INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT KELTRON1. INTRODUCTION The Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation (KSEDC) popularly known as KELTRON, was established in 1973 as the first Electronics Development Corporation in India in the state government sector. The Keltron group of companies comprised of the holding company KSEDC, and ten subsidiary and associate companies turning out more than hundred different types of products. The products are distributed through a strong sales and distribution network spanning the entire country. Keltron Controls, a division of KSEDC was set up in 1979 in Aroor to introduce the state-of-the-art technology in the field of Control and Instrumentation (C&I) to the power and process industries in our country. Keltron is one of the major pioneering Public Sector Companies in Kerala. Its ownership is completely held by Government of Kerala. Keltron Controls Aroor (KCA) was started as its Control and Instrumentation division. During early 2000 in order to utilize its idle capital and infrastructure, Keltron Controls Aroor was restructured into four self-profit generating Strategic Business Units (SBU`s). The activities of SBUs are supported by the Common Service Groups (CSG`s) comprising of Finance, Materials, HR, Administration etc. 1.1 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY IN INDIA Electronics is one of the fastest growing segments of the Indian industry. Today, the electronics industry is completely de-licensed with the exception of aerospace and defense electronics. The electronic industry in India constitutes less than 1% of the global market! The demand for these products however is growing rapidly and the investments are flowing-in to augment them a fracturing capacity. 1 1.2 HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY. Among the manufacturing industries, the electronics industry occupies a key position in modern science and technology. It plays vital role in the field of Atomic Energy, Communication, Defense, Education, Entertainment and Space Technology. Until 1970’s the electronics industry was the most protected of all the Indian industries. At that point of time country’s electronics policy strongly favored self-reliance and technology and capital imports were strongly discouraged. This resulted in the electronics industry being highly under developed till the late 1980’s. The industry was considered very inefficient producing outdated and low quality models at a very high cost. Policy reforms were initiated in the early 1990’s with the liberalization of trade and industry sectors. With the change in the policy regimes after liberalization, the industry experienced restructuring. 2 2. K E L T R O N 2.1 HISTORY OF THE COMPANY The history of KELTRON – Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. - is a saga of innovation in electronics. From being a pioneer in 1973; to the role of a trendsetter, today the Organization – Keltron - has been the catalysis for the development of electronics industry in Kerala. The tag line launching a state owned electronics enterprise, more than a quarter century ago, read “spearheading an electronics revolution in Kerala”. It was indeed an experiment by Government of Kerala (The Industries minister Sri. TV Thomas & the founder Chairman & Managing Director Sri. KPP Nambiar) to transform the laid-back, picturesque Kerala state known for its spices, natural beauty, Kathakali and Onam boat races, to an arena for industrial and technological development based primarily on Electronics. That was in fact how Keltron was born headed by the founder Chairman & Managing Director Sri. KPP Nambiar in the capital city of Kerala State – Thiruvananthapuram. Today he has an unique position in the Indian Electronics scenario as the father of electronics in India. Within five years of its inception, Keltron had set up a production centre in every district of the state. More than 5,000 people were engaged directly or indirectly by Keltron for the manufacture of electronic goods. The model of a state-owned electronics corporation was so successful that several other states in India followed suit; launching their own electronics development corporations. A quarter century later, Keltron after having contributed significantly to the the state and substantially to the Industrial community of the nation and to the exchequer, set about transforming Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala, into one of the major electronics hubs of the country. Today the city is home to techno-park, the internationally known technology park, a long cherished dream come true of the founder Chairman & Managing Director – Sri. KPP 3 Nambiar - where thousands of talented men and women participate in the development of a burgeoning information technology industry. Thus Keltron has in effect triggered a revolution that still keeps churning out its benefits to individuals and institutions in different parts of the world, touching different walks of human life and continuing in its quest to Innovate Products & Processes and Services that would add further value to the livelihood areas of the country, supporting real time industrial growth. Keltron has been making things happen since 1973 starting with spearheading an electronics revolution in the country to being the most sustainable electronics corporation in the state sector. “ Relitronics” – that was the word used by for the products and services of Keltron by the visionary founder i.e.: “Reliable Electronic products and services”. A strong infrastructure, enterprising team of enthusiastic in-mates, innovative operational methods, accent on quality and customer-orientation are the core competencies of the organization which has made things happen all these years. Large pool of Experienced Technical man power, expertise in high quality manufacturing is the direct result of the highly skilled, multi-disciplinary team of graduate engineers, project managers and a skilled workforce with a proven track record in complex precision manufacturing. Now the visibility of Keltron is very much evident. Currently Keltron employs a work force of 2000 of which 400 are engineers who possess extensive hands-on experience in technology integration and adoption, high-Tech manufacturing operations and in managing turn-key projects. Man power at space electronics section has been specially trained at Indian space Research Organization (ISRO) in high reliability soldering, harnessing and QC. Keltron also provides technical man power to major organization like ONGC and VSSC and collaborators like Hitachi Japan. Country wide sales network - Keltron has an all India Sales network in place with full-fledged Marketing offices in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Trivandrum to provide the quickest possible service to customer. 4 2. Strong Infrastructure and Manufacturing Experience since its inception in 1973.Technology Support at the moment. Keltron’s forte has always been high quality manufacturing. Keltron has churned out a whole range of electronic products. Equipped with computer-based facility for system design & engineering. Keltron has an arrangement with CDAC. Its ownership is completely held by government of Kerala. electromechanical and high precision modules and sub assemblies for different industry segments. The activities of SBUs are supported by Common Service Groups (CSGs). Keltron has built up a strong infrastructure spread over 7. In order to utilize its idle capital and infrastructure Keltron Controls Aroor were restructured in four self-profit-generating strategic business units (SBU`s). But during the late 90`s because of the globalization of Indian market and the change of energy sector reforms the control and instrumentation business in India has become dull.000 sq ft of built-up area. 5 . Over the years. 00. which is located in the Keltron House campus in Vellayambalam (Trivandrum). During the past 30 years. An in-house research and development facility along with a full-fledged Knowledge Centre is in the pipeline and will be implemented shortly. for technology development and adaptation. Keltron today is fully geared to offer integrated manufacturing solutions. Keltron Controls Aroor (KCA) was started as its Control and Instrumentation division. and software development tools for embedded systems.2 OWNERSHIP PATERN Keltron is one of the major public sector companies in Kerala. the research and development organization under the Government of India. Hyderabad.3. Eight branches located at Ahmadabad. and maintains large projects and provides customized solutions. Control and Instrumentation Information Technology. Cybernetics. KSEDC and ten subsidiary and associate companies turning out more than hundred different types of products. supply. install. engineer. Industrial Electronics. 6 . A highly decentralized operating philosophy was followed in restructuring the organization. Communications. Consumer Electronics. Delhi. Keltron today is poised to provide an entire range of products.1 INDRODUCTION – KELTRON The Kerala state Electronics development corporation (KSEDC) popularly known as Keltron was established in 1973 as the first Electronics Development corporation in India in the state Government Sector. Calcutta. Chennai. Mumbai and Trivandrum to ensure that the products are backed by dedicated support and service. Bangalore. solutions and services to its consumers in the area of Electronic components. Strategic Electronics and Traffic management systems. configure. THE COMPANY PROFILE 3. commission. The Keltron group comprised of the holding company. Keltron offers expertise as a system house to design. These products are marketed through a strong sales and distribution network spanning the entire country. versatile electronic analogue control technology. Keltron Controls commenced its operation with the signing of technical collaboration agreement with Controle Bailey. Manufacturing. At that point of time operations of the Division are focused on system design. Field Erection & Commissioning and Project management of Thermal Power sector and Process Control sector instrumentation systems. With its increasing capability to undertake Turn-Key projects in Control. Final Control Elements. Stateof-the-art Engineering solutions in Control & Instrumentation and Process Automation to Core sectors like Power. Petrochemicals. With an Annual turn Over of Rs. Actuators. Monitoring Hardware. Software Development. a division of KSEDC was set up in 1979 to introduce the-stateof-the-art-technology in the field of Control and Instrumentation (C&I) to the power and process industries in the country. Research and development.).600 Million and manpower base of over 600 personnel. The rich tradition of KELTRON in the field of Electronics gave KELTRON CONTROLS a leading edge in Technology Assimilation. The division’s operations include manufacture of panels and other C&I Systems and Instruments also. Manufacturing. Keltron Controls specialized in system Engineering and Design. and Control and Automation software. Aluminium and Cement Industries. France for their sophisticated.KELTRON CONTROLS ( THE CLASSIC ERA & MIGRATION TO MODERN ERA MANAGEMENT ) Keltron Controls.the 9020 system. covering such as Sensing Elements. The Division has brought-in the latest Control & Instrumentation Technology into the country. THE CLASSIC ERA. Quality Controls. Fertilizers.(1979 to 1999) Ever since its inception. 7 . KELTRON CONTROLS has offered cost effective. Erection & Commissioning and Customer support services (AMCs etc. Thus the focus was entirely on C&I business. Oil & Natural Gas. Engineering. Steel. V. UK. France (1979). With the signing of Technical Collaborations with CONTROLE Bailey. has been delivering complete solutions for total automation such as: HIACS – 3000 Digital Distributed Control System for Power Plant Applications Multi Loop Digital Distributed Control System for Process Automation 9020 Analog Control system for Power Plants S-9000 PC Based DCS for Power & Process industries. France Edge-wise Indicators – Camille Bauer. like Total Power Plant Automation at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station of AP State Electricity Board and the fully automated Steel Melting Shop at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP). know-how studies and as a result indigenization has contributed to the success of Keltron Controls in offering industry solutions based on latest technology developed indigenously. Thus having blazed a trial of success in the speedy implementation of various core sector projects. the manufacturing unit of Keltron Controls Division set up amidst the lush greenery with the back drop of backwater in Aroor near to Kochi. Subsequently emphasis was on technology assimilation.Instrumentation and Automation for varied application. Swiss Electronic Pressure & Differential Pressure Transmitters & Analyzers – ABB Kent Tank Level Gauges – Enraf B. UK. Digital Distributed Control System – ABB Kent. Keltron Controls has achieved many first time feats in India. Holland Single Loop Controllers – ABB Kent. Keltron Controls was able to meet the challenges poised in front of them. the Division successfully introduced the popular Analog Control System in Indian Thermal Power Stations with a vision to adapt sophisticated technologies to suit the Indian needs: Analog Control Instrumentation – Controle` Bailey. SCADA – Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition software for Power & Process Plants 8 . Valve position Controllers and Multi-window Alarm Annunciation Systems. Open loop Logic System. 4.Along with other complementing systems like Programmable Logic Controllers. The Divisions Engineering capabilities had gained International acceptance through associations with its collaborators for overseas contracts in Singapore. PROJECT MANAGEMENT: The project team provided the customers with single point contact and co-ordinated with various departments and for the support services required for the customers. Thus the division was sailing smooth with the classic and traditional industrial structuring of well defined broad spectrum departments: 1. Sequential Events recorders. 9 . Philippines. MARKETING: The division was equipped with well established marketing network backed by qualified and experienced professionals assisting the customers in selecting right products for specific applications in the core sectors. SYSTEM DESIGN & ENGINEERING: The design team comprised of qualified and experienced engineers specialized in process technologies to create optimum engineering solutions. 3. 2. This group also provided software support services the collaborators for their overseas contracts etc. SOFTWARE: A dedicated group of experienced application software engineers worked to provide real-time software solutions on a variety of hardware platforms. and the unit ensured complete in-house solution towards total automation solution integration. Nigeria. In fact the overall organization of Keltron Controls was fully focused on Control & Instrumentation business till 1995. MANUFACTURING: The sophisticated manufacturing unit of Keltron controls covers a floor area of 13. air conditioned Electronic assembly shop for component insertion. cabinets wiring and system integration & testing. Subsequently Keltron Controls faced draught situation in canvassing orders and had to push forward with practically no C& I turn-key orders for considerable time frame! The Spares 10 . 6. The division is committed to comprehensive customer support at every stage of contract execution up to the final responsive after sales service. including computerized incircuit testers. 7. soldering. of India and the flood gate in the name of open policy was opened to all sectors and as a result the multinational giants like SIEMENS etc gate crashed into India and established their supremacy in no time in hitherto protected Electronic industry. testing. ERECTION & COMMISSIONING: In any Turn-Key project execution environment Erection & Commissioning are two important overall functions.5. During late 1990s there was a marked change in the foreign trade policies of Govt. QUALITY ASSURANCE: Divisions Total Quality Management always ensured and directed at constant improvement and development of products and servicesTotal quality management efforts match the companies set standards of excellance to ensure that the customers receive ZERO defect systems.meters spread over 18 acres of land in Aroor. Machine shop for precision machining of critical components Painting shop for high quality surface finish Assembly line for Analyzers. This unit houses: Fully equipped. calibration of PCBs.000 sq. transmitters and pneumatic products. Keltron too were in search of a solution to tide over the situation.2 THE ORGANISATION Presently the Division is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) and supported by a team of well qualified and experienced Engineers and Technicians & other Professionals from commerce. The overseas giants applied thump rule to dictated terms within the industry. As there is very good manufacturing infrastructure for Electronics.business and AMCs helped the Unit to certain extend. Finance & HR etc fields. 11 . THE PRESENT (THE MODERN ERA – 2003 TO PRESENT) Over the years. Subsequently. In most of the areas idling of man power as well as machine was evident. Every management pundits raked their brain to find a way out of this predicament. Cochin and Bharat Electronics. Electrical and Mechanical products and services. At present the operations of Keltron Controls division is based on FOUR independent Strategic Business Units (SBUs) and each SBU is self-profitgenerating-center. The next 5 to 7 years were a trial by fire for the manufacturing industry. Bangalore as well as into shipping instrumentation in association with Cochin Shipyard Ltd (STSG). Of late. the Division has diversified its operations into Defense field in close association with NPOL. the division offers Contract Manufacturing Services to clients from abroad and India. the division has diversified into Information Technology (ITG) also by starting the manufacture of computers in 1999. During the period Indian manufacturing industry experienced deep recession everywhere and KELTRON to experience the heat of recession. Under the division head SBUs are independently looked after by SBU Heads. Also the division is a major supplier of technical manpower to ONGC for their rig operation & maintenance. Lot of brain storming was made. The activities of SBUs are supported by common service groups (CSGs). the division started manufacturing of mechanical products for the disabled people (PPD). 3. Pneumatic Products.3. The four strategic business units are Control and Instrumentation. Japan. and Italy.INTRODUCTION LCN(A) LCN(B) NIM NIM UCN(A) UCN(B) field Controller I/O module Overview of DCS 12 . 3. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM (DCS) .1 CONTROL AND INSTUMENTATION GROUP (CIG) This group provides process automation solution for Thermal Power Plants and Process Industries. Most of the Power Plants spread all over in India have C & I Systems supplied by Keltron Controls Aroor. Information Technology.3. Strategic Services Group (STSG) and the Projects for Physically Disabled (PPD) stand apart as A MINI SBU.3 DEPARTMENTS / STRATEGIC BUSINESS GROUPS CONCEPT Keltron Controls division is functioning as four independent Strategic Business Units (SBUs). The group had technical collaborations for Microprocessor Based Distributed Digital Control System (DDCS) with industry leaders in France. United Kingdom. The activities of SBUs are supported by four Common Service Groups (CSGs). LCN – local control network UCN – User Control network NIM . allowing the controls via communication network to update the operator in the control room. These cards contain a multiplexer which multiplexes in sequence the input signal from the field. Three types of i/o cards are present. For pulse input/output signal The analog input signal may be either low level (mv) signal from devices like thermocouple. Since it is very expensive normally one ADC is used per card. The analog input card have the capability of accepting both high level and low level signal. all computations are performed digitally. This is done using a device known as A/D converter. Most of the popular system use either 8 channel or 16 channel analog input cards. ` Since the input is a digital device. I/O MODULE The i/o module acts as the interface between the field equipment and the DCS. Hence all analog signals have to be converted to digital values. For analog input/output signal 2.Network Interface Module DCS means centralized control operation of physically and geographically spread or discrete plants from a platform on a peer to peer network using uniform database and different pairs of network platform. DCS removes the controller to the process. 13 . on what is happening at the processing unit and allowing the operator to take action like change of set points or manual control. For digital input/output signal 3. RTDs etc or high level input signal normally 1-5 V or 4-20mA. 1. records plant events and print it. OPERATORS STATION The basic structure of an operator station consists of a video screen for displays and a two level keyboard for manipulation and system configuration. The main function of the operators station are manual control.PROCESS CONTROL UNIT Process control units are required to function as a closed loop controllers. When a process unit is used to perform closed loop can’t be of more than one loop. level or flow into usable input levels. which may be analog. pressure/ temperature/ level switches etc) and provide the data necessary for the processor to make it control decision OUTPUT INTERFACE It provides command to software on/off the motor by energizing breakers. The input section consists of modules that can accept signals from field devices. batch controllers or as simple monitoring equipment. 14 . MAN MACHINE INTERFACE The operation interface or man machine interface (switches. display plant alarm conditions. energise solenoids under direction from the processor. The station has its own memory to store data in its own microprocessor to process data and its own communication interface for being tied to the data highway. it is called multiloop controller. open loop controllers. When within a process unit a single microprocessor is dedicated to a single control loop the same is known as single loop controller. Transducers convert the process signal such as pressure. display set point of measured variables. command and setting. digital pulse or even binary coded decimal. The processor drives every function. one input solves the relay ladder logic which the other governs the communication with the I/O interface and maintains the overall control.AI HLA_T M O D FIB MB FTA .such as CRT. In modern units. keyboard. The programming interface is of great importance in the design scheme. The result is simplified control room layout. I/O FIB MB FTA. because it facilitates use of PC’s prime characteristics i.e. In DCS there is a new approach which replaces large instrument panels with small desk size console employing interactive CRT. These units offers simple and transparent presentations of process states and ability to access into the process directly via screen and keyboard. The programming interface takes several forms. It directs the sequential scanning of input and evaluates them relative to stored logic steps in a predetermined order. its easy programmability. and register access pannel.AO AD U L E CONTR OLLER DCS with wiring loop 15 . concentrated display of information and ease of process operation. displays and keyboard. It can be used in any specific applications by appropriate programming. A PLC basically consists of following key elements. compact and economical over traditional control systems. and proximity software) 16 . Infact it can be programmed to carry out control tasks in a truly user friendly fashion by using the simple and flexible ladder logic using popular relay logic symbols. They are meant to be very flexible in how they can be programmed while also providing the advantages of high reliability (no program crashes or mechanical failures). Memory: It is the storage area used to hold the set of instructions to be executed by the processor. manufacturing lines. is simply a special computer device used for industrial control systems. This ensures easy process modifications. They are used in many industries such as oil refineries. or PLC for short. Where ever there is a need to control devices the PLC provides a flexible way to "softwire" the components together. It is defined as s digital electronic device that uses programmed memory to store instructions such as logic . circuit breaker contact. counting and arithmetic to control machines and process. sequence timing.CIG also uses PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) for automation of different plants. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER A Programmable Logic Controller. Processor: It is the brain of the system. It interprets the set of instructions and implements the control of the machine/process Input Interface: It receives signal from field (like limit switch. conveyor systems and so on. The basic units have a CPU (a computer processor) that is dedicated to run one program that monitors a series of different inputs and logically manipulates the outputs for the desired control. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. . Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separated from the first. 17 . the link is magnetical and mechanical. When the material level for in any of the machine is low the corresponding bulb will glow.a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC main circuit. NO COM NC The relays switch connections are usually labeled as COM. For eg. The 24V bulbs BLL1 to BLL8 indicates the low level material bin for each machine. Each counter counts the number of sack packed by each machine. COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO.. it is the moving plate of the switch NC: Normally closed. COM: Common always connect to this. NC. NO: Normally open. 24 V bulbs and a hooter. The counter C1 is for machine one and C2 for number two etc. COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on Eg: Panel board display: It contains eight counters.Relays: It is electrically operated software. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits. There are eight packing machines in a bagging plant. So relays have two s/w positions and they are double throw switches. Whenever the air pressure is low bulb APL will glow and at the same tome hooter will be ON for 30sec. The coil current can be on or off. Whenever the counter gets the pulse . the timer gets ON for 30sec. The components that make a PLC work can be divided into three core areas. It therefore shares common terms with typical PCs like central processing unit. memory. count value is incremented by one.The output of the timer is connected to the relay. A connection is taken from the level switch which is placed inside the material bin and connected to the 24V bulbs provided for the bin level indication. Inside the panel one timer and relay are there. software and communications. The power supply and rack The central processing unit (CPU) The input/output (I/O) section 18 . When APL bulb glows.C1 C4 C2 C3 C5 C6 C7 C8 - - - - APL - - - - BBL1 BBL2 Panel Board Display BBL8 The 110V supply is given to each counter and the counter will get the pulse signal from the corresponding machine. Unlike a personal computer though the PLC is designed to survive in a rugged industrial atmosphere and to be very flexible in how it interfaces with inputs and outputs to the real world. A programmable logic controller is a specialized computer used to control machines and processes. a. They can be so small as to fit in your shirt pocket while more involved controls systems require large PLC racks. It’s called “modular” because the rack can accept many different types of I/O modules that simply slide into the rack and plug in. For our consideration. The Power Supply and Rack 19 .PLCs come in many shapes and sizes.k. “bricks”) are typically designed with fixed I/O points. Smaller PLCs (a. we’ll look at the more modular rack based systems. The CPU The brain of the whole PLC is the CPU module. In programming mode it accepts the downloaded logic from a PC. Depending on the needs of the control system it can be ordered in different sizes to hold more modules. Like a human spine the rack has a backplane at the rear which allows the cards to communicate with the CPU. The CPU has different operating modes. The power supply plugs into the rack as well and supplies a regulated DC power to other modules that plug into the rack.The rack is the component that holds everything together. memory chip and other integrated circuits to control logic. This module typically lives in the slot beside the power supply. The CPU consists of a microprocessor. The CPU is then placed in run mode so that it can execute the program and operate the process. Manufacturers offer different types of CPUs based on the complexity needed for the system. 20 . The most popular power supplies work with 120 VAC or 24 VDC sources. monitoring and communications. The memory in the CPU stores the program while also holding the status of the I/O and providing a means to store values. executing the logic based on these inputs and then updated the outputs accordingly.Since a PLC is a dedicated controller it will only process this one program over and over again. The scan time happens very quickly (in the range of 1/1000th of a second). One cycle through the program is called a scan time and involves reading the inputs from the other modules. 21 . Opening the doors on an I/O card reveals a terminal strip where the devices connect.I/O System The I/O system provides the physical connection between the equipment and the PLC. 22 . There are many different kinds of I/O cards which serve to condition the type of input or output so the CPU can use it for its logic. 23 . It's simply a matter of determining what inputs and outputs are needed. filling the rack with the appropriate cards and then addressing them correctly in the CPUs program. to emulate the real world relay logic control. a signal that can be anywhere from 0 to 20mA) into a digitally equivalent number that can be understood by the CPU. So if you can understand how basic electrical circuits work then you can understand ladder logic. The most widely used form of programming is called ladder logic. Examples of analog devices are pressure transducers. Ladder logic uses symbols. The left and right rails indicate the positive and ground of a power supply. An analog output card will convert a digital number sent by the CPU to it’s real world voltage or current. Typical outputs signals can range from 0-10 VDC or 4-20mA and are used to drive mass flow controllers. limit switch. which is a relic from the PLC's history. flow meters and thermocouples for temperature readings Outputs Output devices can also consist of digital or analog types. instead of words. The rungs represent the wiring between the different components which in the case of a PLC are all in the virtual world of the CPU. The completed program looks like a ladder but in actuality it represents an electrical circuit. Over the years the number of symbols has increased to provide a high level of functionality. pressure regulators and position controls.Inputs Input devices can consist of digital or analog devices.g. A digital input card handles discrete devices which give a signal that is either on or off such as a pushbutton. and relays. An analog input card converts a voltage or current (e. These symbols are interconnected by lines to indicate the flow of current through relay like contacts and coils. Programming a PLC In these modern times a PC with specially dedicated software from the PLC manufacturer is used to program a PLC. LEDs. small motors. sensors or selector switches. 24 . A digital output card either turns a device on or off such as lights. suitable sealing. they are fitted with a hard chromium plated steel piston rod. dusty and high temperature atmosphere with a proper selection of materials and accessories. bellows and coated with epoxy paint to make all these devices weather proof. KELTRON actuators can operate outdoors in corrosive. KELTRON is in the business of Pneumatic Actuators using Power Cylinders since 1979. Captive Power Plants. IJT. KELTRON Pneumatic Actuators are preferred by OEMs like Boiler manufacturers (BHEL. The CPU is then put into run mode so that it can start scanning the logic and controlling the outputs.3.2 PNEUMATIC PRODUCTS GROUP (PNG) The Pneumatic Business Group is engaged in the business of Pneumatic Actuators using Power Cylinder. 3. ALSTOM. butterfly valves etc. THERMAX. rheostats. etc.) as well as Boiler Auxiliaries (Fan / SADC / 25 . These double acting pneumatic actuators accurately operate and position regulating devices such as dampers. CVL.In this simplest of examples a digital input (like a button connected to the first position on the card) when it is pressed turns on an output which energizes an indicator light. To operate under such adverse conditions. KELTRON Pneumatic Actuators are in service in almost all the Thermal Power Plants. stainless steel tubing and connections. fan inlet vanes. The completed program is downloaded from the PC to the PLC using a special cable that’s connected to the front of the CPU. and Steam Generating Units of various Process Plants etc. ). Pneumatic Power Cylinders manufactured by KELTRON CONTROLS have been installed around 25. more flexible. VOITH. BCPL. safer. This is because a centrally located and electrically powered compressor that powers cylinders and other pneumatic devices through solenoid valves is often able to provide motive power in a cheaper. and more reliable way than a large number of electric motors and actuators.SCOOP Tube Coupling) manufacturing (C. The Group has supplied about 35. 26 . PEMPRIL. where factories are commonly plumbed with compressed air or compressed inert gases. etc. Pneumatics is a section of technology that deals with the study and application of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion. BILT. PNEUMATIC POWER CYLINDERS KELTRON CONTROLS manufactures a wide range of pneumatic instruments in collaboration with Control Bailey.000 units of Pneumatic Actuators and they are working in almost all the Power Plants spread all over in India. Pneumatic systems are extensively used in industry.000 locations all over India at different power plants and process plants.DOCTAIRE. which makes up 77% of air. such as nitrogen . pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous leakages as the gas is commonly just air. to avoid corrosion of mechanical components and to lubricate them. 23% of air) would not asphyxiate.including nitrogen. The air usually has moisture removed and a small quantity of oil added at the compressor.Pneumatics also has applications in dentistry. Factory-plumbed. Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard . construction. but it would be an extreme fire hazard. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed gases which are an asphyxiation hazard. Gases used in pneumatic systems Pneumatic systems in fixed installations such as factories use compressed air because a sustainable supply can be made by compressing atmospheric air. so is never used in pneumatically powered devices. and other areas A Simple Pneumatic circuit. mining. when supplied in cylinders. Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles such as Robot Wars machines and other hobbyist applications are often powered by compressed carbon dioxide because containers 27 .often referred to as OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen). Compressed oxygen (approx. 28 . Reliability o Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Advantages of pneumatics Simplicity of Design And Control o Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other components. allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost. Safety o o Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. Machines operate by simple ON . o Because gas is compressible. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force.designed to hold it such as soda stream canisters and fire extinguishers are readily available.OFF type control. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and can also be a freezing hazard when vented inappropriately. Machines can be designed to be overload safe. and the phase change between liquid and gas makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air would allow. Storage o Compressed gas can be stored. which keeps the air in the upper portion of the cylinder. the resulting forces required of the stem would be too great and cause the valve stem to fail. A Pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston.Pneumatic logic systems (sometimes called air logic control) are often used to control industrial processes. small pneumatic valve. safety. 29 . which is linked to the internal parts of the actuator. top or bottom. The piston is covered by a diaphragm. which in turn moves the valve stem. These pressures are large enough to crush object in the pipe.000 lbs) easily. due to the smaller size and lower cost of electrical components. and this is only a basic. allowing the same forces with less input. The larger the size of the piston. or seal. a cylinder. you could lift a small car (upwards 1. Having a larger piston can also be good if air supply is low. allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm downward. and other considerations outweigh the advantage of modern digital control. Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or triple the input force. PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR A pneumatic actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into motion. Pneumatic actuators may only have one spot for a signal input. Pneumatic devices are still used in processes where compressed air is the only energy source available or upgrade cost. In recent years. However. and valves or ports. depending on action required. these systems have largely been replaced by electrical control systems. consisting of primary logic units such as: And Units Or Units 'Relay or Booster' Units Latching Units 'Timer' Units Sorteberg relay Fluidics amplifiers with no moving parts other than the air itself Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. moving the piston underneath. the larger the output pressure can be. On 100 kPa input. and start closing the valve. For example. As the pressure rises in the vessel. which is hooked up to either the valve plug. which causes the valve to stroke downward." This can come from a variety of measuring devices. and allow it to move the valves moving parts to control the material flowing inside. 30 . this increase in pressure is sent to the valve. 20 kPa means there is no pressure. butterfly valve etc. Valves input pressure is the "control signal. Larger forces are required in high pressure or high flow pipelines to allow the valve to overcome these forces. A pressure transmitter will monitor the pressure in the vessel and transmit a signal from 20–100 kPa. a valve could be controlling the pressure in a vessel which has a constant out-flow. 100 kPa means there is full range pressure (can be varied by the transmitters calibration points). A typical standard signal is 20–100 kPa. the output of the transmitter rises. decreasing flow into the vessel. reducing the pressure in the vessel as excess pressure is evacuated through the out flow.This pressure is transferred to the valve stem. and a varied in-flow (varied by the actuator and valve). and each different pressure is a different set point for a valve. This is called a direct acting process. Engineers prefer to use pneumatics sometime because they are quieter. and convert it into kinetic energy as the air expands in an attempt to reach atmospheric pressure. leakage from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out and contaminate the surroundings. This air expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction. Because the operating fluid is a gas.Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion. making pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness is a requirement. cleaner. and do not require large amounts or space for fluid storage. in this case compressed air. pneumatic cylinders use the stored potential energy of a fluid. and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved. single acting cylinder double acting cylinder 31 . Like hydraulic cylinders. The piston is a disc or cylinder. Pneumatic actuators-Classifications Pneumatic actuators may be of regulating and on/off type. in that air is 32 . Diaphragm actuators Diaphragm actuators have compressed air applied to a flexible membrane called the diaphragm. which can act at high speed. These types of actuators are single acting. Piston actuators can be single acting or double acting. piston actuators and diaphragm actuators Typical piston actuators Piston actuators Piston actuators are generally used where the stroke of a diaphragm actuator would be too short or the thrust is too small. The compressed air is applied to a solid piston contained within a solid cylinder. can withstand higher input pressures and can offer smaller cylinder volumes. Pneumatic actuators are commonly used to actuate control valves and are available in two main forms. The following figure shows a rolling diaphragm where the effective diaphragm area is virtually constant throughout the actuator stroke. In regulating type regulation is possible at any point between on and off position while in case of on/off type regulation possible at on /off positions only. A pneumatic diaphragm actuator Depending upon the operation it is again classified into direct and reverse type actuator Reverse Actuator The operating force is derived from compressed air pressure.only supplied to one side of the diaphragm. pulling the spindle up. The diaphragm is pushed upwards. The actuator is designed so that the force resulting from the air pressure. The actuator is designed so that with a specific 33 . and they can be either direct acting (spring-to-retract) or reverse acting (spring-to-extend). which is applied to a flexible diaphragm. and if the spindle is connected to a direct acting valve. multiplied by the area of the diaphragm. overcomes the force exerted (in the opposite direction)by the spring. the plug is opened. To create more force. having air supplied to the space above the diaphragm. Valve and Actuator configurations Direct Acting Actuator (spring to retract) The direct acting actuator is designed with the spring below the diaphragm. A direct acting pneumatic actuator is coupled to a control valve with a reverse acting plug (sometimes called a 'hanging plug'). The range of air pressure is equal to the stated actuator spring rating. As the air pressure decreases.comprising increasing diaphragm areas. and a choice of spring ranges to create different forces. The diagrams in show the components of a basic pneumatic actuator and the direction of spindle movement with increasing air pressure. a larger diaphragm area or higher spring range is needed. 34 . the spindle will move sufficiently to move the valve through its complete stroke from fully closed to fully open. With a larger valve or a higher differential pressure to work against. This is why controls manufacturers offer a range of pneumatic actuators to match a range of valves .2-1 bar. for eg:-0. more force is needed to obtain full valve movement. the spring moves the spindle in the opposite direction.change of air pressure. An alternative is shown in the figure below. Direct acting actuator and reverse acting control valve The choice between direct acting and reverse acting pneumatic controls depends on what position the valve should revert to in the event of failure of the compressed air supply. Dead centre is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from. and cooling valves to open on air failure.can refer to the distance the piston travels or it can be defined as the distance between top and bottom dead centers. It makes sense for steam valves to close on air failure. or nearest to. SPECIFICATIONS Stroke length. the crankshaft. Supply preasure-3. The former is known as top dead centre (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead centre (BDC).5-7 k/cm2 Signal preasure-. Depending on the assembly it may be stand type and union type Again depending on the application it is classified in to secondary damper control and burner tilt power cylinder. Should the valve close or be wide-open. This choice depends upon the nature of the application and safety requirements. The combination of actuator and valve type must be considered.2-1 bar 35 . Moving hand in hand with Local Self Government Institutions of Kerala. the center is also involved in trading of locomotive devices. In addition to manufacturing of mobility products. these products are being distributed to the physically disabled people throughout the state. (STSG) During late 2000 Keltron controls seriously understood the needs of the requirements of defence sector.3. The Division has already entered into Defence related production in close association with NPOL under DRDO and provides solutions for the hardware and software requirements for the NPOL designed product profile. Cochin as well as into shipping instrumentation in association with Cochin Shipyard Ltd. This group is in the thresh hold of more focused larger business from defence departments.3.3.4 STRATEGIC SERVICES GROUP. Latest product manufactured in STSG section is towed array which is mainly used in defence applications. the Division has diversified its operations into Defense field in close association with NPOL. the unit has diversified into mechanical product also by starting a business center for manufacturing products for the disabled people (PPD). Presently having secured production orders from BEL. the leading Navaratna Company in Central PSU. In fact the government of Kerala had bestowed greater faith in Keltron by declaring Keltron a Nodel Agency for fulfilling the requirements of physically disabled. Hearing aids and Vision aids for disabled under various programmes of government.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP (ITG) Over the years. 36 . Thereby the division is also fulfilling the social obligations to a certain extend. 3. Keltron Controls division has diversified into Information Technology also by starting the manufacture of Computers in 1999. Since Keltron Control has very good infrastructure for steel fabrication and painting. Of late. vibration and turbulence generated by the propulsion. Most hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change. but will be less sensitive due to its design as having a good acoustic impedance match to water. but the real value of the array is that the signal processing technique of beamforming and Fourier analysis can be used not only to calculate the distance and the direction of a sound source. Likewise. Such piezoelectric materials. up to 5 km. the denser fluid. The array's hydrophones can be used to detect sound sources. a microphone can be buried in the ground. but 37 .TOWED ARRAYS Towed array sonar is a sonar array that is towed behind a submarine or surface ship. On the first few hundred meters near the ship's propeller there are usually no hydrophones since their effectiveness would be reduced by noise. Towed arrays are used for the detection of missiles and location of submarines A hydrophone (Greek "hydro" = "water" and "phone" = "sound") is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. but will give similarly poor performance due to the similarly bad acoustic impedance match. It is basically a long cable. or immersed in water if it is put in a waterproof container. A hydrophone can "listen" to sound in air. with hydrophones that is trailed behind the ship when deployed. The hydrophones are placed at specific distances along the cable. or transducers can convert a sound signal into an electrical signal since sound is a pressure wave. In addition. once a feature is identified.display its acoustic signature for determining the type of ship based on machinery noise. For this. Also it has to reduce its speed as the hydrodynamic drag might tear the cable . Therefore. of the feature. The hydrophone assembly consists of a hydrophone and a charge amplifier. which serves to coordinate and process the data received by the array. The data detected by the hydrophones is centrally processed to provide a detection. if a boomer is used. etc. timing is coordinated between the chirp of the boomer and the listening of the hydrophones. The hydrophones are connected through an electronic and processing backbone.this can also happen if the array makes contact with the seafloor or the submarine operates astern propulsion. They are thickly arranged for high frequency applications and loosely arranged for frequency applications. The waveform and timing of the acoustic energy received by the hydrophones is analyzed by the processing backbone to determine if it represents the same feature. This requirement is reduced in modern systems by sensors which constantly measure the relative positions of the array. The hydrophone array is enclosed in Kevlar material. Finally this digital data is converted into optical form. usually only guaranteed when the cable is in a straight line. The spacing between the housing assemblies varies in terms of wavelength. mapping. the relative positions of the hydrophones need to be known. The data taken in the analog form is converted into digital form in the corresponding signal conditioning unit. or else a GPS is used to monitor the shape of the array. its position can be determined by virtue of the 38 . For example. It has two functions of data acquisition and signal conditioning. a vessel using a towed array will need to travel straight and level lest a change of course disturbs the array and reduces its effectiveness. another one is internal noise caused by waves propagating inside the array from one transducer to another. A fundamental problem is that the positions of the hydrophones or other items comprising the nodal points of a towed acoustic array are inherently unstable. The distances are used along with known quantities (for example.timing and the relative positions of the hydrophones in the array. analysis. One problem is boundary-layer noise. Prior art towed arrays are plagued by various problems. Towing the cable may cause the cable to vibrate. such systems generally rely on match filtering to the shape of the envelope of a continuous wave (CW) tone burst or to a pseudo-random sequence of tone bursts to measure TOF. by the array. The measured time of flight (TOF) is used to calculate the distance between the pinging bird and receiving hydrophones. thus. Each bird comprises a transducer used for determining the range between nodal points. this can be readily accomplished via generation of a set of simultaneous equations based upon the distance determined via the time of receipt of the acoustic signal by each hydrophone. The accuracy of knowing the shape of the array is highly important to the detection. results in attenuation. Because of currents. the backbone causes one bird to ping and the hydrophones of the nodal points to listen. It is thus important to also continually monitor the relative positions of the nodal points of the array. Thus. the shape of the array. caused by flow through the hose that the towed array is made of. however. the relative positions of the nodal points change continuously over time. etc. As is known in the art. or any other of myriad influences. A common system uses a multiplicity of "birds" that clip on the tow lines. and the vibration is coupled into the array. which is then compensated for by using higher frequencies. This. speed of the boat. and picked up by the transducers in the array. position in the array. and susceptibility to reflections off of array 39 . Although there are known systems that perform the above-described determination of the shape of the array. the distance between nodal points on the same line) in a series of simultaneous equations to generate relative distances between nodal points and. Matching the shape of the CW leads to a loss of detail. or by "cable strumming" caused by towing the cable through the water. reduction of the range that can be measured. Various systems are used in the art for this purpose. bulkheads. the number of channels required. Unless a separate plug-in address module is used. a different address number is normally assigned to each channel. and the telemetry cable limitations. 40 . To maintain channel identity. Errors of this magnitude result in a degradation in the performance of the array. the signal dynamic range. A digital time division multiplexed format allows telemetry of many channels with wide dynamic range to be coupled as necessary over a distance of many thousands of meters using digital repeaters. the data cable must be larger in diameter to allow passage of the relatively wide telemetry signal bandwidth. power per channel tends to be high due to high speed clocking requirements. Multichannel telemetry data can be coded in many ways depending on the data bandwidth. etc. typically use flammable fill fluid to achieve neutral buoyancy and to help dissipate internal heat. this requirement limits interchangeability. analog and hybrid telemetry methods are presently used. Presently used towed acoustic receiving arrays are very costly. deployment and retrieval problems. Thus.components. are relatively large in diameter (2-3 inch) which causes storage. the present systems can only measure the relative positions of nodal points on the order of 50 cm or greater. Recovery of an array's many separate channels of acoustic data is necessary to improve array sensitivity and directivity in conjunction with modern array signal processing. Digital. normally use a complex telemetry system with a unique data acquisition telemetry module for each channel of data. In addition. However. and usually require relatively high electrical power (1 watt or more) per array acoustic channel. encoder and FO transmitter. A single cable can pass up to approximately 20 FM channels before carrier drift and crosstalk become a problem. There it is connected to a analog-to-digital converter. The output of these modules are connected to FOM (Fiber Optic Module) which is connected to the ship. especially if one of several single sideband methods are used. the received signal level varies inversely with the cable length and low frequency response is usually poor due to the modulation limitations. Servo prime 32 can be used for this purpose since it helps to maintain the shape of the assembly and to be stable without floating beyond a particular depth. Amplitude modulation allows more channels to exist in a given limited cable bandwidth. There will be several modules in a single towed array system. The different outputs are given to a 16:1 multiplexer. The main modules in a towed array system are electro acoustic module (EAM). Both FM and AM methods require that each data acquisition module must operate at a unique carrier frequency. broad band left right ambiguity module (BBLR) and decoy module. particular module sparing and repairing problems arise. analog multichannel carrier techniques use either frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM) of high frequency carriers.FOM consists of serialiser. Inside the Kevlar enclosure a fluid is filled which is neutrally buoyant. therefore. Repeaters are used to boost the signal. AM-FM techniques can carry more data by bandshifting groups of modulated carrier data. however. Heading sensors are used to know the direction of the assembly. but circuit complexity and power increase and extremely linear repeaters are usually required to prevent harmonic distortion interference.To convey acoustic information.BBLR is used to know the direction of the missiles 41 . The Left-Right Ambiguity Two-Dimensional Ambiguity A major difficulty faced by a submarine trying to detect a threat is to resolve whether the contact vessel detected by a towed array is on the left or the right of the submarine. 42 . So the hydrophone which gives the strongest signal gives the direction of the coming missiles. Three-Dimensional Ambiguity To avoid the ambiguity the three hydrophones are arranged in a circular pattern with 120 degree apart. 3. A single hydrophone is used in this module. Testing of towed arrays can be done in an insonification unit which generates optical signals. Plant and services for General maintenance (P and S) 7. There are mainly two types of missiles:-active missiles and passive missiles. Materials Management (MTLS) 5.3. Management Information Services (MIS) All these departments work together for achieving the objectives of the company. Their hard work and sincerity make the company among one of the top most companies in Kerala. Quality assurance Department(QA) 6. Otherwise testing can be done in a test jig. Human Resources Management(HR) 2. So the output can be tested using a CRO. Administration Departments(ADMN) 3.5 COMMON SERVICE GROUPS (CSG): SBUs are supported by Seven common service groups 1. So an intercept hydrophone is used to mislead active missiles and a transmitter is used to misguide the echoing of passive missiles. Passive missiles picks up the noise of ship for detection while active missiles detects using echo. Digital-to-analog converter is to convert the signal to analog form. 43 .Decoying is used to mislead missiles. Finance Department(F) 4. The product range includes: 9020 Analog control system Data acquisition system (DAS) Programmable logic controller (PLC) Open loop control system Annunciation system Sequential event recorder Distributed Digital Control System used for thermal Power industries includes: HIACS-3000 DDC system & P-4000 DDC system K-90 integrated control system Tank level gauging system Gas and water quality analyzers Electronic Transmitters Control drivers & Control panels and cabinets Pneumatic Actuators. 44 .4. PRODUCT PROFILE Keltron Control is the only C&I system supplier in India who has almost all the critical subsystem of a C&I package in their manufacturing range. This ensures total control over the quality of the integrated control and instrumentation system in addition to providing life long after sales support to the customer. 5. PRODUCTION FLOW CHART Procurement (Raw Logistics (Dispatch)/Stores System acc Materials) Inspection & Acceptance Stores Assembly Integration System testing System acceptance Logistics (Dispatch)/Stores 45 . 6. KELTRON AROOR COMPLEX (KELTRON CONTROLS & KELTRAC) Chief General Manager Keltron Tool Room & Training Center PNG CIG STSG ITG & CSSG Common Service Group(CSG) CGM(QA/PPD/ P&S) GM(Mtls/Admn/ HR/MIS) FINANCE(MGR) MIS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT HR ADMN Planning Purchase Stores 46 . ORGANIZATION CHART. However. After 1950`s. It is hard to imagine a life without the use of these electronic gadgets. making 47 .to-day lives. to a greater extent. 1970s saw the development of new era of electronics as entertainment electronics as Japanese found a way to come to the top of the world of electronics through entertainment electronics. Matsushita and Hitachi became the industry leaders in this new electronics era. The advancement of world of electronics had varied effects on the world of technology as a whole. vacuum tubes. at that point of time. Toshiba. Cell phones etc. All these inventions and advancements were the contributions of the Americans and Europeans. since then the advance of electronics in various fields had attained an increased momentum. Japanese companies like Sony. semiconductors. Computers. This was the result of the restricted use of the science of electronics for radio appliances. The 1970s saw the use of more and more electronic devices in all fields of science. which later on became major player in electronics world also started coming to the forefront during this period. capacitors and numerous similar other devices.7. the science of electronics switched to “Radio Techniques” due the invention of Radio. Most definitely the encouragement must have rooted from the use of military necessities in vogue. During the early 1900. Starting from the daily use devices like radios. Televisions. China as well as some of the other South Eastern Countries. television and other circuits.BIBILOGRAPHY Evolution of Electronics as a business The word “Electronics” has become a part of our day. all come under the broad terminology – E L E C T R O N I C S. the marked leap in the world of scientific inventions was the Electronic vacuum tube. Electronics. which in general term comprise of Radios. Panasonic. The decade also marked the beginning of the drastic change of philosophy to computer industry augmentation. as it is defined by engineering stalwarts is the branch of science that deals with the flow of CHARGES through inductors. Satellite communication and space research required more focus and attention of electronic researches. Robotics followed suit. the industry has exploded many folds. As more focus turned to electronics. The Japanese consolidated their position by innovations in advanced entertainment electronics capturing the mass attention. 2. Gulielmo Marconi: Radio & Telegraphy – 1874:1937 4. John Logie Baird: Television – 1888:1946. Coupled with computers. The age of semiconductors form an integral part of modern electronics devices and appliances. Michael Faraday: Induction coil – 1791:1867. To be very precise. Dr. Alaxander Graham Bell: Telephone – 1847:1922. this industry has made electronic devices an integrated part of modern civil society. the Americans and Europeans strived hard to regain their position in electronics by the path breaking invention of SEMICONDUCTORS and other active and passive components. The Inventions & the Inventors: 1. William Shockley/Walter Houser Brattain: Transistor – 1873-1961 5. John Ambrose Fleming: Vacuum Tube (DIODE) – (1904) – 1989:1945 6. Lee De Forest: Vacuum Tube (TRIODE) – 1910:1989 7. This indeed had achieved due to the cascading effect of all the inventions and hard work put in by pioneers in America and Japan and other countries of Europe and Asia. From INDUCTION COIL – generating the electricity to WIRELESS APPLICATION PROGRAMMING –revolutionizing the communication arena. Moreover the total effect of the same was seen very predominantly in the explosion of economy over national and international levels. However during 1980s. In effect the industry has changed the way of life across the globe.personal computers a reality. Consequently the electronics industry found a long and happening path of history. 3. 48 . Robotics technologies were considered for precision and extensive use in factory and manufacturing. Companies like SONY were considered to be the ultimate in entertainment electronics and still enjoy the apex position. Nambiar – the unsung Hero & father of electronics in India.P. Sri. 3. Sri. 4. The Class-room sessions & Practical sessions in Keltron Controls Aroor.References: 1. Wikipedia – for Inventions & Inventors & William Edward DEMING 2. 49 . SAM PITRODA – Chairman: National Knowledge Commission of India. K.P.
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