1)Consider a token-ring passing system with M stations and a single-frame operation.Assume that interface delays are b bits per station, total propagation delay around the ring is τ and transmission rate is R bps. Each station has a message to transmit during a cycle with probability q and no message with probability 1-q. Message lengths are n bits and each bit of a message may be received in error with probability p by a destination. A source will keep retransmitting a frame until it has been received error free by the destination. Following a successful reception of a frame a source station will generate a new free token. i ) Determine the average duration of a cycle. ii) Determine the throughput of this system.(15 points) 2) Assume that a primary station uses a broadcast channel to transmit messages to N secondary stations and message lengths are n bits. Assume that each secondary station may receive each bit of a message in error with probability p independent of other secondary stations. For example, during a transmission several secondary stations may receive the message error free while other stations may receive it in error. Primary station keeps retransmitting a message until all the secondary stations receive the message error free (Note that it is not required that all the secondary stations receive a message error free during a single transmission). After a station receives a message error free, then, it ignores any subsequent retransmissions of that message. Assume that each secondary station has its own return channel to the primary station to send an ACK. The propagation delays, processing times and ACK frame transmission times are negligible. (20 marks) Determine the average number of times that the primary station has to transmit a message until it is received by all the secondary stations. (See next page for question no. 3) network computing. The client server network is network which is connected to the LAN at one end and the back up server at the other end. (15 marks) . personal area network. The network which is spread over a large geographic area is known as wide area network. Virtual private network is built on the principle of secure encrypted network in order to provide complete security to the users. client server network. However this process of routing is governed by crucial routing protocols. Personal area network is a network which is limited to an individual. Metropolitan area network covers the area of nearly one city or county. Its area and coverage is more than the local area network and less than the wide area network. campus area network.3)Consider the PPP byte stuffing method.(20 marks) 6) The network traffic is forwarded along the desired paths during the process of routing. local area network. Campus area network is a network which is restricted to the small geographical area which is limited to the university campus or a building. This network has helped businesses which are dispersed over different regions to communicate to the head office. Explain the whole process. The communication of computers in a very small geographical area is known as local area network. Explain the whole process with architecture . peer to peer network. What are the contents of the following received sequence of bytes after byte destuffing? (10 marks) 0x7D 0x5E 0xFE 0x24 0x7D 0x5D 0x7D 0x5D 0x62 0x7D 0x5E 4) Suppose a packet is arrive at router and is to be forwarded to another network having MTU of 576 bytes packet has an IP address of 20 bytes and data is 1534 bytes from fragmentation and include the pertinent value of adder draw table (15 marks) 5) Telecommunication network has many types like wide area network. metropolitan area network. virtual private networks.