Excerpt DURANTI: Linguistic Anthropology.Chapter 1 Linguistic Anthropology own field, was part of classical four field approach 1. human biology 2. linguistic 3. culture 4. archiological 1.1 Underlying veiw on langauge: languge = cultural practice a form of action that presupposes and establish ways of being in the world Hymes on Linguistic Anthropology: „the study of speech and language within the the context of anthropolgy“ Field: Study of langauge as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice language is cultural practice that is > interpsychological > intrapsychological View speakers = are scocial actors Distinguishing lingA. from other languge studies, just as dialectologists and sociolinguists: examines language through the lenses of anthropological concern language a set of symbolic recourses that enter the constitution of the social fabric ie. Legitimation of power, cultural construction of person, etc 1.2 Fundaemntal theoratical assumptions > words matter > lingusitc representation of world never neutral Language not merly reflective tool but way to enter in an interactional space Resumen: What is unique about linguistic anthropology lies somewhere else, namely, in its interest in speakers as social actors, in language as both a resource for and a product of social interaction, in speech communities as simultaneously real and imaginary entities whose boundaries are constantly being reshaped and negotiated through myriad acts of speaking LingA three theoratical concerns: 1.. now) also code switching used as an index degree of deixis > Sliverstein: maximally creative/ performative: du / sie.. Briggs):.1.the relationship language context.. Contributions from other authors and field >Bourdieu: importance of socialization: culture as system mad up of beliefes and rules >Giddens: regionlization. speech acts inside speech communities the social collective quality of speaking . powersituatios 1. you > Gumperz: contextualization cues 3. from formal view LingA topic: Speaker as Member of a speaking community.3. there.poetic function of speach speaching is putting something on stage in focus: asthetic aspects. Sociolinguistic and lingA very similar: Hymes tried to merge in languge use Social Linguistic topic: Language change and Language choice.. Performance > Chomsky: distiction competence and performance competence: knowledge an ideal speaker has perormance: implementation of kn in speech acts (use of linguistic system) > Austin:. being evaluated. performative verbs... that.31.... you always do something (doing things with words) >folklore studies (Baumann. Indexicality > Kants distinction: arbitraray and natural sign (letter) (smoke → fire) Charles Pierce Indexes → indexicallty (this.. zoning of time and space in relation to social practices >Foucult: discourse and space. Participation speaking part of larger activities. creativity 2. not merely thesame world with different labels attached. Boas insisted on theoractial need to know langauge of obserevd ethnicity Boas :If ethnology is understood as the science dealing withthe mental phenomena of the life of t he peoples of the world. 5 independet Eskimo words of snow 3. Society >Whorf: relationship langauge and worldfiew.Chapter 3 Language diversity Tardition • • • • Sociolinguistics choose opposite route to Chomskies (underlyig homogenity) Sociolinguistic study of linguistic variation in relation to context Linguistic Anthropolgy: „linguistic relatictiy hypotheisi“ (connection language thought) language ideology 3..2 linguistic relativity > Sapir: each langauge has its own inner logic. lingusitcis sytsmen is a guide to cultural system. language structures metaphysiks no time stream in Hopi language linguistic relativity principle: The worlds inwhich different societies live are distinct worlds.1. Also view: individual vs. Boas legacy: publishing tradtional text Boas cultural realism. one of the most important manifestations of mental life. A. and these in turn seem to be possible only through speech.L.human language.. culture can probably function only on the basis of abstractions. Kroeber In short. Sapir whorf exampel: The empty exploting barrel Langauge as objectiving: Humbodld---> Kants cognitive categories → langauge categories downside (might be universal) (specific)+ Cassires escaping the prison of language = art . would seem to belong naturally to the field of work of ethnology. E-language external .3. 5 Speech communities Chomsky I-language internal pure sociolinguistic and LingA critic: no pure speach communities just mixture (Against Chomsky) Bakhtin: lingusitic homogenity is a n ilusion. Freud Silverstein solution: metapragmatics Subjectivism and Objectivism context important Linguistic A...3 language =/= a langauge. on what is underneath.4 Linguistic repertoire “the totality of linguistic forms regularly employed in the course of socially significant interaction.” concept Gumperz: questions: • variation (what are the variations) • meaning (what does it mean to change the contex) • social and cultural organization (the context) 3. ie theory as buidling Language and science: When language is like glasses on our noses.2. how others percieve the world through language? • • • Being an artist looking deeper. common rules behind Formal Linguists Always in tension between every school built theories leaning more to one side 3. Lanaguage as guide to the world: Metaphors providing conceptual shemata.3.. how can we describe in langauge. sprung from the ideology of national states but allways a heteroglossia centripedal forcel centrifugal forces impossing „oficial“ langauage changing language on periphery of social system vs. Lakoff Johnson. sociolinguistics prefer term: varitiy 3.. like goods with valous • • Conclusion: Chapter 4: Ethnographic methods: .defining speach communities • Chomsky: access ideal form • • Labov: participation in a set of shard forms/ and same evaluation of linguistic patterns ie: (kärntnarish is schen) Dorian: speech community is made up of people who regard as speaking the same language Duranti: the product of the communicative activities engagen in by a given group Rossi-Landi: speech community as market the circulation og linguistic signs. empathy → emic view Therefore best ethnography: a style in which the researcher establishes a dialogue between different viewpoints and voices.and interpretive practices characteristic of a particular group of people needs: 1. ethnographic work always influenced by theoretical background interest in diversity I interest in similarity participant-observation → ethnography is experience process difference to other human science → as close as possible to the cultural experience General interest of ethnography the constitution of society and culture .1.emphasize on the logic of research habits and procedures Commonly used: Participant-observation.1. work with native speaker elicitation techniques 4. Ethnography is the written description of the social organization.1.therefore → dialogical anthropology (transcripts) Geertz: experience-distant experience near concepts 4. of the ethnographer But in analogical anthropology (voice of studied not graspable) --. Ethnography Goal: study linguistic forms as constitutive elements of social life VVVV methods have to connect linguistic forms with particular cultural practice → therefore must integrate ethnography 4.1. a step back → objective view 2. including those of the people studied. symbolic and material resources.1. social activities. methodological.3..1. how do they explain (to themselves first) why they live the way they do and differently from others Doing so they have to respect analytical.. Firth 4.. Malinowski V to fit in their lives just as they fit in our study There is always the surrounding context of a far bigger dialog researcher culture and researched culture 4.. as well as ethical standards • • • • maximum contact use vernacular language not relying on only one consultant statements not to be taken as objective facts ….. How comprehensive One person cannot cover all aspects of a culture focusing on one field and relying on others for the rest 4..(1) how is social order constituted (what makes this group of people a functioning unit) (2) how do individuals make sense of their way of living.1.2 Two kinds of field linguistics linguists in field vs.... anthropological linguist in field linguists in the field: focus language access to all kind of speaker training language consultants for intuition judgment tests Interest of linguistic Anthropologist .2 Ethnographers as cultural mediators between two transitions always adopting to I realize his vision of his world.. general theme: is the different ways in which language as an abstract system of classification and as a mode of social interaction provides the material out of which a group of people recognize themselves as community 4. (who is allowed to ask what) variation in performance no to to mix up with variation of participation speaking differently because of himself speaking differently because of interview context 4. Using local local language .4 Interviews not with experts but with speaker each community has its own conceptualizations about interview understand the local ecology of questioning.3 Participant-observation: passive participation complete participation but mostly bystander and overhearer 4.5. partial. it assumes a point of view and it is selective IIIIIII I vv vvvvv but we can work with it because.8 Goals and ethics of fieldwork Harvey: it is not always easy to inform the consultants about the goal of your work Awareness of possible consequences of making research puplically .. after all.6. Writing down conversations any process of documentation is. An analysis is.not creating a gap in the communicative matrix … Gumperz not ignoring any code they use but focus on the monolingual speaker of a group 4. by definition. a selec-tive process of representation of a given phenomenon with the aim of highlightingsome of its properties in best case it focuses camera--> camera behaviour as part of the particpant-observer paradox. that is. not avoid it nut deal with it 4.