two rakat of Tahiyyat l Masjid Waiting in the mosque for the Jama ah to start The angels praying for you and seeking forgiveness for you The angels will bear witness for you Safety from the Devil as he flees at hearing the Iqamah Responding to the call of the Iqamah Standing and waiting with the Imam in readiness to enter a state where everything else other than the prayer will become haram Being present for the Takbirat l Ihram Straightening the rows and closing the gaps Responding to the Imam when he says Sami Allahu liman hamidah ( Allah Hears the one who praises Him) A greater chance of not forgetting the prayer. xiii. xxii. xviii. iii. but it is permissible. Praying the Isha prayer with the Imam in the masjid. ii. It is the norm. he has caught that Rakat. adab of the masjid should be obtained. It should be ensured that the shoulders are touching. he should join the congregation salah. Abu Hanifah: It is strictly abominable Malik: It is invalid . it can be side by side exactly and feet are level (these are from the evidences from Quran and Sunnah). as this is the Haraam. However. the best prayer of the woman is the prayer performed by her in her own house. and permission obtained. not by the side. When two people are praying by themselves. The lines behind the Imam should be equal in length. If someone who has already performed his Salah enters the masjid. If the women are in a separate hall. the Imam should be: i. etc are directly behind the Imam. then lines of children. this is not obligatory. should he need to be corrected. first line completed first. etc. Lines should comprise of men first. the ruku and sajdah can be performed on the back or legs of the brothers in front of you. then the front lines are permissible for them. then the lines of women behind the children. If one catches the Imam while he is in or before the Ruku. If it is required to have congregation after the main congregation. Rules of the Imam Conditions of the Imam. A Muslim Of sound mind Male Can a woman lead Salah for all female congregation? Shafi and Ahmad: Yes. The feet do not need to be touching. The Prayer Line The lines should be straightened. or Imam slightly in front. should be more right side heavy than the left. it should be remembered that when touching feet one takes all precautions not to distract or disturb one from the prayer. A wife should pray behind the man when following in prayer.Two people constitute a congregation for Salah. Both positions are accepted. if uneven. According to Hadith. There should only be one congregational Salah in one masjid. is equivalent to spending the entire night in prayer. The best prayer you will pray in the week is the Fajr on Friday in congregation at the Masjid with the Imaam. that the Huffaz. second line next. When praying in congregation and space is an issue. iii. The Imam should take care of the alignment of the lines before he starts his Salah this is Sunnah. The Imam should be able to recite Fatihah with the rules of tajweed. Knowledgeable of the basic rulings of Salah Knowledgeable on how to read the Qur an properly Abominable acts in leading Salah i. except Abu Hanifah who says that the followers should stand and pray (according to hadith where Abu Bakr led the prayer whilst the Prophet (SAW) sat when he was elderly) One can pray behind an Imam of a different madhab. according to the hadith. v. iv. This is the opinion of all the Imams. The Imam can be someone who has already performed his Salah earlier. in a scenario. Imam should not be someone who is openly Fasiq (disobedient) or Mubtadi (innovator) Imam should not lead if people dislike his leading (e. so should be avoided. Hanafis don t like to pray behind an Imam who has just wiped over his cotton socks for his masah) Imam should not prolong the Salah in general Imam should not prolong any act of Salah in order to let the latecomers join in although this is differed over The preferred person to lead the Salah is the person who is a Hafiz or knows the most Qur an. iii. to ensure their backs are all in line. If the Imam breaks his wudu. a man should not lead another in his place of authority. after Asr. then all the followers should pray seated. The first would be counted as a Fard and the second would be counted as a Nafl. However.g. When the Imam prays seated.Can someone who has just reached the age of puberty lead the congregation? Shafi A minor only needs to reach the age of recognition to lead the Salah Shafi and Ahmad. ii. . therefore the host is most rightful to lead the Salah. The Imam should join the prayer at the back of the lines when wudu has been completed and not rejoin as Imam for that particular Salah. Hanafi: The Imam has to be an adult who has reached age of puberty. In the house of a host. unless explicit permission is given. no nafl prayer should be prayed between Asr and Maghrib. then he should announce verbally that he has lost his wudu and then put forward someone else to continue leading the prayer. iv. even if he does not know as much as the others there. The Ma mum should line up behind the Imam with the men first. However. so it is not permissible to traverse their personal space. do not run. if a person returns. it is permissible for this person to pass through the lines of people praying. but should really only be done in the Sunnah/Nafl prayers. getting up himself after the second rakat and continuing the prayer by himself. It is important to walk your way to the salah place with tranquillity and dignity and do not hurry up. i. When an Imam makes dua in Qunut. duas in your own language can be prayed. sujud. it is necessary for them to hear the women. whatever portion of the Salah you get. it is not permissible to tap someone from the line in front to join you behind there is no evidence for this. as it may be necessary at that time to say Ya Allah or Subhanallah . the women should just continue and complete the Salah themselves.Rules of the Ma mum i. If the speaker goes at this time. The Ma mum should recite the following in the Salah: iii. as he is not invading the congregation s personal space. to perform Isha (having the intention of Isha) if he has missed this prayer. v. Abu Hanifah: He should not recite anything in both kinds of Salah. It is permissible for a person joining a teraweeh prayer. Place and steady himself in line He should not stand alone behind the lines (it is not good to pray alone behind the lines intentionally). it is important that one does not always say Ameen . ii. the sutra has now become active again for the people who are still praying in jamaat. . etc. It is not permissible to pray in pathways. Etiquette of the latecomer for Salah (al-Masbuq) In the case of latecomers. He should walk with tranquillity to the line. When in sajdah during the obligatory prayers. and then offer it. ii. iii. For the women. the people in the lines should move forward to fill the gap. When praying in congregation. Shafi: He should recite Fatihah and another Surah in silent prayers and only the Fatihah in the loud prayers. but not in the one done aloud. as you are following the line in front and there can be someone who echoes the Imams instructions for ruku. The Ma mum does not need to hear or see the Imam to validate his salah what is important is that the lines are properly constructed. If the person left a gap at the front line. if the salam has been performed in the congregational prayer. he should go back and fill that gap. and complete afterwards whatever you missed. Start with the opening Takbir Do his moving Takbir (if needed) iv. Malik and Ahmad: He should recite in the silent Salat. then the women. Otherwise. then children. Etiquette of going to the Masjid i. iii. which has now been included now part of the Masjid-e-Nabi by the Umayyads and Kings). vii. Reciting the Du a for going to the Masjid Reciting the Du a for entering the Masjid (entering the prayer hall and masjid with right foot) Reciting the Du a for leaving the Masjid . The entire Earth is a Masjid To be built in residential areas It is permissible to have a multi-purpose Masjid It is not permissible to have a grave in the Masjid (the Prophet (SAW) grave was in his house. Shafi. and then you should continue accordingly.vi. if they are going to run around and cause distraction. ii. if he joins before the Ruku. If he is in sujud. Rules of the Masjid i. if space is limited Non-muslims can enter the masjid It is not permissible to engage in sale and trade in the masjid It is permissible to serve food and drink in masjid It is permissible to sleep in the masjid The masjid should not be very decorative. She soils the masjid She has not taken the place of a woman that needs to pray. you join with the Imam counting the Rakah he is at and then work out what you have missed. without delaying a second. should go straight to sujud. The Masbuq can count the Rakah. ii. A menstruating woman can stay in the masjid. in your missed rakats. Ahmad The rakah you join with the Imam is your first Rakah. Malik. it should be simple and not distracting Children should not be brought into the masjid. i. Stand up when the Imam gives his Taslim. Follow the Imam in whichever stage he may be this should be done immediately.e. except if i. to make up for the missed Rak ah. ii. you would need to recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah. Hanafi It s the opposite. Then one rakat by itself. there are also units of four. Then two rakats. In Ahle hadith. in particular. No tashahhud until the last rakat. the witr can be performed in the following two ways: a. Forms of Nafl Salah i. In general. tasleem and then offer one single unit of prayer). Only the Hanafis raise their hands with takbir before the Qunut. . in Hanafi school. even without an excuse. The Hanafi s say the rakat for this is 3. Al-Witr strongest opinion is that this is a Sunnah Muakkadah. or after the ruku. tasleem. another two rakats. Other scholars say that it can be 1. b.7 and 11. tasleem.SALAT L NAFILAH (SUPEREROGATORY PRAYERS) It s virtue Their distinguishing feature is on their faces from the effect of Sajdah. However. Qiyam l Layl. The Nafl Salah can be peformed while seated. This is the strongest position. the night prayer is the best salat after the obligatory prayers.3. It is better to perform the Nafl Salah at home. The hands can also be raised for supplication (Qunut) before the ruku. It is better to perform Nafl salah individually. The preferred way is 3 rakat two rakats. Should be performed as late as possible. Only 1 tashahhud in the final (odd) rakat. followed by tasleem. two rakats then tasleem and the offer one single unit of prayer. Others do the qunut either before or after the ruku in the final rakat both stated in Bukhari. ii. The Qunut is performed in 3rd rakat (last unit) before the ruku.5. etc. but the sunnah prayers linked to the obligatory prayers are best (better) during the day. Two by two then a single prayer (e. and a dua can be said at this time before the sajdah. then need to perform two rakats. Nafl Salah cannot be performed during the prohibited times. but only half the reward will be obtained. the Qunut is done after the ruku. or two rakats. then one rakat and then the final tasleem. According to them. In Hanafi school. Rubbing the face after a du a is permissible. it can be performed before the ruku. followed by tasleem. Al-Rawtib Two sunnahs before Fajr. If done as five rakats. The Nafl salah are better to be performed during the night. It s significance These will be used to make up any deficiencies in the obligatory prayers. Nafl Salah are performed in units of two.g. the last thing that is done and shouldn t be done in the masjid. Opinions are divided on this. so should be performed before asking from Allah. as every footstep is effacing of sins. There is no evidence of any signs that will come to signify what will happen. therefore this can be performed at the prohibited times during the entering of the masjid. Should not be performed during the prohibited times. etc. Al-Hajah Two rakats when in time of need. it should be prayed when woken up. vi. Tahyyiat l Masjid Two rakats when entering the masjid. One should pray two rakats of Al-Istikharah for extra blessing and guidance from Allah. Obligatory Prayer Rakats 2 Fajr 4 Zuhr 4 Asr 3 Maghrib 4 Isha . and then perform the Tawbah. then the person should still pray. xiii. In Makkah. Performed as two cycles of two units. taking advice. iii. using wisdom. Reward of one Hajj and one Umrah. and then get up for Qiyaam. iv. as this is an act of Ibadah. Al-Wudu Two rakats. vii. then there are no nafl prayers.If someone misses the Witr and has fallen asleep. there is no tahyyiatul masjid. Al-Duha Half an hour after sunrise. This prayer is the Duha prayer. the tawaf should be performed instead as this is more rewarding. just before Zawwal. it is recommended and should not be done. If you have already prayed your witr and then gone to sleep. but when prayed at its preferred time (30 mins after sunset) it is called the Shuruq prayer. just before the fajr. viii. Al-Awwabin This is the late Duha prayer. xi. Some scholars say up to twelve. if absolutely required. Qiyam l Layl (tahhajud) performed anytime after the Isha prayer. x. Al-Tasbih There are ahadith authenticated by the early muhadditheen as being permissible. it is permissible to perform the Witr again. This can substitute many forms of charity. xii. Al-Mutlaq Absolute and unrestricted Salah. v. Minimum of two. ix. Performing the six rakaat after Maghrib (Awwabeen) does have some basis. Al-Shuruq (Ishraq) Performed just after sunrise. maximum of eight. If Khateeb is giving Kutbah. It is technically permissible to hold the Quran in prayer. Shafi say that this is a wajib. Al-Tawbah Two rakats performed after the sin. But. If the obligatory prayer has started. Al-Istikharah Make up your mind when it comes to making a decision. This prayer can be performed as many times as one chooses. This is a sadaqah. It is permissible to make dua in sujud in any language. Sunnah Prayer Rakats 10 Sunnah Mokidah 2 before Fajr 2 before Zuhr and 2 after 2 after Maghrib 2 after Isha ????? 12 Sunnah Mokidah strongest opinion 2 before Fajr 4 before Zuhr 2 after Zuhr 2 after Maghrib 2 after Isha 14 Sunnah Mokidah 2 before Fajr 4 before Zuhr 2 after Zuhr 2 after Maghrib 2 after Isha ????? Sunnah Ghair Moqidah 4 before Asr 2 before Maghrib Between Adhan and Iqama ????? . There is no Adhan or Iqamah for Eid salah. then the prayer has been caught. Surah A la and Surah Ghashiya should be recited by the Imam. It is performed as two units. However. The best prayer in the week in the masjid after the Jumah prayer is the Fajr prayer on the Friday. According to the Hanafi school there are three Adhans for Jum uah. It is not permissible for the Imam or the followers to lift the hands when the Imam is making the du a. before Zawwal. issue of space. But there are fatawah to allow this. Five takbirs in the second rakat. It is sunnah to raise the hands. The khutbah can be done in another language. in accordance to the other schools. to allow Sunnah prayer to be performed and one just before the Khutbah is going to start. Khutbah is an obligation. Imam Abu Hanifah is 4. There can be two Jum ahs in one masjid. their hearts will be sealed. This is more obligatory than the five daily prayers themselves. It is only obligatory for males. The correct opinion is 3 as this is the minimum required for a congregation. When Imam says Allah hu Akbar. resident of that area (mustawtir) most of the congregation in the Jum ah here in this country are workers that are not resident in that area. Surah Al Ala and Al Ghasiyah should be recited during the prayer. etc. should be done in Arabic. The takbiraat is Sunnah. but it is not wajib for the congregation to attend the khutbah. in environments where there are people working. but the mention of Allah. then this person has caught the prayer. Salat l-Eedayn After sunrise. The minimum number of people have to be male. reciting fatihah and the surah. Imam Shafi is easy. It is two units of prayer. The six extra takbirat (in first rakat). etc. then you stand up and pray four rakats of Zuhr. but others can be done. then one should say Allah hu Akbar to himself. The Imam other than the Khateeb can lead the Salah. Hadith. the more people in the congregation the better it is. This part should be in Arabic. etc. or are students. It is an obligation for the khutbah to be done. but has got there before the second Ruku of the Jumah prayer. The minimum required for the Jum ah congregation according to Imam Malik is 40. The time for Jum ah is generally considered to be the time for Zuhr. It should be started by praising Allah and sending Salaam on the Prophet. . If you have missed the Jumah (i. muslim. and then performs the extra six before saying sanaa. The Hanafi say as long as you catch the Imam before the tasleem. The Khateeb cannot be female. The prayer can be performed in the masjid or outside. mature.e. It can be established with 2 people. Whoever misses three consecutive Jum ah prayers. If the person has missed the Khutbah. Imam says Allahu akbar.OTHER CONGRAGATIONAL PRAYERS Salat l-Jum ah This is a substitution for the zuhr prayer. the second ruku). The other schools state that there are only two athans one at the beginning to signify the beginning of the prayer. Imam Ahmad Hanbali is 12. The Khutbah is a Sunnah and should be performed after the prayer. but just to attend. completing the second rakat with the Imam. The traveller should also pray the Eid. The number of Rukus is four. then the entire congregation should also pray 20 and not leave the prayer until the Imam leaves the prayer. The followers after completing the first rakat. The sermon should include two khutbah. Salat l-Khawf Performed in a battle situation when facing the enemy. in each rak ah are two ruku. Zuhr becomes two rakats. it is permissible for them to attend the Eid prayer not pray it. then just before the Fatihah is five extra takbir. Half the group stay behind and guard. then get up and complete the second rakat. However. it is Sunnah to raise the hands very high above your heads in prayer. Salat l-Taraweeh This is a Sunnah prayer. It can vary between eight (the Prophet (SAW) only prayed eight). In Hanafi school. the extra takbirat is done in the second rakat. After first rakat. It is prayed in congregation although can be prayed individually. The prayer of Ra ha (Teraweeh) to take it easy. thirty six (prayed by the people of madina according to Imam Malik). The Imam prays first rakat and gets up and waits there. . Salat l-Khusuf (Lunar) & Kusuf (Solar) The Eclipse Prayer There is no adhan or iqamah to be called. The Imam then prays his second rakat and then remains seated waiting for the second group to complete their second rakat. The number of Fatihahs is four. twenty (prayed by Umar bin Khattab). The followers get up and then perform the second rakat and by themselves. Half of the army move forward and pray behind the Imam. Salat l-Istiqa Prayer for the request of rain After the prayer. The recitation in the first rak ah is long. It is a simple straight forward two rakats. The ruku is also long. this is a Sunnah and even if he prays 20. The exact time of this prayer is open. There is no evidence that the Imam should commence the khutbah with takbir. These numbers were increased by the generations to take more frequent breaks in between the essence is that it should be performed in a relaxed way. The prayer is of two units. just before the ruku. It is not necessary to recite the whole Qur an in teraweeh in Ramadan. depending on what the masjid imam is praying. The Sunnah is to pray 8 rakats. Even if women are menstruating. It is good and recommended to complete the Qur an once in Ramadan. It should be performed in congregation and is only permissible in the masjid this is a prerequisite for its validity. The second group then comes. One way to pray this is as follows. However.